UNIT INTRODUCTION

PRESENT SIMPLE/ PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PRESENT SIMPLE
CẤU TRÚC:

(+) S+ is/ am/ are (+) S+ V(s/es)

(-) S+ am/ is/ are + not (-) S+ don't/ doesn't + V_bare
(?) Am/ Is/ Are + S? (?) Do/ Does + S+ V_bare?

CÁCH SỬ DỤNG:
● Diễn tả một hành động, sự việc mang tính chất thường xuyên lặp đi lặp lại.
E.g: Jane plays tennis every Sunday.
● Diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên hay một chân lý.
E.g: The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
● Diễn tả sự việc xảy ra theo kế hoạch bằng lịch trình như giờ tàu, chuyến bay,
xem phim, lịch thi đấu.
E.g: The flight departs from Da Nang at 10:50 and arrives in Taipei at 14:30.
● Diễn tả hành động tương lai trong mệnh đề thời gian và trong mệnh đề IF của
câu điều kiện loại 1.
➔ Mệnh đề thời gian (time clauses): When, While, As soon as, Before, After...
E.g: As soon as he arrives, I will call you.
➔ Mệnh đề IF của câu điều kiện loại 1.
E.g: If I get up early, I will go to school on time.

DẤU HIỆU NHẬN BIẾT

- always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom
- every day/ week/ month/ year
- once, twice, three times ,..

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
CẤU TRÚC

(+) S+ am/is/are + V-ing

(-) S+ am/is/are + not + V-ing
(?) Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing?

CÁCH SỬ DỤNG:
● Diễn đạt một hành động đang xảy ra tại thời điểm nói
E.g. He is eating his breakfast right now.
● Diễn đạt một hành động hoặc sự việc sắp xảy ra trong tương lai gần. Thường
diễn tả một kế hoạch đã lên lịch sẵn trước đó.
E.g: I am going to China tomorrow.
● Hành động thường xuyên lặp đi lặp lại gây sự bực mình hay khó chịu cho
người nói.
➔ Cách dùng này được dùng với trạng từ: always, forever, continually
E.g: He is always losing his keys.

DẤU HIỆU NHẬN BIẾT

- Now, Right now, At the moment, At present
- Look! Listen! Keep silent!

Exercise 1:
1. Where _______ his wife?
A.am
B. is
C. are
D. be
2. Jack _______ suit today.
A. is wearing
B. are wearing
C. am wearing
D. wears
3. The weather _______ warm this season.
A. gets
B. are getting
C. is getting
D. are gets
4. My kids _______ downstairs now. They _______ chess.
A. am/ am playing
B. is/is playing
C. are/are playing
D. be/ being
5. Look! The train _______ .
A. comes
B. coming
C. are coming
D. is coming
6. While I _______ my homework, my sister _______ newspapers.
A. am doing/ is reading
B. are doing/ is reading
C. is doing/ are reading
D. am doing/ are reading
7. Why _______ at me like that? What happened?
A. do you look
B. have you looked
C. did you look
D. are you looking
8. Andrew has just started evening classes. He _______ German.
A. are learning
B. is learning
C. am learning
D. learning
9. - "Are you ready, Belle?"
- "Yes, I _______”
A. am coming
B. come
C. came
D. have came
10. - Look! That guy _______ to break the door of your house.
A. try
B. tried
C. is trying
D. has tried
11. My teacher _______ long hair.
A. have
B. has
C. have had
D. had
12. They _______ to play the love games, but they _______ now.
A. isn't want, plays
B. doesn't want, plays
C. not want, are playing
D. don't want, are playing
13. - _______ Marry an English person?
- Yes, she _______ English at the meeting right now.
A. Be, speaks
C. Is, is speaking
B. Are, is speaking
D. Is, are speaking
14. Look! The man _______ up the tree.
A. is climbing
B. climbs
C. are climbing
D. climb
15. The newcomers _______ the rules of the club,
A. doesn't know
B. don't know
C. isn't knowing
D. aren't knowing
16. - How often does John _______ to the library?
- No, he _______ to read books. He only _______ to listen to music
- What _______ at the moment?
A. go, doesn't like, wants, does he do
B. go, don't like, wants, is he doing
C. go, doesn't like, wants, is he doing
D. go, doesn't like, want, is he doing
17. -What do you often _______ for breakfast?
- I _______ . I _______ breakfast. My mother _______ it now.
A. have, don't know, don't often prepare, are preparing
B. has, don't know, don't often prepare, is preparing
C. have, don't know, doesn't often prepare, is preparing
D.have, don't know, don't often prepare, is preparing
18. Your father _______ your motorbike at the moment.
A. is repairing
B. are repairing
C. don't repair
D. doesn’t repair
19, What is the new chairman _______ now? I _______ that he _______ very
busy.
A. doing, am seeing, is
B. do, see, is
C. doing, see, is
D. doing, sees, is
20. _______ Tom mad? He _______ all his books and _______ now.
A. Is, are throwing, crying
B. Is, is throwing, crying
C. Is, throws, cries
D. Is, is throw, cry

Exercise 2: Present Simple or Present Continuous

1. Every Monday, Sally _______ (drive) her kids to football practice.
2. Usually, I _______ (work) as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I _______
(study) French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.
3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John _______ (sleep)
4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It _______ (rain).
5. I hate living in Seattle because it _______ (rain, always).
6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you _______ (say) because everybody _______ (talk) so
loudly.
7. Justin _______ (write, currently) a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he
can
find a good publisher when he is finished.
8 Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I _______ (go) to a movie tonight with some friends.

