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EMAEC

EM AEC@AH
@AH_@
_@ AÍX[C
AÍ X[CE@
E@
E@JYMÝÊM
E@JYMÝÊM KH @DCECMBHU
@DCECMBHU KH _HUH_TM
_HUH_TM AMTMB
AM TMB

JMS@ ?9=3
rhv. 4

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C. LCJA@U AMTMBHU ............................................................................ ;

JM_CA@U Y@_ UCHJY_H (LCJA@ KHB E@_AMT) ..................................................


.................................... .............. ;
O_MWMU M EHÝC_ (LCJA@ M_JMKM KH ELCBH) ..................................................... 8

LCJA@ OCEHA[HAM_C@ M_JMKM KH ELCBH...................


........................................
.......................................
.................. 4
LCJA@ KH BM HUEXMK_M .................................................................................... >
LCJA@ DXH_WM KH UXOJM_CA@U ....................................................................... >
LCJA@ KH BM MTCMECÕA AMTMB .......................................................................... <
LCJA@ KH BM HUEXHBM AMTMB ............................................................................ 3
LCJA@ KH BM HUEXHBM KH N_XJH[HU .............................................................. =9
LCJA@ O.H. HUJH_MBKM ................................................................................... =?
LCJA@ KH BMU [HBHE@JXACEMEC@AHU AMTMBHU .............................................
................................. ............ =?
LCJA@ DD-=< _CTH_@U ...................................................................................... =;
CC. EMAEC@AHU AMTMBHU ...............................................................
.............................. ..........................................
.........=8

E@_MW@AHU KH _@OBH (LHM_[U @D @MF) .............................................................. =4


BCBBS JM_BHA (BCBC JM_BHHA) .............................................................................. =4
AMTMB (OMK@ATCBBH_ / OMKHA^HCBH_ JM_UEL) ...........................................................
.....................................
................ =<
[MJO@_HU S EBM_CAHU ..................................................................................... =3
LCJA@ KH BM UHEECÕA (^HU[H_^MBK) ................................................................ ?9
JC DXUCB S S@ (JË_FCUELH LHCKH) ......................................................................... ??
S@ [HAÊM XA EMJM_MKM (CEL LM[[H HCAHA FMJH_MKHA) ........................................ ?5
JCUCÕA EXJYBCKM .........................................
................... ............................................
...........................................
.............................
........ ?
?;
;
_HYH[CK@ .......................................................................................................... ?8
BM OM[HBH_M ..................................................................................................... ?4
EMELXELH_@ ................................................................................................... ?>
CCC. LCJA@U S EMAEC@AHU CADMA[H_ÊM KH JM_CAM ............................. ?<

LCJA@ KHB EXH_Y@ CJ..................................................................................... ?<


LCJA@ KH BM BHNCÕA KH CADMA[H_ÊM KH JM_CAM ..........................................
..................... ....................... ?3
LCJA@ KHB K.C.J. A·= "BSAEL" ........................................................................ 59
LCJA@ KHB K.C.J. A· ? "JCBBH_"....................................................................... 5=
LCJA@ KHB K.C.J. A· 5 "MBKHM"...........................................
..................... ...........................................
.............................
........ 5?
LCJA@ KHB K.C.J. A· ; "E@EL_MAH" ................................................................ 55
LCJA@ MN_XYMECÕA KH E@JMAK@U CJ ......................................................... 5;

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LCJA@ KH BM HUEXHBM CJ...................
.........................................
............................................
........................................
.................. 5;
LCJA@ KHB EHA[_@ HA[_HAMJCHA[@ OMUCE@ CJ. (H\-EC_ECJ) ...................... ..................... . 54
LCJA@ KHB YM_MEMCKCU[M CJ .......................................................................... 54
B@U ]XH AXAEM T@BTH_ÍA.............................................................................. 5>
[@__H@AHU KH @_@.......................................................................................... 53

OM[H_ÊM
SM KHBBM
JM_ELM ?<9 ...............................................................................................
CADMA[H_CM (U@BKM[HA FMJH_MKHA) ...................... ....................... ;9
........................................... ;9
EMAECÕA KH B@U CADMA[HU .....................
..........................................
...........................................
.....................................
............... ;=
L@A@_HU M B@U EMÊK@U............................................
...................... ...........................................
........................................
................... ;?
O_MT@U U@BKMK@U KHB JM_ (LCJA@ OCEHA[HAM_C@ OCEHA[HAM_C@....................
......................................
.................. ;;
CT. LCJA@U S E
EMAEC@AHU
MAEC@AHU HGÃ_EC
HGÃ_EC[@
[@ ......................................................
............................ .......................... ;8

B@U TCHG@U HU[MAKM_[HU (LCJA@ HGÃ_EC[@ KH ELCBH) ....................................


................................... . ;8
;8
UÃY[CJ@ KH BÊAHM ............................................................................................ ;4
LCJA@ HUEXHBM JCBC[M_ ................................................................................. ;>

EMAECÕA KH SXANMS............................................
...................... ...........................................
...........................................
........................ ;
;<
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LCJA@ KH B@U E@JMAK@U .............................................................................. ;3
B@U E@JMAK@U SM UH TMA (^LHA G@LAAS E@JHU JM_ELCAN L@JH) .................... ............ ........ 8
8=
=
JMAELM _@GM .................................................................................................. 8=
LCJA@ OBCAKMK@U (YMAWH_BCHK) .....................
...........................................
...........................................
.............................
........ 8?
MBO@_MKM ........................................................................................................ 85
BCO_H ................................................................................................................. 88
T. LCJA@U S EMAEC@AHU DMEL .............................
............................................................
............................... 84

EMJM_MKMU (LCJA@ KH BM DMEL) ................................................................... 84

LCJA@ KH BM HUEXHBM KH MTCMECÕA ................................................................ 8>


TC. LCJA@U S E
EMAEC@AHU
MAEC@AHU EM
EM_MOCAH_@U
_MOCAH_@U ...............................
..............................................
............... 83

LCJA@ KH EM_MOCAH_@U KH ELCBH ...................


