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2008 Kof;fk; 2

Njhd;wp tsHe;J rpije;J kiwe;J kWgbAk; kWgbAk; Gjpad Njhd;Wk;

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Njh oikf;FhpatHfNs!
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Cf;Ftpg;Gk; kpFe;j gyj;ijj; je;Js;s J. ,Nj ,e;j cw;rhfj;i j epiyepWj;j
cq;fs; gq;fspg;G kpfTk; mtrpak;. Fwpg;ghf njhlHe;Jk; fUj;Jf;fisAk;>
tpkHrd q ; f i sAk; Kd ; i tg; g Jk; > ,ji d Vi d Na hhpl k; nfhz ; L
NrHg;gjpYk; cq;fs; gq;fspg;i g ehbepw;fpd;Nwhk;.
,J tiu fpilf;fg;ngw;w fUj;Jf;fspd; rhuhk;r j;i j ftdpj;jhy;> Vd;
,d;W ,d;ndhU rQ;rpif? ,J xU rhjp vjpHg;G rQ;rpif kl;Lk;jhdh..?
Vd; 'gr;irahf" vy;yhtw;i wAk; NgRfpwPHfs;...? rQ;rpifapd; V5 mstpid
khw; w Kbahjh..? MrphpaH FOtpy; cs;s VidNahH ahH...? Nghd;w
Nfs;tpfs; Kd;i tf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;w d.
,d; W vj;j id Clfq; f s; ,Ue; j hYk; mJ mlf;f g; g Lk; kf; f spd;
N tl ;i fi a ntspg;gLj;j fh zh J vd ;g i j ehd ; $ w pj ;
njhpaNtz;bajpy;i y. kPz ;Lk; rkPg fhykhf Kisj;jpUf;fpw rQ;rpiffs;
ek;nky;NyhUf;FNk Gj;JzHr;rpiaj; jUtJ jhd;. mjd; Njit mt;tsT.
ngUk;g hyhd nghJg;G hpjiy vl;b apUf; f pw ekJ NjhoHfs; kj; j papy;
rQ;rpiffis njhlHe;J nfhz;LtUtjpy; gu];guk; xj;Jiog;Gfis nra;J
tUtJ me;j Nehf;fpy; jhd;.
Ngrhg;nghUis NgRnghUshf;Fjy; vd;fpw fUj;jhf;fj;i j ehk; cuj;J
$Wtjd; fhuzk; vd;d ntdpy; NgRtjw;fhd jsq;fs; ,e;j ngUk;Nghf;F
Clfq;fspy; fpilf;fhikNa. cz;i k gpur;rpidia mjd; cz;i kj;jd;i k
k hw hk y; n fh z ;L nr y;yN tz ;L nk d py; m jw ;F g fpuq ;f kh fN t
'gr;i rahfNt" Ngrpahf Ntz;bAs;s J. Mjpf;frpj;jhe;jq;fisAk; mjd;
tbtq;fisAk;> mjd; Gdpjk; nflhky; 'ehfhpfkhf" NgRtjd; %yk; ek;khy;
cz;i kepiyia czur;nra;aKbahJ.
giw midj;J mlf;FKiwfSf;Fk; vjpuhf Fuy;nfhLf;Fk;. mNj Neuk;
Vw; n fdNt NgRnghUshf ,Uf;f pw xd; i w ngUk;N ghf; F j; jsj; j py;
mjpfkhfNt Ngrg;gl;Lf;nfhz;b Uf;f pw me;j tplaj;j py; ekJ ciog;G >
rf;j p> nghUs; vd;g dtw;i w tpiyahf nfhLf;f j;Njitapy;i y vd;Nw
fUJfpNwhk; . Ngrg; g lNtz; b a nghUshf ,Ue; J k; mJ Ngrg; g lhj
fUj; j iktpy; NgRtjw; F xU tpiy nfhLf; f yhk; . xU rQ; r pifia
ntspf;n fhzHtJ mJTk; Gyj;j py; mt;t sJ vspikahd tplaky; y .
vkf ; F hpa Neu k; > ci og; G > r f; j p> ngh U s ; v d ; g t w; i w tpi y a hf
nfhLf;Fk;NghJ vjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy; vkf;fpUf;fpw
(njhlHr;r p ,Wjpg;gf;fk;)
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epunyhOq; N f vkJ ji yg; G fis Ak; jPHkhdpf; f pwJ. me; j tifapy;

jypj;jpak; Fwpj;j tplaq;fspy; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;LtJ jtpHf;fKbahjJ.
ekf;F ,Uf;fpw Fiwe;jgl;r ,ilntspfisAk; vk; kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis
vLj;J iug;g jw;F gad;g Lj;Jfpd;Nwhk; . mt;tsTjhd;.

,e;j ,jopy;
,k;Kiw ,jopy; rpq;fs rhjpaikg;G Fwpj;j fl;Liuapd; njhlHr;rp
gjpthfpwJ.
jpy;i yapd; ,uz;L ftpijfSk; cYf;fp vLf;Fk; ngz;z pd; Fuyhf
gjpthfpwJ. 'rpijjy;" ftpijiaj; je;j pUf; F k; epNtjh ,sk; ngz;
vOj; j hs uhf mwpKfkhfpa tH. rkPg fhyk hf fhj; j pukhd ftpi j>
n kh opng aHg;G> fl;Li u vd g y;Nt W gi lg Gfis j; j e;J
ek;gpf;i faspf;f pwhH.
khHf; r pa Kk; Njrpa Kk; fl ; L i u ,Wjpg; g Fjp nts pahfpwJ. gy
Mz;L fSf;F Kd;d H ntspahd me;j Ngl;bapd; fhyg;nghUj;jk; fUjp
mjd; nkhopngaHg;i gj; je;N jhk;.
NjhoH nghd; fe;i jah gw;w pa gjpT Kf;fpakhdJ. gy Kf;f pakhd
e p i d T f i s m f ; f l ; L i u g j p t h f ; f p w J . t p s p k ; G e p i y a p d h pd ;
tpspk; G epiyapdH gw;w pa gilg; G fspd; Njitia njhlHe;J k; giw
typAWj;J fpwJ.
ngsrhpd; fpof;F epiy gw;wpa fl;LiuahdJ mtuhy; International net­
work of Srilankan Diaspora khehl;by; thrpf;fg;gl;l fl;LiuahFk;. gy;NtW
tpthjq ; f i s md ; i wa $ l ; l j; j py; cU th f; f pa mf; f l ; L i u ,q ; F
gpuRukhfpwJ.
ghypaypd; murpay; nghUshjhuk; gw;wpa fl;Liu ngz;z pa Nehf;fpy;
ghypay; nghushjhuk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;Lg; Ghpjiyj; jUk; fl;LiuahFk;.
mLj;j ,jopy; mjd; kpFjpg; gFjp gjpthFk;.
Ngrhg;n ghUis NgRnghUshf;Fjypd; murpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;w pa
vd ; . ru tz d pd ; fl ; L i u t ps pk ; G e pi ya pd uh d mbk l ; l kf ; f s pd ;
fUj;J f;fspd; fUj;j hf;f k; > kw;Wk; mjd; tphpthf;fj;i j typAWj;Jtjhf
mikfpwJ. cq;fs; njhlH Mjuit vjpHghHf;fpNwhk;.
‐g i w
giw

njhlHGfSf;F
gpujk M r ph p aH
PARAI
vd;.rutzd;
C/o Fri Media Norway
Post Box 362 cjt p M rph paH

1301 Sandvika fuitjhrd;

Norway
e pH t h f M rph paH
frimedianorway@gmail.com
tujd;
www.dalitnet.net
ISSN 1502­8771
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vd;.rutzd; ..................................................................................................................................... 6

l ,d;Dk; Nahdp nra;Nthk;...!

jpyi
; y ...................................................................................................................................................10

l rpijjy;
epNtjh .................................................................................................................................................. 11

l jiyfPoha; njhq;Fk; Kiyfs;

jpyi
; y ...................................................................................................................................................13

l khHf;rpaKk; Njrpag; gpur;rpidAk;

nu[p nlg;NuTldhd nrt;tp - nkhopngaHg;G-tsHkjp .......................... 14

l epidtpy; ­ NjhoH nghd; fe;ijah­2

fuitjhrd; ..................................................................................................................................... 24

l ,yq;ifapd; murpay; gpur;rpidapy; fpof;F epiyAk;>

mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
ngsrH ...................................................................................................................................................31
l ghypaypd; murpay; nghUshjhuk;­1
Nuhz;lh Nfhl;yPg; ....................................................... 39

l Ngrhg; nghUis NgRnghUshf; Ftjd; murpay;

vd;.rutzd; ........................................................... 44

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, e;j fl;Liuj; njhlH tpiutpy; ntsptutpUf;Fk;

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fl;LiufshFk;. Vw;nfdNt rpq;fs rhjpaikg;G Fwpj;j
ntt;NtW jiyg;gpyhd fl;Liufs; rhpepfH> ,dp> Mjtd;>
kw;Wk; 'giw" apYk; ntspte;jpUf;fpd;wd. mjd; njhlHr;rp
,q;F njhlHe;J gjpthfpwJ.
vd;.rutzd; ,e;jpa rhjpaikg;ig %y tbtkhff;nfhz;l jkpo;
rhjpaikg;gpd; mbg;gil jd;ikahd rhjpag;gbepiyahdJ
rpq;fs rhjpaikg;G gbepiyf;F xg;ghdjy;y.
Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpa %y rhjpaikg;gpy; ve;jnthU rhjpf;Fk;
,d;ndhU rhjp epfhpy;iy. Mdhy; rpq;fs rhjpaikg;ghdJ
jdf;fhd rhjpa gbepiyikg;igf;nfhz;bUf;fpw NghJk; mJ
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njl;lj;njspthd gbepiy estHfS f;F xg;ghf

tiuaiwiaf;nfhz;ljhf ,y;iy miof;fg;gLfpd;wNghJk;> mtHfs; -
vd;gij thrfHfs; mwptj Kf;fpak;. jkpo;r;r%fj;jpy; estHfspd; ,lkhd -
NkYk; mJ nefpo;thdJ. vdNtjhd; gQ;rkHfspd; ];jhdj;j py; mtHfs;
nrd;w ,jopy; $wpaJ Nghy Ke;jp ,y;iy vd;gijAk; ftdpf;fNtz;Lk;.
gpwe;J gpej ; pAk; thOk; jkpo; rhjpaikg;G
gpd; fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dH
vd;Wk; gpe;jp gpwe;J Ke;jp ,wf;Fk;
r h jp i k g ; G K i w a pY k ; > m j d ;
rpq;fs rhj paikg;G vd;Wk;
nray; t btj; j pYk; > mjd; tHf; f
Fwpgg ; plb
; Ue;Njd;. ,e;j nefpo;rr ; p mjd;
fl; l ikg; g pYk; > mjd; ,ilaP l ; L
gbepiyapy; kl;Lky;y> jPzl ; hikapYk;
nraw;ghLfspYk;> epiwa Nt
jhd;.
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. ngUk;ghyhd
NkYk; fhyd pj; Jtk; jkpo; rhjpfs; tof;nfhope;J Nghapd. rpy
rhjpaikg;gpy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wj;ij rhjpfisj; jtpu gy ngahpoe; J
tpl mjpfstpy; rpq;fs rhjpaikg;gpy; Ngh apd. rhj pj; njhopy;fs;
ngUk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. khw; w q; f Sf; F cs; s hapd. rpy
Vw;nfdNt ,Ue;j rpy rhjpj; njhopyf; s; rhjpapdh kl;Lk; xd;whf mzpjpuz;ld.
fhydpj;Jtj;NjhL khwpapUf;fpd;wd.
Ngh Hj;Jf;Nf aH 1505,y;
cjhuzj; j pw; F njhopy; hP j papy;
,yq; i fia ifg; g w; w pa gpd; d H
ghuk; g hpa giltP u Hfshf Juht
x y ; yh e ; j H t iu , y q ; i fa p d ;
rhjpapdH ,Ue;jpUe;j NghJk; mtHfs;
fiuNahuq;fis kl;LNk ifg;gw;wp
fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;Fg;gpd; fs;
Mz; L te;j dH. Mq; fpNyaHfNs
,wf;FgtHfshf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdH.
1818,y; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;wpajd;
Mdhy; mtHfs; jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy;
%yk; KO ,yq;i fiaAk; jkJ
,Uf;ff;$ba fs; ,wf;Fk;
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fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jdH.
,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gFjpfis
fiuNahuj;ij mz;b tho;e;j fuht
rhjpapdH NghHj;Jf;NfaH> xy;yhe;jH
MfpNahUf; $ lhf kjkhw; w j; J f; F
gypahd Kjy; r%fj;jtHfshdhHfs;.
tlf; F -fpof; F kw; W k; rpq; f s
fiuNahug; gFjpfisAk; rhe;j fuht/
fiuahH rhjpadH fpwp];jtHfshfNt
,Ug;gh Hfs; vd;fpw IjPf k;
rhj huzHfsplk; ,Ug;gij
fz;bUg;gPHfs;.
,e; j kj milahsNk fuht
rhjpapdiu rhjpag;gbepiyapy; NkYk;
xU epiyf;F fPNo js;spaJ.
rpq;fs rhjpaikg;gpy; khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpa %d ;W tuyhw;Wj;
jpUg; GKidfis rhjpak; Fwpj;j
Ma;thsHfs; Rl;LtJ tof;fk;.
1. fhydpj;Jtk;>
2. f z ; b u h [ ; [ p a k ; 1818,y;
ifg;gw;wg;gly;
3. jpwe;j nghUshjhuf;nfhs;if.
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rhjpfSk; njhopy;fSk;
rpqf
; s rhjpaikg;gpid ,U ngUk;
gphptpidf;Fs; cs;slf;fp ghHg;gJ
vspikahf ,Uf;Fk;. fz;b
rpq;fstHfs; (kiyehl;Lr; rpq;fstH)
kj;jpapy; epyTk; rhjpaikg;G kw;Wk;
fiuNahur; r pq; f stHfs; (njw; F r;
rpq; f stH) kj; j papy; ,Uf; f pd; w
rhjpapdH.
fz;bar; rpq;fs rhjpapdH
1. m`pq;Fe;ja (ehNlhbfs;)
2. gl;l`y (Fk;gs;) - FatH
3. gj;fk - ghuk;ghpa tptrhapfs;
(gphpj; j hdpa Ml; r papd; NghJ
,tHfs; gs;sf;Fj; J}f;fpfshf
miof;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;.)
4. nguht - giwabg;gtH
5. nfhtpfk - ghuk;ghpa tptrhapfs;
gz;izahsHfs;.
6. `hyp - nerthsHfs;
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 www.tamilarangam.net
7. `d;dyp - ijaw;fhuH
8. `_D - Rd;df;fy; nra;gtHfs;.
9. fpd;dua - gha; gpd;DgtHfs;.
'jho;jjg;gl;NlhH";.
10. ete;jd;d - nghw;nfhy;yH. - (gy
fpisr;rhjpfisf;nfhz;lJ)
11. gKD - $yp tptrhapfs;
12. gd;d - Gy;ntl;LNthH>
13. gdpf;fp - Kb jpUj;JNthH
14. gl;b - fhy;eiltsHg;NghH
15. nghutf;fhu - kuk;jhpg;NghH
16. ujy - epyg;gpuGf;fs;. (Fwpg;ghf
fz;b uhr;rpa fhyj;jpy;)
17. uh[f;f> N`d
ryitj;njhopyhsHfs;.
18. NuhbNah - 'jho;jjg;gl;NlhH";.
19. tf;Fk;Gu - nty;yk; jahhpg;ghsH
fiuNahur; rhjpapdH
1. m`pq;Fe;ja - ehNlhbfs;
2. gl;l`y (Fk;gs;) - FatH
3. nguht - giwabg;gtH
4. fl;lu - tptrhapfs;
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5. n j k y fl;lu - jkpo;
'jho;jj
; g;gl;NlhH";.
6. Juht - ghuk;ghpa giltPuH -
fhydpj; J tj; j pw; F g; gpd; fs;
,wf;FNthH.
7. `d;dyp - ijaw;fhuH
8. `pd;d - ryhfk rhjpadUf;fhd
ryitj;njhopyhsH
9. fuht - ghuk;ghpa kPdtHfs;.
10. ete;jd;d - nghw;nfhy;yH. - (gy
fpisr;rhjpfisf;nfhz;lJ)
11. gKD - $yp tptrhapfs;
12. gdpf;fp - Kb jpUj;JNthH
13. nghutf;fhu - kuk;jhpg;NghH
14. u h [ f ; f > N`d -
ryitj;njhopyhsHfs;.
15. NuhbNah - 'jho;jjg;gl;NlhH";.
16. ryhfk - ghuk;ghpa giltPuH> fUth
gl;il chpg;NghH.
17. tf;Fk;Gu - nty;yk; jahhpg;ghsH
tl fpof;F jkpo; rhjpaikg;gpy;
cs;s rh jpfSf ;F ,i za hf
fUjg;gLk; rpq;fs rhjpfs;
-
nts;shsH - nfhtpfk
fiuahH - fuht
giwaH - nguht
estH - Juht
gs;sH - gj;fk
rhypaH - ryhfk
JUk;gH - `Pd
rptpahH - gj;fk
mk;gl;lH - gdpf;fp
9
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14.12.2008

giw‐2008‐ et
12
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
 www.tamilarangam.net

