Technical Drafting

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work at your own
pace, this module also covers the knowledge, skills, and proper attitude you need in
Drafting Technology.
A pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine

your level and need.
The learning activity page gives the sequence of the learning tasks.
This page serves as the road map for achieving the desired objectives.
After you accomplished all the tasks required, a post-assessment is given to

check if you are already competent with the specified learning outcome/s and are
ready for the next task.
Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better understanding.
Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

Technical Date Revised: Issued by:
Drafting NCII Developed by:
Diala, Porio, Revision # 0 Page 1 of 160
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TECHNICAL DRAFTING COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIALS
List of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
1. Draft Structural Drafting Structural CON311303

Layout and Details Layout and Details
2. Draft Electrical and Drafting Electrical and CON311304
Electronic Layout Electronic Layout and
and Details Details

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Program/ Course : DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY
Unit of Competency : Draft Structural Layout and Details
Module title : Drafting Structural Layout and Details
Nominal Hours : 60 Hours
INTRODUCTION:
Every structure needs a foundation. The function of a foundation is to provide
a level and uniformly distribute support for the structure. The foundation must be
strong enough to support and distribute the load of the structure. The foundation helps
prevent cold air and dampness from entering the house. It waterproofs the basement
and forms the supporting walls of the basement. It helps prevent the walls from
cracking and the doors and windows from sticking.
The basic principles of constructing building foundation are the same,

regardless of the situation. The methods and materials used in constructing foundation
vary greatly in different parts of the country and are continually changing.
The structural members of the foundation vary according to the design and
size of the foundation. The knowledge brought about by the science of soil mechanics
confirms that rock beds are the most stable medium for foundations. Practically, the
soil where the building stands, serves as the foundation, although it is weaker than
any other construction material. To be able to carry satisfactorily the load of the
building, the steel and other materials used, a foundation is needed to transmit these
loads to the soil.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:
LO1. Draft Foundation Plans
LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans

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TECHNICAL TERMS
Foundation is the part of the building below the surface of the ground which is
sometimes called the substructure.
Dead Load refers to all the weight in a structure made up of immovable materials.
Footing is an enlargement at the lower end of a wall, pier or column to distribute the
load into the ground.
Framing is the wood skeleton of a building constructed one level on top of another.
Girder is the horizontal beam which supports the floor joints.
Heel Plate is the plate at the end of a truss.
Hip Roof is a roof with four sloping sides.
Jack Rafter is a short rafter, usually used on hip roofs.
Joist is a horizontal structural member that supports the floor system or ceiling
system.
Lally Column is a steel column used to support girders and beams.
Pier is a block of concrete supporting the floor of a building.
Pilaster is a decorative column attached to a wall.
Piles are long posts driven into the soil in swampy locations upon which the
foundation footing is laid.
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Pillar is a column used for supporting parts of a structure.
Purlins are horizontal structural members which hold rafters together.
Reinforced Concrete is a concrete in which steel bars or webbing has been

embedded for strength.
Ridge is a the top edge of the roof where rafters meet.
Slab is a foundation reinforced concrete and foundation floor.
Span is the distance between structural supports.
Valley is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof.
Valley Jacks is a rafter that run from a ridge board to a valley rafter.
Valley Rafters. is the diagonal rafter forming the intersection of two sloping roofs.

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Program/Course : Drafting Technology
Module Title : Drafting Structural Layout and Details
Learning Outcome 1 : Draft Foundation Plans
Assessment Criteria:
1. Locations of wall footings, footings and columns are indicated as shown in
the floor plan
2. Details of wall footings, footings and columns are drawn in larger scale
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome No. 1: Draft Foundation Plans

Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read Information Sheet #1.1 on
the kinds of foundation and types of
footings • Try to answer Self-check no.
1.1 the best you can
2. Answer Self Check # 1.1
3. Compare your Answer to the

Answer Key
• Try to perform the activity
4. Proceed to Activity # 1.1
5. Review the procedure from the

given activity sheet

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INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1
Design of Foundation
The design of a foundation is solely based on site investigation. It is the result
of determining the soil surface condition of the soil. The topography of the surface
has to be considered prior to construction, as this might affect the construction
investigation.
A site with a uniform condition is less likely to require extensive investigation
as a site for big projects. Drilling is the most suitable way of determining soil
condition. Sample of soil extracted from the site is examined as to its consistency and
relative density. The area bored or drilled is called test pits. There are varied kinds of
boring methods and equipment as there are varied methods of soil testing. The
National Building Code requires a sole bearing capacity of the soil at 2ft2 per ton or
less than twice the maximum bearing capacity desired for use.
To transmit the building load to the soil is the purpose of a foundation, without
overloading or over stressing the soil. A structural foundation performs properly if the
soil also behaves properly. For the building to last, its foundation should be designed
for the worst times.
Laying out and Staking
The process of establishing the point of building outline or perimeter on the

ground is known to be laying and staking. Prior to construction this process is done
which includes demolition, clearing and establishing building measurement on the
ground.
Before a foundation for a construction is begun, the perimeter of the house or
building should be laid out on the ground.

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The materials and tools used in laying out are the following:
1. Stake – are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground

2. Batter Boards – are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.
3. Level transit is for establishing reference point.
4. Plastic water hose which is transparent and ¼”Ø filled with water to
establish level of horizontal lines
5. String or chord for connecting established point
ESTABLISHING THE SQUARE PRIOR TO EXCAVATION
Excavation and Backfilling

Excavation work in construction of residences is of two categories:
1. Shallow excavation which includes wall footing, and column
footings, whether they are independent, or combined wherein digging of the
soil extends to 1.50 meters.
2. Deep excavation is for large building projects as this requires almost
total extraction of the soil at the site. This requires sheeting and shoring of the

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ground to project adjoining properties. The process is defined as providing
temporary support to the structure or ground during excavation.
Backfilling on the one hand is the filling in of the excavated portion after the
foundation has been laid out.
LAYING OUT THE STAKE AND BATTERBOARD
BRACING THE SIDE OF AN EXCAVATION

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The design of a foundation always includes the following;
1. The dead load plus the live load
2. Load effects of wind, head, water, earthquakes
3. Explosive blasts
As in excavation, a foundation is also categorized as shallow foundation

which includes matt and spread footing, and deep foundation which also includes
piles, piers and caissons.
The earth provides ultimate support of the structure against all elements of
nature. Automatically, the soil where the building stands is a material of construction.
But physically, the soil is weaker than any other material of construction like steel,
concrete and wood. Loads carried by steel, concrete, and wood is transmitted to the
ground, hence there is a foundation to transmit that collective load to the soil in such a
manner as the soil will not be over stressed to cause serious deformation. The
performance of a structural foundation is dependent on soil behavior. Where soil
foundation provides lifetime support for a building all forces that act over time shall
be considered and that foundation is designed for worst conditions that may develop.
There are instances wherein foundation may settle or move. The movement of
the foundation may be due to the following causes:
1. Soil bearing capacity failure

2. Failure or deflection of the foundation structure
3. Sheer distortion of the soil
4. Compression of the soil
There are other factors that contribute to the settlement of the foundation but
these are indirectly related to the superstructure load imposed on the soil.

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SELF CHECK # 1.1
A. Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The process of establishing the perimeters of a house.
2. They are wooden sticks driven to the ground.
3. They are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.
4. It provides ultimate support of the structure.
5. It is the most suitable way of determining the soil condition.
B. Directions: Enumerate the following and write the answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Give the Five (5) materials and tools used in laying out?
2. Give the Four (4) causes of foundation movement?

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ACTIVITY SHEET # 1.1
Directions:
1. Let the students group themselves into 3-5 depending upon the number of
students in the class.
2. Let them discuss among themselves the importance of having a solid
foundation for a building or a residential unit.
3. Let the group leaders report their reasons and answers to the class.
Questions:
1. Why is soil testing an important aspect to consider in the design and
construction of a building?
2. How does having a good and suitable foundation affect the building design
and its strength?
3. Why is having out the corners and squaring it important prior to construction?

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Foundations are important components in the construction of a building. It is

the foundation that carries the load of the building.
Types of Foundations
1. Spread Foundation includes all those types where the load is distributed into
the soil by slender vertical members of timber, concrete or steel called piles.
2. Pier foundation is one where the load is distributed into the soil by slender
vertical members of timber, concrete, or steel called piles.
3. Pier Foundation is the foundation where concrete piers are carried down
through the soil of inadequate bearing power until a satisfactory foundation
bed is reached.
4. Slab Foundation is a solid slab of concrete poured directly on the ground with
footings placed where extra support is needed.
5. T- Foundation consists of a footing upon which is placed a concrete wall or a
concrete block wall forming an inverted T and foundation is popular in
structures with basement.
6. Matt Foundation assembles a mat in that the foundation is spread over the
entire area of the building floor
Foundation Members
The structural members of the foundation vary according to the design and size of the
foundation
1. Footing distributes the weight of a building over large area. Concrete is
commonly used for footings because it can be poured to maintain a firm
contact with the supporting soil
2. Foundation walls - the function of the foundation wall is to support the load of
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the building above the ground line and to transmit the weight of the house to
the footing.
3. Piers and Columns Piers and columns are vertical members usually made of
concrete, brick, steel or wood. They are used to support the floor systems and
can be used as sole support of the structure.
Footings and columns carry the load of the building resting on the foundation.
Kinds of Footings
1. Wall Footing is a footing which supports a wall by extending along
the entire length of the wall.
2. Isolated Footing is one which supports a single column, post, pier or
other concentrated load.
3. Combined Footing is one which supports two column loads or
sometimes three column loads not in a row.
4. Cantilever footing is one which supports two column loads and
consists of two footings connected together by a beam often called a strap
5. Continuous Footing is one which supports a row of three or more
columns.
6. Raft or mat footing is one which extends under the entire building
area and supports all the wall and column loads from the building.
1. Isolated Column Footing 2. Combined Column Footing
3. Cantilever Footing 4. Trapezoidal Footing

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5. Continuous Footing 6. Raft or Mat Footing
7. Wall Footing

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SELF CHECK # 1.2
A. Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and write it
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A footing which supports a wall.
2. The part of the building below the surface of the ground.
3. A footing which supports a single column.
4. A kind of foundation wherein concrete is poured directly to the ground

with footings placed where extra support is needed.
5. A wall that supports or carries a load.
B. Directions: Enumerate the following and write the answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. What are the two (2) types of walls?