........................................
...........................................
...........................
..... 83
LCJA@ HUEXHBM KH @DCECMBHU KH EM_MOCAH_@U ...................
........................................
..........................
..... 4
49
9
TCC. EMAEC@AHU KH [_@[H JCBC[M_ .................................
.......................................................
...................... 4=

JC_M MB L@_CW@A[H ......................................................................................... 4=


E=5@ TM E@__CHAK@ Y@_ BM YCU[M...................
........................................
...........................................
...........................
..... 4=
M×A UCA U@B ...................................................................................................... 45

5
C. LCJA@U AMTMBHU
JM_CA@U Y@_ UCHJY_H
(LCJA@ KHB E@_AMT)

BH[_M S J×UCEM7 HXNHAC@ _HANCD@ BC_M


MKMY[MECÕA7 @DCECMBHU E@_AMT (KCE ?994)
Thrsh7
AXK@U KH MB[MJM_ UH LMA D@_JMK@
AXK@U ]XH UH HU[_HELMA UCA EHUM_
BMW@U KH XACKMK ]XH HA HB AMTHNM_
ELCBH E@J@ DM_@ LM KH MBXJO_M_

C.
U@J@U _HUH_TCU[MU AMTMBHU
TMJ@U EMA[MAK@ E@A M_K@_
HA A@ELHU KH BXAM S HA KÊMU KH U@B
HA BM JM_ UH D@_GM JC TMB@_

E`r`7
U@J@U JM_CA@U Y@_ UCHJY_H
E@A XAM JCUCÕA [_CE@B@_
_@GM KH YMUCÕA, OBMAEM KH CBXUCÕA
S MWXB AMTMB KH NB@_CM S L@A@_ (OCU)

CC7
Y@_ BMU [COCMU MNXMU KHB A@_[H
Y@_ BMU D_ÊMU KHB @EÃMA@ MXU[_MB
E@A HB E@_MWÕA DC_JH HA HB [CJÕA
[_MU BM HU[_HBBM KH AXHU[_M AMECÕA

E`r` Dcamb7
U@J@U JM_CA@U Y@_ UCHJY_H
E@A XAM JCUCÕA [_CE@B@_
_@GM KH YMUCÕA, OBMAEM KH CBXUCÕA
S MWXB AMTMB KH NB@_CM S L@A@_ (OCU)

;
O_MWMU M EHÝC_
(LCJA@
(LCJA@ M_JMKM KH ELCBH)

MX[@_ J×UCEM S BH[_M7 U@J CJ. U_. BXCU JHBBM [@_@

BCU[@U M EMWM_ BMU THBMU,


[HUM, O_MWMU
MY_@THELM M EHÝC_
OCHA, BM O_CUM KHB UX_
]XH A@U LMNM _MXK@ AMTHNM_.

UH MY_@\CJM BM [@_JHA[M,
BMU JHA@_HU M EM_NM_
_XJO@ UCHJY_H CNXMB
]XCH_@ CJMNCAM_
XA YXH_[@ K@AKH D@AKHM_.

JM_CA@, UCA TMECBM_,


AMTHNM E@A [X EMA[M_
BHG@U [H HUYH_MA JCB KCELMU
]XH A@ Y@K_ÍU @BTCKM_.

[X A@JO_H, A@ LMU KH JMAELM_


NCNMA[H KHB MAEL@ JM_
HU[H HU HB BHJM JM_CA@
EXJYBH E@A [X KHOH_ S THAEH_ÍU.

THBH_@U, U@A
HJOBHJM JC JC YMUCÕA
[_CE@B@_
HU [X THBMJHA OMBXM_[H
KH YM[_C@[CUJ@ UCA YM_.

E@A[CN@ O_MTÊ@ JM_,


BM BXELM ]XCH_@ HA[MOBM_6
JC MBJM UH UCHA[H TCO_MA[H
S UCHJY_H [_CXADMA[H
KHB [HJY@_MB

8
LCJA@ OCEHA[HAM_C@
OCEHA[HAM_C@ M_JMKM KH ELCBH

J×UCEM S BH[_M7 NXCBBH_J@ OMUEXÝÍA K@EFHAK@_D

E@_@
NB@_CM, NB@_CM M AXHU[_M N_MA JM_CAH_ÊM
NB@_CM M AXHU[_M HUEXMK_M S M UXU [_@YMU KH JM_CAM
NB@_CM, NB@_CM L@S EMA[MJ@U E@A YMUCÕA
NB@_CM M AXHU[_M M_JMKM
NB@_CM M ELCBH THAEHK@_

C
U@A K@U UCNB@U ]XH UX_EMJ@U
AXHU[_@ LH_J@U@ BC[@_MB
KHDHAKCÃAK@B@ HA BM NXH__M,
Y_@[HNCÃAK@B@ HA BM YMW
M HU[H JM_6 AXHU[_@ JM_

CC
HA AXHU[_M HU[HBM HU[ÍA Y_HUHA[HU
N_MAKHU LÃ_@HU KH MSH_.
S HA BM Y_@M UX JMAKM[@
AXHU[_@ BHJM KH THAEH_
¡KH THAEH_ @ J@_C_!

E@_@

CCC
S HA HU[M LH_ÕCEM UCANBMKX_M,
]XH BM LCU[@_CM A@U BHNÕ,
AXHU[_M M_JMKM DCGÕ _XJO@,
UCHJY_H MB A@_[H KHB L@A@_
¡KHB L@A@_ S KHB TMB@_!

CT
UCHJY_H M [@YH KHB JHUMAM
AXHU[_M HAUHÝM DBMJHM_Í,
AMKCH LMO_Í KH JMAECBBM_BM,
AMKCH AXAEM BM M__CM_Í
Y@_ [C J@_C_, Y@_ [C BXELM_

E@_@

4
LCJA@ KH BM HUEXMK_M

KH MBJC_MA[H M N_XJH[H BM HUEXMK_M


MACJMKM KH XA JCUJ@ CKHMB
UX TCE[@_CM UH GX_M HA BM NXH__M
HA[XUCMU[M Y_HYM_M HA BM YMW

EXMAK@ UXHAH BM L@_M KH Y_XHOM


BM JM_CAM UMO_Í KHJ@U[_M_
]XH HU BM KCNAM S DHBCW LH_HKH_M
KH BM NB@_CM KH E@EL_MAH S Y_M[

E@_@7
HU BM YM[_CM HB HJOBHJM KH NB@_CM
UCHJY_H MB [@YH GX_MJ@U [HAH_

DBMJHM_M OMG@ HB U@B KH TCE[@_CM


@ M UXU U@JO_MU UMO_HJ@U EMH_ (OCU)

UCHJY_H MTMA[H BM CATCE[M JM_CAM


A@ BM MOM[M AC HB TCHA[@ AC HB JM_
A@ BM M__HK_H XAM DB@[M HAHJCNM
AC Y_H[HAKM HA UX A@JO_H JMAELM_

KCUECYBCAM S L@A@_ U@A UXU BHJMU


H\CNHAECM HU UX A@_JM TC[MB
HB MJ@_ M BM YM[_CM HU UX NXCM
BM N_MAKHWM KH ELCBH HU UX MDÍA.