Njrpag; gpur;rpidAk;

nu[p Nlg;Nu gpnuQ;R khHf;rpa

khHf;rpaKk;

mwpQH>gpnuQ;R khHf;rpa mwpQuhd my;J}rhpd;

fPo; jdJ caHfy;tpia fw;wJld; 1960fspy;
f p Ag h t p y ; ` t h d h g y ; f iy f o f j ; j p y ;
Nguhrphpauhf gzpahw; w pagpd; nghyptpag;
Gul; r papy ; NrAld; , iz j; J nfhz; l tH.
gy;NtW khHf;rpa Ma;T E}y;fis vOjpatH.
Revolution in the Revolution? Gul;rpapy; Gul;r p?
vDk; E}y; mjpfk; Ngrg;gl;l ,tuJ E}y;fspy;
xd; w hFk; .
rHtNjrpak; gw;wp ePq;fs; vd;d epidf;fpwPHfs;? rhj;;jpak;jhdh> tpUk;gj;jf;fJ
jhdh? Nrh\ypr murpaypy; mjw;Fupa cz;ikahd ,lk; vd;d?
yl;r &gha; kjpg;Gs;s Nfs;tpiaf; Nfl;BHfs;!
,jw;F kl;Lk; xU gjpy; ,Uf;fpwnjd;why; Nfl;ff;
fhj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. ,ijj;jhd; ehk; vy;NyhUk;
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk; - rHtNjrpak; ,d;W vq;Nf
,Uf;fpwJ? ek;Kila Mirfis vy;yhk; nfhQ;rk;
xJf;f p it;j Jtpl;L tuyhw;W cz;i kfspypUe;J
njhlq;FNthk;. Kjypy; (ehd; Vw;f dNt nrhd;dJ
Nghy) Gul;r pfu Nrh\ypr ntw; w pfs; vg;N ghJNk
VjhtnjhU tifapy; Njrpa tpLjiy ,af;fq;fNshL
nu[p -mit fhydpa vjpHg;ghf ,Ue;jdNth ,y;iyNah>
N lg ;Nu a ld ; njhlHGilaitahf ,Ue;jd. ,uz;lhtjhf> xU
xU Kjyhspa ehl;by; Vw;g Lfpw xt;nthU neUf;fbapd;
NeHfhzy; NghJk; tHf;f milahsj;ijtpl- ntFkf;fspd; kpfg;
ngUe;jpuspduhd ghl;lhsp tHf;fj;jpd; kj;jpapYk; $l
jkpopy;: tsHkjp - Njrpa milahsNk tYthf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ
(,Wjp) ep&gpf;fg;gl;l xU cz;ik. 1914-y; r%f-[dehafj;jpw;F
giw‐2008‐et
13
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
 www.tamilarangam.net
Vw;g l;l neUf;f b VNjh tpuy;t pl;L
vz;zj;jf;f mstpyhd jiytHfspd;
JNuhfj;jhy; tpise;jJ my;y - nydpd;
,e;jf; fUj;ijf; fLikahf vjpHj;jhy;;
Vfhjpgj; j pa ty;y uRfs; > mtw;w py;
rYif ngw; w ghl; l hs p tHf; f k; >
,tw;wpd; vOr;rpahd> xU nkhj;j r%f
tuyhw;W rfhg;jj;jpd; tpisTk; my;y.
mijtplTk; Mokhd xU fhuzp
nrhy;y g;g l;l J vd;W epidf;f pNwd;.
(,e;j tifapyhd kw;w
gpur;rpidfspYk; $l ,tw;i wnahj;j
khw;Wfspy; ,Nj Nghd;w NjHTfs;
(choices) Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.)
mjhtJ> jdpj;j dpahd gz;g hl;L g;
gpupTfs hd , dq; f s ; > Njrq; f s ; >
kf;fl;$l;lq;fs; Nghyy;yhky;>
FWf;Fntl;L tHf;fg; gpuptpidfs; r%f
tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; gpw;gl;Nl Njhd;wpd
vd;W nrhy;fpNwd;. ,q;F> xU Njrpa
cUthf;fj;jpd; my;yJ xU
jdpegUila MSik cUthf;fj;jpd;
Mokhd mLf;FfNs kw;w
vy ; y htw ; i wAk ; t pl eP z ; l fh y k;
ePbj;jpUg;git vd;fpw xU khDltpay;
tpjp ,Uf;fpwJ. cstpaypYk; rup> r%f
miktpYk; rup jdp capupapd; Njhw;w
t s H r ;r pa pY k ; rup (ontorg....)
,ittifapd; Njhw;w tsHr;rpapYk;
v g; N g hJ Nk n jh d; i k ah di tN a
(philogeticaly) cWjpNa ,Ug;g it.
kpfj; njhd;ikahd mLf;Fj;jhd; kpf
n ra Y hf ; f k h dJ ' m bg ; g i l ah d
cstpay;> tuyhw;W Ma;Tz;ik ,J.
kd;dpAq;fs;> xU rpwpa Nfs;tp - 1914 k; Mf];by;
njhopyhsH ,af;fq;fspd; jiytHfs; vd;d nra;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidf;fpwPHfs;?
,jw;F g; gjpy; nrhy;tJ f];lk;!
kpfTk; xUgf;fr; rhHghd Nfs;tp ,J.
xU ];lhypdp];L tprhuzif; fkprDf;F
Kd; d hy; epWj; j g; g l; l ijg; Nghy
vd;i d czur; nra;f pwJ. NkYk;>
,e;j f; Nfs;t papy; cz;ikapy; xU
nghwp ,Uf;fpwJ. Vndd;why;> rupahd
gjpy; vJntd;W vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupAk;:
14
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
'r%f [dehafthjpfspd;
JNuhfj;j pw;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLq;f s;>
Rtpl;] ;yhe;Jf;F uapiyg; gpbAq;fs;
vd;W NghFk;. Mdhy;> ehd; Nfl;f
tpUk ;Gfpw Nfs;tp ,J my ;y;
gpd; N dhf; f pg; ghHj; J xUtUila
epiyg; g hL vd; d thf ,Ue; j pUf; f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; vdf;F
mf;fiwapy;iy. mjw;Fg; gjpy;> me;jf;
fhyj;jpy;> me;j ,lj;jpy;> ntFkf;fSk;
r %f [ d eh a ft hj Kd ;dz pg ;
gilapdUk; vd;d Gupe;j pUe;jhHfs;>
vd;d nra;j hHfs; vd;gij cs;s J
cs;s gbNa ghHg;gJk; Gupe;J nfhs;s
Kaw;rpg;gJNk vdf;F Kf;fpak;.
Mdhy;> cq;fSila Gupjy; rupahdjhf ,Uf;Fkhdhy;>
vy;NyhUf;FNk mJ rupahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J
xd;Wk; vy;yh ,lj;jpYk; xNu khjpupahf -
cjhuzj;jpw;F> urpahtpNyh ,j;jhypapNyh eilngwtpy;iy
,y;iyah. n[Hkdpapy;> - gpuhd;rpy;> g;upl;ldpy; epfo;e;j
Nghy ,d;ndhU ,lj;jpYk; elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vJTk;
tpjpf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iyNa. njhopyhsH ,af;fq;fspd;
ghHitfspy; ntspg;gilahfNt czuj;jf;f tpj;jpahrq;fs;
,Ue;jd. NkYk;> urpa ntFkf;fs; KjypNyNa
tpOe;Jtpl;lijg; Nghy ,y;yhky; nkd;\;tpf;Ffs;
ngUe;Njrpa ntwpfF; s; mt;tsT Ntfkhf
vOe;Jtpltpyi; y> ,y;iyah.
,ijr; Rygkhf tpsf;fptpl KbAk;.
ePq ;f s; vOg;G k; Nfs;t pfis vdJ
tuyhw;Wg; gpur;rpidg;ghl;Lf;Fs;NsNa
ng hUj;jptpl KbA k;. ,j;jh yp
mg;N ghJjhd; cUthd xU ,sk;
Njrk;. g y t Pdkhd x U Njrk;.
n[Hkdpaplk; mjw; Fk; gifAzHr;rp
vJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; urpah>
xU cz; i kahd mHj;j j; j py; > xU
Njrpa murhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. kpfTk;
gytPdkh. tpupe;j xU Njrpa
milahsj;N jhL> epiwa fyg;G f;F
cs;s hfpapUe;j xU kf;fs; $l;lkhfNt
mJ ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy;> Njrpa eyd;fs;
kpfT k; Fi wth d nry ;th f;Nf
nrYj;jpapUf;f KbAk; vd;gJ mq;F
,ay;ghd xU tp\aNk;. xU
giw‐2008‐ et
 www.tamilarangam.net