2. Give the three (3) kinds of loads?
3. Enumerate the seven (7) classes of footings according to load.
4. What are the six (6) types of foundations?

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OPERATION SHEET # 1.2
Drafting a Foundation Plans
Procedure:
1. Locate position of wall footings, columns and column footings on the plan
2. Indicate sizes of columns and footings to be used based on accepted

architectural and structural requirements ( in this case we may simply assume)

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3. Indicate width of wall footings and thickness of wall (4” THK CHB and 0.40)
width of footing
4. Draw outlines of footings and columns based on accepted architectural

drawing practices.

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OPERATION SHEET # 1.2.1
Drafting Detail of Columns and Footings
Procedure:
1. From the foundation plan drawn in the preceding operation, determine

the types of columns used. (for every type, a detail drawing must be drawn)
DETAIL SECTIONS OF WALL FOOTING

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2. Determine the sizes of footings and columns used in the foundation plan
3. Layout the plan of the foundation with the corresponding sizes used.
4. Layout the column section following the measurement used
5. Draw the reinforcing bars and label.

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Module Title : Drafting Structural Layout and Details
Learning Outcome 2 : Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans
1. Structural floor and roof framing plans are properly discussed
2. Structural floor and roof framing plans are drafted based on floor and
foundation plans using timber, concrete or steel construction
3. Structural floor and roof beams are drafted showing the sizes and shapes and
detailed connections.
Learning Outcome No. 1: Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans
1. Read Information Sheet #2.1 on
the kinds of foundation and types of
footings • Try to answer Self-check no.
2.1 the best you can
2. Answer Self Check # 2.1
3. Compare your Answer to the

Answer Key
• Try to perform the activity
4. Proceed to Activity # 2.2
5. Review the procedure from the

given activity sheet

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LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Concrete)
CONTRETE;
The structural members of a building are constructed using concrete, which is
an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine and coarse aggregates and water.
This is known as plain concrete. If there is a reinforcement embedded in order that
they act together in resisting forces it is called a reinforced concrete.
Cement is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone- hard
substance. It is of two types; the hydraulic cement and the Portland cement. Joseph
Aydin introduced Portland cement in 1824. Portland cement is categorized as to its
type, whether for general construction or where high early strength or resistance is
required. Pozzolana cement is amorphous silica that hardens as silica gel by reacting
chemically with alkali in water. The name is derived from Pozzolona, Italy where this
was found.
Water suitable for drinking is satisfactory for concrete mixing. Admixture, on

the other hand is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in concrete,
before or during mixing. The ability of concrete to flow freely and fill all voids is
known as workability of the concrete mixture. Workability is sometimes described as
consistency, plasticity and mobility. Consistency is the degree or wetness or slump
while plasticity refers to the ease with which fresh concrete is molded and mobility
refers to the flow or movement of the mixture. Concrete should be proportioned
correctly to obtain a good mixture required for a particular work. The strength of
concrete is measured in its ability to resist stresses such as compressive, tensile
flexural and shearing stress.
Concrete Proportion

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The right proportioning of the ingredients in concrete provides a balance for
economy, workability, strength, durability and appearance.
Concrete Proportion
Class of Cement Sand Gravel
Mixture 40kg Cu.Ft. Cu.M. Cu.Ft. Cu.M.
AA 1 1½ .043 3 .085
A 1 2.0 .057 4 .113
B 1 2½ .071 5 .142
C 1 3.0 .085 6 .170
Concrete used for construction is tested as to their strength by the following methods;
1. Slump Test
2. Compression Test

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Concrete for building construction is mixed in two different ways:
1. On the job site – hand mixing
2. Ready mixed concrete – by mobile or stationary mixers
Concrete hardens or settles at about two to three hours after the

concrete has been mixed. The hardening of concrete depends upon the
chemical reaction between the cement and water. The building code provides
that concrete shall be maintained above 10˚c temperature for at least 7 days
after placing and three days for high early strength concrete.
Reinforced Concrete
It is a concrete with reinforcement bars embedded. The columns and

the footings are the most common examples of a reinforced concrete. The
main purpose of a column is to support a beam or ginder, floor or roof.
Reinforced concrete columns are of two kinds.
1. Short column – unsupported height is not greater than 10 times

the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section
2. Long column – unsupported height is more than 10 times
Columns are classified according to the types of reinforcement:
1. Tied column
2. Spiral
3. Composite
4. Combined

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5. Lally column
A tied column has reinforcement called lateral ties, of which the ACI code provides a
specific size of ties as follows:
1. A 10mm ties for column reinforcement of 10mm or smaller bar

2. A 12mm tie if column reinforcement is no.11, 14 or 18 steel
bars Also, spacing of tied columns is as follows:
1. That the distance should not be more than 16 times the diameter of the
main reinforcing bar.
2. That the spacing should not be more than 48 times the diameter of the
lateral ties.
3. That the spacing should not be more than the shortest dimension of the
cross section of the column.
The Reinforced Concrete Floor

The floor system of a building refers to the girders, beams and the floor slab.
The floor slab carries both the live and dead load, that is the human occupants and all
unmovable objects. These are transmitted to the beams then to the columns.
A beam supports the transverse load with each end resting on a support while
girder is a beam that supports one or more smaller beams. Beams are classified as
simple, continuous and semi-continuous beam while cantilever beams are supported

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on

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one end and the other projecting beyond the support.
A concrete beam even if forced from carrying live or concentrated load has to
carry its own weight. This is the distributed load and its gravitational effect of its own
weight will cause the structure to sag or bend. On the other hand, a bending moment
is the tendency of a force to cause rotation at an axis. It is classified as positive and
negative bending.
The Reinforced Concrete Slab Reinforced concrete slab is classified as

1. One way solid slab
2. Two way solid slab
3. Ribbed floor
4. Flatslab or girderless floor.
The type of floor system has its advantages depending on these considerations:
1. Spacing of column
2. The magnitude of the loads to be supported
3. The length of the span
4. Cost of construction
A one way slab is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor system.
This is supported by two parallel beams. Unlike beams and girders, floor slab needs
no web reinforcements.

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The bending moment of a slab at the center is equal hence the same quantity
of reinforcement should be at the center and at support.
The ACI code provides that the thickness of the slab shall not be less than
10cm nor less than the perimeter of the slab divided by 180. The reinforcement shall
not be more than 3 times the slab thickness and the ratio of reinforcement shall be at
least 0.0025.

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The other most common type of slab used in building residential dwelling is
the two way slab where all four sides are supported, either by beams or girders, the
reinforcement bars at placed in two directions at right angle to each other. The
reinforcement transmits the load of the floor to the side support.
Reinforced Concrete Stairways

The inclined slab supported at the end by beams is the simplest form of a
concrete stairway. Reinforcement is placed at only one direction and a transverse one
bar per tread. The unsupported span of the stairway shall be short and no break in
flight between floors. If the stair is divided into two or more flights, intermediate
beams should be used to support the landing. The building code provides that all stairs
shall be so designed to give safety and convenience to climbing.

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Here are some dimensions as provided for by the code;
1. The minimum width of any stair slab and the minimum dimensions of
any landing shall be 110 cm.
2. The maximum rise of the step as about 18 cm. and the tread exclusive
of the nosing is 25 cm
3. The minimum height of straight flight between landing is 360cm.

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Stairway constructions are usually built after the completion of the main
structural framework of the dwelling unit.

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SELF CHECK # 2.1
Directions: I. Fill the blank with the correct answer. Write your answer on a a separate
sheet of paper.
1. It is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in concrete.
2. It is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone hard
substance.
3. It is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine and coarse
aggregates and water.
4. Supports the transverse load with each end resting on a support.
5. It refers to the girders, beams, and the floor slab.
6. It is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor system.
7. It is a concrete with reinforcement embedded.
8. It is a column with unsupported height of not greater than 10 times the
lateral dimension
9. Introduced Portland cement in 1824.
10. It is the simplest form of a concrete stairway.
II. Enumerate the following:

1. Five (5) methods of testing strength of concrete.
2. Five (5) classifications of columns as to type of reinforcement.
3. Four(4) classification of Concrete floor slab.

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Drafting a One-Way Concrete Floor Slab
Procedure:
1. Draw a floor plan of the residential unit you wish to have. Indicate the detail
of a concrete slab with the corresponding dimensions.
Note: The students are provided with a copy of the plan

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2. Indicate elevations of floor and finish ground line to know the thickness of
gravel bedding.

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3. Indicate size and distances of reinforcing bars as per standard specification on
the national building code.
4. Draw a portion of the floor plan indicating bar distances and bar sizes.

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5. Draw a sectional detail of the plan and label the drawing.