E@_@

>
LCJA@ DXH_WM KH UXOJM_CA@U

UXOJM_CA@U MEECÕA HA BM JM_


SM JXS Y_@A[@ TMJ@U M WM_YM_
S Y@_ ELCBH BM TCKM KM_HJ@U
HA KHDHAUM KH UX BCOH_[MK

UXOJM_CA@U MEECÕA HA BM JM_


SM JXS Y_@A[@ TMJ@U M WM_YM_
Y@_ BM YM[_CM M BXELM_
Y@_ BM YM[_CM M J@_C_
UXOJM_CA@U MEECÕA HA BM JM_

L@A@_ M ELCBH
L@A@_ S NB@_CM
BH KM_HJ@U B@U UXOJM_CACU[MU
M BXELM_ E@A MJ@_
S E@A [HUÕA
Y@_ HB YMOHBBÕA

L@A@_ M ELCBH
L@A@_ S NB@_CM
BH KM_HJ@U B@U UXOJM_CACU[MU
UXOJM_CACU[MU
UXOJM_CA@U MEECÕA HA BM JM_.

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LCJA@ KH BM MTCMECÕA AMTMB

C
UXOC_ _XJO@ MB U@B JÍU MBBÍ
S HA B@ MB[@ BM NB@_CM MBEMAWM_
UXOC_ E@A E@_MGH S TMB@_
JCHA[_MU _XNH S [_HYCKM HB MTCÕA
BMU AXOHU UH MEH_EMA
JCHA[_MU BM BXW A@U HATXHBTH
MTCMK@_HU HA XA TXHB@ UCA DCAMB

E@_@
MBH_[M TM HA UX TXHB@ BM OMAKMKM,
U@BHJAH D@_JMECÕA KH B@U MBOM[_@U.
JMGHU[X@U@U, KHUMDCMA[HU U@O_H HB JM_.

CC
UXOC_ S HA BMU MBMU BBHTM_,
HB K@JCAC@ KHB MC_H S HB JM_.
UXOC_ S HA HB ECHB@ HAE@A[_M_,
HUM HU[_HBBM ]XH A@U NXCM_Í.

Y@_ UCHJY_H HA B@ MB[@


U@J@U BHNCÕA ]XH A@ JXH_H
YXHU [HAHJ@U [_MKCECÕA MH_@AMTMB

E@_@

3
LCJA@ KH BM HUEXHBM AMTMB

MX[@_ J×UCEM S BH[_M7 GXMA G@UH KH _H[MAM


.
B@U EMKH[HU AMTMBHU ELCBHA@U
Y@_ BM YM[_CM GX_MJ@U J@_C_,
S YMUHM_ UX OMAKH_M UCA JMAELM
Y@_ B@U JM_HU KH XA@ M @[_@ E@ADÊA. (OCU)
.
HA BM BXELM Y@_ N_MAKH ]XH UHM,
AXHU[_M HUYMKM UMO_Í KHDHAKH_,
HB L@A@_ KH HUM CATCE[M OMAKH_M,
]XH KHB JXAK@ HB MU@JO_@ LM KH UH_,
.
@ [_CXADM_ HA NCNMA[H YHBHM,
@ J@_C_ E@A @_NXBB@ S L@A@_,
YXHU GMJÍU HB EMKH[H ELCBHA@,
M__CM_Í UX NB@_C@U@ YHAKÕA.

MUÊ Y_M[ E@A UXU O_MT@U JM_CA@U,


Y@_ BM YM[_CM UX TCKM _CAKCÕ
EXO_CÕ KH BMX_HBHU HB OM_E@
]XH M UX YHU@ [MA U@B@ UH LXAKCÕ.

BM OMAKH_M EBMTMKM HA HB [@YH,


"MB MO@_KMGH, JXELMEL@U" N_C[Õ
S BM HU[_HBBM ELCBHAM _MKCMA[H,
@_NXBB@UM HA B@U JM_HU UH LXAKCÕ.

[MA[M NB@_CM HU@U JM_HU EXO_CH_@A,


]XH UXU @AKMU BM BXW _HDBHGÕ
S LMU[M HB ECHB@ B@U HE@U UXOCH_@A
KHB EBM_ÊA, ]XH UX [MJM HA[@AÕ..

=9
LCJA@ KH BM HUEXHBM KH N_XJH[HU

J×UCEM7 U@ CJ JU.
JU. JMAXHB TCTMBB@U
TCTMB B@U J.
BH[_M7 JMAXHB O_XAH[ J.

TCHGM HUEXHBM KH MB[CT@U JM_CAH_@U


HA [XU MXBMU UMOHJ@U KHB L@A@_,
BM N_MAKHWM, BMU NB@_CMU S B@U DXH_@U
KHB UMN_MK@ ELCBHA@ [_CE@B@_.

EMKM KÊM ]XH YMUM, B@U N_XJH[HU


MTCU[MJ@U KH AXHT@ @[_@U E@ADCAHU
S MB DHU[CT@ E@JYÍU KM B@U EBM_CAHU
KHUYBHNMJ@U BM DXH_WM S BM UMBXK6

]XH E@A HBBMU BM YM[_CM A@U H\CNH


_H[HJYBM_ B@U NMBBM_K@U E@_MW@AHU
S MY_HAKH_ BMU YM[_CÕ[CEMU BHEEC@AHU
]XH
. A@U NXÊMA MB OCHA S M BM TC_[XK.
S UMBC_ MB UH_TCEC@ KH BM M_JMKM
HB N_XJH[H UMO_Í UH_ JM_CAH_@,
S HUD@_WM_UH Y@_ UH_ UCHJY_H HB Y_CJH_@,
Y@_ UX DH, UX E@_MGH S UX TMB@_.
.
EXMAK@ ]XCH_M BM YM[_CM ]XH A@U@[_@U
E@AUH_THJ@U NCNMA[H E@J@ XA [HJYB@
KH UXU O_MT@U JM_CA@U HB HGHJYB@
KH BM M_JMKM UCA YM_ [@K@ HB L@A@_.

TCHGM HUEXHBM KH MB[CT@U JM_CAH_@U


HA [XU MXBMU UMOHJ@U KHB L@A@_,
BM N_MAKHWM, BMU NB@_CMU S B@U DXH_@U
KHB UMN_MK@ ELCBHA@ [_CE@B@_.
.