nghUs ; K jy; t hjp vd; w Kiwapy; Jha rHtNjrpag; ghHit nfhz;bUe;j

czHTg+Htkhd (consious) epiyia xU Nghuhl;lk;. Mdhy;> nghyptpa
tpl> cs;SzHNt (instinct) Njrpa ajhHj;jjpw;Fs;shf mJ nrupj;Jf;
jPHkhdfukhd xU fhuzpahf - xU nfhs;s g;glNt ,y;iy. ntFkf;fspd;
tpupe;j mHj;jj;jpy; - ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W epidtpy; mJ ,d;Dk; VNjh xU me;ep-
nrhy;Ntd;. mjhtJ> vd;d nrhy;y akhd epfo;T NghyNt gbe;jpUf;fpwJ.
tUfpNwd; vd;why;> ,q;F> xU rHtNjr ,J nuhk;gTk; NrhfkhdJ. Mdhy;
cs;SzHittpl> xU rHtNjr czH- ehk; ,ijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kaw;rpf;fj;-
Tepiy ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j cz;ikap-
ypUe;J> rHtNjr czHTepiyNahL
Njrpa cs ; S z HT Nkhj NeHfpw
xt;nthU re;jHg;gj;jpYk; gpuf;iQNa
kpfTk; tYthdjhf ntspg;gLfpwJ
vd;W Cfpf;fpNwd;. ,e;j tplaj;jpy;>
a j h Hj ; j k ; v d ; N d h L , U f ; f pw J .
mt;tsTjhd;. ,e;j epiyfSf;fhf ehd;
tUe;jNtapy;iyah? Mkhk;> ntWf;fj;-
jhd; nra;fpNwd;. vd;whtJ xU ehd;
,wf;f Ntz;L k; vd;w cz;i kia
vt;t sT ntWf;fpNwNdh mNjasT
,ijAk; ntWf;fpNwd;. Mdhy; vd;d
nra;tJ> ,J vd; jiyapy; jhd; Ntz;Lk;. KOf;f KOf;f xg;Gf;
vOjpapUf;f pwJ. nfhs ; s Kbahj x d; W . Mdhy ; >
kWf; f Kbahj xU ajhHj;j k; . xU
,J vy;yhk; vd; nrhe;j
k h H f ; r pa t h j p v d ; f pw K i w a p y ;
tho; f ; i fapy; epfo; e ;j nfhLukhd>
ajhHj; j j; j pd; tpjpfis kjpj; J gg;
rkfhyr; rk;gtq;f spd; tuyhw;N whL
Gupe;Jnfhs;s Nt ehd; Kaw;rpf;fpNwd;.
NeubahfTk; rk;g e; j g;g l; b Uf; f pwJ.
v d; D i la tpjpfi s m jd ; kP J
nghyptpahtpy; Nr-Tf;F NeHe;j fjpia
jpzpg;gjpy;iy.
vLj;J f; nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,ijg; gw;wp
ngupjhff; fijase;J nfhz;bUf;fhky; fhTl;]f; p njhlq;fp fa; Nkh];- tiuf;Fk; ,uz;lhk;
Neubahf xU rk;gtj;ijr; nrhy;fpNwd;. mfpyj;jpd; kpf Nkhrkhd gpio Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd;
1971 y; nghyptpa muR vjpHg;ghsHfspd; Nritapy; ,Ue;J INuhg;gpa-ikathjk; jhd; vd;W
F O x d ; W ' t h d t pw ; F t e ; j J . cq;fs; fl;Liuapy; vOjpapUe;jPHfs;. g;nuQ;r; Nrh\yp];L
mtHfspy; xUtH (nghyptpa Ruq;fj; fl;rp (PSF) ,e;jj; jtwpypUe;J tpyfptpl;ljh?
njhopyhsH rk;Nksdj;jpypUe;J te;j ,y;iy vd;Wjhd; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
xU Ruq;f j; njhopyhsp) [{iy 26 PSF ,d;Dk; mjpypUe;J tpyfptpl;ljhf
nfhz;l hl;l q;f spy; fye;J nfhz;L vdf;Fj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. ve;j khw;wNkh
NgrpdhH. rkPgfhyq;fspy; Kd;Ndw;wNkh ,y;iy vd;W ,jw;F
nghyptpahtpy; epfo;e ;j ntFkf;fs; mHj;jk; ,y;iy. Mdhy;> nkhj;jj;jpy;
fpsHr;rpfisg; gw;wp xU ciu Mw;wpdhH. m j d; ng hJg ; N ghf ; F IN uhg ; g pa
Gupahj Gjpuhd xU kwjpapy; Nr- Tila ikathjkhfNt ,d;dKk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
nfupy;y hg; Nghiuj; jd;Dila Ngr;rpy; Nrhrypr mfpyj;jpw;Fs; mJ cWg;-
xU ,lj;j py; $l mtH Fwpg;g pl- gpduhf NrHe;jpUg;gJ ,jw;F mikg;G
Ntapy;iy. 'Nr" tpd; nfupy;yhg; NghH uPjpahd tbtk; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;W
ekJ rkfhyj;jpa epfo;Tfspy; kpfj;
giw‐2008‐et
15
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
 www.tamilarangam.net
nrhy;yyhk;. r%f [dehafk; %d;whk;
cyf ehLfspy; jd; i d mwpKfk;
nr a;J n fh s ;t jpy ; vg ;Ng hJ Nk
mf; f iwahf ,Ue;J te; j pUf;f pwJ
vd;gijAk; ehk; Qhgfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. tHf;fg; Nghuhl;l eyd;fs;
vd;w Nehf;fpy; ,ijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s
KbAk;: ,e;j ehLfspd; vjpHg;Gul;rpapd;
xNu rhj;jpakhd tbtk; rPHjpUj;jk;jhd;.
m jd hy ; j hd ; y j; j P d ; m nkupf; f h>
Mg;upf;fh> NghHLfy; ehLfspy; Nrh\ypr
mfpyj;jpy;jhd; jPtpukhd nraw;ghLfs;>
mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf> USA tpd; Vn[d;lhf
n[Hkd; r%f [dehaff; fl;rpapd;
nray; g hLfs; ,Uf; f pd; w d. fle; j
I k; g J Mz ; L f s py ; , j py ; v e; j
khw;wKk; epfo;e;Jtpltpy;iy.
1919-y; gy;NtW Njrpa mq;fq;fis cs;slf;fpa
fl;Lg;ghL kpFe;j xU rHtNjrf; fl;rpahf nydpd;
mikj;j %d;whk; mfpyk;> Njrpak; vd;w kWf;fKbahj
ajhHj;jj;jpd; tYitf; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl;l xU tuyhw;Wj;
jtW vd;W epidf;fpwPHfsh?
mJ xU gpio vd; g jpy; ve; j
re;NjfKk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; tuyhW
jtpHf;f Kbahjhf;fpa xd;W.
mg;Nghija epiyikfspy; rup vd;W
gl;l ijnahl;b me; j g; gupNrhjid
Kaw;rpj;J g; ghHf;f Ntz;banjhd;whf
,Ue;jJ. Vndd;why;> tuyhW mijj;
jtW vd;W mJtiuapYk; ep&gpj;jp-
Uf;ftpy;i y. Mdhy; jtW cyfg;
ghl;lhsp tHf;fj;ij Njrpa> gz;ghl;Lj;
jdpj;J tq;fs;> tpj;jpahrq;fsw;w xU
xw; i w KOikahfg; ghHj;j jpy;j hd;
,Uf;f pwJ. [pNdhthtpd; ,uhZt
khjpupapy;> me;jr; rfhg;gjj;jpy; epytpa
kw;w ,uhZthj cUtfq;fspd; mb-
g;gilapy; mike;j> xU CopaH mzp-
apd; jiyikapy; eilNghlf;$ ba
rHtNjr ghl;lhsp tHf;f ,uhZtk;
xd;W rhj;jpak; vd;W mg;NghJ ek;gg;-
gl;lJ. ,J KOf;f KOf;f xU fUj;-
JKjy;thj mbg;gilapyike;j jtW.
mjdhy;> xU tifahd jd;Kidg;-
16
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
Gthj mikg;GKiw rhHe;j tbtk;.
,ij ,d;Dk; nfhQ;rk; gpd;Df;F
nfhz;L Nghf KbAk;. nghJthfr;
nrhy;t njd;w hy;> mfpyq;f s; mit
Njhd;wpajw;F nrhy;yg;gl;l fhuzq;-
fis vg;NghJNk epiwT nra;jjpy;iy.
1864-y; Njhd;wpa Kjy; mfpyj;jpypUe;J
(rHtNjr ciog; g hs Hfs; rq; f k; )
ehd;fhk; mfpyk; (,ijg; gw;wp vd;id
tpl cq;fSf;F ed;whfNt njupAk;)
tiuf;Fk; mtw;wpd; ,yf;F Nrhryprg;
Gul; r p. MdNghjpYk; > ,ilg; g l; l
Ehw;whz;bd; ajhHj;jkhd tuyhw;wpy;
epfo;e;j xt;nthU Nrhryprg; Gul;rpAk;>
Nrh\y prj; i j Ne hf; f pa x t; n thU
Kaw; r pAk;> xt;nthU Kd;Ndhf;f pa
mbitg;G k; mtw;i wr; rhHe;j puhky;
Rje;jpukhd Kaw;rpapy; ele;jit ghuP];
fk;a+dpypUe;J 1959-y; epfo;e;j f;a+gg;
Gul;rp tiu. cq;fSf;Nf njupAk;> me;j
epfo;itg; gjpT nra;J vd;gijj; jtpu
Kjyhk; mfpyj;jpw;Ff; fk;a+NdhL ve;jr;
rk;ge;jKk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. jw;nrayhf>
me; j epfo; T > mJ epfo; e ; j gpwF
mfpyj; i j ,Oj; J %Ltjw;F xU
tifapy;> xU fhuzkhf mike;J
tpl;lJ. ,uz;lhtJ mfpyk;>
Njhy;t pfisj; jtpu NtW vijAk;
jutpy;iy. me;jf; fhyj;jpd; xNu ntw;wp
urpag ; Gul;rp> m jw;F v jpuhf
epfo;j;jg;g l;l J. mNjNghy %d;w hk;
mfpyKk; - n[Hkdp> ,j;jhyp> `q;Nfup>
]; n gapd; - m jDila cjtpNa
,y;yhky;> nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; mjw;F
vjpuhfNt rPdg; Gul;rp ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
(,uz;L thjq;fSk; rhj;jpaNk. xd;iw
x d ; W t py f paiy m y ; y vd; W k;
nrhy;yyhk;) 1944-y; fpof;F
ma; N uhg; g htpy; Njhd; w pa Nrh\ypr
ehLfisg; nghUj;j tiuapy; %d;whk;
mfpyk; fiyf; f g; g l; l jw; F mLj; j
Mz;by;> ePq;fs; urpag; ngUe;Njrpa
ntwp vd; W nrhy; y f; $ ba mjd;
ghq;FfSf;F vjpuhfj; Njhd;wpait.
giw‐2008‐ et
 www.tamilarangam.net
f;a+g> tpal;ehkpag; Gul;rpfs; kw;Wk;
nghJtpy; fhydpa vjpHg;Gk; Gul;rpfs;
vd;W nrhy;y g; g Lgtw;i w vLj;J f;
nfhz;l hy;> ,j;j ifa vOr;r pfis
cUthf;fpajw;fhd rl;lfkhf nrhy;y pf;
nfhz;l ve;j xU mikg;NghLk; ,tw;-
Wf;F ve;jj; njhlHGk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
vy;y h mfpyq;fSNk CopaHfisg;
gapw;Wtpf;Fk; koiyaH gs;spfshfTk;
filrpapy ; m tw; W f; F vjpuhfNt
jpUk;gpa Njrpaf; fl;rpfisf; fl;Ltjw;F
cjTk; gzpiaANk nra;jd.
mbepiyapy; ghHj;jhy; xU mfpyj;jpd;
nt w;wp v d;gJ m jd ; Kb it f;
Ftpg;gjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,ijr; rupahfg;
G upe ;jpU e;j hN y N a k hH f ;] ; kpf
ctg;NghL Kjy; mfpyj;ijf; fiyf;f
Kd;te;jhH. ,af;f k; tsHe;Jtpl;l J
vd;W k; mjd; tYtpw;F Mjhuk; -
mjw;F ,dpNkYk; xU ikag;gLj;jg;-
gl; l mikg;G Njitahf ,y;i y
vd;Wk; nrhd;dhH. mfpyj;jpd; Nehf;fk;
epiwNtWtJ vd; g J mfpyj; i jf;
f iy g ; g j h f , U e; j J . N eh n u ]; >
Nlhf;ypahl;b> rhz;bahNfh fupy;Nyh
Nghd;w VidatHfisg; gapw;Wtpf;Fk;
r Ht N jr pa j; i jA k ; m fpy j ; i j Ak ;
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rtf;Fopf;F mDg;gpa
N jr pa nt Fk f ;fs ; fl ;rpf i sf ;
fl; L tjw; F cjtpajw; F k; Nky hf
%d;whk; mfpyk; NtW vd;d
nra;Jtpl;lJ. ,J xU Nrhfkakhd
,aq; f pay; cz; i k. Mdhy; > rpy
,og;gPLfisAk; juNt nra;jpUf;fpwJ.
,g;Nghnjy;yhk;> ehk; ikaj;jpyp-
Ue;J tpyfpr; nry;Yk; xU nghJthd
Nghf;ifNa ghHf;fpNwhk;. vg;gbapUe;-
jhYk;> tuyhw;W tsHr;rpg; Nghf;Nf
mg;gb ,Uf;fpwJ. %d;whk; mfpyj;ij
epWtp> Nrhtpaj; J fspd; rHtNjr;
Fbauir epWt nydpd; miw$ty;
tpLj;jNghJ> cyfpy; xU Nrhtpaj;
muR $l ,Uf;f tpy;i y. ,yf;f pd;
gpuk;khz;l Nk topfspd; twl;rpiaf;
Fwpg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. gpwF> topfs; tsu
giw‐2008‐et
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
tsu ,yf;F nky;y kiwe;J NghdJ.
NtW thHj;ijfspy; nrhy;tnjd;why;>
rHtNjrpathjpahf ,Ug;gjw;fhd xNu
top nrhe;j ehl;by; Gul;rpia elj;JtJ
vd;gjhfptpl;lJ. ,e;j mlf;fkhd KbT
xU tha;t Pr ;r hff; $ lj; Njhd; w yhk;.
Mdhy;> epfo;Tfisg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ
ahUk; kWf;fKbahj xU cz;ik.
cq;fs; filrpf; Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpy;
vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j xU cz;ikapy;
tuyhw;iw epfo;j;JgtHfs;
ntFkf;f Ns> vd;fpw Kuzhd xU
fUj;j py; ,Uf;f pwJ. vy;N yhUf;F k;
njupe; j ,e;j cz;i kia tplhky;
gpd;gw;W q;fs;; czHr;rp Cf;fk; jUfpw
m y;yJ NrhH ti lar; nra;fpw
KbTfSf;F ePq;fs; te;J NrHtPHfs; -
vg;g bapUe;j hYk; ePq ; f s; ek; g pf; i f
itj;J j; njhlq;fpa> ntFkf;fs;jhd;
tuyhw;i w epfo; j ;J gtHfs; vd;g J
cz;iknad;why;> epyTfpw gz;ghLf-
Sf;Fk; nkhopfSf;Fk; vy;iyfSf;Fk;
mg;g hw;g l;l > mtw; N whL njhlHgpy;-
yhky; NkNy me;juj;jpy; Rw;wpf; nfhz;b-
Uf;fpw xU mUtk; my;y mtHfs;
vd;gJ cz;ikahdhy; - tiuaWf;-
fg; g l; l ,aw; i fahd gz; g hl; L f;
FO kq;fsh f kl ;LN k m tHf s;
,Uf;f pwhHfs; vd;w hy; - mg;N ghJ
mtHfs; mtHfshNyNa> mtHfsJ
epiyikfspypUe;N j> tpz;z pypUe;J
my; y kz; z pypUe; N j> cyFjOtp
my;y cs;SH mstpNyNa tuyhw;iwg;
gilg;ghHfs;. vy;NyhUf;Fk; xd;Nwahd
tu yhW vd ;W v JTk ; ,y;i y;
tuyhw; wpd; fhyk; Nlhf;f pNahtpYk;>
ghuPrpYk;> gPff; pq;fpYk;> ntdPRtyhtpYk;
xd;whf ,y;iy. xU cyfg; Gul;rpj;
jpl;lk; gd;Kfj; jd;ikfis vy;yhk;
xUKfg;gLj;jp> nkhj;j ,af;fj;ijAk;
xU Fil apd; fPo; nf hz;Ltu
Kaw; r pf; F k; NghJ mJ tuyhw; W
,af;fj;jpw;F vjpuhfg; Ngha; KbfpwJ
Vndd;why;> me;j ,af;fk; vg;NghJk;
x UKfj; j d; i kapy pUe; J gd; K fj;
17
 www.tamilarangam.net
jd;ikia Nehf;fp
efHtjhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ.
epfo;Tfs ; vg;NghJk;
fPopUe;Nj njhlq;Ffpd;wd;
gd;Kfj; jd;ikNa
vg;NghJk; ntw;wp
ngW f pwJ . Nk y pUe;J
tbf; f g; g l;l ve; j nthU
jpl;lKk; xU cs;s hHe;j
fUj;JKjy;thjf; fUitf;
nfhz; b Uf; f pwJ. mjd;
fhfpj Muthuj; j pw; F k; >
tuyhw;wpy; mjw;F
,lkpy;yhky; Nghtjw;Fk;
fhuzk; ,Jjhd;. Gul;r p
vd ;gJ M izf s; gpwg;gpf ;F k;
miwfspypUe;J xUNghJk; epfo;j;jg;
Nghtjpy;iy. guhFNt-apd; vy;iyf;F
mUfpy; ,Uf;fpw xU jlk; tpyfpa
fpuhkj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gul;rp njhlq;FfpwJ
vd;why;> mjw;F VNjh 19> 000 fp.kP.
njhiy tpy ; ,Uf; f pw x U %is
fhuzky;y me;jf; fpuhkj;J njUKid
ngl;bf; filf;fhud; epfo;j;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;W KbT nra;jjhNyNa epfo;fpwJ.
me;j %is nra;af;$ba njy;yhk;>
njUKidiaf; $l jhz;bg;
NghapUf;fhj> Mdhy; fpuhkj;jpd; NghJ
m gpg ; g puhaj ; j pd; kP J nry ; t hf; F
nrYj;Jgtdhf ,Uf;fpw me;jg; ngl;bf;
filf; f hud; mij epfo; j ; J tjw; F >
mtDf;F Jhz;LNfhyhf ,Ue;jJ vJ
vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kaw;rpg;gJ>
fpuhkj;J tptrhapfspd; Njitfs;
vd ; d vd; g ijg ; G upe ; J n fhs ; s
Kaw;rpg;g J> mt;t sTjhd;. mtHf-
Sf;F cyfg; Gul;r p mtrpakpy;i y;
Vndd;why;> mJgw;w p mtHfSf;F j;
njupahJ; fpuhkj;ijNa jhz;bapuhj-
tHfSf;F cyfk; vd;gNj njupahJ.
1967-y; KNahghk;g h-tpd; kf;f splk;
nghyptpa nfupy;y hf;fs; tpal;ehik
Mjupf;f Ntz;L k; vd; W tpsf;f pg;
NgrpaNghJ> mtHfs; tpal;ehik VNjh
mtHfs; Nfs;tpg;gl;buhj> gf;fj;jpyp-
18
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
Ue;J xU fpuhkk; vd;W
epidj;jpUe;jhHfs;.
tho;e hspy; xU mnkupf;-
fidf; $lg; ghHj;j puhj
m t Hf S f ; F m n k u pf ; f
V f h jpg j ; j pa k ; v d ; w h y ;
vd; d ntd ; W Rj ; j kh fj;
njupatpy ; i y . Mdhy ; >
mjw; F khwhf> mUfpy;
x ba Mw; w pd; kP j pUe; j
ghyj;ij gOJ nra;ahky;
,Ue;j cs;SH Ml;rpapd;
kPJ mtHfs; fLk;
Nf hg j;jpy pUe;jhH f s ;.
Mifahy;> mq;F Gul;rpia
Muk;gpg;gJ vd;gJ mtHfSf;F me;j
ghyj;jpy; gpur;rpidapy; cjTtJ> Vd;
me;j mjpfhup me;jg; ghyj;ij rup
nra;ahky;> mf;fiwaw;W ,Uf;fpwhd;
vd; g ij mtHfs; Gupe; J nfhs; s
cjtpaJ. mJ vg;NghJNk fPopUe;J>
jd; d lf; f khf> ngupa vOj; J f; f s;
,y ; y hky ; njhlq; F tJ. Mdhy ; >
mfpyk; vd;gJ mjd; tiuaWg;gpNyNa
ngupa vOj;J f;fs; Njitg;gLtJ -
Mdhy;> nrayw;w xU Nky;fl;Lkhd-
khfNt ,Uf;fr; rgpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;>
Njrk; xU Nky;f l;L khzk; ,y;iy;
khwhf (nkhopiag; Nghy> gz;ghl;ilg;
Nghy; ) xU cz;i kahd cs; f l;L -
khzk; (infra – structure). mfpyq;fs;
ntWkNd Nky;f l;L khzq;f shfNt
,Uf;fpd;wd; me;jf; fhuzj;jhNyNa
tuyhw;W Xl;lj;jpy; mbj;Jr;
nry;yf;$baitahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
tpal;ehk; NghUf;Fk; cs;SH Mw;Wg; ghyj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapyhd ,e;j Kuizj; jhz;br; nry;tJjhd;
,aq;fpay; Kiwapaypd; Nehf;fk;. nghyptpahtpy; xU
,uz;lhtJ NghH Kidiaj; Jtf;fp> tpal;ehk; Gul;rpf;F
cjtNtz;Lk; vd;W epidf;fpw xU rHtNjrg; Gul;rpahsH>
jd;Dila ,yf;F cs;SH ghyk; Fwpj;j tpthjj;ijj;
Jtf;fp itg;gijr; rhHe;jpUf;fpwJ vdTk; Gupe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j topapy;> nghJthdjw;Fk; Fwpg;ghdjw;Fk;
,ilapyhd Kuz;ghl;il xUtH ,aq;fpay; uPjpahf
giw‐2008‐ et
 www.tamilarangam.net
fle;J nry;y KbAk;. nghJikf;Fk; Fwpg;ghdjw;Fk;
,ilapyhd> jiyfPo; tpfpjj;jpyhd xU ,aq;fpaypd;
Clhf - ePq;fs; gpur;rpidia itf;Fk; Kiwapy;
Rj;jkhf kiwe;JtpLfpw xU ,aq;fpay; - gUz;ikahd
cs;SH ajhHj;jq;fspypUe;J njhlq;fp rHtNjr
,af;fj;jpw;F efHj;jy;> khHf;rpa rHtNjrpathjj;jpd
mZFKiw ,Jjhd;.
xg;Gf;nfhs;fpNwd;. vdJ mZF-
Kiw tpthj Nehf;fpy; ,Ue;jjhy; rw;W
xUjiyr; rhHghdjhf ,Ue;jJ; xU
kpifg;gLj;jYf;F vjpuhf ,d;ndhU
jpirapyhd kpifg;gLj;jyhf ,Ue;jJ.
cz;ikiar; nrhy;tnjd;why;> ePq;fs;
nrhy;tJ rupjhd; ehk; xU ,aq;fp-
aiyf; fl;likf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;>
,jpy; ehk; xd;Wgl;lhYk;$l> mjd;
jd;ikf;F tUk;NghJ> ehk; Kuz;gl;Lf;
nfhs;Nthk;. Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fspy;
Gupe; J nfhs; t jw;f hd jPH khdfukhd
Nfhl;ghl;Lr; rl;lfk;> cyf mstpy;
eilngWk; tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lk; Fwpj;j
xU rHtNjrpa Nfhl;ghl;Lr; rl;lfk;jhd;
vd;W ek;GfpNwd;. cyfg; Nghuhl;lk;
Fwpj;j Nfhl;ghl;bd; Kf;fpa ruLfis
Kd;$l;bNa fw;Wj; Njwhky;
nghyptpahtpy; eilngWk; epfo;Tf;fis
xUtuhy; Gupe; J nfhs ; s KbahJ.
vd; w hYk; > eilKiwapy; Jtf; f g;
Gs;spahf ,Ug ;gJ> eilKiw
j P H k h d f u f h u z pa h f , U g ; g J >
Njrk; j hd; . nghyptpahtpd; Njrpa
tHf;fg; Nghuhl;l epiyikfs; Fwpj;j
Ma;N t Jtf;f g; Gs;s pahf ,Uf;f
Ntz; L k; ; ,y; i ynad; w hy; > cyf
epiyik gw;wpa tpupe;j Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F
Ma;T ga Ds;sjhf ,Uf;f hJ;
cz;ikahd tuyhw;W khw;wq;fisf;
nfhz;Ltu mjdhy; KbahJ. ,q;F>
xU gu];gu tpidahf;fk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
Nfhl;ghl;lstpy; Kjd;ikahf ,Ug;gJ
vg;NghJk; nraystpy; Kjd;ikah-
djhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. xUNtis
,jpy; rHtNjrpaj;ij vg;NghJk; kdjpy;
itj; J f; nfhz ; N l Njrpa epiy-
ik fis f; ifah s ;t J> Mdh y ;
giw‐2008‐et
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
rHtNjrpaj;i j mq;N f itf;f hkyp-
Ug;gJ vd;gjpy;jhd; #l;Rkk; ,Uf;fpwJ
Nghy. jg;gpj;jtwp mij itj;JtpLtJ>
vy;yhk; nfl;LtpLtjw;fhd mwpFwpah-
fptplf;$Lk;.
,Wjpahf> ehk; vg;NghJk; rHtNjr
mstpy; Nahrpj;J f; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mijg; gw;wpg; Ngrf;-
$lhJ vd;W Ntz;Lkhdhy; nrhy;y-
yhk;. mijg; NgRtij epWj;J k;NghJ-
jhNd xU fl;rp tYthdjhf mjhtJ
Njrpakhdjhf MfpwJ. m e;jg;
Gs;spapy; jhNd xU FOthf ,Ug;gjp-
ypUe;J khwp> xU ntFkf;fs; fl;rpahf
'g pd ; d i lT f ; F " r g pf ; f g ; g l ; l j h f
khWfpwJ. ,JNghd;w jpUg;g q; f s;
rHtNjr nghJTlik ,af;f
tuyhw;wpy; gyKiw epfo;e;jpUf;fpwJ.
1935-36 fhyfl;lj;jpy; PLF xNu %r;rpy;
cs;Sustpyhd xU %ba ghl;lhsp
tHf;f Kd;dzpg;gil vd;w epiyapyp-
Ue;J xU ntFkf;fs; fl;rpahf khwpa
me;j epfo;;T g;nuQ;R fk;a+dpr ,af;f
tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhd xd;W. ,J gpwF
jpUk;gpg; ghHf;f Kbahj xU epfo;T.
1943-y; ,j;jhypa fk;a+dp];Lf; fl;rpf;Fk;
,Nj epfo;e;jJ.
Mf> rHtNjrpaj;jpw;F xU epahak; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij
xg;Gf; nfhs;fpwPHfs;. Mdhy;> mij ntFkf;fs;
Gupe;Jnfhs;s khl;lhHfs; vd;gjhy; mijg; gw;wp xUtH
Ngrf;$lhJ vd;W nrhy;y tUfpwPHfs;. Kd;dzpg; gil
Gupe;J nfhz;lij cjuhzj;jpw;F> rHtNjrg; gupkhzk;>
,d;d gpw - fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;sNt Kbahj> jpUj;j
Kbahj ke;ijf; $l;lk; vd;fpw> ntFkf;fs; Fwpj;j xU
,aq;fhtpay; fz;Nzhl;lk; ,y;iyah ,J?
,y;i y. ,J NjHjy; ghijf;F
khwptpLtNjh ntFkf;fspd; epiyf;Fj;
jho;e;JtpLfpw re;jHg;gthjNkh ,y;iy.
ve;j xU r%fr; #oypYk; nray;gLfpw
rf;jpfspd; gbepiy tupirfspy; cs;SH
fhuzpfspd; mikg;Ng jPHkhdfukh-
djhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gNj ,q;F Kf;fp-
akhd Gs;s p. ,J xU nray; mstp-
yhd gpur;r pid. ,g;N ghJ> 1976-y;>
19
 www.tamilarangam.net
g;uhd;rpy; ehk; nra;aNtz;baJ vd;d
vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy;
mjw;f hd gjpy; g;nuQ;R r%f
miktpw;F ,Uf;fpwNj xopa mjw;F
ntspapy; vq;Fk; ,y;iy. rHtNjr
my;yJ INuhg;gpa Nghuhl;lq;fs; gw;wpa
,Ug;Gepiy mwpf;ifapNyNa (balance­
sheet), M a ; t p N y h m i j j ; N j l
KbahJ. gFjpNa (local) vg;NghJk;
jPHkhdfukhd fhuzpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
ehk; xU kpfr; rhjhuzkhd cz;ikia
Rw; wp tisj;J g; Ngrpf; nfhz;bUf;-
fpNwhk;. 'mff; fhuzpapd; ClhfNt
Gwf;fhuzp nray;gl KbAk;" vd;W
khNth ,ij mofhfr; nrhy;ypapUf;-
fpwhH. mff;fhuzp mtrpak; cs;Sf;-
Fs;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. nraypy; ,Uf;Fk;
v e ; j x U r f ; j pa pY k ; m j p f g l ; r
t pdhi t f ; Fwpf ;Fk; Gs ;spahf
,Ug;gjhy; ,e;j mff;fhuzpf;Nf vg;-
NghJk; mjpf mOj;jk; jug;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kpf vspikahd> ,af;f El;gk; Fwpj;j
Nfs;tp vd;W xUtH ,ijr; nrhy;yyhk;.
fhuzj;ij rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhz;L>
mjd; gpwF> epiyikia khw;wpaikf;-
Fk; rhj;jpaq;fis cs;s lf;fpa ,e;jg;
Gs;s papd; kPJ KOr; rf;jpiaAk; xUtH
gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. nraYhf;fkhd
f hu z pf s ; v g; N gh J Nk E z ; z pa
nghUz;i kahdit; gpuk;k hz;l khd
f w; g i dj ; jpl ; l q ; f Ns h > M j h ug ;
Gs;spf;F ntspNa ,Uf;fpw
myq;f huq;f Nsh my;y . Mf> kpfr;
rhjhuz> ,af;f El;gk; Fwpj;J Nfs;tp
,J. ntFkf;f Sf; F g; Gupahj xU
nkhopapy; mtHfsplkpUe; J tpyfp
epd;Wg; NgRtijj; jtpHg;gJ gw;wpaJ
my;y . tpal;ehikg; gw;wp mtHfSf;Fj;
njupahJ vd;why;> me;jg; gpur;rpid
mtHfSf;F Neubahf njhlHgpy;yhj
'Mdhy; kiwKfkhfj; njhlHGs;s "
xd;W vd;W ajhHj;jj;jpypUe;J vOfpw
xU cgtpisT vd;gJjhd; tplak;.
Neubahd fhuzq;fs;> mf;fiwfs; kPJ
xUtH Neubahfj; j hd; tpidahw;w
20
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
Ntz;L k;.
Mf];L 1914 -n[Hkdp gw;wpa cjhuzj;jpw;F jpUk;gTk;
Nghf tpUk;GfpNwd;. Gul;rpfu eltbf;ifia tpUk;gpa
md;iwa Gul;rpahsHfs;> me;jf; fhyj;jpa n[Hkhdpa
r%f mikg;G> r%f tHf;fq;fs;> murpay; rf;jpfs;>
ntFkf;fspd; czHTepiy> n[Hkd; Njrpag; ghuk;gupak;
,d;d gpwtw;iwf; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gijnay;yhk; nrhy;yj; Njitapy;iy. Mdhy;>
ntFkf;fshy; rHtNjrpaj;ij vd;WNk Gupe;Jnfhs;s
KbahJ vd;W xUtH vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbahjtiu>
,e;jg; gUz;ikahd epiyikfs; Fwpj;j Ma;T> xUtiu
ntFkf;fis mg;Nghija mtHfsJ czHTepiyf;F
Nkyhf nfhz;Ltu - mjhtJ Njrpa ntwpapypUe;J>
nfa;riu Mjupg;gjpypUe;J - cjtf;$ba xU Aj;j
je;jpuj;ijAk; NghHj; je;jpuj;ijAk; tFg;gjw;F ,l;Lr;
nry;y Ntz;Lk;. NtW thHj;ijfspy; nrhy;tnjd;why;>
epyTfpw r%f mikit gUz;ikahd Jtf;fg; Gs;spahff;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; rHtNjr Aj;j je;jpuk; xd;iw tFj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,ilapy; ve;j KuZk; ,y;iy. g;uhd;rpy;
,d;iwf;F Gul;rpahsHfs; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W
ePq;fs; epidf;fpwPHfs;? jw;NghJ mtHfs;> %tHzf;
nfhbiaAk; Njrpa fPjj;ijAk; epuhfupf;fTk;> 'vy;yh
vy;iyfSk; jful;Lk;" vd;W Koq;FtijAk; Nehf;fpr;
nrd;W nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy;> mNjNeuj;jpy;
,d;ndhU gf;fk; gpupl;lhdpaHfs; (Bretons) kw;Wk;
fhH]pf;fHfSila* cupikfSf;fhfg; NghuhlTk;
nra;fpwhHfs;. ,ijg; gw;wp vd;d epidf;fpwPHfs;?
Njrpar; rpd;dq;fs;> milahsq;fs;>
kd mikTfisg; nghUj;jtiuapy;>
Gul;rpfu kjpg;Gfs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpw-
t w ; W f ; F v d J e pi y K w ; w p Y k ;
vj pu hd J. N jr pa g hu k; g u pa j; i j
kPl;nlLf;fhj tiuf;Fk; g;uhd;rpy; Gul;rp
rhj;jpaNkapy;iy vd;gJ vd; ek;gpf;if.
Njrpag; ghuhk;g upak; vd;fpw ,e;jr;
ru pah d g hijf;F jpUk;Gtjd;
topahfj;jhd; mjpypUe;J tpLgLtJ
g w; w p e h k ; N a hr pf ; f N t K b A k; .
njhlHr;rpAk; GJik GidjYk; vd;fpw
caHthd ,aq;fpay; vd;gjw;F Nkyhf
,jpy; vJTk; ,y;iy: gioatw;wpd;
njhlHr; r pia m q; f P f upf; F k; N ghNj
GJik Gidjy; rhj;jpak;. vdf;Fj;
giw‐2008‐ et
 www.tamilarangam.net