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The most common reinforcement for most construction is the steel bar. It is
designed to act together with concrete in carrying the building load even in
simultaneous deformation; otherwise it might skip out from the concrete if there is no
sufficient bond.
Steel can be structurally used in two ways; as reinforcement wherein it is pre-
assembled before concrete pouring; and as stressed steel, where heavy tension forces
are applied before pouring.
Originally, steel bars were in English measure and that their diameters were
standardized from ¼”, 3/8”, ½”,3/4” . etc. for convenience, a number is assigned for
each size such as no. 2 for ¼ and so on.
Bar Spacing
The spacing of bars shall be in accordance with the provisions of the
ACI
1. The minimum clear distances between adjacent steel bars shall not be less than
25mm
2. When beam reinforcement are placed in two layers the clear distance shall be
25mm.
3. Lateral ties shall be no.3 bars spaced 16 times the longitudinal bar diameter.
4. The clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 7.5 or less than
2.5 cm. 10mm minimum diameter.
Bar Splicing, Cutting and Bend

In building construction, tension bars may be spliced by:
1. Welding
2. Tying
3. Sleeves
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4. Mechanical devices w/c provides full positive connection between bars.
Compression bars used are also spliced by:
1. Lapping
2. Direct and bearing
3. Welding
4. Mechanical device w/c provides full positive connection.
Minimum diameters of bend for Standards Hook

Bar size Minimum Diameter
No. 3 to 8 6 Bars Diameter
No. 9 to 11 8 Bar Diameter
No. 14 to 18 10 Bar Diameter
MINIMUM DIAMETERS OF BENDS FOR BARS
For simple concrete beams and girders, the steel reinforcement consists of 4
longitudinal bars and stirrups, either of the closed type or the U-type stirrups and is
secured by wires. The stirrups take care of the diagonal tension and also keep the steel
reinforcement in their proper position

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FOUR REBARS CONCRETE BEAM
Concrete Floor Slabs

They are common as flooring and usually reinforced with deformed
reinforcing bars. Most codes require the top of the slab to be at least 6” to 8”(0.15 to
0.20) above grade for the ground floor specifications that are to be included with slabs
plan include the thickness of the slab, size and spacing of reinforcing bars and
concrete pounds per square inch(PSI)\
Steel Reinforcing Bars
Steel reinforcing bars or rebars are incorporated in concrete and other masonry
constructions. They are used to prevent cracking when tension, compression and
other forces are applied.
Round rebars are most common in reinforced concrete construction. They may
be plain or deformed. Deformed bars have lugs on their surface for increased bond
between concrete and steel. The end of the bars is bent to determine the hooks.
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Deformed and plain rebars are commercially sold in length of 6.0 meters.
Other lengths may also be made available by manufacturers to meet specific needs
of consumers.
Sizes of Bars.
Rebars are bought or sold specifically by their diameter. The most common
sizes of rebars for residential units are 0.9mm and 0.10mm for stirrups and
0.12mm and 0.16mm for vertical members.
TABLE D-1
Steel bar designations and their English equivalent and metric sizes (diameters)
BAR ENGLISH METRIC
Designation Size (Diameter) Size (Diameter)
No. 2 ¼” 8mm
3 3/8” 10
4 ½” 12
5 5/8” 16
6 ¾” 20
8 1” 25
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10 1 ¼” 32
12 1 ½” 40
16 2 50
Figure 1
Guide for bending and cutting of rebars based on its diameter

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Figure 2.
Detail of one span RCB (Reinforced Concrete Beam) with four rebars

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Figure 3.
Sample arrangement of steel reinforcing bars in concrete footings
Kinds of Loads
1. Live load refers to the load (combined total weight) of people.
2. Dead load is the load of wood, steel, and furniture
3. Wind load is the load or strength of wind
Kinds of Walls
Walls are important components of a building; they may be made of wood, or
concrete.
1. Load Bearing Wall – walls that support or carry loads as in exterior walls
2. Non-Load Bearing Wall – does not carry or support a load as in partitions or
interior walls.

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SELF CHECK # 2.2
Directions: I. TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if
it is wrong. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The most common reinforcement for construction is the Steel Bar.

2. For simple concrete beams, the steel reinforcement consists of 6-8
steel bars.
3. The minimum clear distance between adjacent steel bars shall not be
less than 25mm.
4. Live load refers to the combined weight of people.
5. Rebars are sold or bought specifically by their length.
6. Load bearing walls are exterior walls.
7. Square bars are common reinforcement for concrete.
8. Deformed bars are sold commercially in length of 10 meters.
9. Plain bars used as reinforcement have lugs on their surface.
10. The designation of a 3/8”φ bar in Metric is 10mm φ.
II. Enumerate the following:
1. Enumerate the Four (4) different ways of splicing tension bars.

2. Compression bars are spliced in different ways as in:

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LO1. Draft Structural Floor Plan
Drafting a concrete Two-way slab
Procedure:
1. This activity will be done by the class individually to assess their
learning. The duration of this activity will be for two meetings or
four hours. The students will be provided a copy of the plan.
From the plan, indicate the measurement of the floor to be provided with concrete
slab. Refer to the table for standard specifications for reinforcement bars. For this the
rebars sizes would be 12mmØ spaced at 0.20 or center bothways as this is a two-way

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slab.

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2. The students will decide if they are going to draw the framing on the whole
plan or select only a portion wherein to draw a detail section of the rebars
on the floor and the floor beam

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3. Draw the detail plan of the section of the two-way concrete slab by indicating
the distances of the bars from both sides of the floor beam
4. Draw the detail longitudinal section of the two-way concrete slab and indicate
the position and bend of the tension bar.

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5. Label the drawing and finalize it by writing down specifications of rebars
and their distance.

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LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Timber)
Lumber
While steel is becoming a trend in building construction today because it is
more economical and easier to work on and there is always availability of supply,
wood is still sometimes preferred, most specially for low cost housing units.
Technically, wood is known as xylem. The properties of word as building material
are;
1. Strong material
2. Durable
3. Light in weight
4. Ease of working and fastening
5. With artistic and natural beauty
Wood has some advantages over that of steel that most people prefer to use it
despite that it has become costly and scarce.
Physical Properties of Wood

1. Wood is resistant to compression
2. Wood has the ability to resist bending stress
3. It has the ability to resist lengthwise stress
4. It has the ability to resist rupture along or across the grain.
Wood which is classified as good lumber for building constructions should be

prepared and seasoned well. From the logging or harvesting to the lumberyard for
seasoning. Natural or Air seasoning is one of the best methods although it takes a
longer period. In artificial seasoning, a drying kiln is used and the lumber subjected to
hot air pressure.

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Measuring Lumber.
The board foot is the unit of measure for measuring wood. It means one square
foot of wood one inch thick or 1444 cw. Meters.
Wood related products such as veneer and plywood are common building
materials. Hardboard and particle board are the other products common nowadays.
Plywood is classified as soft, hardwood and exterior or marine plywood.
The Wood Floor System

The use of lumber in building construction today has been limited to floor
framing, roof framing ceiling and as panels due to the introduction of reinforce
concrete and steel. And also lumber material has become scarce.

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The wood floor system includes;
1. Girders
2. Floor joist
3. Joist bridging
4. Wood plate
5. Header
6. Trimmer
7. Beam
8. Flooring
9. Stop plate
10. Ledger strip
The girder is a beam from wall to wall and supports the floor joist.
They may either be solid or built girder.

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A sill is a wood member fastened to the beam by anchor bolts. It may also be
fastened to a foundation wall.
A trimmer carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell while a header

supports the cut-off joist at a stairwell hole. The flooring refers to the tongue and
groove wood common as flooring materials.

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SELF CHECK # 2.3
I. Instruction. Identify the following. Use a separate sheet for your answer.
1. The unit of measure for wood or lumber.
2. It is known technically as xylem.
3. A beam from wall to wall which supports the floor joist.
4. It carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell.
5. The method of drying lumber in a seasoning.
II. Compute for the board feet of the following lumber or wood.
1. Find the total number of Bdft. For 10pcs 2” x 4” x 12’ to be used for rafters.
2. Find the number of Bdft. For 24 pcs purlins with dimensions of 2” x 3” x 12’.

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Drafting a Structural Timber Floor Plan
Procedure
1. Study the floor plans already drawn and make an assessment as to the
location of stairwells, opening columns and girders
2. Locate girders along the major beams and set off floor joists at
standard spacing of 0.30m on center.
3. Locate position of headers on stairwell.
4. Draw solid bridging on joists alternately offsetting at the center
5. Finalize drawing by darkening or inking the lines.
6. Label the materials or structural members of the floor plan

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The Roof System

The roof system has numerous types according to construction.
These shapes are referred to as:
1. Shed or lean-to type
2. Gable or Pitch roof
3. Saw tooth roof
4. Double gable
5. Hip roof
6. Hip and Valley
7. Pyramid roof
8. Gambrel
9. Ogee roof
10. Mansard roof
11. Dome
12. Conical roof
13. Butterfly roof
14. French or Concave roof
Shed or Lean- to is the simplest form. Gable or pitch is the most common
type and economical while the saw-tooth roof is an adaptation of a series of lean-to
roofs. A double gable is a gable roof modified, a hip roof has the sides sloping and
used in modern houses. Hip and valley roof is a combination of hip and gable while a
pyramid roof is a modification of the hip. A gambrel roof is a modified gable roof
having two slopes. A mansard roof where the sides of the roof slope steeply on each
side while an ogee roof is a pyramid having steep sides sloping to the center.
Dome is a hemispherical type of roof used in observatory buildings. A French
or concave mansard rood is a modified mansard roof where the sides are concave.
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A butterfly roof is a two shed roof and a conical roof is a steep circular roof
that tapers to a point.
The Roof Frame

The roof framing in a residential dwelling is of three types commonly used
which are;
1. Rafter type
2. Truss type
3. Laminated
Rafters used for the framing are also classified as:

1. Common rafter
2. Hip rafter
3. Valley rafter
4. Octagonal rafter
5. Jack rafters
Common rafters extend at right angles from the plate to the ridge. Hip Rafters are laid
diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge. Valley rafter doesn’t extend from
the plate or girts to the ridge.
Jack rafter is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.
It is of three types: hip jack, cripple jack and valley jack.

1. Valley jack is the frame between the ridge and the valley rafter.
2. Cripple jack is that between the hip and valley rafter.
3. Octagonal rafters are those placed on an octagonal.