==
LCJA@ KH
KH BMU
B MU [HBHE@JX
[HB HE@JXACEMEC@A
ACEMEC@AHU
HU AMTMBHU
AMTMB HU

HA B@U MBO@_HU KH BM YM[_CM


HB TCHA[@ UX_ LCW@ DBMJHM_
U@O_H HB THBMJHA,
AXHU[_MU UHÝMBHU
E@JXACEMAK@ UX MEEC@AM_.

U@J@U _ÍYCK@U, UHNX_@U, EH_[H_@U


HA [CH__M, HA HB MC_H, HA HB JM_
UCHJY_H M[HA[@U, A@ELH S KÊM
AXHU[_M JCUCÕA, E@JXACEM_.

BM T@W KHB JMAK@ UH @C_Í


DXH_[H S EBM_@ BBHNM_M
A@ LMS L@_CW@A[H ]XH A@ MBEMAEHJ@U
U@J@U YC@AH_@U KHB BC[@_MB.

U@J@U _ÍYCK@U, UHNX_@U, EH_[H_@U


HA [CH__M, HA HB MC_H, HA HB JM_
UCHJY_H M[HA[@U, A@ELH S KÊM
AXHU[_M JCUCÕA, E@JXACEM_

BM T@W KHB JMAK@ UH @C_Í


DXH_[H S EBM_@ BBHNM_M
UCHJY_H _MXK@U, EXMB BM BXW
[HBHE@JXACEMA[HU
O_MT@ WXB×

=?
LCJA@ OH-;5 HUJH_MBKM

BM KMJM OBMAEM, BH KCEHA


Y@_]XH U@A OBMAEMU UXU THBMU
S Y@_ UX OBMAEM UCBXH[M
U@O_H BMU @BMU KHB JM_

HU XA YHKMW@ KH ELCBH
HU XA GC_ÕA KH BM [CH__M
]XH TM KHGMAK@ UXU LXHBBMU
U@O_H BMU @BMU KHB JM_

KMJM OBMAEM,
[X A@JO_H HU BHSHAKM
BM LMWMÝM JM_CAH_M
MBHN_M HB E@_MWÕA
HUJH_MBKM
[X A@JO_H A@U _HEXH_KM
]XH MB [@YH LMS XAM HU[_HBBM
Y_HAKCKM MB [_CE@B@_

[@KM THU[CKM KH OBMAE@


HU KHB JM_CA@ UX A@TCM
HU XAM OBMAEM NMTC@[M
U@O_H BMU @BMU KHB JM_

HU ELCBH BCAK@ LHEL@ OM_E@


OMG@ HB MWXB KH UX ECHB@
HU CBXUCÕA, HU HAUXHÝ@
U@O_H BMU @BMU KHB JM_

=5
LCJA@ DD-=< _CTH_@U

E@A L@A@_, E@A TMB@_


KCUECYBCAM HA[XUCMUJ@ S KHECUCÕA
E@A [HUÕA, E@A TCN@_
E@A E@ADCMAWM KH EXJYBC_ AXHU[_M JCUCÕA
E@A L@A@_, E@A TMB@_
JMA[HAK_HJ@U UCHJY_H HA MB[@ HB UMN_MK@ [_CE@B@_.
E@A L@A@_, E@A TMB@_ S KHECUCÕA.

_CTH_@U, _CTH_@U,
HB @_NXBB@ KH BM DB@[M [X UH_ÍU
E@A N@BYHU EH_[H_@U
HA HB EX_U@ KHB E@JOM[H S KH BM YMW
_CTH_@U, _CTH_@U,
HU [X A@JO_H NM_MA[ÊM KH DCH_HWM S BHMB[MK
KHDHAKCHAK@ KH BM YM[_CM
UX N_MAKHWM S UX CKHMB.

E@A L@A@_, E@A TMB@_


EHA[CAHBM KHB @EÃMA@ MXU[_MB
E@A [HUÕA, E@A TCN@_
HB HGHJYB@ KH XAM JHA[H UCHJY_H MXKMW
E@A L@A@_, E@A TMB@_
UC HB D_MN@_ KH BM JH[_MBBM
UCBHAECM_Í AXHU[_M T@W
BBHTM_HJ@U UCHJY_H M [@YH ÃB YMOHBBÕA.

=;
CC. EMAEC@AHU AMTMBHU
NB@_CM S TCE[@_CM

J×UCEM7 @UJÍA YÃ_HW D_HC_H


BH[_M7 MA[@AC@ @__HN
@__HN@
@ OM__@U
OM __@U

MB TCO_MA[H EBMJ@_ KH B@U EBM_CAHU


S MB U@BHJAH _HK@OBH KHB [MJO@_
HA B@U O_MW@U KH CATCE[@U YMBMKCAHU
TM MKHBMA[H HB NMBBM_K@ [_CE@B@_.
.
A@U UHÝMBM BM _X[M KH BM NB@_CM,
]XH JM_EÕ AXHU[_@ HGÃ_EC[@ CATMU@_
EMJCAMAK@ TCE[@_CM [_MU TCE[@_CM,
HAEHAKCK@ HA YM[_CÕ[CE@ DH_T@_.
.
HB HJOBHJM CAJ@_[MB KH AXHU[_@U OXHA@U,
KH THAEH_ @ J@_C_ A@U NXCM_Í
S UMO_HJ@U THAEH_ E@J@ ELCBHA@U
@ UMO_HJ@U J@_C_ EXMB JX_CÕ Y_M[. (OCU)
.
AXAEM DXH AXHU[_M YM[_CM Y_@DMAMKM,
Y@_ HB [_ÍNCE@ YCÃ KHB CATMU@_
JMU, SM HA O_MW@U ELCBHA@U DXH BBHTMKM,
M @[_MU [CH__MU BM HAUHÝM [_CE@B@_.
.
UC BM YM[_CM UH UCHA[H MJHAMWMKM,
Y@_ HB N@BYH MBHT@U@ KHB [_MCK@_,
BHTMA[MJ@U
H CJY@ANMJ@U E@A
BM NB@_CM
BHS KHBAXHU[_M HUYMKM,
THAEHK@_.
.
¡MKHBMA[H JXELMEL@U BM G@_AMKM,
AXHU[_@U YMK_HU BM LCECH_@A E@A M_K@_
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HA BM A@ELH MAKXTCH_@A KH DM__M


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J×UCEM7 U@ CJ.(JU.) EM_B@U UMBMWM_ UMBMWM_


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59

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BHMB[MK S L@A@_, DCHB LMU[M J@_C_
HU AXHU[_@ BHJM UCA YM_.