njupe;j Gul;r pahsHfs; vy;N yhUNk nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ek;gpf;ifapd;ikNah

jdpg;g l;l Kiwapy; kpfj; jPtpukhd r e; j H g; g t hj Nk h ,q ; F c jt hJ .
Njrgf ;jHfshf ,Ue;jtHf s; - ghUq;f s; > khHnra;y ;] ; (rHtNjrpa
Mr;rupak;! Mr;rupak;!" mtHfSila fPjk;) 'rgpAq;fs; mij> xU Gul;rpg;
'rHtNjrpak;" nghJtpy; xU Njrpa ghly; ,y;iyah;" vq;Nfh nghyptpaj;
kPl;GthjkhfNt (messianism) ,Ue;jJ. njhopyhsHfs; mijf; ghlf;
NkYk;> fpa+ghtpYk; tpal;ehkpYk; xU Nfl;b Uf; f pNwd;. <f; y pd; Nghl; b aH
Gul; r pahs uhf ,Ug; g J vd; g J - (Eugene Pottia) vd;w iftpidQd; 1871-
,g;NghJ njhopyh sH muR fs;
,Uf; F k;N ghJ kl;L ky;y > mjw;F k;
Kd;Dk; $l - Njrpat hjpahf
,Ug;gJjhd;. xU Mjpf;f Njrj;ijr;
NrH e;jt Hfsh f ,U f;fpw eh k;>
e k ; K i l a N j r pa g ; g h u k ; g u p a k ;
midj;ijAk; epuhfupj;Jtpl Ntz;Lkh
my;yJ me;jg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; Mjpf;ff;
fiw gbe;j ij mjd; Vfhjpgj;j pa
NtHfis kl;Lk; tpyf;fptpl Ntz;Lkh
vd ; g J ek ; Kd ; cs ; s N fs ; t p.
Nkhrkhd gf; f q; f is tpy j; j ptpl
Ntz; L kh vd;g J ek; Kd; cs;s
Nfs ;tp. Nkhrk hd g f;fq;fis
tpyj;j tpl;L > rhjfkhd mk;r q;fis
tpijf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vd; fUj;J ;
mJTk; gpe;ijatw;Wf;F /g;uhd;rpy; xU y; ,aw;wpa ,e;j g;nuQ;Rg; ghliy
typikahd tuyhW ,Uf;Fk; NghJ. kh];Nfhtpd; nrQ;rJf;fj;jpYk; gPfpq;fpd;
bad; -nkd; rJf;fj;jpYk; Nfhbf;fzf;-
,e;j ehl;by;> ,jd; tuyhw;wpy; kpfr;
fhdtHfs; ghlf; Nfl;Fk; NghJ> xU
rpwe;jjhf ,Uf;f pw mj;j idiaAk;
g;n uQ;R f;fhud; vd;w Kiwapy; ehd;
cUthf; f pa cU Gul; r p> jw; N ghJ
Gy;yupj;J g; NghfpNwd;. ekJ nrhe;j
ntWkNd xU Njrpa [dehafg; Gul;rp
kf;fSila Njrpa NtHfis mq;fP-
vd;W ,fo;e;J Ngrg;gLfpw - ,q;F
fupf;f kWj;jtpl;L> kw;w Njrj;J kf;fS-
epfo; e ; j pUg; g J ekJ m jpH]; l Nk.
ila czHr; r pfis mf; f iwNahL
Nty;kp> Gdpj [];l;> ghuP]; fk;a+d;>
ghHg;gij> rPd Njrpaj;ij
M f ;f pu k pg ;G vjpH g ;G K d ;d z p
('khNthaprk; " vd; w NghHitapy;
(resistance), vd; W ekJ Gul; r pfug;
k i w e ; J n f h z ; b N j r pa t h j k ; ) >
ghuk;gupak; nrwpthdJ. NkYk;> mjd;
my;[uP pa Njrpaj;ij> fpa+g> tpal;ehkpa
,aw;ifapNyNa kpfg; gpw;Nghf;fhdjhf
Njrpaq;fis kjpg;gijNa rHtNjrpak;
,Uf;fpw> ntFkf;fs; Kd;dzpia tpl
vd;W ekJ Gul;rpf;fhuHfs;
`pl;y iu tpUk; G fpw> ntspehl; L r;
nrhy ; Y k; N ghJ> vdf; F vupr; r Yk;
rf;jpfspd; cjtpia ehLfpw xU MSk;
Fog;gKkhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ.
tHf;fk; ekf;Ff; fpilj;jpUf;fpw NghJ
,tw; i w ehk; ,d;D k; KOikahf Nfhl;ghl;lstpYk; rup> eilKiwap-
ga d; g L; j ; j pf; nf hs ; s N tz ; L k ; . Yk; rup> nrq;n fhbf;F k; %tHzf;
Gul;rpapd; eyd;fNshL Njrpa eyd;fSk; nfhbf;Fk; ve;j Kuz;ghL
fye;jpUg;gjhy; ehk; ,tw;i w vLj;J f; njupatpy;iy. Njrpag; nghJTlikg;
giw‐2008‐et
21
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
 www.tamilarangam.net
ghijia ehd; KO
kdNjhL Vw;W f; nfhs;-
fpNwd; . vq; n fy ; y hk;
nghJTlik nfhQ ; -
rkhtJ mHj;jKs;sjhf
,Uf;f pwNjh mq;nfy;-
yhk; mJ ANfh];Nyh-
tpahitg; Nghy> rPdh>
fpAghitg; Nghy>
Njrpag; nghJTl-
ikahf ,Uf;f pwJ. nja;g pq;Ffis
Kd; N dhHfshf tupj; J f; nfhz; l
rd; a hl; n rd; - dpd ; top te; j tuhf
nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Nl khNth
[g; g hdpaHfis vjpHj; J epd; w hH.
fpAghtpy; /gply; cUthdJ N[h];
k h H l ; b a pd ; t o p j ; N j h d ; w y h f N t .
,d;iwa /gpuhd;rpy; xU Gul;rpahsdhf
,Ug;gjd; mHj;jk; vd;d vd;W vdf;Fj;
njupatpy;iy. Mdhy;> Gul;rpfukhd
x U khngUk; ji y td; ,q;F
cUthdhy; epr;rak; mtd; fle;jfhy
g;nuQ;R Njrpa ehafHfspd; kpfr; rpwe;j
gz; G fis Ak; ghuk; g upaq; f is Ak;
cl;fpufpj;J f; nfhz;ltdhf ,Ug;ghd;
vd;W czHfpNwd;. ntl;lntspr;rkhd
cz;ik ,J. Mdhy;> gpuhd;rpy;> Njrpa
czHTfs; kOq;f pf; nfhz;b Uf;f pw
je;Nghija #oypy; - ,e;j NkNyhl;-
l kh d Nj hw ; w j; i jf ; fz ; L e hk ;
kaq; f ptplf; $lhJ vd; w hYk; $l
' kpfT k ; m Oj ; j k hf n r hy ; y g ; g l
Nt z ; b a x U cz ; i k. x Lf; F k;
Njrj;jpw;Fk; xLf;fg;gLk; Njrj;jpw;Fkp-
ilapyhd gz;gstpyhd tpj;jpahrk;
kl;LNk ,q;F ek;ik topelhj;J tjhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd;
epidf;f tpy;iy. xLf;Fk; Njrj;jpd;
Njrpag; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fs;NsNa ekJ
ftdj;i jf; NfhUfpw kiwf;f g;gl;l
$Wfs; > gioa mlf; F Kiwfspd;
epidTr; rpd;d q; f s; epiwa ,Uf;-
fpd;wd. Ngl;rpd; (Petsin) ,q;F ekf;Fj;
Njitapy;iy; Mdhy; [Pd; nkhypdpd;
- xU cjhuzj;jpw;F> ghuk;gupak; ehk;
22
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
vLj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba xd;W.
mJ mt;tsT Rygkhd fhupak;
my;y vd;gJ cq;fSf;Fj;
njupAk;. xU Gul;rpfu fl;rp
ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; tuyhw;Wj;
njhlHr;rpiaAk; jdjhf;fpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W ePq;fs;
nrhy;Yk;NghJ ehd; mNjhL
cld;glNt nra;fpNwd;. Mdhy;> vy;yhtpjkhd tHf;f
rkurq;fSf;Fk; Njrg;gw;W my;yJ> Njrpaf; fUj;jpaNy
(ideology) trjpahd xU fUtpahf> vy;yh r%f
Kuz;ghLfisAk; g+rpnkOfp tpLtjw;nfd;Nw
tbtikf;fg;gl;l xU Gdpjf; $l;lhf mjdhy; Mjpf;ff;
fUj;jpaypd; kpf ,ay;ghd xU Clfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ
vd;gJ cq;fSf;F ed;whfNt njupAk;. njhlHr;rpia
RtPfupj;Jf; nfhs;tJ mt;tsT Rygk; ,y;iy;
Fiwe;jgl;rk; xUtH mij tpkHrpff; Ntz;Lk;; mbj;J
tisf;f Ntz;Lk;. rPdh> fpAgh Nghd;w xLf;fg;gl;l
Njrq;fspy; gpur;rpid ,J Nghy ,y;iy. Mdhy;
gpuhd;rpy; %tHzf; nfhb fk;a+id eRf;fpa ntHnra;y;rpd;
- Kjyhspfspd;> Nguurpd; nfhbahfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
tp\aq;fs; mt;tsT Neuhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. Njrg;gw;W
g;nuQ;R kf;fspd; mgpdhfTk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ; 1914-y;>
19139-y; epfo;e;jJ Nghd;w vy;yhtpjkhd ml;^opaq;fSk;
mjd; ngauhNyNa epahag;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mjdhy;>
xUtH vd;djhd; Kaw;rpj;jhYk; $l Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij xg;Gf; nfhs;fpNwd; - ,e;jj; njhlHr;rpia ve;jg;
Gul;rpfu Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk; RtPfupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rp
kpfTk; rpukj;jpw;Fupa xd;whfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. gpuhd;Rf;F
gy ghuk;gupaq;fs; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ cq;fSf;Fj;
njupAk;; ,jpy; vij vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ> ve;jg;
gUz;ikahd topapy; ,ijr; nra;tJ vd;gJ gw;wp ehk;
Nahrpff; Ntz;Lk;.
ePq;fs; nrhy;Yk; tpkHrdg;g+Hkthd
NjHT vd;gJ kpfTk; mtrpakhdJjhd;.
mjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy. tuyhw;W uPjpahf
xU xLf;Fk; Njrj;ijf; NrHe;jtHfs;
vd;fpw epiyik vOg;Gk; rpf;fNyhL
,J gpize; j pUf; f pwJ. vd; w hYk; >
Njrpaj; i j mjw; F s; xLf; f g; g l; L >
k i w f ; f g ; g l ; b U f ; f pw $ W f N s h L
NrHj;J> xl;Lnkhj;jkhfNt epuhfupj;Jt
giw‐2008‐ et
 www.tamilarangam.net
tpLtJ vd;gJ Nkhrkhd tpisTfis
tpiynfhLj;J thq;fptpLtJ Nghyh-
fptpLk;. [hNfhgpad; kPl ;G thjj;j pd;
(Jacobian Messianism) ghy; vdf;Fs;s
jdpg;g l;l tpUg;i g> rha;it ,e;jr;
r e;jH g ;g j;jpy ; nts pg ;g il a h f
mwptpj;J f; nfhs;fpNwd;. 1792, 1848-
fspd; [hf;N fhgpad; t hjk; vdf; F g;
gpbj;jkhdJ kl;Lky;y > xU mHj;jj;jpy;
vdJ ,ay;G k; $l. INuhg;g htpd;
tpLjiyf;F g;uhd;]; kWgbAk; Gul;rpr;
Rliu Ve;Jk; vd;W vg;NghJNk ehd;
ek; g p te ; j pUf ; f pN wd; . tpLji y g;
ghijia cWjpahfg; gpbj;J
Gul;rpfukhd g;uhd;rpd; Nkyhz;ikapy;
fPopy;yhky; INuhg;ghtpw;F NtW ve;j
ek;gpf;ifAk; vdf;Fj; Njhd;wtpy;iy.
'Nghf;Uf;F vjpuhd" (anti­Boche) me;j
nkhj;j Guhzf; fw;g idAk; n[Hkdpf;-
nfjpuhd kj mbg;gilapy;yhj ekJ
gifAk; vd;whtJ xUehs; Gul;rpia
giw‐2008‐et
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
Vd; ekJ Njrpa [dehafg; ghuk;gupaj;-
ijf;$l fhg;gjw;F ekf;F cjthkyh
Ngha;tpLk; vd;W rpyNeuq;fspy; ehd;
tpag;g Jz;L . Mdhy; > jaTnra; J
kd;dpAq;fs;. ,NjhL xU murpay;>
Nf hl ; g hL tpth jj ; i jr; J hz ; l r;
nra;tjw;fhd vdJ ,e;j Kaw;rpia
Kbj; J f; nfhs ; s m DkjpAq; f s ; .
v jpH K id f s py ; e pd ; W n fh Q ; r k ;
rpe;jpj;Jg; ghHf;f> gupr;rpakhdtw;W f;F
mg;ghy; Nghfj; Jzpaj; Jhz;l> nra;j
Kaw;rp ,J. mjd; %yk; ehk;
vy;NyhUk; thoTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; gofpf;
nfhz;l xU mikg; g pd; cWjpia
Nrhjpj;Jg; ghHf;f cjTtJ
khHf;rpaj;ij xopj;Jf;fl;Ltjw;F my;y>
mij cYf;fp kPz;L cWjpahf;fNt
,e;j Kaw;rp.
New Left Review, Number: 105
23
 www.tamilarangam.net