Exercise 3: You ask Lisa questions about herself and her family. Write the
questions.
1. You know that Lisa plays tennis. You want to know how often. Ask her.
=> How often __________________________________________________
2. Perhaps Lisa's sister plays tennis too. You want to know. Ask Lisa.
=> Does ______________________________________________________
3. You know that Lisa goes to the cinema a lot. You want to know how often. Ask her.
=> How _______________________________________________________
4. You know that Lisa's brother works. You want to know what he does. Ask Lisa.
=> What ______________________________________________________
5. You're not sure whether Lisa speaks Spanish. You want to know. Ask her.
=> Do ________________________________________________________
6. You don't know where Lisa's grandparents live. You want to know. Ask Lisa
=> Where _____________________________________________________

Exercise 4: Complete the sentences with present continuous

1. Jack and Rose/ sit/ on the couch.
=>___________________________________________________________
2. My dad/ listen/ to the stereo
=>___________________________________________________________
3. My friends/ smoke/ in their rooms.
=>___________________________________________________________
4. Why/ you/ cry?
=>___________________________________________________________
5. You/ watch/ movies?
=>___________________________________________________________
6. What/ your two kids/ do?
=>___________________________________________________________

ARTICLE: A/AN and THE

- Dùng a/an để nói về 1 người hoặc vật nói chung, không xác định, hoặc nói về nghề
nghiệp.
- Dùng the khi:
* nói về người hoặc vật cụ thể
* biết rõ về đối tượng mà ta muốn nói đến
* đối tượng được nói đến là duy nhất
- Dùng the + adjective (không đi kèm danh từ) để nói về một nhóm người (the rich,
the poor).
EXERCISES
I. Complete the text with (a), (an), (the) or (leave the blank - for zero article).
Do exams make pupils lose interest?
(1) _____ children could be turned off their favorite subjects for (2) ______ life if
they
are pushed too hard to take (3)______ exams, (4)______ psychologists are warning.
(5) ______ study of 11-year-olds found that those who had taken exams to win
(6)______ school places rapidly lost (7)______ interest in their school work after
(8)______ exams were over. Other children, who did not take (9)______ same kind of
tests, did not have (10)______ same experience. In this study, (11)______ group of
researchers measured (12)______ motivation of children in (13)______ science,
(14)______ English and (15)______ Maths. Before (16)______ exams, (17)______
children all appeared very motivated, but as soon as (18)______ exams were over,
that changed, and their motivation went down. Motivation stayed (19)______ same
among another group who took normal school tests. Researchers think it is possible
that some children can be put off (20)______ subject permanently by an exam.

II. Put in a/an or the where necessary.

Example:
-Would you like______ apple? → Would you like an apple?
1. How often do you go to______ dentist?
2. Can you close______ door, please?
3. I have______ problem. I need your help.
4. How far is it from here to______ station?
5. I'm going to______ post office. I won't be long.
6. Paul plays tennis. He's______ very good player.
7. There isn't______ airport near where I live.
8.______ nearest airport is 70 miles away.
9. There were no chairs, so we sat on______ floor.
10. Have you finished with______ book I lent you?

III. Underline the correct word in each sentence:

1. Where's an/ the electric heater? I can't find it.
2. What happened at an/ the end of a/ the film?
3. David has an/ the appointment at a/ the optician's.
4. An/ The old person sometimes feels lonely.
5. Peter built a/ the largest model plane in a/ the world.
6. Luckily a/ the fire brigade soon came and put out a/ the fire.
7. Harry's mother bought him a/ the guitar for his birthday present.
8. I'm thinking of buying a/ the new pair of trousers.
9. In the end there was a/ the war between the two countries.
10. I didn't know an/ the answer to a/ the questions, so I left it out.

UNIT 1
PAST SIMPLE
CẤU TRÚC

(+) S+ was/were + ... (+) S+ V2/ed

(-) S+ was/were + not + … (-) S+ did not + V_bare
was not = wasn’t did not = didn’t
were not = weren’t (?) Did + S+ V_bare?
(?) Was/ were + S+ …?