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E@A TMB@_ UMAN_H S HB E@_MWÕA.
5?

LCJA@ KHB K.C.J. A· ; "E@EL


" E@EL_MAH"
_MAH"

J×UCEM7 E=· CJ.(JU.) _@JH@ NM_EÃU _XCW


bH[_M 7 EA CJ U_. NXCBBH_J@ [@BHK@ BHMB

AXHU[_M LCU[@_CM UH HUE_COCÕ,


E@A BM YXA[M KH XA YXÝMB
UX A@JO_H LH_HKÕ,
KH XA L@JO_H KH MEECÕA,
HB JM_CA@ KH MXKMECM UCA YM_.

U@A B@U JCUJ@U KH TMBKCTCM,


U@A B@U JCUJ@U KH E@__MB
UX A@JO_H B@ DXAKH,
MBBÍ M B@ BHG@U,
HB TH_KH S MWXB KHB JM_.

"E@EL_MAH", KHUKH HB HU[_HEL@


KH CUBM HA CUBM UMB[M_Í
"E@EL_MAH" MOCH_[@ HB YHEL@
HU [X EMJCA@ HB MAEL@ JM_.

TMJ@U, BM E@U[M HUYH_M


HU[H NB@_C@U@ JMAMA[CMB,
KH CADMA[HU KH JM_CAM
]XH M UX KHU[CA@ SM WM_YM_ÍA.
.
55

LCJA@ MN_XYMECÕA KH E@JMAK@U CJ

MKMY[MECÕA S M__HNB@U JXUCEMBHUU=· CJ.(JU.) LÃE[@_


M__HK@AK@ U@WM
BH[_M7 EA CJ U_. LH_JMAA O_@F@_K[
O_@F@_K[ _MJÊ_HW

E@JMAK@ U@S CADMA[H KH JM_CAM


]XH JC TMB@_ M DXHN@ N_MOM_Ã
Y@_ HU@ T@S Y@_ ACHTH, @BMU, ECHB@ U@B S UMB
E@A JC YXÝMB E@JOM[@ LMU[M THAEH_.

YMU@ THB@W E@A DCH_@U EMJM_MKMU


]XH MB KCUYM_M_ MECH_[MA UCA DMBBM_
S KHUKH HB JM_ Y@_ MC_H @ [CH__M S@ JH CADCB[_M_Ã
S UCA [HJH_ BM TCKM MUÊ KM_Ã.

MB _H[@_AM_ E@A BBMNMU KHB E@JOM[H


A@ KXKM_Ã E@A O_Ê@U MUÊ EMA[M_,
E@JMAK@ U@S CADMA[H KH JM_CAM
DXH_[H S DCHB ]XH JC TMB@_
M DXHN@ SM N_MOÃ.
5;

LCJA@ KH BM HUEXHBM
HUEXHBM CJ
.
J×UCEM7 U@J CJ U_. _ÕJXB@ EM]XH@ EL@BHBH
BH[_M 7 EE CJ U_. YHK_@ N@AWÍBHW YMELHE@

YM[C@U MXU[H_@U EC_EXAKMA [XU YCHK_MU


]XH Y_HUCKH HB UHTH_@ [@__HÕA,
[CHAHU MBJM KH JM_ S KH [CH__M,
S HB BHANXMGH [_CXADMB KHB EMÝÕA.

B@U TMBCHA[HU BHMBHU KH MA[MÝ@,


[H BHNM_@A TC_CB E@_MWÕA,
S HA [XU MXBMU JMKX_MU EMKM MÝ@
BM E@UHELM KH LH_@CEM BHNCÕA.

[X D@_JMU[H MB U@BKMK@,
E@A CA[HAU@ DH_T@_,
M_[CBBH_@U H CADMA[HU,
EXJYBC_ÍA E@A TCT@ M_K@_,
S BHMB[MK UX [_MKCECÕA.

KXBEH CJMNHA KH ELCBH,


S HB _HEXH_K@ KH [C,
A@OBH HUEXHBM BBHTM_HJ@U,
MB JM_ELM_ M BM BCK,
EXMAK@ UXHAH HB EBM_ÊA.
58

LCJA@ KHB EHA[_@ HA[_HAMJCHA[@ O MUCE@ CJ. (H\-EC_ECJ)

J×UCEM7 JMX_CEH GM__H


BH[_M7 U=· CJ.(EK@U) EÃUM_ OXNBC[W @_[CW

SM HU[ÍA BCU[@U B@U U@BKMK@U


KCUYXHU[@U M E@JOM[C_
HA EXMB]XCH_ [H__HA@ S EBCJM
E@JOM[CHAK@ LMU[M J@_C_.

HB HGHJYB@ KHB EXM_[HB


HB EC_ECJ SM B@ UH_Í
KHJ@U[_MAK@ E@A UX HGHJYB@
HB TMB@_ S BHMB[MK.

HB KÊM ]XH [MA BM_N@


DXH OMG@ HUH U@B A@U THA E@__H
LMU[M ]XH MB DCA BM OMAKH_M
UH TH DBMJHM_ MLÊ. (OCU)
54

LCJA@ KHB YM_MEMCKCU[M


YM_M EMCKCU[M CJ

(MKMY[MECÕA KHB LCJA@ KH O@CAMU AHN_MU)

HU[H HU HB LCJA@ KH XA N_XY@ KH L@JO_HU


]XH KHUKH HB ECHB@ M BM [CH__M EMSÕ
JC_Í LMECM MOMG@ S A@ YCUHU UX U@JO_M,
Y@_]XH HA HB MC_H UX TCKM HAE@A[_@.

U@A O@CAMU TH_KHU ]XH TMA EMSHAK@


MB TH_KH JMA[@ KH AXHU[_M [CH__M
UX DXH_[H _@U[_@ HUEXBYCK@ HA YCHK_M
[_MH U@A_CUM KH CAJ@_[MB.

TH_KH HU BM UHKM ]XH [_MG@ M HUH L@JO_H,


TH_KH HU HB JMA[@ ]XH B@ E@OCGÕ
TH_KH HUYH_MAWM A@U [_MH HU[H L@JO_H
TH_KH HB BMX_HB ]XH SM E@A]XCU[@.