«î£öó¢ ªð£ù¢. èîò£

fe;ijahmd;W rpWghd;ikj;jkpoH kfhrig vd;W

nrhy;y g;g l;l xLf;f g;g l;l tHfspd; ];j hgdj;N jhL
NrHe;J ,Ugj;njhd;gJ ghlrhiyis
cUthf;fpapUe;jhH.
郎ùõ¤ô¢...

,e;j ,Ugj;jpxd;gJ ghlrhiyfspy; fpl;lj;jl;l

gjpdhW gjpNdO ghlrhiyfs; rpWghd;ikjkpoH
kfhrigapd; Neub Kaw;r py; cUthdit vd;w
t u y h w ; W g ; g j pt pi d < o j ; J , l J r h h pf s p d ;
tuyhnwq;Fk; fhzyhk;. mjNdhL mtuJ
gUj;jpj;Jiwj; njhFjpy; cs;s vy;yhg;
ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; Ntz;ba jsghlq;fs; Ma;T$l
cgfuzq;fs; Ntz;ba MrpupaHfs; Nghd;wtw;i w
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jNjhL epd;Wtpltpy;iy. xU murpdH
kj;jpakfhtpj;jpahyaj;ijAk; Vw;g Lj;jpdhH.
,e; j m urpdH kj; j pa kf htpj; j pahy aj ; i j
gUj;jpj;J iwj; njhFjpapd; kj;jpapy; Vw;g Lj;jp vy;yh
kf;fSf;Fk; gpuNahrdg;gLk; tifapy; Vw;gLj;j Kaw;rp
vLj;jhH. mij ty;ntl;b> nghypfz;b> ney;ypab>
èó¬õî£êù¢ cLg;gpl;b Nghd;w ,lq;fspd; kj;jpapy;> vs;s q;Fsr;
Rliyf;F Nkw;NfapUe;j jupR epyj;jpy; mikg;gjw;F
m j; n j hF jpapYs ; s r % fm f; f i wa hs Hf Ns Lk ;
nrd;w ,jo;
fl;rpj;N jhoHfNshLk; jPHkhdpj;J me;jf; fhzpia
nj hl Hr ; r p
giw‐2008‐ et
24
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
 www.tamilarangam.net

murhq;fk; RtPfupg;gjw;F tpz;z g;gpj;J Njrpaxw;W ikapid Ngzyhk; vd

mijr; nraw;g Lj;j Kad;W nfhz;- mtH jPHf;fkhf ek;gpr;nraw;g l;lhH.
bUe;jhH. kj;jpakfhtpj;j pahyaj;i j
me;j tpLjpfspy; tlkhfhzj;j p-
khj;j puky;y mjw;F g; gf;fj;j py; XH
NyAs;s gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrj;jpNyAs;s
murpdH js itj; j parhiyiaAk;
khztHfSk; Gyikg;guprpy;f s; %yk;
Vw;g Lj;j ,Ue;jhH.
tpLjpapy; jq;fpg;gbf;Fk; tha;g;gpid
,ijf; Nfs;tpg;gl;l ty;ntl;biar; Vw;g Lj;j papUe;j hH. me; j ney;y pab
NrHe; j epyf; f pshHfs; me;j j; jupR
epyj;jpy; Jupjfjpapy; xU fl;blj;ijf;
fl;b mjw; F [P. [P. nghd;d k;g yj;j pd;
Nguhy; nghd; d k; g y irttpj; j pa-
rhiynad;W ngaHitj;J jpU.[P. [P.
nghd;dk;gyj;jpd; JizNahL mij
m q; f P f upf; f Tk; nra; J tpl ; l dH.
m e;jg ;g s ;spf ;$ l j;i j m urpdH
ghlrhiyahf; F tij jLf; f mtH
Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. vdpy; ,e;Jf;fspd;
c z H Tf is g; m J G z ; g L j; J t -
jhf ptpL k; vd;g jhy ; f e;i jah
m k; K aw; r pia NtWtopapw; n ra; a
Nahrpj;j hH.
<w; w py; cLg; g pl; b ,ikahz d;
nghypfz;bg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s
epyf;fpshHfsplk; ,g;gb xU murhq;f
kj;jpakfhtpj;jpahy aj;jpid
cUthf;Ftjw;F fhzpfis murpdH kj;j pakfhtpj;j pahyaj; j py;
toq;Fk;gb Nfl;bUe;jhH. jPT g;gFjpfspypUe;J Gyikg;guprpy;fs;
ngw; w E}w; Wf;fzf;fhd khztHfs;
xU tU k; epy j;jpid t oq ;f
te; J jq; f papUe;J fy; t p fw; w dH.
Kd; t uhjjhy; khw; W topNaJkpd; w p
,itnay;yhk; ghlrhiy Njrpaka-
ney;y pabapy; ,Ue;j jdJ nrhe;jj;
khf; f Yf; F Kd; G ele; j itahFk; .
Njh l ;l f ;f hz p KOtoiAk;
fe ; i ja h Ng hl ; l m j ; j pt hu j; j pd;
, d h k h f t o q ; f p n e y ; y pa b a py ;
gyhgydhNyNa tlkuhl;rpg; gpuNjrk;
murhq;f kj;j pa kfhtpj;j pahyak;
fy;tpapy; Kd;NdwpaJ.
cUt hFtjw; F toprikj; j hH.
cL g; g pl; b apy ; fl ; l g ; g l tpUe ; j
mJNt tlkhfhzj;jpw; Njhd;wpa
jsitj;j pahrhiy fhzpfpilf;f hj
KjyhtJ murpdH kj;jpa
fhuzj; j pdhy; <w; w py; ke; j pifapy;
kfhtpj;jpahyakhFk;. mJ tpLjpapy;
fl;lg;gl;lJ. mJNt ,d;W ke;jpifapy;
khztHfs; jq;fpg; gbf;Fk; trjpNahL
mike; J s; s gUj; j pj; J iw Mjhu-
fl;lg;gl;lJ. mt;topapy; me;ehl;fspy;
itj; j parhiy MFk; . ,t; t hjhu
ntspkhtl; l q; s pypUe; J te; J gy
itj;jparhiy ,d;W tlkuhl;r papy;
rpq;fs> K];yPk; khztHfs; tpLjpapy;
,aq;fpf; nfhz;b Uf;Fk; kpfg;n ghpa
jq;fpg; gbf;Fk; tha;gg
; pid cUthf;fpf;
itj;jparhiyahFk;. ,q;Nf
nfhLj; j hH. ,r; n raw; j pl; l q; f s phy;
giw‐2008‐et
25
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;

mike;Js;s kdNehahsH gphpT $l
m tH t Fj ; J i tj ; j jpl; l j ; j pd ;
njhlHr;rpapdhy; gpd;G cUthdjhFk;.
fe; i jah ehs he ; j tho; f ; i fg;
g pu r ; r i d f i s A k ; m u r pa i y A k ;
,izf;fj;njupe;j kdpjuhFk;.
mjw; N fhH cjhuzk; . Ik; g Jfspy;
rPty;njhopyhsHfs; fs; ,wf;ff; $lhJ.
fs; ,wf; F tJ rl; l tpNuhjkhFk; .
fUg;gzpNa ,wf;fNtz;Lk;.
fs;is Kl;bfspYk; Nghj;jy;fspYk;
nfhz;LNghd rPty; njhopyhsHfs;
nghyprhYk; vf;rir ,d;];ngf;lH vd;W
nrhy;yg;gLk; ghio ntl;LgtHfshYk;
g pb f ; f g ; g l ; L N f h l ; b y ; t o f ; F j ;
njhlug;gl;L jz;bf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;.
Nfhl;Lj; jz;lj;jpidf; fl;l ,ayhky;
rpiw nrd;wtHfs; mNdfk;. fs;isf;
fhtpr; n rd; w rpd; d Q ; rpwhHfs; $ l
nghyp]; epiyaq;fspYs;s $Lfspy;
milf;f g;g l;b Uf;f pwhh;f s;. fs;i sf;
fhtpr; nry;Yk;nghOJ jw;nrayhfg;
nghyp]; te;jhNyh fs;S Kl;b iag;
Nghl;L cilj;Jtpl;L rPty;njhopyh-
sHfs; XLthHfs;. Mdhy; rhuhaf;
Fjq; f Ns h m Dkjp toq ; f g; g l; L
rl;lG+Htkhf kJf;fil tpahghuj;jpid
elj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jd. fUg;gePHjahhpg;-
Gf;fhf rPTtJ kl;Lk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;;-
bUe;jJ. fUg;gdPH rPtpdhy; xd;iwtpl;l
xUehs; fUg;gdPiu
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26
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
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fUg;gdPiuf; nfhz;L te;J fha;r;rpg;
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fe;iah mtHfs;. mtH ghuhSkd;wj;-
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27
 www.tamilarangam.net

vz;zw; w $l;l q;fis mzptFj;J g;

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tu g; N gh fpw hH vd ; W x U jl it
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28
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
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giw‐2008‐ et
 www.tamilarangam.net

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fe;ijah xU cjhuzk;. fe;ijah xU
mtH xNu tplaj;ijg;gw;wp ntt;NtW
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nghd;.
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,Uf;Fk;. mtH jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;l k; Nghuhl epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ltH.
giw‐2008‐et
29
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
 www.tamilarangam.net
fhydpj;Jt ehlhf ,yq;if ,Ue;jjhy;
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jiytd; nghd; fe;i jah MFk; .
mtH tpl;L r; nrd;w rk;gpujhaq;f s;
30
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
,d;Dk; ntspf;nfhzug; gltpy;iy.
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giw‐2008‐ et
 www.tamilarangam.net