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The Truss
The truss is a material that is important in a roof plan. It is a built- up frame
used on an unsupported long span roof system. It is designed with a series of triangles
to stiffer the structure and distribute the roof load and to stay rigid and with flexibility
and strength.
Trusses used in building construction are of two types;

1. Light trusses which includes the following:
a. Pitched truss
b. Howe truss
c. Scissor truss
d. Raised chord truss
e. Saw tooth
f. 1 ½ storey frame
g. Utility
h. Flat
i. Bow string

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2. Heavy trusses include the following which are used in industrial buildings
and they are longer:
a. Howe truss
b. Belgian truss
c. Fink truss
d. Pratt truss
e. Scissors truss
f. Cambered truss
g. Saw tooth truss
h. Flat pratt truss
i. Flat howe truss
j. Warren truss

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SELF CHECK # 2.4
Directions: I. TRUE or FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is

wrong.
1. Shed or Lean - to is the most complex type of roof.

2. Dome is a hemispherical shape of roof used in observatory.
3. The sawtooth roof is an adaptation of a series of lean to roofs.
4. A modified gable roof is the gambrel roof.
5. A two shed roof is known as gable roof.
6. Hip rafters are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge.
7. Jack rafter is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.
8. The truss is designed as a series of triangles.
9. The truss is a built-up frame used on a supported span.
10. Heavy trusses are used for low-cost housing units.
Directions: II. Enumerate the following. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. The three (3) types of Roof Framing commonly used in houses
2. The five (5) common types of rafters used for roof framing are.

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Draft a Roof Framing Plan
Procedure:
1. From the floor plan shown, determine extent of roof eave and draft the
roof framing layout.
2. Locate position of main truss and secondary trusses, hip trusses and rafters
3. Determine distance of purlins.
4. Finalize drawing by darkening or inking the lines.
5. Label the roof frame members.

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OPERATION SHEET # 2.4.1

Draft a Truss Detail
Procedure:
1. Determine length of bottom chord from end of wall. Add the width of the
eaves.
2. Determine rise of truss. Normally for hip gable is 1.80
3. Draft the truss diagram and the location of the queen post and web member.
4. Determine sizes of lumber to be used. Normally, timber truss bottom chord
is 2"X5" and top chord 2"X6"
5. Darken lines and label the drawing

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The Wooden Stair

The stair has the steps wherein to ascend or descend from one storey to
another. It is the most intricate part of the dwelling unit to build. Not all carpenters
have the skill to construct one; those who have the knowledge in the use of the steel
square are a cut above the rest.
In laying out the stair, the planner must study a cross sectional drawing of
the proposed stair that comprises the stringer, tread, riser, the run and the rise. After
you have known the number of tread and the height per rise of the steps, the length
of the stringer could be determined by the formula!
L = ( Rise ) 2 + (Run) 2
Some carpenters do not have the skill to build a stair; those carpenters who
have tried and succeeded have found that building the stair is an art in itself. There are
several stairway designs or types. Some of these are the straight vein, where the stair
steps ascend in one direction, the L- shaped, U-shaped, circular stair and the spiral
stairway.
Parts of a Stair
Tread – the horizontal part of a step including the nosing Baluster – the small post
supporting the handrail
Flight – the series of steps from one landing to another.
Handrail – a rail parallel with the inclination of the stair that hold the balusters.
Pitch – the angle of inclination of the horizontal of the stair.
Rise – the height of a flight of stairs or the height of successive treads. Riser – the
vertical face of a stair step.
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Run – the horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of stair flight. Stairwell –
the vertical shaft containing the staircase.
Winders – are steps not parallel with each other.
Types of Stringers for Stairs

There are different kinds of stringers according to method of attaching riser to
treads.
1. Cut stringer – used in modern building design.
2. Cleated stringer – used for very rough work.
3. Robbeted stringer – adopted for fine work.
4. Built up – Stringer – with blocks cut from outside stringers.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRINGERS

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SELF-CHECK # 2.5
LO2. Draft structural floor and roof plans

Drafting a stair
Direction: Fill in the blank with the correct answer. Use a separate sheet of paper.
1. The is the horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.
2. The are the steps where to ascend and descend in a building.
3. The is the vertical face of a stair step.
4. The steps that are not parallel to each other are .
5. A stinger is used for modern buildings.
6. The is the horizontal part of a step including the nosing.
7. The is the horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of the
flight.
8. The stinger is used for very rough work.
9. The stairwell is the shaft containing the staircase.
10. The is the angle of inclination of the stair.

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Draft Two (2) Wooden Stair
Procedure
1. Determine the clear height of the rise. Rise per step is 17 to 18 centimeters
and minimum tread is 25 centimeters is normally accepted standard
2. Divide the rise height in meters by 0.17 or 0.18 to determine number of steps.

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3. If the result is a fraction or decimal, it is not right and adjust to a
whole number next lower or greater.
4. Divide the rise by the number to determine height per rise of each step.
5. Chose the number of step which will not be less than 17 cm nor more than 19
centimeters for an ideal stair.

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ASSESSMENT RESOURCES
Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria Score (Tick the corresponding pts.)
Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
Performance Criteria:
Accuracy
50 pts - The output is accurately done.
45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output. 40 pts. - Six to ten
errors are observed on the output.

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Speed
10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time. 8 pts - The output
is done on time.
6 pts. - The output is done after the allotted time.
Neatness
25 pts. - No errors made on the output.
20 pts - Two to three erasures made on the output. 15 pts - Four or
more erasures made on the output.
Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - All information must be completely indicated and legibly
printed. 10 pts. - Aieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.

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ANSWER KEY # 1.1
A.
1. Stake
2. Batter board
3. Level
4. Water Hose (plastic)
5. String/chord
B.
1. soil bearing capacity failure
2. deflection of the foundation
3. distortion of the soil
4. compression of the soil

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ANSWER KEY # 1.2
A.
1. Wall footing
2. Foundation
3. Isolated
4. Slab Foundation
5. Load Bearing Wall
B.
1. a. Load bearing wall
b. Non bearing wall
2. a. Live load
b. Dead Load
c. Wind Load
3. a. Wall footing
b. Isolated
c. Combined
d. Cantilever
e. Continuous
f. Mat
g. Raft
4. a. Spread
b. Pile
c. Pier
d. Slab
e. T-Foundation
f. Matt

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ANSWER KEY # 2.1
I.
1. Admixture
2. Cement
3. Concrete
4. Beam
5. Floor system
6. One way slab
7. Reinforced Concrete
8. Short Column
9. Joseph Aydin
10. Inclined Slab
II.
1. a. Slump Test
b. Compression Test
2. a. tied column
b. spiral column
c. composite column
d. combined column
e. lally column.
3. a. one way solid slab
b. two way solid slab
c. ribbed floor
d. flatslab floor.

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ANSWER KEY # 2.2
I.
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. True
7. False
8. False
9. False
10. True
II.
1. a. welding
b. tying
c. sleeve
d. by mechanical devices
2. a. lapping
b. direct and bearing
c. welding
d. by mechanical devices.

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ANSWER KEY # 2.3
I.
1. Boardfoot
2. Wood
3. Girder
4. Trimmer
5. Artificial
seasoning II.
1. 2” X 4” X 2’ = 8Bdft. X 10pcs = 80bdft

12
2. 2” X 3” X 2’ = 6Bdft. X 24pcs = 144bdft

12

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ANSWER KEY # 2.4
I.
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. T
8. T
9. F
10. F
II.
1.
a. rafter type
b. truss type
c. laminated type
2.
a. common rafter
b. hip rafter
c. valley rafter
d. octagonal rafter
e. jack rafter

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ANSWER KEY # 2.5
1. landing
2. stair
3. riser
4. winders
5. cut
6. tread
7. run
8. cleated
9. stairwell
10. pitch

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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on your own.
This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable attitude you need in
Technical Drawing.
A pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine

your level and need.
The learning activity page gives the sequence of the learning task. This page
serves as the road map for achieving the desired objectives.
When you can accomplish all the tasks required, a post-assessment is given to
check if you are already competent with the specified learning outcome/s and ready
for the next task.
Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better understanding.

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TECHNICAL DRAFTING COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIALS
List of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
1. Draft Structural Drafting Structural CON311303

Layout and Details Layout and Details
2. Draft Electrical Drafting Electrical and CON311304
and Electronic Electronic Layout and
Layout and Details Details

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Program/ Course : DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY
Unit of Competency : Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and Details
Module title : Drafting electrical and electronic layout and
details Nominal Duration : 30 hours
INTRODUCTION:
One must realize that electrical and electronic drafting is one of the most
rapidly evolving technologies of the modern age. Electrical drafting is the
transmission and use of electrical power, whether for industry, business, or home.
Typical components are generators, controls, transmission of networks, lighting,
heating and cooling systems. Electronic drafting involves circuits of products such as
radios, TVs, guidance systems, radars, computers, and others.
Through this module, a student will learn how to draw diagrams of electrical
and electronic circuits using proper symbols, layout, and other details.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:
LO1. Draft electrical plans and layout; and

LO2. Draft auxiliary systems and layout.

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TECHNICAL TERMS
Ampacity is the current-carrying capacity expressed in amperes.