YM_MEMCKCU[MU BM [CH__M [CHJOBM


EXMAK@ UX O@[M UH Y@UM HA HBBM
BM O@CAM AHN_M HU AXHU[_@ HJOBHJM
A@ [HANMU JCHK@ SM B@ UMO_MU.
5>

B@U ]XH AXAEM


AXAEM T@BTH_ÍA
T@B TH_ÍA

J×UCEM S BH[_M7 NXCBBH_J@ OMUEXÝMA K@EFHAK@_D

_HK@OBMA B@U [MJO@_HU HA HB E@_MWÕA,


B@U U@BKMK@U SM UH TMA
U@AÕ HB EBM_ÊA YM_M HJOM_EM_UH,
M KÕAKH WM_YM_ÍA.

HU BM L@_M KH KHEC_ MKCÕU


_@JYH HB MC_H XAM JM_ECMB EMAECÕA,
S MAUC@UM KH L@_CW@A[HU
JC HUEXMK_M TM, E@A _XJO@ MB U@B.

EXÍA[@U KH HBB@U A@ THAK_ÍA GMJÍU


HA ]XÃ YBMSMU HBB@U EMH_ÍA
B@U ]XH AXAEM T@BTH_ÍA,
[MJOCÃA KCEHA MKCÕU
YHAUMAK@ HA HB _HN_HU@.

UC A@ TXHBT@ A@ JH BB@_HU JÍU


XA _HEXH_K@ UÕB@ YHKC_Ã,
S HA BM O_CUM HAE@A[_M_ÍU
HB OHU@ ]XH [H HATCÃ,
E@J@ XA Y@U[_H_ MKCÕU.

]XH [CH__M H\[_MÝM EXO_C_Í


HB BXNM_ HA ]XH EMCNM YM_M UCHJY_H,
HA JM_ELM MB U@B LH KH YM_[C_
MBBÍ C_ÍA B@U ]XH AXAEM T@BTH_ÍA.
5<

[@__H@AHU KH @_@

J×UCEM7 U=· CJ.(JU.) GMCJH DÕ_HJMA DÕ_HJMA


BH[_M [=· CJ. (CJ.) _CEM_K@ Y@AEH

U@J@U B@U CADMA[HU KH JM_CAM,


]XH AMECJ@U E@A BM BCOH_[MK,
BHMBHU S UCHJY_H DCHBHU
M AXHU[_M NB@_C@UM OMAKH_M.

"MBKHM" A@U LM BHNMK@


XAM HUEXHBM KH TMB@_,
HU BM ]XH A@U LMEH N_MAKHU
U@BKMK@U KH E@_MWÕA.

BM YM[_CM A@U H\CNH


JÍU [_@DH@U KH TCE[@_CM,
S HBB@ B@N_M_HJ@U
@ KM_HJ@U AXHU[_M TCKM E@A L@A@_.

D@_[MBHWM S BHMB[MK U@A HB BHJM


KH AXHU[_M JMNAM S MB[CTM CAU[C[XECÕA,
AXHU[_@U EXH_Y@U U@BKMK@U U@A HB [HJYB@
KH BM NB@_CM S L@A_M M EXU[@KCM_.

MKHBMA[H EMJM_MKMU,
MB E@JOM[H JM_ELM_HJ@U,
JM_ELM_HJ@U,
UH_HA@U S UHNX_@U
KH @O[HAH_ XA NMBM_KÕA.

AXHU[_@U YHEL@U TM_@ACBHU,


E@A NMBBM_KÊM, MJ@_ S DH,
EXMB [@__H@AHU KH @_@ ]XH O_CBBM_ÍA
EMA[MAK@ JM_ELM_ÍA LMECM BM BCK.
53

OM[H_
OM [H_ÊM
ÊM KHB ?<9

J×UCEM7 EE OK U_. JM_C@ MU[@_]XCWM MU[@_]XCWM


BH[_M7 ED ME. U_. EM_B@U UMBMWM_ E@A[_H_MU

U@BKMK@U, BM YM[_CM @U BBMJM


TMJ@U [@K@U M BMU DCBMU M HAN_@UM_,
]XH LXHU[HU [MA TMBH_@UMU
]XH M ELCBH JXELMU NB@_CMU KCH_@A SM.

U@J@U LCG@U KH B@U O_MT@U


AXHU[_@ BHJM HU BHMB[MK
E@J@ DXH_@A B@U TMBCHA[HU
]XH JX_CH_@A GXA[@ M Y_M[.

KHB ECHB@, SM B@U E@A[HJYBMA


B@U EMÊK@U HA BM BXELM E@A TMB@_,
]XH [XTCH_@A Y@_ J@_[MGM
HUH OHBB@, YX_@ S UMA[@ [_CE@B@_.

E@A[HJYBHJ@U UCHJY_H E@A DH_T@_,


DBMJHM_ AXHU[_@ YMOHBBÕA
E@A UX HU[_HBBM DXBNX_MAK@ HB U@B
HA BMU E@U[MU KHB OMU[CÕA.
(OCU)
;9

SM JM_ELM BM CADMA[H_CM (U`bkmtha Fmjhrmkha)

SM JM_ELM BM CADMA[H_ÊM
M [@JM_ UX Y@UCECÕA
S@ ]XHK@ HA BM _H[MNXM_KCM
YXHU DXC LH_CK@ HA HB EMJY@ KHB L@A@_
UCA HJOM_N@ ]XCH_@ C_ EMYC[ÍA
]XCH_@ C_ M BXELM_
Y@_ JC YM[_CM, JC OMAKH_M, JC CKHMB

U@BKMK@U, EMJM_MKMU
Y@_ BM L@A_M KH BM YM[_CM M BXELM_
CADMA[HU KH JM_CAM, AXHU[_M YM[_CM,
AXHU[_@ EXH_Y@ THAEH_ÍA

_HN_HUM BM CADMA[H_ÊM
THAEHK@_M KH BM MEECÕA
BM JXH_[H BBHTM MB CADMA[H
MB NB@_C@U@ [HJYB@ KHB TMB@_
HA BM YM[_CM E@J@ B@ BB@_M_M
BM JXGH_ KH UX MJ@_
BM ]XH XA KÊM BH HA[_HN@ UX E@_MWÕA
;=

EMAECÕA KH B@U CADMA[HU

J×UCEM7 G@LA ^CBBCMJ U[HDDH


BH[_M 7 MKMY[MECÕA

U@J@U B@U CADMA[HU ]XH SM TMJ@U M [_CXADM_,


U@J@U B@U ]XH JM_ELMA OMG@ XA U@B KH _HKHAECÕA.
UC HB KHOH_ UH KCNAM AXHU[_@U YHEL@U BHTMA[M_
[_CXADM_HJ@U HA BM MEECÕA.