è¤ö袰 郎ô»ñ¢, Üîù¢ ºè¢è¤òõºñ¢

Þô颬è Üóê¤òô¢ ð¤óê¢ê¤¬ùò¤ô¢

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gpuhe;jpaj;ij Kd;khjphpahff; fl;bnaOg;Gtjd; Clhf
Njrpa ,dg;g pur;r pidf;f hd jPh ;t py; ve;j tifapy;
Kd;k hjphpahf tpsq;f yhk;> fpof;f py; cs;s r%f>
n g hU s h j h u m g ptpU j ;jpf ;f h d t h a ;g ;G f ;fs ;>
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fUj;Jf;fis cq;fSld; gfph;e;J nfhs;s tpUk;GfpNwd;.
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NgHypdpy; ele;j epi y ikfs ; cq; f s py ; fz prk hNdhU f; F e d; F
INSD fUj;juq;fpy; njhpe; j Jjhd; - MfNt m Jgw; w p ehd; tpghpf; f
rkHg; gpf;fg;gl;l tpUk;gtpy;iy. fpof;fpd; vjph;fhyk; njhlh;ghdJk; mjd;
murpay;> r%f epiyfspd; ,Ug;Gk; njhlh;ghf cs;s +h;
fl;L iu kl;lj;jpYk;> rh;tNjr hPjpahfTk; gy;NtW vjph;T$wy;fs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

giw‐2008‐et
31
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
 www.tamilarangam.net

fpof;F> tlf;fpypUe;J RahjPdkhf

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mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk; fUj;J f; $wy;fSk;
njhlh; e ; J k; ele; J nfhz; b Uf; f pwJ.
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epfo;fpd;w ghjfkhd mk;rq;fs; mjd;
vjph; f hyj; i jg; ghjpf; f f; $bajhf
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fle; j 30 tUlj;j pw; F Nkw; g l; l ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpidf;F
,yq;ifapd; r%f murpay; epytuq;fs; jPh;Tk; fhzKbahJ> mikjp
,d Kuz;g hLfshfTk;> Nkyhjpf;f rkhjhdj;ijAk; nfhz;Ltu KbahJ
m j pf hu j; J t kh fT k; m rk j; J t q; - vd;gNj ,yq;i fapd; ,Jtiuahd
fshfTk; cUntLj;J epw;fpwJ. Njrpa mDgtk;. Gjpa topKiwapy;
thjj;j pd; ,dj;J t Nkyhjpf;f j;jpd; Kd;nry;y ghPl;rhh;j;jkhd gpuhe;jpakhf
mbahf Nkw; fpsk;gp epw;Fk; murpay; fpof;iff; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gNj vdJ
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njhi y j;jt h;f s hf > capuo pT > mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlh;ghfTk; Gjpa
clikaopT> ,lg;ngah;T> [dehaf g h h ; i t f i s A k ; > M f ; f G +h ; t k h d
kWg;G> kdpj Fyk; ntl;fpj; jiyFdpa tpkh; r dq; f is Ak; MNuhf; f pakhf
Ntz;ba kdpj chpik kPwy;fisAk; Kd;itg;gJ Kjypy; Ghpe;J
nfhz;L te;J Nrh;j;jpUf;fpwJ. nf hs ; s g ; g l y ; Ntz ; L k ; . ,j id
MfNt ehk; Gjpa topKiwapy; ,uhZt hPjpahf vj;jug;Gk; vjph;nfhs;s
Gjpa mZFKiwapd; Clhf ,e;jg; Kaw;rpf;ff; $lhJ.
gpur;rpidia mZFtjw;F Kaw;rpf;f fpof;F khfhzk; gd;ikj;J tkhd
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epiyapd; ClhfNth> jkpo;j; Njrpathj tho;tNjhL gy;fl;rp [dehafk; epyTk;
giw‐2008‐ et
32
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
 www.tamilarangam.net

gpuNjrk;. ,dg;g LnfhiyfSk; cs; spf;ff; $ba G+kpahf> Njrpa ,dg;gpur;-

,af;f g; gLnfhiyfSk; Nkhrkhf rpidj; jPh;Tf;F rhj;jpakhd gjpiy
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Njrpa thj;jpd; mbahf Nkw;f pok;gpa KbAk;.
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epyf;f skhfTk; fpof;F g; gpuhe;j pak;
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cs;s J.
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NghfpwJ. ,f; f hy j; j pw; F s ; m q; F mjpfhug; gfph; i t mh; j ; j G+h; t khf
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MNuhf;f pakhd Nghf;Ffs;> MNuhf;- Nehf;fj;J ld; jpl;lkplg;gLk; rpq;fsf;
fpakw;w nraw;g hLfs; ele;Js;s d. FbNaw;wq;fis epWj;JtJkhFk;. jkp;o;
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- ,dq; f Sf; f pilapyhd xw; W ik>
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kj> nkhop NtWghLfs; ehl; b d;
giw‐2008‐et
33
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
 www.tamilarangam.net
midj;Jg; gpuhe;jpaq;fspYk;
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fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; cs;s J. ,yq;if
r % f m u r pa y pd ; g pu j pg y pg ; g h d
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Kuz;ghLfSk; fpof;fpy; cs;s d.
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fpof;if ghhpa mstpy; ghjpj;Js;s J.
fpof;F jdpg;gpuhe;jpakhdjd; gpd;Dk;>
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nraw;ghLfSk; mOj;jq;fSk; cs;s d.
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Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpidAld; Neubahf
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murpay;> eph;thf Gtpapay; gpuNjrkhff;
nfhs;fpNwhk; vd;why;> mq;F tho;fpd;w
jkpo; K];ypk; rpq;fs kf;fspd; czh;Tf-
Sf;F kjpg;gspj;jhf Ntz;b As;s J.
34
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
mk;kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; Nfl;lwpag;-
gLtJld; mth;f s; vjph;n fhs;fpd;w
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tpLjiyg; GypfSf;Fs; epfo;e;j ghhpa
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ifaspf;fg;gLtjhdJ K];ypk; kf;fis
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gpy; tpLjiyg;Gypfs; ele;Jnfhz;l
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vjph;ghh;g;gpw;Fk; vjph;g;gpf;Fk; tYthd
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fhuzkhf fpof;F K];ypk; murpay;
jiy i kf s ; m id j;J k; fpo f;F
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giw‐2008‐ et
 www.tamilarangam.net

epiyia Vw;g Lj;j p ,Ue;jJ ,q;F fl;likg;Gfs; gy;ypdq;fspd; eyid

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35
 www.tamilarangam.net
ly;fs; Muk;g nraw;g hLfs; fpof;fpy;
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Ntz;banjhd;W. ehl;bd; Vida 07
khfhzq;f spd; gpur; r pidia tpl>
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspd; gpur;rpid
NtWgl;lJk;> ,jw;Fj; jPh;thf
MokhdJk; cWjpahdJkhd murpay;
rkj;J tj; jPh;it Ntz;b epw;gJkhFk;.
jw; N ghija fpof; f pd; murpay;
jiyikfSk; $l> khfhzrigia
nraw; g Lj; J tjpy ; kj; j pa m urpd;
jiyaPl;il midj;J tplaq;fspYk;
vjph;nfhs;tjhf njhptpj;J s;s dh;. xU
ifahy; khfhzq;fSf;F mjpfhuq;fis
toq;fpAs;s ,e;j Vw;g hL> kWifahy;
m t ; t j p f h u q ; f i s k j ; j pa m u R
ifafg;gLj;jp fl;Lg;gLj;J fpwJ.
13tJ jpUj;jj;jpYs;s 3tJ epuy;
(Concurrent list) k W v O j ; j h f ; f k ;
nra ; a g; g LtJ m trpak hdjhF k; .
,yq;if> ,e;jpah jtpu cyfpd; NtW
ve;j ehl;bYk; ,g;gbahdnjhU 3tJ
epuy ; ,y ; i ynad m urpayikg; G
ty;Ydh;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. mLj;J
,dg;g pur;r pidj; jPh ;T f;f hf murhy;
36
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
$l;lg;gl;l rh;tfl;rpg; gpujpepjpfs; FOtp-
dhy; Kd; itf;fg;gl;l> ntWkNd 2
gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l mwpf;if Vkhw;wj;ij
jUk; xU MtzkhfNt cs;s J.
m ,d;DnkhU cjhuzKk; ,q;F
Kf;fpakhdJ. tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;-
fs; cl;gl ,yq;if KOtjpYk; jkpOk;
mur fUk nkhop vd;gJ ,d;dKk;
m K Y f ; F t u t py ; i y > r h ; t f l ; r p
gpujpepjpfs; FOthy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l
mwpf;ifapy;;$l> nkhopfs; njhlh;ghd
murpayikg;gpd; 4tJ mj;jpahaj;ij
KOikahf mKy;gLj;j
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;w
murhq;fk; Kd;tuNtz;Lnkd
Nfl;fg;gl;lJ kpfTk; JujpU\;l trkhdJ.
m ur pa y i kg ; g py ; c s ; s jk po ;
nkhopAk; mur fUknkhop vd;g ij
mKy;gLj;j Vd; ,e;j jaf;fk;? ghuhS-
kd ; w j; j py ; Vd ; ,j w; F jP h ; k hd k;
epiwNtw;w g;g ly; Ntz;L k;? fpof;F
khfhzj; j pYs ; s %d; W khtl; l q; -
fspYk; nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; ,d;Wk;
rpq; f s N k fUk nk hopah fTs ; s J.
mNjNghy; jpUf;Nfhzkiy> mk;ghiw
khtl;lq;fspd; nrayfq;fspy; (fr;Nrhp)
,d;Wk; rpq;fsNk fUk nkhopahf-
Ts;s J.
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;jpd; Kf;f pa
FiwghLfs; jPh ;f ;f g;g ly; Ntz;L k;.
f po f; F k h fh z r i g R ah jP d kh f
nraw;gLtjw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs; eph;thf
Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gLtJ ,yq;ifapd;
Njrpa ,dg;g pur;r pidf;f hd jPh ;i t
murpay; Ngr;R thh;j;i j khh;f;f j;j py;
fz;lilayhk; vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;ifia
tsh;g;gJld; mjpfhug; gfph;e;jspg;gpy;
K d;kh jphpah d gpuh e;jpak hf Tk ;
Kd; d piy g; g Lj; j KbAk ; vd; g J
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s g;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
m fpof; F khfhzj; j py; kdpj
chpikfis cWjpg; g Lj; J tjw; F k;
kf;fspd; [dehaf> tho;Thpikfis
giw‐2008‐ et
 www.tamilarangam.net
ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; murhq;fk; cWjpahd
eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;L k;. mq;F
MAjg; g puNahfk; > mjd; Mjpf; f k;
epWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
m fpof;F kf;fspd; gpur;rpidapy;
Kf;fpa mf Kuz;ghlhf cs;s jkpo;
K];ypk; kf;fSf;fpilapyhd
Kuz;ghLfs; vg;gb khw;wk; nfhs;fpwJ>
vt;tifahd tbtq;fis vLf;fpwJ>
mjd; tpisTfs;> ,d;iwa Nghf;Ffs;
Fwpj; J ehk; tph pthf Nt g hh; f ; f
Ntz;Lk;. mjw;f hd fhy mtfhrk;
,g;NghJ ,y;iy.
RUf; f khf ,e; j ,lj; j py; ehk;
Kf; f paj; J tk; nfhLf; f Ntz ; b a
mk; r khf> fpof; f py; jkpo; K]; y pk;
Ku z;gh l;bw ;F t op V w;gL j;Jk ;
fhuzpahf tsg;g pur;r pid cs;s J.
Fwpg;ghf epyk; (tptrha> FbapUg;G>
th; j ; j f epiy aq; f s ; ) njhlh; g hd
Nghl;bNa gpujhd fhuzkhf tpsq;fp
tUfpwJ. mj;J ld; fy;tp> nghJj;J -
iwfs;> mur njhopy; tha;g ;G fspy;
cs;s gq;fPL.
,e;j K uz ;g hl ;L epi yi a>
mq; F s; s MAjf;F Of; f Sk;> jopo;
K];ypk; murpay; jiyikfSk;> jkpo;
K];ypk; kf;fspd; xw;Wikia tpUk;ghj
rf;jpfSk; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; gad;gLj;jp
tUfpwJ.
giw‐2008‐et
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
fpof;F khfhzj;i j Kd;dpiyg;-
gLj; j p jkpo; K];y pk; kf;f Sila
tho;tpy; rkj;JtKk; If;fpaKk; g];gu
cwitAk; kPs f;fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd
g z pi a K d; k h j ph pa h ff ; n f hz ; L
n r a w ; g l N t z ; b a f h y f l ; l j ; j py ;
cs ; N s hk ; . aj hHj ; j j ; j py ; fpof ; F
khf hzk; xl;Lnkh j;j ,y q;if
kf;fSf;fhd murpay; jPHitAk; r%f
,dgz;ghl;LnghUshjhu cwTfis
fl; b naOg; G tjw; f hd kpfr; rpwe; j
ghPl;rhHj;j fskhFk;.
,e;jg; gzpia r; nra;t jpy;
murhq;fj;jpdhNyh mq;Fs;s
ngUk;ghyhd murpay; jiyikfsp-
dhNyh Kbahky; Ngha;tpl;L s;s J.
,jid rhj;jpag;gLj;J tjw;F ekf;F
G j p a r p e ; j i d n r a w ; j pl ; l q ; f s ;
mtrpakhfpAs;s J.
Kbthf ,yq;ifapy; ,dq;fSf;-
fpilNa xUq;fpize;j tho;i tAk;
gy;ypd r%fq;fSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd
mjpfhuq;fis toq;fp [dehafj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;jp jdpj;Jtq;fs;
Vw;f itf;fg;gLtJ ek; midtUf;Fk;
Kd;Ds;s rthyhFk;.
, i tf s ; m u r pay ; g pu r ; r pi d
kl;Lky;y ngUk; khdplg; gpur;rpidA-
khFk;. mwk; rhHe;j Jauq;fSkhFk;.
m
37
 www.tamilarangam.net

ð£ô¤òô¤ù¢ Üóê¤òô¢ ªð£¼÷£î£óñ¢

mwpKfk;:
ekJ rkfhy ngz; tpLjiy ,af;fq;fspy;
e py T f pd ; w g h y pa y ; t i f k h j ph pg ;
g h j ; j p u q ; f @ s ; g h y pa y ; t d ; K i w >
n j hy ; i y fs ; > epW t dk a k h f; f g ; g l ; l
jha;ik> tPl;L NtiyKiwapYk; ciog;Gr;
re;ijapYk; ngz;fspd; epiy ,d;Dk; gy
t pl a q ; f s ; F w pj ; J k ; m f; f i w N a h L
m yRfpd; w Vuhskhd vOj; J f; f isf;
nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;jg; gpur;ridfs;
gyTk; xU tuyhw;Wf; fl;lj;jpw;Fs; itj;J
Muhag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ngz;zpa Ma;Tfs;
, j ; j i f a g pu r ; r i d f i s N e h f ; F k ;
Nuhz;lh Nfhl;yPg; KiwiaNa khw;wpaikj;jpUf;fpwJ.

1 ,e;jf; fl;Liu jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s ghypay;