Appliance is utilization equipment generally other than industrial, normally built in
standardized sizes or types, which is installed or connected as a unit to perform one or
more functions such as clothes washing, air conditioning, food mixing, deep frying
etc. Branch Circuit is a portion of a wiring system extending beyond the final
overcurrent device protecting the circuit.
Building is a structure that stands alone or which is cut off from adjoining structures
by fire walls with all openings therein protected by approved fire doors.
Circuit breaker is a device designed to open and close a circuit by nonautomatic
means and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined overload of current,
without injury to itself when properly applied within its rating.
Concealed refers to inaccessibility by the structure or finish of the building. Damp
location is a location subject to a moderate degree of moisture, such as some
basements, some barns, some cold storage warehouse, and the like Demand factor is
the ratio of the maximum demand of the system or part of a system, to the total
connected load.
Feeder is a circuit conductor between the service equipment and the branch circuit
overcurrent device.
Ground is a conducting connection whether intentional or accidental between an
electrical circuit or equipment and earth, or to some conducting body which serves in
place of the earth.
Lighting outlet is an outlet intended for the direct connection of a lampholder, a
lightning fixture, or a pendent cord terminating in a lampholder.
Outlet is a point on the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization
equipment.
Panel board is a single panel or group of panel units designed to be assembled. It
includes buses, with or without switches and/or automatic overcurrent protective
devices for the control of light, heat or power circuits of small individual as well as
aggregate capacity. Designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box in or against the
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wall or partition.

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Receptacle is a contact device installed at an outlet for the connection of an
attachment plug and flexible cord.
Receptacle outlet is an outlet where one or more receptacles are installed. Service is
the conductor or equipment for delivering energy from the electricity supply system to
the wiring system of the premises supplied.
Service cable is a service conductor made up in the form of a cable. Service
conductors are supply conductors which extend from the main street transformers to
the service equipment of the premises supplied.
Service drop are overhead service conductors between the last pole or other aerial
support to and including the slicer, if any, to the service entrance conductors at the
building walls, where joined by tap or splice to the service drop.
Service raceway is a rigid metal conductor, electrical metallic tubing, or other
raceway, that encloses the service entrance conductors.
Switch: General use switch is a switch intended for use in general distribution and
branch circuits. It is rated in ampere, and it is capable of interrupting its rated current
at its rated voltage.
Switchboard is a large single panel, frame or assembly of panels, on which are
mounted on the face or back or both switches, over-current and other protective
devices; buses and usually instruments.
Utilization equipment is equipment which utilizes electric energy for mechanical,
chemical heating, lighting, or similar useful purposes.
Voltage to the ground is the voltage between the given conductor and the conductor
which is grounded.
Weatherproof refers to the state of being so constructed or protected that exposure to
the weather will not interfere its successful operation.

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Unit of Competency : Draft Structural Layout and Details Module
Title : Drafting electrical and electronic layout and
details Learning Outcome 1 : Draft electrical plans and layouts
1. Lighting and power layouts are drafted according to architectural drafting

standards.
2. Symbols, riser diagrams and circuits are placed in accordance with the
Philippine Electrical Code.
3. Legends and general notes are drafted according to local power service
providers.

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Learning Outcome No. 1: Draft electrical plans and layouts
1. Read Information Sheet No. 1.1
• Perform Operation Sheet 1.1
• Answer Self Check No. 1.1
• Compare your Answer to the
Answer Key 1.1
2. Read Information Sheet No. 1.2 • Remember the important
• Perform Operation Sheet 1.2 terminologies
• Compare your Answer to the • Try to perform the operation
Answer Key 1.2 sheet
• Perform Operation Sheet 1.3 • Try to answer Self check the best
• Answer Self Check No. 1.3 you can
Answer Key 1.3
Answer Key 1.4
Answer Key 1.5
6. Read Information Sheet

No. 2.1

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Answer Key 2.1
Answer Key 2.2
Answer Key 2.3

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LO1. Draft electrical plans and layout
Electric Charge
Matter is made up of atoms. Atoms contain positively charged protons,

negatively charged electrons and neutral neutron. Opposite charges exert a force of
attraction on each other. Similar charges exert a force of repulsion.
Materials that permit electric charge to move within them are called
conductors while those that do not are called insulators. Most metals are good
conductors and most non-metals are good insulators.
A neutral object can acquire charge by friction, conduction, or induction. The
buildup of electric charge is called static electricity.
The flow of electricity
Electric charges can be made to flow from a source such as battery, photocell, or
electric generator.
Electrical Quantities
1. Current is the movement of charged particles in a wire to a specific direction.
The charged particles may be a positive ion or a negative ion. The symbol used is (A)
and is named ampere. One ampere of current flows in a conductor when 6.251x1018
electrons pass a given cross section in 1 second.
2. Voltage is also known as electromotive force (emf) or potential difference. It

is the electric pressure that causes current to flow. Potential difference is the potential
energy divided by charge. It is the work needed to move a charged body against the
electric force, toward or away from another charged body. The symbol for voltage is
(V) which is joule per coulomb. There are several methods of producing an emf. The
most common are by electromagnetic induction in generators and chemical reaction in
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batteries.
3. Resistance is the opposition to the flow of charge. The symbol for resistance is
(R). The unit used to specify the amount of resistance is the ohm, represented by the
symbol (Ω). All materials offer some resistance to current but the amount of
resistance differs from each other. In direct current (d-c) this unit is called resistance;
in an alternating current (a-c) it is called impedance.
Resistance of the object depends on four factors: 1) length, 2) cross-sectional

area, 3) resistivity of material and 4) temperature.
Factors that Affect Resistance
Ohm’s Law
Although the three electrical quantities: current, voltage and resistance, are
used differently, they are related to each other. This relationship is known as Ohm’s
Law. It is stated as, current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely
proportional to the resistance. It is expressed by the equation:
V V
I = R from this equation, V -= IR and R = I
Power and Energy

Electric power is the rate of doing electrical work. It is equal to the product of
the current and voltage. The unit is watt (W) or kilowatt (kW). A kilowatt is 1,000

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watts. Work is being done at the rate of “1 watt” when a constant current of 1 ampere
is maintained through a resistance by an emf of 1 volt. The power input in watts to
any electrical device in which the element has a resistance (R) and the current is I
given by the equation,
W = I2 R but by Ohm’s Law V = IR; hence W = VI where W
is in watt, R in ohm’s , I in amperes, and v in volts.
Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)

Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. It is
produced by such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-
type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor
such as a wire, but can also be through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a
vacuum as in electron or ion beams. The electric charge flows in a constant direction.
A term formerly used for direct current was Galvanic current.
Alternating current (AC) is the movement (or flow) of electric charge

which periodically in reverses direction. An electric charge for instance would move
forward, then backward, and vice versa. In direct current (DC), the movement or flow
of electric charge is only in one direction. Audio and radio signals carried on
electrical wires are examples of alternating current.
Electrical Circuits
An electrical circuit is a network that has a closed loop, giving a return path
for the current.
There are two types of circuits, namely series circuit and parallel circuit. A
series circuit has two or more loads but current flows through a single conducting
path, while a parallel circuit has more than one path for current to flow.
Circuit Diagram Symbol

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Sample diagram of series and parallel circuit
LO1. Draft electrical plans and layouts
Direction: Based on what you have learned today, connect the bulbs, switch and
dry cell in series and parallel circuits.

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SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

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SELF CHECK # 1.1

Test I.
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answers and write it on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. is the movement of charged particles in a specific direction.

2. is the unit of electric current represented by the symbol (A).
3. is also known as electromotive force.
4. Potential difference is the potential energy divided by .
5. The symbol for voltage is which means “joule per coulomb.”
6. is the opposition to the flow of charge.
7. The symbol for resistance is .
8. The unit used to specify the amount of resistance is the which is
represented by the symbol (Ω).
9. The Law that states, “Current is directly proportional to the voltage and
inversely proportional to the resistance” is called .
10. is the rate of doing electrical work. It is equal to the product of the
current and voltage.
Test II. TRUE or FALSE

Write true if the statement is correct, if not, change the underlined word/ words to
make the statement correct.
1. An electric circuit provides a complete open path for current to flow.
2. Rubber is relatively a poor conductor of electricity.
3. Materials that do not allow electrons to flow freely are called conductors.
4. When electrons move back and forth, reversing their direction regularly,
the current is called alternating current.
5. A parallel circuit has two or more loads that flow through a single
conducting path.
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Electrical diagrams and symbols
The use of graphic symbols on electrical and electronic diagrams to show the
components and workings in a circuit is very important. Graphic symbols are
shorthand ways of showing how a circuit works or how the parts of the circuit are
connected. Electrical symbols are used to represent actual electrical components on
drawings. Graphic symbols are usually drawn on single-line (one-line) diagrams, on
schematic diagrams, or on connection or wiring diagrams. By marking the symbols,
you can relate with parts, list, descriptions, or instructions of electrical plans and
layouts.

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Electrical Legend

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Electrical Notes and Specifications
1. The electrical works shall comply with all the provisions of the Philippine
Electrical Code and with the rules and regulations of local power
company.
2. Unless otherwise specified, wiring shall be done with PVC pipe or local
made; minimum size shall be ½ "Ø trade sizes.
3. Electric meters installed by the power utility company are supplied
and installed by the power utility company.
4. The Philippine Electrical Code provides that only professional engineers
can sign electrical plans.
5. Samples of materials to be used shall be submitted to the
construction engineering office for approval before execution of the

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work.
6. The smallest size of the wire to be used shall be 12TW wire unless otherwise

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specified.
7. The minimum size of electric wire for service entrance is number 8 AWG.
Directions: Based on the given picture below draw a circuit diagram of series and
parallel circuits using electrical symbols. Use a separate sheet of paper.
SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

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SELF-CHECK # 1.2
LO1. Draft electrical plans and layouts.
Directions: Identify the following symbols. Write the answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
Test II. TRUE OR FALSE

Read each statement closely.
Write A if the statement is correct and B if otherwise.
1. The Philippine Electrical Code provides that only a professional engineer

or associate electrical engineer can sign electrical plans.
2. Electric meters are not supplied and installed by the power utility company.
3. Smallest size of the wire to be used shall be 12TW wire.
4. Wiring shall be done with PVC pipe or local made.
5. The minimum size of electric wire for service entrance is number 4 AWG.