E@_@
NB@_CM, NB@_CM M B@U CADMA[HU,
NB@_CM M AXHU[_@ YMOHBBÕA,
NB@_CM M AXHU[_M CADMA[H_ÊM,
BM ]XH A@ [CHAH _CTMB.

TMJ@U B@U CADMA[HU KH HU[M A@OBH XACKMK,


TMJ@U Y@_ BM UHAKM KH BMU MBJMU M _HAKC_
XA LH_J@U@ EXB[@ M B@U LÃ_@HU KH MSH_,
]XH UXYCH_@A UXEXJOC_.

E@_@

EXMAK@ HB OX]XH UX_]XH HB MWXB KH AXHU[_@ JM_


S M O@_K@ HU[HJ@U BCU[@U M KHUHJOM_EM_
EXMAK@ B@U EMÝ@AHU UH MY_HU[MA M KCUYM_M_
BMU OM_EMWMU M [@JM_.

E@_@
;?

L@A@_HU
L@A@_HU M B@U
B @U EMÊK@U

BH[_M7 EE _B (_) GXMA HA_C]XH OM__@U JM[[H


J×UCEM7 U@J CJ (JU) J@CUÃU MOX_[@ Y@WM

EMKM THW ]XH B@U DXUCBHU HJYXÝMJ@U


B@U CADMA[HU KH JM_CAM _HE@_KMJ@U
M B@U YMK_HU ]XH HU[H A@JO_H A@U D@_GM_@A,
S E@A ÃB XAM NB@_C@UM [_MKCECÕA.
AXHU[_MU T@EHU U@A HB HE@ KH BM YM[_CM,
]XH L@S HT@EM HJ@EC@AMKM UX JHJ@_CM,
B@U HATXHBTH HA[_H B@U ACJO@U KH BM NB@_CM
S HA B@U YBCHNXHU KH UX CATCE[@ [_CE@B@_.

E@_@
NB@_CM S L@A@_ M B@U
B @U CADMA[HU
CADMA[HU KH JM_CAM
]XH UMB[M
UMB[M_@A
_@A E@A
E@A TMB@_ MB MO@_K
MO @_KMG
MGH,
H,
HA BMU YBMSMU
YBMSM U UH BMAWM_@A MB E@JOM[H,
S JX_CH_@A
JX_CH_@A KHDHAKCHAK
KHDHAKCHAK@ @ HB YMOHBB
YMO HBBÕA.
ÕA.

HA BM MX_@_M KH BM LCU[@_CM CAKHYHAKCHA[H


B@U Y_CJH_@U OM[MBB@AHU KH JM_CAM
E@A B@_K E@EL_MAH S E@A JCBBH_ HA TMBKCTCM
UH ECÝH_@A BM E@_@AM KH BMX_HB.
S HA C]XC]XH AXHU[_M NHU[M JÍU NB@_C@UM
K@U CADMA[HU UH CAJ@BM_@A GXA[@ M Y_M[,
GXMA KH KC@U MBKHM UM_NHA[@ TMBH_@U@
S EMAMTH XA U@BKMK@ UCA CNXMB.
E@_@
]XH HB MB[ÊUCJ@ OHAKCNM M B@U CADMA[HU
]XH MA[H ELCBH S HJYXÝMAK@ AXHU[_@ L@A@_,
Y_@JH[HJ@U HJXBM_ BMU [_MKCEC@AHU
KH TC_[XK, KH BHMB[MK S KH TMB@_.
UHNXC_HJ@U UCHJY_H DCHBHU S HUD@_WMK@U
BM TCE[@_CM UH_Í UCHJY_H KH CKHMB,
YXHU BM LXHBBM ]XH KHGM_@A B@U JMS@_HU,
AC B@U TCHG@U AC BMU @BMU O@__M_MA.
E@_@
;5

O_MT@U
O_M T@U U@BKMK@U KHB JM_
JM _ (LCJA@
(LCJA@ OCEHA[HAM_C@

BH[_M7 GCJJS OMUEXÝÍA S MXNXU[@ YCA@ELH[ ME@U[M


J×UCEM7 GCJJS OMUEXÝÍA

E@_@
O_MT@U U@BKMK@U KHB JM_,
KCUECYBCAMK@U, [HAMEHU S BHMBHU
K@UECHA[@U MÝ@U KH UH_TCEC@ M AXHU[_M YM[_CM,
L@S A@U E@A[HJYBMA S MBCHA[MA M [_CXADM_,
O_MT@U U@BKMK@U KHB JM_,
L@A@_ S NB@_CM M B@U CADMA[HU KH JM_CAM,
A@OBHU S DCH_@U NXH__H_@U HJOM_EMK@U,
U@J@U U@BKMK@U, KH [CH__M S JM_, KHB JM_,
C
KH ?8 EMWMK@_HU KH B@U MAKHU,
MB EXH_Y@ CJ ]XH L@S UH MY_HU[M M EHBHO_M_,
XAM NB@_C@UM LCU[@_CM KH K@UECHA[@U MÝ@U,
N_MAKHU TCE[@_CMU HA BM NXH__M S HA BM YMW,
CC
JCBBH_, MBKHM S [MA[@U @[_@U A@U BHNM_@A,
[HJYBH E@_MGH S E@JY_@JCU@ HA BM JCUCÕA,
NXH__H_@U UCJYBHU, MADCOC@U S KC_HE[@U,
DCHBHU MB MAEBM, B@U EMÝ@AHU S HB [@__HÕA,
E@_@
CCC
KHB A@_[H N_MAKH M B@U EMAMBHU JMU MXU[_MBHU
S HA B@U E@ADCAHU KH BM OMUH M_[X_@ Y_M[,
HA EMKM CADMA[H KH JM_CAM XA EHA[CAHBM,
XA Y_@[HE[@_ KH AXHU[_M [CH__M S AXHU[_@ JM_,
CT
DXH_WM DBH\COBH ]XH UH MKMY[M M AXHU[_@ [CHJY@,
MBJMU KH MEH_@ ]XH UH_TCJ@U E@A L@A@_,
M HUM OMAKH_M AXAEM M__CMKM HA HB E@JOM[H,
]XH B@U E@UME@U THAH_MJ@U E@A DH_T@_.
E@_@
;;

CT. LCJA@U S EMAEC@AHU HGÃ_EC[@


B@U TCHG@U HU[MAKM_[HU (LCJA@ HGÃ_EC[@ KH ELCBH)