tof;f q;f s;> mtw;w pd; r%fg; Gyk; Fwpj;J myrp
jkpopy; Muha;e;J tpsf;fpwJ. fhHy;khHf;rpd; kjpg;G tpjp Fwpj;j
Nfhl;ghl;il xj;jKiwapy; Xhpdr; NrHf;if kw;Wk;; Mz;-
ngz; NrHf;if ghy; cwTfs; Muhag;gLfpwJ. Mz;-
fy;gdh ngz; NrHf;if cwTfs; ngz;fspd; ghypay; ,d;g
EfHT epiwnta;tijg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ> Mz;fspd;
giw‐2008‐ et
38
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
 www.tamilarangam.net
,d; g EfHr; r pia jpUg; j p nra; A k;
tifapNyNa fl;likf;f g;gl;L s;s d
vd;w KbTf;F fl;Liu tUfpd;wJ.
,jw;F khwhf> Xhpdr; NrHf;ifahshpd;
ghYwT ,af;fq;fs; ghypay;
eltbf;ifapy; <LgLk; ,UtUf;FNk
epiwT jUtjhf ,Ug; g J njhpa
tUfpwJ. Mjpf;fk;> mjpfhuk;> Vw;wj;
jho;Tfs; mw;w xU ghypay; mikg;igf;
fl;likf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; epyTfpd;w
M z ; - n gz ; N rH f ; i f cw T fs pd ;
fl;likg;GfspypUe;J tpyfp GzHr;rpia
ghypay; eltbf; i fapd; ikakhf
tiuaWf;fhj xU ghypay; eilKiw
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> fl;likf;fg;gl
Ntz;L k;.
,d;D k; nrhy;y g; Nghdhy; Ann
Kodrs (1971) “The myth of the viginal
orgasm” kw;W k; Shese hires the hire report
(1976) Fwpj;j jtwpa ek;gpf;if vd;w
Gj;jfKk; mwpf;ifAk; ngz;ghYwT
gw;wpa Kf;fpa ,uz;L Ma;NtLfsha;
ehk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s yhk;. Vnddpy;
,t; t puz ; L Nk ngz; g hYwT vd; w
xd;iw murpaNyhL gpd;dpg; gpizj;j
kdpj caphpay; njhlHghd xU $l;Lf;
fyitahf ghtpf;fpd;wd.
nrhe; j "mDgtq;f is gfpHe; J
nfhs;Sjy;" epiyapy; ,Ue;J Kd;Ndwp
Mz ;f s; vg ;gb g hY wT vd ;w
m ikg; i g jq; f Sf; F r; rhjfkhf
cUthf; f p ,Uf; f pwhHfs; vd; g ij
ntspr; r k; Nghl; L f; fhl;L fpwhHfs;.
Fwpg;ghf nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; n\a;l; gy
cjhuzq;fs; %yk; mjpfkhf
Gof;fj;;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ghYwT Kiwapy;
MZila jpUg; j pNa Nkyhdjhf
f U j g ; g L f pw J v d ; g i j n ` a ; l ;
jd;Dila mwpf;ifapy; tpsf;FfpwhH.
g hY w T K i w fN s rK j h aj ; j py ;
cUthf;fg;gLk; fl;rpaikg;Gfs; vd;W
$ Wk; n`a; l ; b Dila njspthd
ghHitNa mtUila Ma;tpw;F xU
,d;wpaikahj rpwg;ig toq;FfpwJ.
giw‐2008‐et
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
mtUila Gj;jf juthdJ
ed;Kiwapyhd ghypay; nraw;ghLfis
njspthf tpthjpg;gNjhL jpUkzk;
M f ;f g ;gl h j g h Y wT K iwN a
miktijNa Nehf;f khf nfhz; L
gpuNahfpj;j Nghy Mz;t op rhHe;j
r%fj; j pd; ghjpg; N ghL $ba ehk;
g h Y w T K i w N a t pU k ; G t j w ; F
Kiwahd xU ghYwT njhlHghd
NkYk; xU Ma; i t toq; F tJk;
kiwf; f g; g Lk; . my ; y J ntspapy ;
Ngrg;glhj rpy ghypay; EDf;fq;fis
ntspNa nfhz;L tUtJk; vd;Dila
Nehf;fkhFk;. vd;Dla ,e;j Kiwia
,UghYwtpd; 'rhprk ,d;gk;" vd;W
fUjg; g Lk; x d; i wg; g w; w p ed; w hf
Muha;tjd; %yk; ,UghypdhpilNa
,Uf; F k; rkj; J tkw; w jd; i kia
jpiutpyf; f p fhl; l tpUk; G fpNwd; .
ry ; y h gKi w Mz ; - n gz ; cw it
kl; L Nk gpuj; j pafg; g Lj; j p rhl; L g;
Nghf;ifAk; Mz;-ngz; NrHf;ifapy;
ngz; milAk; ,d; g k; ,uz; l hk;
jukhf fUjg;gLk; epiyiaAk; Vw;W f;
nfhs;s g;gl;L tUfpd;w Nfhl;ghlhf
gug;gp gof;fg;gLj;jp te;jpUf;fpwJ.
mjhtJ Mz;-ngz; NrHf;ifjhd;
ghYwT Kiw vd;gJ NghyTk; mjpy;
kpFjpahd md;G ,d;g k; jaf; f g; -
gLtjhYk;; mJT k; <Lghl;bd;
,U ghy U f; F Nk r kgq; F j pUg; j p
fpilg;gjhfTk; ry;yhgf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;
gb ek;gg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; ,g;gbg;gl;l
gpufldq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; cz;ikapy;
Mz;-ngz; cwntd;gJ rkj;J tkw;w
Mw;wYld; $ba cwthfTk;
Mz ;fS f;F kl ;L Nk ghY wtpy ;
ngUksT ,d; g k; toq; f f; $ba
KiwahfTk; jpfo; f pw muq; f j; i j
xj;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
cwT gpizg;gpd; %yk; Mz;fSf;F
kl;L Nk ngUksT ghypd;g gq;i f
xJf;fpd;w R+oNyhL ghYwtpy; ngz;fs;
nghUshjhu hPjpapy; Mz;fis rhHe;j
39
 www.tamilarangam.net