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Lighting
Planning for sufficient lighting involves the light, eye and the object. Whether
planning lighting for a residence or for a large commercial building, the same design
factors must be considered. One must consider how much light is needed, what type
has the best quality and how should the light be distributed.
Types of Light Source

1. Incandescent lamps are comprised basically of a sealed glass containing a
filament connected at its ends to the contact area in the base, thereby completing
an electric circuit. They provide small, concentrated glow of light.
Kinds of Incandescent Lamps
• Inside frosted bulbs are used to dispersed light evenly.

• White bulbs are used for soft light
• Silver-bowl bulbs are used to direct light upward
• Outdoor projector bulb is used as spotlight or floodlight
• Colored bulbs are used for decorative effects
2. Electric discharge lamps are lighting device consisting of a transparent

container within which gas is energized by an applied voltage and thereby made
to glow.
Kinds of Electric Discharge Lamps
• Fluorescent is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury

vapor to produce short-wave ultraviolet light that is more evenly distributed than
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an

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incandescent lamp.
• Neon – vapor lamps are used in street and windows signs
• Mercury - vapor lamps are the cheapest among the high intensity discharge
(HID) lamps used as residential light
• High/Low Pressure Sodium vapor lamps are used in outdoors or on
street lamps and the most economical in power consumption.
Light Measurements
Light is measured in traditional units called footcandles, A footcandle is the
amount of light a candle throws on an object 1' away. The standard unit of
illumination is lux,(lx) in metric system. One lux is equal to 0.093 footcandles. To
convert footcandles to lux, multiply by 10.764 foot candles.
Accepted light levels for various living activities

10-20 footcandles (108 to 215 lx): casual visual tasks, card playing,
conversation, television, listening to music, etc.
20-30 footcandles (215 to 320 lx): easy reading, sewing, knitting, house
cleaning, etc.
30-50 footcandles (320 to 540 lx): reading newspapers, doing kitchen and
laundry work, typing
50-70 footcandles (540 to 750 lx): prolonged reading, machine sewing,
hobbies, homework, etc.
70-200 footcandles (750 to 2150 lx): prolonged detailed tasks such as fine
sewing, reading fine print, drafting, etc.
Types of Lighting Dispersement

1. Direct light is the light that shines directly on the object.
2. Indirect light is the light reflected from large surfaces.
3. Semi-direct light is the light that shines mainly downward, but small portion
is directed upward.
4. Semi-indirect light is the one that is mostly reflected but some shines directly.
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5. Diffused light is the light that is spread evenly in all directions.
Lighting Methods
1. General lighting gives an even, low-level light throughout a room.
2. Specific (local) lighting directs light to an area used for specific visual tasks.
3. Decorative lighting is used to develop different moods and to accent
objects for interest.
Electrical Fixtures
The average two-bedroom home should have between 24 and 35 light fixtures.
It should also have from 16 to 20 floor, table or wall lamps.
There are three groups of light fixtures namely, ceiling fixtures, wall fixtures and
portable plug-ins.

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General Rules to Observe in Illumination Planning
1. The kitchen requires a high level of general lighting from ceiling fixtures.
Specific lighting for all work areas includes, range, sink, tables, and counters.
2. The bathroom requires a high level of general lighting from ceiling fixtures.
The mirror should have lights on two sides. The shower and water closet should have
a recessed, vapor proof light.
3. The living room requires a low-level of general lighting but should have
specific lighting for areas for reading, and other visual tasks. Decorative lighting
can also be used.
4. The bedroom requires a low level of general lighting but should have
specific lighting for reading in bed on both sides of the dressing-table mirror. The
dressing area requires high level of general lighting. Children’s bedroom requires a
high level of general lighting. Closets should have a fixture placed high at the front.
5. The dining area requires low level of general lighting with local lighting
over the dining table.
6. The entrance and hallway require a high level of general and

decorative lighting.
7. Traffic areas require a high level of general lighting for safety.
8. Television viewing requires a very low level of general lighting. Television
should not be viewed in the dark because the strong contrasts of dark room and
bright screen are tiring to the eyes.
9. Reading and desk areas require a high level of general light and specific
light that is diffused and glareless. There should be no shadow.
10. Outdoor lighting is accomplished by waterproof floodlights and spotlights.
Extensive outdoor lighting will provide convenience, beauty and safety. Areas that
could be illuminated are the landscaping, game areas, barbecue area, patio,
garden, front of picture window, pools and driveways.

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Direction: Draft lighting layout of a single bedroom of a bachelor’s pad. Use separate
sheet of paper.

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SELF CHECK # 1.3
IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Identify the attribute being described by each statement. Choose from the
pool of words below. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.
70-200 footcandles (750 to 2150 lx) Incandescent lamps
General Lighting Decorative
lightingfootcandle Fluorescent lamps10-20
footcandles (108 to 215 lx) Lux
20-30 footcandles (215 to 320 lx) Specific (local) lighting
1. A sealed glass containing a filament connected at its ends to the contact area
in the base, thereby completing an electric circuit. It provides small and concentrated
glow of light.
2. A gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor.
3. It is equal to the amount of light a candle throws on an object 1' away.
4. The standard unit of illumination in metric system.
5. Lighting method in which light spreads an even, low-level light throughout a
room.
6. Lighting method used to develop different moods and to accent objects
for interests.
7. Lighting method that directs light to an area used for specific visual tasks.
8. Light level used for casual visual tasks, like card playing,
conversation, television, listening to music, etc.
9. Light level used for easy reading, sewing, knitting, house cleaning, etc.
10. Light level used for prolonged detailed tasks such as fine sewing, reading
fine print, drafting, etc.
Test II. Enumeration

Give the entities being asked:

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1-5 Types of Lighting Dispersement 6-8 Groups of light
fixtures 9-10 Types of Light source
Components of an Electrical System

The components of an electrical system can be arranged in 3 major categories:
1. Wiring includes conductors and raceways of all types.
2. Power handling equipment
a. transformers
b. switchboards
c. panel boards
d. large switches
e. circuit breakers
3. Utilization equipment, includes lighting, motors, controls and wiring
devices.

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Wiring
Electrical systems in buildings are usually divided into two parts: service and
branch circuits.
Service parts include all the wiring and apparatus needed to bring electricity
into a building. Branch circuits distribute the electricity throughout the structure.
Wire used in both service and branch circuits is made of one or more strands
of metal, either copper or aluminum, and covered with flexible plastic insulation. The
size of the wire used in an electric circuit depends on the current to be carried by the
circuit.
The Cir-Kit "concept" of electrical wiring was first developed in 1976 and is
now the predominant worldwide method of dollhouse wiring and electrification. A
great measure of its success can be attributed to the ease of installation and
professional appearance when finished. The Cir-Kit method allows anyone, even
those without electrical knowledge, to successfully construct a completely hidden and
"to scale" lighting system.
A tape wired house
The heart of the Cir-Kit Concepts' electrical system is the flat, pressure- sensitive and
adhesively-backed conductive tape used for wiring. It eliminates entirely the need for
round wire and may be installed in a fraction of the time of a conventional system.. A
super strong adhesive applied across the entire width of the tape ensures a positive
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grip

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on any wood surface. The thinness of the tape allows easy masking with one or two
coats of paint and produces a completely hidden installation when covered with
wallpaper.
In a departure from conventional wiring techniques the adhesive-tape approach as

employed by Cir-Kit Concepts requires absolutely no electrical soldering. Corners are
created either by cutting and using tiny brass brads for electrical connection at the
overlap points or by corner folding.
Whichever procedure is used, only commonly available hand tools are required for
installation.
The Cir-Kit Concepts' electrical system may be installed in a pleasing and unobtrusive
manner in nearly any type dollhouse or miniature room. It can be applied either on an
inside or outside wall, between walls of new construction, or in a combination of
configurations to suit a particular design. The system represents perhaps one of the
most flexible means of circuit wiring to be found anywhere. Its limitations are
restricted only by the imagination of the user.
Conductors
In science and engineering, an electrical conductor is a material which contains
movable electric charges. In metallic conductors, such as copper or aluminum, the
movable charged particles are electrons. Positive charges may also be mobile in the
form of atoms in a lattice that have missing electrons (known as holes), or in the form
of ions, such as in the electrolyte of a battery.
The standard of wire and cable industry is the American Wire Gauge(AWG). All the
wire sizes up to No. 0000 (also written No. 4/0) are expressed in AWG. The smaller
the AWG number the larger the size. (Applies only to round conductors).
When large conductors are not circular in cross section, they are usually made solid
and are referred to as busbars. Bus is normally constructed using solid copper or
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aluminum

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and when assembled with other bars in a metal housing then it becomes bus duct or
busway.
Metallic conduits
The code requires that all wiring be enclosed in rigid metallic conduit. In the
special case of environments that are severely corrosive or when mechanical injury is
impossible, use of non-metallic conduit is permitted.
Boxes and Cabinets

Distribution box is made from either steel or plastic, which contains a junction
between several conduits. Boxes are usually of a rectangular, octagonal, or round
form having punched or knock-out holes to fit the conduits.
Types of Boxes
1. Outlet boxes are those utilized for connection of lighting and receptacle outlets.
2. Junction boxes are those used for junction of wires in branch and feeder circuits.
3. Pull boxes are used for pulling of wires in branch and feeder circuits.