C
EHUÕ HB [_@AM_ KH EMÝ@AHU
BMU [_CAELH_MU SM HU[ÍA UCBHA[HU
S Y@_ B@U EMJCA@U KHB A@_[H
TXHBTHA B@U OM[MBB@AHU
TXHBTHA B@U HUEXMK_@AHU
¡M ELCBH! S M UXU TCHG@U MJ@_HU.
CC
HA UXU TCE[@_C@UMU OMAKH_MU
[_MHA JCB _HEXH_K@U KH NB@_CMU
¡OMBMU! KHUNM__M_@A UXU UHKMU
S UXU HU[_HBBMU JXHU[_MA
S UXU HU[_HBBMU JXHU[_MA
¡L@A_@UMU! ECEM[_CEHU KH NXH__M.
CCC
E_XWMA OMG@ M_E@U [_CXADMBHU
[_MU KH UXU O_MT@U NHAH_MBHU
S MXA]XH YMUMA LH_CK@U
TMA JM_ELMAK@ JM_ECMBHU
TMA U@A_CHAK@ TC_CBHU
S _H[@_AMA CATCE[@.
CT
YMUMA B@U TCHG@U HU[MAKM_[HU
]XH HA BMU OM[MBBMU E@JOM[CH_@A
S ]XH HJYMYMK@U HA UMAN_H
M B@U U@BKMK@U NXCM_@A
S M B@U JXH_[@U EXO_CH_@A
E@J@ J@_[MGMU A@OBHU
E@_@
¡MLÊ TMA B@U CADMA[HU KH O_@AEH!
¡DXHN@! M_[CBBH_@U KH LCH__@
S MB TCHA[@ UXU UMOBHU S BMAWMU
M BM EM_NM …B@U GCAH[HU KH YBM[M.
;8

UÃY[CJ@ KH BÊAHM

OCWM__@ _HNCJCHA[@
BBHNÕ BM L@_M KHB MKCÕU
]XH JM_EÕ BM UHAKM _HE[M
KH AXHU[_M NB@_CM S KHB L@A@_.
MB UÃY[CJ@ KH BÊAHM
HUEXHBM S [HJYB@ KHB TMB@_
]XH MB YM_[C_ GX_MJ@U [@K@U
E@AUH_TM_HJ@U BM [_MKCECÕA.

S MB U@A TCO_MA[H KH EBM_CAHU


SM JM_ELM BM [_@YM TMBCHA[H OXUEMAK@ BM NB@_CM
BHNCÕA KH O_MT@U YMBMKCAHU
EMJCAM D@_GMK@ KH MEH_@ KHB [HJYBH JHG@_.
_HK@OBMA B@U [MJO@_HU
KHB _HNCJCHA[@ ]XH UH TM
HA UX U@A UH HUEXELM HB _C[J@
KH AXHU[_@ Y_@YC@ E@_MWÕA. (OCU)

E@A YCH UH_HA@ JM_ELM_HJ@U


MB O_MW@ HB M_JM ]XH HA[_M_Í HA MEECÕA
UCA KHUEMAUM_ LMU[M B@N_M_
L@A_M_ E@A BM TCE[@_CM MB YMOHBBÕA.
MB _XK@ D_HA[H YM_[C_HJ@U
]XH MBBÍ M B@ BHG@U MAXAECÕ HB EMÝÕA
E MÝÕA
E@A UX D_MN@_ M[_@AMK@_
A@U E@BJM KH NXH__H_M KHECUCÕA.

T@BTH_ÍA UCA UH_ B@U ]XH YM_[CH_@A


DMB[M_ÍA MBNXA@U ]XH JX_CH_@A
L@A_M_ÍA BM YM[_CM [@K@U HBB@U
YM_M UCHJY_H, YM_M UCHJY_H UX JHJ@_CM NXM_KM_Í.
T@BTH_ÍA BMU MBJMU KH B@U LÃ_@HU
M GX_M_ KH AXHT@ M UX OMAKH_M
D@_JM_ÍA BMU DCBMU JÍU NXH__H_MU
HA NMBBM_KM AXOH [_CE@B@_. (5 OCU)

MKCÕU MB _HNCJCHA[@ ]XH UH TM


MKCÕU, MKCÕU, MKCÕU.
;4

LCJA@ HUEXH
HUEXHBM
BM JCBC[M_

E@_@
HA B@U [CHJY@U LH_@CE@U UMBCH_@A
KH [X MBEÍWM_ HA TXHB@ [_CXADMB,
BMU ECHA ÍNXCBMU O_MTMU ]XH LCECH_@A
N_MAKH M ELCBH HA BM MJÃ_CEM MXU[_MB.

C
E@J@ MA[MÝ@ M BM YM[_CM JMÝMAM,
AXHT@U LÃ_@HU [XU MXBMU KM_ÍA.
AXHU[_M UMAN_H TC_CB S B@WMAM,
HU BM JCUJM KH JMCY× S SXANMS.
S UC XA YXHOB@ JHANXMK@ UH M[_HTH
AXHU[_M HAUHÝM NB@_C@UM CAUXB[M_,
[XU EMEL@__@U HB E_CJHA MBHTH,
HA NB@_C@U@ [_@YHB THANM_ÍA.

CC
HA HB OÃBCE@ HUEXK@ BBHTMJ@U,
KHB Y_@N_HU@ S BM ECHAECM HB OBMUÕA,
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MB E@JYÍU KHB EBM_ÊA S HB [MJO@_.
AXHU[_@ MC_@U@ YHAMEL@ KH M_JCÝ@,
UH BHTMA[M M B@U OHU@U KHB U@B,
EXMB UH HBHTM AXHU[_M MBJM KH ACÝ@
HA[_H MALHB@U KH NB@_CM S L@A@_.

CCC
HB EMKH[H HA BM LH_@CEM G@_AMKM,
MKMBCK CATHAECOBH UH_Í.
]XH LMECM MB [_CXAD@ BM LXHU[H CAK@JMKM,
E@A UX HGHJYB@ S UX T@W BBHTM_Í.
S MB T@BTH_ M BM [CH__M ]XH_CKM
]XH SM EXO_H KH DB@_HU BM YMW,
E@A UX HUYMKM KH NB@_CMU, XANCKM,
NXM_KM_Í KH BM YM[_CM HB MB[M_.
;>

EMAECÕA KH SXANMS
.
J×UCEM S BH[_M 7 U_. G@UÃ WMYC@BM E@_[ÃU
E@_[ÃU

EMA[HJ@U BM NB@_CM
KHB [_CXAD@ JM_ECMB,
]XH HB YXHOB@ ELCBHA@
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