epiyapd; jhf;fk;> Mz;fspd; td;Kiw>

fho;G zHr;r pNahL Xhpdr;N rHf;i fah- Shere Hite
siu gopthq; F k; r%fg; Nghf; F >
,g;gbg; gopthq;Ftjd; %yk; rkkw;w
mz;-ngz; NrHf;if Kiwia r%fk;
ghJfhj;J tsHf;Fk; tpjk; vd;d tpw;iw
vy; y hk; tpaf; f ,Uf;f pNwd;. ,e;j
R+o; e piyapy; gpd; d z papy; Xhpdr;
NrHf;if gw;wpAk; ghHf;fyhk;. mt;TwT
Kiwfisg; gw;wp Muhayhk;.
vd;gJ Mz;fspd; mjpfhu kpul;lyh
Xhpd NrHf;if cwT Kiwapd; gb
my; y J ngz;f spd; nghUshjhug;
,g;ghYwT Kiwapy; <LgLk;
gytPdj;jhyh vd;gtw;iwf;
mLj;jtiu jq;fSila rf rKjha
Fwpj; n jy;y hk; mbf; f b ngz;z pa
cWg;gpduhfNt ghHf;Fk; kNdhghtj;-
thjpfSf; F ,ilNa tpthjq; f s;
NjhL ghYwT ,d;gk; rk mstpy;
ele;J te;jpUf;f pd;w d. ,g;g bg;g l;l
Efug;gLtjhf njhpfpwJ. ,JNt ,f;
M a ; T f s ; g h y pa y ; , a y ; i g A k ;
fl;Liuapd; ika f; fU j;jhF k;.
ngz;z pa thjpfisAk; gw;wp ed;F
,Ug; g pDk; ,j; j ifa Xhpd cwT
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s cjTfpw
gof;fj;ij jLf;Fk; my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;-
mNjNtisAk; jw;;f hy r%f ajhHj;j
Jk; Nehf;fj;jpy; mg;gbg;gl;l cwtpy;
epiyia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU
<LgLNthH gy;NtW r%f mikg;Gfs;
m yry; Njit g;gL fpwJ. ,e;j
kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; %ykhf
fl;L iuapd; Kf;fpa Nehf ;fNk
xLf;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. vdNt jhd; Xhpdr;
mg;gbg;gl;l jw;fhy ghypay; eilKiw
NrHf;ifahsHfspd; Rje;jpuj;ijg; gug;Gk;
kw;W k; mjDila rKjha gpd;dzp
,af;f j;j pd; ,d;w paikahikiaAk;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpj;J tpthjpg;gJjhd;.
,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; nraw;g hLfs; ve;j
vg;gb Miz ikag;gLj;J fpw <hpdr;
mstpw;F vy;y h ngz;fSf;FNk (Xhpd
NrHf;if MZf;F ve;j Kf;fpaj;J tk;
my;y J "Neuhd" cwTg;g of;fKs;s -
nfhLf; f pwJ mij rKjhak; ve; j
t u hf ,U e;jh Y k ;) jh f ;fj;i j
m s tpw; F gpd; g w; W fpwJ vd; g ij
Vw;g Lj;Jfpd;w J vd;gij njhpthf;f
vy; y hk; ntWg; G jd; Njhd; W fpwJ.
tpUk;G fpd;N wd;. ,Wjpahf ghYwT
,e;epiyikapd; mbg;gilia myRtJ
Kiw rPHjpUj;jg;gl;L xU Gjpa cwT
,f;fl;Liuf;F mg;ghw;g l;ljhFk;.
Kiw kyu toptFf;Fk;. r%f murpay;
kw; W k; nghUshjhu epiyikfis <hpd cwT Kiwfs;:-
Kd; n khopa ,Uf; f pd; N wd;. ,e; j f; Shere Hite (1976) ~paH n`a;l;bd;
fl;L iu vg;g b Mz; rhHe; j r%f mwpf;ifapy; ngz; ghYwT Fwpj;j
cwTKiwia cUthf;f papUf;f$Lk; Njrpa mstpyhd fUj;j ha;t pd; g b
vd;w Nfs;t piag; gw; w p Muha;e ;J fzf;fpy; vLf;fg;gl;l ngz;fspy; 82
vLf;Fk; Nehf;fk; my;y. ,e;j Mz; r j tP j j ; j pd H j h k ; R a , d; g k ;
Mjpf;f cwTKiwf;F toptFj;j pLk; mDgtpg;gjhfTk; mtHfNs 95 rjtPjk;
fUj;J f;f is ek; k hy; A+fpf;f j;j hd; ghYwT gutr epiyia Rygkhf
KbAk;. mbf;f b mDgtpf; f Kbe;j jhfTk;
ngz;fis xLf;Fk; R+oypd; njhptpj; j hHfs; ; . ,d; D k; nrhy; y g;
Nghf;if Fwpj;J k; rkj;J tkw;w epiy Nghdhy; n`a;l;bd; fz;Lgpbg;gpd;gb
g hY w T g ut r e pi y i a Ak ; R a
giw‐2008‐ et
40
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
 www.tamilarangam.net
,d; g j;i jAk; xd;w hfNt ngz; f s;
fUJfpwhHfs;. Ra ,d;gj;jpd; nghOJ
ngz;fs; gutr epiyia milfpwhHfs;
vd;w cz;i k ngz;f s; ghYwtpy;
czHr; r pfis rhpahf ntspg; g Lj; -
jhjtHfs; vd; W k; ngz;f s; gutr
epiyia Mw;wy; mw;wtHfs; vd;Wk;
ek;gg;gLk; jtwhd thjj;ij ,Uf;fpwJ.
,e;j ek;gpf;if $w;NwhLk;> A+fj;NjhLk;
njhlq; f p NkYk; n`a;l ; ,Ughy;
cwTKiw $Wfshd
( Fore play Peneteration )
nray;ghLfs; ngz;fSf;F
vjpuhfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ vd;W
tpsf;FfpwhH.
n`a;l;bd; ma;tpd;gb 30 rhtPjg;
ngz;fs; kl;Lk; jhd; ghYwT gutr
epiyia Mz;> ngz; GzHr;rpapd;
nghOJ miltjhf $wpAs;s hHfs;.
mj; N jhL mg; g utr epiy vd; g J
tof;f khf ngUk; g hYk; ngz;z pd;
fzf;f pd; Kaw;r pfspd; kfspHrj;i j
J}z;l vLj;Jf; nf hs;sg;gLk;
ngz;zpd; fzf;fpl;l xU Jy;ypakhd
giw‐2008‐et
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
Kaw;rpapd; tpisthfj;jhd; ngz;fs;
gutr epiy vl;l KbfpwJ. mjpYk;
Fwpg;ghf ,e;j J}z;ly; MzpDila
nghJ cWg; g hy; J}z;l g;g Ltjhy;
kl;LNk tof;fkhf mila KbfpwJ.
GzHr;rpapd; NghJ Mz; gpwg;G cWg;G
cs; N s nrYj;j g; g Ltjhy; kl; L Nk
kiwKfkhf Vw;g Lj;jg;gLk; J}z;ly;
ngz;fSf;F gutr epiyia
c z ;lh f ;F t j w ;F N g h J k hd j h f
,y;iy. (Hite 1976 ­ 168) mNj rkak;
GzHr;rp Mz;fspd; ghy; ,d;gj;ij
ey;y Kiwapy; mZFfpwJ.
GzHr;rpapd; NghJ Mz; cWg;G ngz;
k H k c W g ; G R t H f s pd ; c u h a r ;
nra;tjd; %yk; Ra ,d;gj;jpd; NghJ
ngwg;gLk; J}z;ly; cWjp
nra;a g;g LfpwJ. vdNt tof;f khf
Mz;f s; GzHr;r papd; NghJ gutr
epiyia milthHfs;. ,J Mz;fspd;
cly; rhHe;j caphpay; mikg;gpw; F
cf e;jjha; ,Uf ;fpwJ . ,g ;g b
nra;tjhy; vy;yh Mz;fSk;
vg;nghOJk; GzHr;rpapd; nghOJ gutr
epi y ia mi l fpwh Hf s ; v d;W
nghUshfhJ. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf Mz;fs;
j k ; K i l a tpi u g ; G j ; j d ; i k i a
G z H r ; r pa pd ; N g h J , o f ; f y h k ; .
,Ue; j hYk; Mz ; f s pilNa ,e; j
ghYwtpy; nrayhw;Wk; jpwdpy; Vw;gLk;
NfhshWk; rKjhaj;jpy; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;L
epWtdkhf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhyk; fhykha;
gpd; g w; w g; g l; L tUfpd; w ghy pay ;
Kiwapd; Vw;wj; jho;thd epiyahy;
Vw;gLtjpy;iy. mz;fSila ghypay;
g pu r ; r i d f s ; N g r pa ( M z ; i k j ;
jd; i kapd; Nky; kyl; L j; jd; i k>
Nghij kUe;J gof;fk;> kJ mUe;Jk;
gof;fk;> ngUQ;NrhHT> jsHT epiy)
G+jhfkhd gpur;ridfspd; tpisthf
Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;W
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s J. (Hite­ 1981­402)
kw;w gy;NtW tifahd ghYwT
ntspg;g hLfis tpl Mz;> ngz;
GzHr;rp tbtk; nrYj;J fpw Mjpf;f
41
 www.tamilarangam.net
epiyAk; GzHjy; xd;Wjhd; ghYwT
,d;gj;jpd; mbg;g il ,yf;F vd;W
epHzapf;fg;gl;l epiyAk; ngz;fis
xLf;F fpw Nfhl;g hl;i lAk; ghypay;
my;y J rKf cwT KiwfisAk; jhd;
nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwJ. <hpdr; NrHf;if
cwT Kiw tFf;fg;gl;l tpjj;jpd; gb
Mz;f s; tpe;J ntspNaw;w Yf;f hd
topia tiuaiwiar; nra;ag;gl;l
ghYwT Kiwfshy; Mz;fs; ghYWT
gutr epiyia ngUksT
milfpwhHfs;. Mdhy; mNj rkak;
kfspH fe;J J}z;ly; vd;w xd;W ntWk;
ghYwT ry; y hg episahl; l hfNt
f U j g ; g L f pw J . m j h t J n t W k ;
rhjhu z Neuk; flj;Jk; ,d;g
t pi s a h l; l h f Nt f U jg ; g L fpwJ .
'ry;yhg Nfhhpf;if tpisahl;L" vd;w
,e;j thHj;ijNa (Fore play) ghYwtpy;
mJ mt;tsthf Kf;fpak; ,y;i y.
cz;i kapy; MZWg;g pd; CLjiy
Rygkhf;F tjw;fhf elj;jg;gLk; xU
Kd; $ l; b a tpisahl; L vd; W jhd;
Fwpf; f pwJ. ,e;j ,d; g Nfspf; i f
tpisahl;ilf; Fwpf;Fk; ,e;j tpsf;fk;
kfspH fe;J J}z;l g;g Lk; tpjj;i j
kw; W k; mjd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i jNa
ghjpf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf n\a;l; $WtJ
Nghy GzUjy; xd;Wjhd; ghYwtpy;
Kf ; f pa nr ay h f fUj g; g Lt jpy ;
Mz;fs; nghJthf jq;fs; tpiwg;Gj;
jd;i kia ghJfhj;J f; nfhs;s Nt
nghpJk; gjl;l kilfpwhHfs;. vdNt
mtHfs; GdHtjw;F Kd;ghf elf;f
Nt z;ba k w;w el tb f;if fi s
Fiwj;J f; nfhs;s vj;jdpf;fpwhHfs;.
mr; n ray; f Sf; f hf rpwpjsT fhy
msit nrytpLfpwhHfs;.
Ma;t pw;fhf fzf;fpy; vLf;fg;gl;-
ltHfspy; 45 rj tPjj;jpdH kl;LNk
rk;g e;jg;gl;l kw; wthpd; nra;ifapd;
%yk; fhkg;gutr epiyia
czHe;jpUg;g jhfTk; mdhy; 95 rj
tPjj;jpdH ,f;fhkg; gutr epiyia
Ra,d;gj; J}z;ly; %yNk mile;jjhf
42
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s J. (Hire – 1972­209)
NkYk; ngUksT vz;zpf;ifapyhd
Mz;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ngz;
$l;l hspfSf;F ve;j tpjkhd kfspH
fe;J J}z;ly; ',d;gj;ijAk;
(clitorolstrimutation) toq;fNt
,y;i yahk;. (1976 - 212) ,g;g pur;-
ridapd; mbg;gilNa gpuj;jpNafkhf
mz; > ngz; NrHf; i f kl; L k; jhd; .
ghYwT Kiw vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
e pi y i k j h d ; , e ; j M z ; r % f
%lek;gpf;ifapd; tpisthf Mz; fhk
gutr epiyf; F KO cj; j puthjk;
nfhLf; F k; xU ghYwT mikg; G
cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. kfspH gutr
epiyf;F mioj;J r; nry;Y k; fe;J
J}z;ly; Mz;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g
vg;NghjhtJ elj;jg;gLfpd;w my;yJ
vg;NghJNk elj;jg;glhj nrayhfTk;
jhd; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
jw; N ghJ eilKiwapy ; cs ; s
M z;> ng z; gh Y wT Ki wf;F
,UghyUf;FNk xUtUf;nfhUtH 'rk
mstpy; KO ,d;gk;" toq;ff; $baJ
vd;w ek;gpf;ifia Vw;W f; nfhs;s r;
nra;a r%f mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w FLk;g
Kiw GzHr;rpia czHj;jpf fhl;Lfpd;w
tf;fpukhd fyhr;rhu R+oypy;
Nghd;w tw; w pd; %yk; ngUk;g hyhd
kffs; fhyk; fhykhf gof; f g; g l;-
bUf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; ,e;j ghYwT
R +o ; e piy ji y f P o h a; kh W tj ha ;
fw;g id nra;jhy; mjhtJ Mz;fspy;
xU rpyUf;F kl;L Nk vg;N ghjhtJ
MZWg;Gj; J}z;lg;gl;L mjd; %yk;
gutrepiy mile;jjhfNth my;yJ
,g;gutr epiyia Mz;fs; vl;lhj
epiyik ,Ug;g jhfTk;; mNjrkak;
ngz;f s; vg;N ghJNk kfspH fe;J
J}z;lg;gl;L gutrepiyia
n gU k ; g h Y k; m y ; y J v g ; N g h Jk ;
miltjhfTk; ,Ue;j hy;> milAk;
gutr epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; tpfpjhrhu
Vw; w j; j ho; T midtUf; F k; kpfTk;
njspthf Gyg;gLk; my;yth? Mdhy;
giw‐2008‐ et
 www.tamilarangam.net
ghYwtpy ; mz ; f is Nkyhdjha;
kjpj; J ngz; f is ,uz ; l hk; ju
my; y J Kf; f paj; J tkw; w epiyf; F
js;Sfpd;w Nghf;F ek; rKjhaj;jpy;
epyTtjhy; kpfr; rpyH kl;LNk jw;NghJ
elKiwapy; cs;s ghYwT gutrepiy
Vw;wj;jho;T Fwpj;J mjpHe;J
NghfpwhHfs;. Jujp];ltrkhf ghYwT
edilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,e;j Vw;wj;
jho;thd epiyik Fwpj;j
ngUk; g hyhd tpthjq; f s ; ntWk;
t pt hpj; j y ; e pi y ik Na h L epd; W
tpLfpd; w d. ,j; j id tpthjq; f s;
gpur;ridfis tpghpj;J NgRk; epiyia
fle;J Nghtjpy;iy. ,e; epiyikf;F
fhuzNk khf;]pd; %yjd nfhs;iff;F
epfuhd xU gue;j Mw; w y; tha;e;j
ghYwT Kiwapy; Ruz;ly; epiyia
ed ; F tps f ; F k ; x U N fh l; g hl ; L
tiuaiw cUthf; f g; g lhjJjhd; .
kjpg; G hP j pahd khf; ] pd; njhopy;
nfhs;i f nghUshjhur; Ruz;l iy
kpfTk; njspthd tifapy; tpthjpf;f
toptif nra; j pUf; f pwJ. njhopy;
Mw;wy; vd;gJ mj;jifa kjpg;gpw;F
Vw; w thq;fNth my;yJ tpw;wfNth
gLfpwJ. mjd; kjg;G kw;w tpw;gidg;
ngh Us;f isg; Nghy Nt m jd;
cw; g j; j pf; F j; Njitahd Ntiy
N e u j ; i j g ; n g h W j ; N j e pH z a k ;
nraag;g LfpwJ. xU njhopyhspapd;
ruhrhp jpd tUkhdk; <l;lg;gLtjw;F
MWkzp Neukhdhy; ruhrhahf mtd;
giw‐2008‐et
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
MW kzp Neuk; epr;rak; Ntiy nra;J
MfNtz;Lk;. mtDila ciog;gj;-
jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F xU ehspy;
ruhrhpahf MW kzp Neuk; ciof;f
Ntz;Lk;. mtDila njhopyhw;wy;
v d ; w t pw ; g i d t pi s t hf j ; j h d ;
mile;J ed;ikia NtW tifapy;
<L fl;b tpLfpwhd;. vdNt mtDila
Ntiy ehSf;Fj; Nitahd Neuk; mW
kzpNeuk; vd;W fzf;fhfpwJ.
vdNt thq;fpa mstpw;F
nfhLf; f pw rkmsT nfhs; i fahf
(Caeteris parivus) ,J MfpwJ. ,e;j
Afj;ij mDgtkhf nfhz;Ljhd; ehk;
fpufpj;J f; nfhz;L ,Ue;Njhk;;. Mdhy;
Mdhy; ,jpy; Ntiy ehspy; msT
my; y J ve; j msT Ntiy ehs;
ePbf;f g;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;j
njspthd tiuaiw ,y;iy. (1967 :
231) Kjyhspj;J rKfj;jpy;
njhopyhspfspd; ciog;G j;j pwDf;F
gjpyhf ,e;j Ntiy ehspd; fhy msT
'mile;J yhgk; my; y J kjpg;i g
<Lfl;l Njitahd" Neuj;jpw;F Nkyhf
ePbf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,ijj;jhd; kpFjpahd
,yhgj;ij KjyhspfSf;F
tpistpf;fpw> ciog;ig Ruz;L fpw
Nghf;fhFk; vd;W khHf;];
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. khHf;rpd; ,e;j kjpg;G
hP j pa hd njh opy ; nfh s ; i fia g;
Nghd;W xU Nfhl;g hl; i l ghYwT
eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; Vw;wj;jho;it
myr cjTk; tifapy; cUthf; f
Kb Akh vd ;W eh k; ,g;Ngh oJ
ghHf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf Cjpaj;jpw;F
jf;f Ntiy vd;W Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w cwT
Ki wia thq; f p N tiy j ; j pw id
tpw;gjhy; jpzpf;fg;Lk; rkj;Jtkw;w r%f
cwT Kiwfs ; 'Rje; j puk; kw; W k;
rkj;J tk;" Nghd;wtw;w py; Gijf;fg;-
gl;bUg;gij ehk; ed;F fhz KbAk;.
gh YwT gpu r;ri df is ,e;jf;
Nfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J ehk; mDfpdhy;
Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; $l Rje;jpukhd
rk j; J t khd c wt py ; E io tj hf
43
 www.tamilarangam.net
mspf;F k;k haj; Njhw;w j;i j ek;k hy;
czu KbAk;. ,Ug;g pDk; ,Ughy;
$lypy; ifahsg;gLk; Kf;fpa KiwNa
ngz; fhk ,r;rirf;F vjpuhf my;yJ
mijg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ Mz; ,r;iraj;
jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; tz;zNk
mike; j pUf; f pwJ. ghYwT vd; g Nj
Mz ; > ngz ; GzHr; r papd; %y Nk
nts pg; g Lj; j g; g l; L te; j pUg; g jhy ;
ngz;fis tpl Mz;fNs ngUksT
fhk ,d;gj; J}z;liy ngWfpd;wdH.
cz; i kapy; Mz; > ngz; ghYwT
Kiwapd; gb ngUk; g hYk; mz ;
fh kgu tr epiy ia vl;b agpd;
ngz;zpd; gutr epiyAk; KbTf;F
te;jhf Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt Mz;> ngz; cwT Kiw
xNu msT ,d;gj;ij ,UtUk; Efur;
nra;Ak; jd;ik cilajhf
Njhd;wpdhYk; cz;ikapy ,J xUtH
,d;gj;jpd; mg;ghw;gl;lNjahFk;. Mz;>
ngz ; z plk; ,Ue; J ngw; w fhkj;
J}z;liy kpfr; rpwpa mstpy; jhd;
jpUk;gj; jUfpwhd;. ,jdhy; ngz; gutr
epiyia miltJ vd;g J kpfTk;
mhpjhfNt ,Uf; f pwJ. ngz ; z pd;
ghYwTr; nray ; f s ; ahTNk x U
F w p g ; g p l ; l r % f c w T K i w a pd ;
44
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
gpd;d zpapy; epHg;g e;j pf;f g;g l;l rpy
Fwpg;g pl; l R+o;e piyfNshL kl;L Nk
,io Nahf Ntz;ba f l;lh ak;
,Uf; f pwJ. jdpj;J tj;N jhL jhdhf
epfSk; ntspg;g hL vd;w epiyapy;
,Ue;J tpyfp Mz; > ngz; cwT
KiwahdJ Kd;$l;bNa rKjhaj;jhy;
epHzapf;f g;g l;l xd;w hfTk; kpfTk;
tiuaWf;fg;ll ; fl;Lkhdq;fNshL $ba
xU fl;ghakhfTk; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ.
,g ;g bg;gl ;l <hpdr ;Nr Hf ;if apd;
$WfSk; epfo;j;jg;gLk; tpjKk; Mz;
M jpf ;f r% f cwT K i wapd ;
gpujpgy pg; g fs hfNt ,Uf; f pdwd.
N jd pt h fg ; g hH j;jh y; g h YwT
eilKiwapy; rkj;J tkpd;ik vd;gJ
mbg;gilapy; ngwg;g Lk; ,d;g j;jpd;
rkj;Jtkpd;ikNahLjhd; njhlHGila-
jha; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Jujp\;ltrkhf fhk
,d;g msit jdpkdpjHfSf;fpilNa
xg;gpl;L tiuaiw nra;tNjh my;yJ
x t; n thU jlitAk; ve; j m s T
Mj;kjpUg;jpNahL xU jdpkdpjd; fhk
gutr epiyia milfpwhd; vd;gij
msg;gNjh kpfTk; mhpjhd nrayhFk;.
,Ug;gpDk; fhk gutr epiy (tpe;J>
kw;W k; kjdePH) xd;Wjhd; ghYwtpy;
,d;gj;ij ed;F ghHf;f kw;Wk; fzf;fpl
KbAk; xNu ntspg;ghlhFk;. fhkj;jpy;
,g ;gu trepiy ia ,Ug hyU Nk
vl;lKbAk;. NkYk; ,g;gutr epiyjhd;
fhkj;jpy; milag;gl Ntz;ba kw;W k;
tpUg;g gLfpd;w tpisthf fUjg;gLfp-
wJ. ,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy; vd;Dila
Mjq;fk; vd;dntdpy; Mz;> ngz;
$lypy; fhkg;gutrepiyia milAk;
jpwdpy; Mz;fs; kw;W k; ngz;fSf;-
fpilNa ,Uf; F k; Fwpg; g plj;j Fe; j
NtWghL Mw;wypy; rkj;J tkw;w cwT
Kiwiaj;jhd; njspthf fhl;LfpwJ
vd; g Jjhd; > juk; > jd; i k Nghd; w
mbg;gilfspy; ngz;fs; mz;fistpl
rpwe;j caHe;j epiyapy; gutr epiyapy;
gutrepiy milfpwhHfs;. ,J mtHfs;
mz;fistpl fhymsT tpfpjhrhuj;jpy;
giw‐2008‐ et
 www.tamilarangam.net
Fiwe;J ,Ug;g ij <Lfl;btpLfpwJ
vd; W xUtH tpthjpj; j hy; md; w p
kw;wg;gb cWjpahf mz;> ngz; $ly;
Kiwapy; mz;fspd; Ruz;ly; kw;W K;
mz;fs; ngz;fs; ,d;gj;ij
Gwf;fzpj;J mstpy; mjpfkhf gutr
epiyia milAk; epiy Nghd;wtw;iw
Fwpj;J xU nghpa KiwaPL gjpT
nra; A k; m stw; F ,g; gpur; r id
Kf;f paj;J tk; tha;e ;j jhFk;. <hpdr;
NrHf;i f cwT Kiwapy; ngz;f s;
xl;lfg;gLfpd;w Nfhl;ghl;il NtW ve;j
Nfhl;ghl;il gad;gLj;jp ngz;fis tpl
m z ; f s ; Vw j; j h o % d; W kl q; F
mjpfsT fhk ,d;g gutrepiyia
milfpwhHfs; vd;w vjhHj;j epiyia
fUj;jstpy; tpyfpf; fhl;l KbAk;?
R+o;epiyia ghYwTr; Ruz;ly; vd;W
$Wtjhy; khf;rpd; kjpg;Gf; nfhs;ifia
gLf;ifaiwapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;W nghUshfhJ. kjpg;G hPjpahd
k h H f ; r pd ; n j h o py ; n f h s ; i f i a
giw‐2008‐et
jkpo;j; Njrpa Mtzr; Rtbfs;
tpahghuj; i j cwTfSf;F kl;L Nk
nghUj;j khf ,Uf;F k;. ,Ue; j hYk;
ngz; milAk; ,d;gj;ij Gwf;fzpj;J
mjpf msT tpfpjhrhuj;jpy; milAk;
mz;gutrepiy vd;w xg;gPL kpfTk;
gaDs;sjhfpwJ. Vnddpy; ,jd; %yk;
Mz ; f i s ghy ; M jpf ; f cz HT
nfhz;l tHfs; vd; W nghUl;g Lj; j p
fhl;l KbAk;.
<hpdr; NrHf;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd
mikg;G Kiwapdhy; Mz;fs; milAk;
Mjhaj;j hy;j hd; ,tHfSf;F ,e;j
Mjpf;f Nghf;F Vw;g l;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,g;gb mtHfs; mlAk; xU Kf;fpakhd
,yhgk; mtHfs; ghYwtpd; NghJ
<hpdr; NrHf;ifapy; ngUksT cly;
J}z;ly; ,d;gk; ngz;fis tpl mjpf
msT miltJjhd;. mjd; tpisthf
Kd;G nrhd;d J NghyNt Mz;fs;
kl;LNk ngUksT fhk gutr epiyia
ngz;fis tpl milfpwhHfs;.
ngz; milAk; ,d;gj;ij
Gwfzpj;J Ruz;b Mz; mDgtpf;Fk;
,e; j gutr epiy ia fhuz khf
nfhz; L mG+Htkhf rpy ngz;f s;
ghypay; kUj;J tHfis mZfpAk;
,Uf;fpwhHfs;. (Ress:1978 ­ 2)
mt;Ntisfspy; mg;ngz;fs;
kdhPjpahd cisr;riyAk;>
vhpr;riyAk; mjd; tpisthy; Vw;g l;l
cly; rhHe;j mwpFwpfisAk; vLj;J f;
fhl; b jpUkzj;i j Fwpj;j jq; f s;
mwpFwpia njhptpj; j pUf; f pwhHfs ; .
(Bornard­1971 :148 to 152) , q ; N f
,Uz;L Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fs;
ftdj;jpw;Fhpait Kjspy;
<hdr; N rHf;i f eilKiwapy; mz;
,d;W jpUg;jpia mjpfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
toptiffs; $l ,y;iy. Vnddpy;
eilKiwapy; r%jhaj;j hy; Vw; W f;
nfhs;sg;gl;L mq;ff P hpf;fg;gl;l ghypay;
cwT Kiwfs; mz;fspd; tpUg;gj;-
jpw; N fw; g ghypd; g k; m Dgtpf; F k; ;
Rje;jpuj;ijf; $l Cf;Ftpg;gjpy;iy.
45
 www.tamilarangam.net

tpUg;gkpd;ik czHj;JfpwJ. ,J jhd;

Mz;> ngz; ghYwT mikg;gpypUe;J
Mz;fs; milAk; ,yhgkhFk;.
Mz;f s; xU rP u hd fhy mstpy;
my;yJ mbf;fb tha; EfH ,d;gk;
(Fellotio) jhq;fs; ngWtjpy;iy. mjpYk;
Fwpg; g hf gutrepiyia milAk;
tifapy; jq;f Sf; F me;j ,d;g k;
toq; f g; g ltpy; i y vd; w mjpUg; j p
njhptpg;gjhf n`a;l; fz;lwpe;jhH (1981
: 538)
,jpypUe; J Mz; f s; NtWgl; l
ghypd;g topfspd; %yk; ,d;gk; EfHe;J
jpUg;jp milfpwhHfs; vd;W ed;whf
Gyg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; gy;NtW my;yJ
NtWgl;l topfspy; fhk gutr epiyia
mila ghypd;g nraiy khw;Wtjw;Nf
Mz;fs; mbg;gilapy; tpUk;GfpwhHfs;.
Mz;fs; kl;Lk; Mz; Fwpia ikakhf
itj;J gy;NtW topfspy; clYwT
,d;gj;i j Efuyhk;! Mdhy; ngz;
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46
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ê¤ï¢î¬ù袰 å¼ ¹¬èð¢ðìñ¢

J ulia Mar garet Cameron ­( June 11, 1815 ­ January 26, 1879)
[_ypah khHful; nfk&d; . fpof; f pe; j pa fk; g dp
cj;jpNahfj;juhf mtuJ je;ij khHful; ngl;ly;
gzpahw;wpaNghJ fy;fj;jhtpy; gpwe;jtH. gpuhd;rpy;
fy;tp. kPz;Lk; fy;fj;jh jpUk;gp 1838,y; jpUkzk;.
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Gifg;glq;fs; vz;nza; Xtpaq;fspd; rhaiyf;nfhz;lJ vd gpe;jpa
tpkHrfHfs; mtiuf; $WtH. 1875,y; ,yq;iff;F ,lk;ngaHfpwhH.
,yq;ifapy; Gifg;glf; fiyiaj; njhlHfpwhH. 1879 [dthp 26 md;W
mtuJ tpiwj;J ciwe;J Nghd cly; fSj;Jiwapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ.
goq; FbapdHfis Gifg; glnkLg; g jpy; mjpf MHtKs;s mtH
,yq;ifapy; vLj;j Gifg;glnkhd;Nw ,J.

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