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Rules in Planning the Electrical System
1. The main source of light in a room should be controlled by a wall switch
located on the latch side of the room’s entrance. It should not be necessary to walk
into a dark room to find the light switch.
2. Electrical outlets(except in the kitchen) should average one for every 6'(1.8m)
of wall space.
3. Electrical outlets in the kitchen should average one for every 4'(1.2m) of wall
space.
4. Walls between doors should have an outlet, regardless of the size of the wall
space.
5. Each room should have a light outlet in the ceiling or wall that will be a major
source of light for the whole room.
6. Each room should have adequate lighting for all visual tasks.
7. Each room should have at least one easy-to-reach outlet for the vacuum
cleaner or other appliances that are often used.
8. Not all lights in one room should be on the same circuit.
9. The height of all outlets in the house should be listed on the plans.
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10. GFCI receptacle should be provided as outlined.
Service and Branch Requirements

Power is supplied to a building via the service drop. Three heavy wires
together are called the drop that extends from the utility pole or an underground
source to the structure.
Types of connections from an electrical pole to the building
1. Overhead Service Drop

2. Overhead pole connection with an underground service lateral to the
building
3. Connection in a manhole or hand hole at the property line with Service
Lateral to the building.
Circuit Protective Devices

There are two types of circuit protective devices which are commonly used:
1. Fuse. It is made of thin strip of metal used for safety because when the
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current flowing through it becomes too high, it melts and breaks the flow of
electricity. It consists of an alloy link or wire of relatively low melting temperature
which when enclosed in an insulating fiber tube is called a cartridge fuse, and when in
a porcelain cup is known as plug fuse.
2. Circuit breaker. It is an electromechanical device which performs the
same protective function as a fuse and also acts as a switch. It is a reusable device that
protects a circuit from becoming overloaded.
Switches
In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical
circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The
most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with
one or more sets of electrical contacts. Each set of contacts can be in one of two
states: either 'closed' meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow
between them, or 'open', meaning the contacts are separated and nonconducting.
Switch board and switchgear

Switchboards and switchgear are free standing assembles of switches, fuses,
and/or circuit breakers which normally provide switching and feeder protection to a
number of circuits connected to a main source.
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Panel Board
A panel, or panelboard, serves basically the same function as a switchboard,
except on a smaller scale, that is, it accepts a relatively large block of power and
distributes it in smaller blocks. Panelboards may be classified as flush-type or surface-
type.

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SELF CHECK # 1.4
Test I. Matching Type

Directions: Match the descriptions in column A with the entities in column B by
writing the letters only on a separate sheet of paper.
A B
1. Materials that allow the flow of a. switchboard
electron
2. Thin strip of metal used for b. distribution box
safety and to break the flow of
electricity
3. Reusable device that protects a c. fuse
circuit from becoming overloaded
4. Free standing assembles of d. circuit breaker
switches that provide switching and
feeder protection to a number of
circuits
connected to a main source
5. Made from either steel or plastic, e. conductor
which contains a junction between
several conduits
Direction: Give the entities being asked:

1-5 Power Handling Equipment
6-7 Circuit Protective Devices
8-10 Types of Distribution Boxes

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Working with electrical drawings

Complete electrical plans will guarantee the installation of electrical tools and
wiring exactly as planned. If electrical plans are incomplete and vague, the totality of
the installation is largely dependent upon the judgment of the electrician. The
designer should not rely upon the electrician to design the electrical system, but only
to install it.
Steps in Preparing the Electrical Plan

If the basic floor plan is already drawn, the designer should:
1. determine the exact position of all appliances and lighting fixtures on the plan.
2. draw the electrical symbols representing the switches, outlets and
electrical devices on the floor plan.
3. draw a line from each switch to the connecting fixture.
4. show the position of all outlets and controls using electrical wiring symbols,
however, the entire circuit is not drawn on the electrical plan.
5. determine location of power source from nearest power supply post.
6. draw the single line riser diagram.
7. determine the number of lighting outlets, convenience outlets and
other electrical fixtures and appliance.
8. draw the schedule of loads and determine size of wires and conduits.
9. compute for total current to determine size of service drop and sizes of wires.
10. write electrical construction specification and other notes.

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Sample Single Line Riser Diagram

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Sample Computation and Schedule of Loads

Procedure:
1. Locate the position of electrical fixtures.

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2. Determine the service position of service drop and the location of breaker.
3. Determine and draw the locations of switches.

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4. Finalize the drawing by completing the specifications for the detailed
drawing of electrical plan including the legend

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SELF CHECK # 1.5
Direction: From the given floor plan complete the electrical layout by connecting the
electrical fixtures.

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Unit of Competency : Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and Details
Module Title : Drafting electrical and electronic layout and
details Learning Outcome 2 : Draft auxiliary systems and layout
1. Fire alarm and protection system are laid out according to the Fire Code of
the Philippines.
2. Electronic and communication, Cable TV, Music, paging and Building
Management System are laid out according to architectural
requirements.

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LO 2. Draft auxiliary systems and layout
Introduction
Auxiliary systems are devices that may be used as a substitute or reserve in
case of need. Such devices include fire alarm and protection systems, electronics and
communication system (cable TV, intercoms, music and pagers) and Building
Management System.
Electronics and electronic components

Electronics is the study of the release, behavior, and control of electrons as it
relates to use in practical devices. An electronic component is any physical entity in
an electronic system whose intention is to affect the electrons or their associated
fields in a desired manner consistent with the intended function of the electronic
system.
Components are generally intended to be connected together, usually by being
soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a
particular function such as an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator. Components
may be packaged singly or in more complex groups as integrated circuits. Some
common electronic components are capacitors, resistors, diodes, transistors, etc.
Graphic Symbol for auxiliary system

Electronic symbols are used to represent actual electronic components on
drawings. Graphic symbols are usually drawn on single-line (one-line) diagrams, on

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schematic diagrams, or on connection or wiring diagrams. By marking the symbols,
you can relate with parts lists, descriptions, or instructions of electrical plans and
layouts.

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SELF CHECK # 2.1
LO2 . Draft auxiliary systems and layout
Direction: Identify the following symbols. Write the answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

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LO 2. Draft auxiliary systems and layout
Fire Alarm System

Fire Alarm System is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by
monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. It can be used to
notify people to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, to call for
emergency forces aid, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control
the spread of fire and smoke.
SMOKE DETECTORS
If you were to build a house today, smoke detectors would be required in each
bedroom, on each level of the home in the vicinity of the bedrooms, including
basements. These detectors would be required to be electrically operated with a
battery back up and interconnected, so if one detector sounds they activate throughout
the entire home.
IONIZATION PHOTOELECTRIC
An ionization-type detector uses a very A photoelectric detector uses a small
small quantity of radioactive material. infrared light.
These alarms are better at detecting Photoelectric-type smoke alarms are
small particles of combustion typically better at detecting larger particles
produced by flaming fires. produced by smoldering fires.
Photoelectric alarms are slightly more
resistant to unwanted alarms caused by
cooking vapors or bathroom moisture.
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PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
GUIDELINES:
• At least 1 portable fire extinguisher shall be installed, which is listed, labeled,
charged and operable.
• The size shall be no smaller than 2A:10B:C, rated for residential use
and weigh no more than 10 lbs.
• The extinguisher must be mounted on a hanger or bracket supplied by
the manufacturer within 10 feet of the kitchen area.
• Located with the top of the extinguisher no more than 5 feet above the floor.
• Visible and in a readily accessible spot, near a room exit or travel way that
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provides an escape route to the outside.
• With the manual and operating instructions visible.
A fire sprinkler is the part of a fire sprinkler system that discharges water
when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a predetermined
temperature has been reached. Fire sprinklers can be automatic or open orifice.
Automatic fire sprinklers operate at a predetermined temperature, utilizing a fusible
element, a portion of which melts, or a frangible glass bulb containing liquid which
breaks. It allows the plug to be pushed out of the orifice by the water pressure in
the fire sprinkler piping, resulting in water flow from the orifice.
Key elements
• Building a facility in accordance with the version of the Local
Building Code in effect at the time of building permit application.
• Maintaining a facility and conducting oneself in accordance with the
provisions of the fire code, after the building is occupied. This is based
on knowledge of the code by the owner and ensuring that the
occupants and operators of the building are aware of the current
applicable regulations. Examples of such include, but are not limited
to the following:
o Not exceeding the maximum occupancy within any part of
the building.
o Maintaining proper fire exits and proper exit signage (e.g.,
exit signs pointing to them that can function in a power
failure)
o Placing and maintaining fire extinguishers in easily
accessible places.
o Properly storing/using, hazardous materials that may be
needed inside the building for storage or operational
requirements (such as solvents in spray booths).
o Prohibiting flammable materials in certain areas of the facility.

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o Periodically inspecting buildings for violations, issuing Orders

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to comply with and, potentially, prosecuting or closing
buildings that are not in compliance, until the deficiencies are
corrected or condemning it in extreme cases.
o Maintaining fire alarm systems for detection and warning.
o Obtaining and maintaining a complete inventory of firestops.
o Ensuring that spray fireproofing remains undamaged.
o Maintaining a high level of training and awareness of
occupants and users of the building to avoid obvious mistakes, such as
the propping open of fire doors.
o Conduct fire drills at regular intervals throughout the year
A diagram of a residential fire alarm system
Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the
possibility of a fire that may result in death, injury, or property damage. It alert those
in a structure of the presence of fire in the event one occurs. It also enables those
threatened by fire to survive, or to reduce the damage caused by fire.
Fire safety measures include those that are planned during the construction of
a building or implemented in structures that are already standing, and those that are
taught to occupants of the building.
Threats to fire safety are referred to as fire hazards. A fire hazard may include
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a situation that increases the likelihood a fire may start or may impede escape in the
event a fire occurs.
Fire safety is often a component of building safety. Those who inspect
buildings for violations of the Fire Code and go into schools to educate children on
Fire Safety topics are fire department members known as fire prevention officers. The
Chief Fire Prevention Officer or Chief of Fire Prevention will normally train
newcomers to the Fire Prevention Division and may also conduct inspections or make
presentations.
Direction: Locate and draw the position of fire alarm system on the given diagram.
1. Locate the position of the smoke detectors

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2. Locate the position of the fire alarms.
3. Locate the position of both (fire alarms and smoke detectors)

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4. Finalize the fire alarm system by drawing a diagram connecting the fixtures.

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SELF CHECK # 2.2
Directions: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring

environmental changes associated with combustion.
a. Fire detector b. Fire Alarm System
c. Fire extinguisher d. Fire sprinkle
2. It discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected, and when
a predetermined temperature has been reached.
a. Fire detector b. Smoke detector
c. Fire extinguisher d. Fire sprinkle
3. A type of smoke detector which uses a very small quantity of

radioactive material.
a. Ionization type detector b. Photoelectric type detector
c. Fire detector d. Fire sprinkle
4. A type of smoke alarm that detect larger particles produced by

smoldering fires.
a. Ionization type detector b. Photoelectric type detector
5. It refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the possibility of

a fire that may result in death, injury, or property damage.
a. Fire safety b. Fire Alarm System
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LO2. Draft auxiliary systems and layout
Cable Television
Cable television is a system of providing television to consumers via radio
frequency signals transmitted to televisions through fixed optical fibers or coaxial
cables as opposed to the over-the-air method used in traditional television
broadcasting (via radio waves) in which a television antenna is required. FM radio
programming, high-speed Internet, telephony, and similar non-television services may
also be provided.
The abbreviation CATV is often used to mean "Cable TV". It originally stood
for Community Antenna Television, which originated in 1948, in areas where over-
the- air reception was limited by mountainous terrain and large community antennas.
Cable Modem System
This figure shows a basic cable modem system that consists of a head end
(television receivers and cable modem system), distribution lines with amplifiers, and
cable modems that connect to customers' computers. This diagram shows that the
cable television operator's head end system contains both analog and digital television
channel transmitters that are connected to customers through the distribution lines.

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Intercommunication Device
An intercom (intercommunication device), talkback or door phone is an
electronic communications system intended for limited or private dialogue, direction,
collaboration or announcements. Intercoms can be portable or mounted permanently
in buildings and vehicles. Intercoms can incorporate connections to walkie-talkies,
telephones, cell phones and to other intercom systems over phone or data lines and to
electronic or electromechanical devices such as signal lights and door latches.
A small home intercom might connect a few rooms in a house. While every
intercom product line is different, most analogue intercom systems have much in
common. Voice signals of about a volt or two are carried on top a direct current
power rail of 12, 30 or 48 volts which uses a pair of conductors. Signal light
indications between stations can be accomplished through the use of additional
conductors or can be carried on the main voice pair via tone frequencies sent above or
below the speech frequency range.
Multiple channels of simultaneous conversations can be carried over
additional conductors within a cable or by frequency- or time-division multiplexing in
the analogue domain. Multiple channels can easily be carried by packet-switched
digital intercom signals.
Portable intercoms are connected primarily using common shielded, twisted

pair microphone cabling terminated with 3-pin XLR connectors.
Building and vehicle intercoms are connected in a similar manner with
shielded cabling often containing more than one twisted pair.
Digital intercoms use Category 5 cable and relay information back and forth in
data packets using the Internet protocol architecture.

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Doorbell
A doorbell is a signaling device commonly found near a door. It commonly
emits a ringing sound to alert the occupant of the building to a visitor's presence.
In most wired systems, a button, located around the height of the doorknob,
activates a signaling device (usually a chime, bell, or buzzer) inside the building. This
single-pole, single-throw (SPST) switch momentarily closes the doorbell circuit. One
terminal of this button is wired to a terminal on a transformer.
A doorbell transformer steps down the 120–240-volt AC electrical power to a
lower voltage, typically 10–20 volts. The transformer's other terminal connects to one
of three terminals on the signaling device. Another terminal is connected to a wire
that travels to the other terminal on the button. If there is another button (typically
near a back door), it is connected between the transformer and the third terminal on
the signaling device.
Unfortunately, the transformer, being energized constantly, consumes a small
amount (about 1 to 2 W) of standby power constantly.

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Ursolino, Ponpon
Building Management Systems
A BMS is most common in a large building. Its core function is to manage the
environment within the building and may control temperature, carbon dioxide levels
and humidity within a building. As a core function in most BMS systems, it controls
heating and cooling, manages the systems that distribute this air throughout the
building (for example by operating fans or opening/closing dampers), and then locally
controls the mixture of heating and cooling to achieve the desired room temperature.
A secondary function sometimes is to monitor the level of human-generated CO2,
mixing in outside air with waste air to increase the amount of oxygen while also
minimizing heat/cooling losses.
Systems linked to a BMS typically represent 40% of a building's energy

usage; if lighting is included, this number approaches 70%. BMS systems are a
critical component to managing energy demand. Improperly configured BMS systems
are believed to account for 20% of building energy usage, or approximately 8% of
total energy usage in the United States.

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Ursolino, Ponpon
BMS are sometimes linked to access control.or other security systems such as
closed-circuit television (CCTV) and motion detectors. Fire alarm systems and
elevators are also sometimes linked to a BMS, for example, if a fire is detected then
the system could shut off dampers in the ventilation system. This stops smoke from
spreading and send all the elevators to the ground floor and park them to prevent
people from using them in the event of a fire.
Sample of an auxiliary electrical plan.

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Direction:
From the given floor plan draw an auxiliary electrical plan.

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Ursolino, Ponpon
SELF CHECK # 2.3
Direction:
Choose from the pool below the appropriate symbol.

Inaanuran,
Ursolino, Ponpon
Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria Score
(Tick
the
corresponding pts.)
Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
Performance Criteria:
Accuracy
50 pts - The output is accurately done.
45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output.
40 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.
Speed
10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time.
8 pts - The output is done on time.
6 pts. - The output is done after the allotted time.
Neatness
25 pts. - No errors made on the output.
20 pts - Two to three erasures made on the output.
15 pts - Four or more erasures made on the output.
Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - All information must be completely indicated and legibly
printed. 10 pts. - Pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing.

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ANSWER KEY # 1.1
Test I.
1. current
2. Ampere
3. voltage
4. charge
5. V
6. resistance
7. R
8. ohm
9. Ohm’s Law
10. electrical power
Test II.
1. close
2. true
3. insulators
4. true
5. series circuit

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Ursolino, Ponpon
ANSWER KEY # 1.2
Test I.
1. ceiling light outlet
2. convenience outlet
3. panel board
4. meco meter
5. circuit breaker
6. service entrance
7. range outlet
8. air condition outlet
9. one-gang switch
10. circuit homerun
Test II.
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. B

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ANSWER KEY# 1.3
Test I. Identification
1. Incandescent lamps
2. Fluorescent lamps
3. footcandle
4. lux
5. General lighting
6. Decorative lighting
7. Specific (local) lighting
8. 10-20 footcandles (108 to 215 lx)
9. 20-30 footcandles (215 to 320 lx)
10.70-200 footcandles (750 to 2150 lx)

1. direct light
2. indirect light
3. Semi direct light
4. semi-indirect light
5. diffused light
6. ceiling fixtures
7. wall fixtures
8. portable plug-ins
9. Incandescent lamps
10. Electric discharge lamps.

Inaanuran,
Ursolino, Ponpon
ANSWER KEY# 1.4
Test I. Matching Type

1. e
2. c
3. d
4. a
5. b

1. transformers
2. switchboards
3. panel boards
4. large switches
5. circuit breakers
6. fuse
7. circuit breaker
8. outlet boxes
9. junction boxes
10. pull boxes

Inaanuran,
Ursolino, Ponpon
ANSWER KEY # 1.5

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ANSWER KEY# 2.1
Direction: Identification
1. Buzzer
2. Fire Alarm
3. Interconnection Box
4. Bell
5. Television outlet
6. Telephone outlet
7. Radio outlet
8. Combination bell buzzer
9. Outside telephone
10. Interconnecting telephone
ANSWER KEY# 2.2
Multiple Choice
1. b
2. d
3. a
4. b
5. a

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Ursolino, Ponpon
ANSWER KEY # 2.3
Direction:

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Ursolino, Ponpon

Technical Drafting

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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

A pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine

After you accomplished all the tasks required, a post-assessment is given to

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

1. Draft Structural Drafting Structural CON311303

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

The basic principles of constructing building foundation are the same,

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

Girder is the horizontal beam which supports the floor joints.

Heel Plate is the plate at the end of a truss.

Hip Roof is a roof with four sloping sides.

Jack Rafter is a short rafter, usually used on hip roofs.

Lally Column is a steel column used to support girders and beams.

Pier is a block of concrete supporting the floor of a building.

Pilaster is a decorative column attached to a wall.

Purlins are horizontal structural members which hold rafters together.

Reinforced Concrete is a concrete in which steel bars or webbing has been

Ridge is a the top edge of the roof where rafters meet.

Slab is a foundation reinforced concrete and foundation floor.

Span is the distance between structural supports.

Valley is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof.

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome No. 1: Draft Foundation Plans

3. Compare your Answer to the

5. Review the procedure from the

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

LO1. Draft Foundation Plans

Laying out and Staking

The process of establishing the point of building outline or perimeter on the

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

1. Stake – are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground

ESTABLISHING THE SQUARE PRIOR TO EXCAVATION

Excavation and Backfilling

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

LAYING OUT THE STAKE AND BATTERBOARD

BRACING THE SIDE OF AN EXCAVATION

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

As in excavation, a foundation is also categorized as shallow foundation

1. Soil bearing capacity failure

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

LO1. Draft Foundation Plans

1. The process of establishing the perimeters of a house.

2. They are wooden sticks driven to the ground.

3. They are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.

4. It provides ultimate support of the structure.

5. It is the most suitable way of determining the soil condition.

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

LO1. Draft Foundation Plans

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

LO1. Draft Foundation Plans

Foundations are important components in the construction of a building. It is

1. Isolated Column Footing 2. Combined Column Footing

3. Cantilever Footing 4. Trapezoidal Footing

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

Date Developed: Document No. DHS TD-007-24

LO1. Draft Foundation Plans

1. A footing which supports a wall.

2. The part of the building below the surface of the ground.

3. A footing which supports a single column.