CÁCH DÙNG
- Diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra và chấm dứt trong quá khứ, không còn liên quan
tới hiện tại.
E.g: Yesterday I went to the cinema with my old friends.
- Diễn tả hành động xảy ra nối tiếp nhau trong quá khứ.
E.g: When I saw a terrible accident, I called the police at once.
- Diễn tả hồi ức, kỉ niệm.
E.g: My family moved to the city center when I was in grade 6.

DẤU HIỆU NHẬN BIẾT

ago, last, yesterday, in + một mốc thời gian trong quá khứ (in 2000)

EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. He _________ on his report when his computer suddenly shut down.
A. worked
B. was working
C. works
D. is working
2. Last night, I _________ in bed when I suddenly heard a scream.
A. read
B. reads
C. is reading
D. was reading
3. She saw a mouse_________.
A. when she was having a bath
B. as long as she had a bath
C. as she had had a bath
D. as soon as she has had a bath
4. Peter couldn't sleep because the people next door _________ a lot of noise until
past midnight.
A. made
B. had made
C. have made
D. were making
5. _________ at the party, we had finished the second dish.
A. Before they arrive
B. As soon as they arrive
C. By the time they arrived
D. After they had arrived
6. Her academic performance has greatly improved since she _________ her
study methods.
A. will change
B. changed
C. would change
D. was changing
7. While I _________ the floor, Mrs Parker began cooking.
A. swept
B. was sweeping
C. has swept
D. has been sweeping
8. They _________ the new words yesterday from three to seven.
A. learnt
B. have been learning
C. have learnt
D. were learning
9. She _________ this exercise yesterday at 8 o'clock.
A. wrote
B. has written
C. has been writing
D. was writing
10. Why _________ to me while I _________ ?
A didn’t you listen/ was speaking
C. were you not listening/ spoke
B. were you not listening/ was speaking
D. did you not listen/ spoke
11. They _________ this film last week.
A. have seen
B. saw
C. have been seeing
D. were seeing
12. Our grandfather _________ as an engineer for 30 years before he retired in
1980.
A. worked
B. was working
C. has been working
D. had been working
13. As soon as he waved his hand, she turned away.
A. He saw her turn away and he waved his hand.
B. No sooner had he waved his hand than she turned away.
C. She turned away because he waved his hand too early.
D. Although she turned away, he waved his hand.
14. My father hasn't smoked cigarettes for a month.
A. It's a month since my father last smoked cigarettes.
B. It's a month ago that my father smoked cigarettes.
C. I's a month that my father hasn't smoked cigarettes.
D. It's a cigarette that my father smoked a month ago.
15. The man got out of the car, _________ round to the back and opened the
book.
A. walking
B. walked
C. walks
D. walk
16. After I _________ lunch, I looked for my bag.
A. had
B. had had
C. have has
D. have had
17. I couldn't cut the grass because the lawn mower _________ a few days
previously.
A. broke down
B. has been broken
C. had broken down
D. breaks down
18. By the age of 25, he _________ two famous novels.
A. wrote
B. writes
C. has written
D. had written
19. Almost everyone _________ for home by the time we arrived.
A. leave
B. left
C. leaves
D. had left

Exercise 2. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their original

meanings
1. My father hasn't smoked cigarettes for a month.
=> It's ______________________________________________________
2. John regrets forgetting to send Mary a Christmas card.
=> John wishes _______________________________________________
3. Eight years ago we started writing to each other.
=> We have __________________________________________________
4. John used to write home once a week when he was abroad.
=> John never_________________________________________________
5. It's a pity you didn't tell us about this.
=> I wish _____________________________________________________
6. When did you first know him?
=> How_______________________________________________________
7. Since the invention of the computer, people have saved a lot of time.
=> Since the computer was_______________________________________
8. He left school and then joined the army.
=> After_______________________________________________________
9. The plane had hardly left the airport when the accident happened.
=> No sooner___________________________________________________
10. Playing games in his free time is my boss's only interest. (whenever)
=> My boss_____________________________________________________

UNIT 2
PAST CONTINUOUS
CẤU TRÚC

(+) S+ was/were + Ving

(-) S+ was/ were + not + V-ing
(?) Was/ were + S + V-ing?

CÁCH DÙNG
● Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
E.g: I was watching TV at 9 pm last night.
● Diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra thì có hành động khác chen vào. Hành động
xảy ra trước chia ở thì quá khứ tiếp diễn, hành động xảy ra sau (chen ngang)
chia ở thì quá khứ đơn.
E.g: The students were discussing the topic when the bell rang.
While they were sleeping, somebody broke into their house.
● Diễn tả 2 hành động xảy ra đồng thời trong quá khứ.
E.g: He was playing soccer while she was reading the newspaper.

DẤU HIỆU NHẬN BIẾT

- giờ + thời gian trong quá khứ (at 3 pm yesterday...)
- at this/that time + thời gian trong quá khứ (at this time last week...)

EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Supply the correct form of verbs in brackets, using simple past or past
continuous
1. When we_________ (arrive) at the restaurant yesterday, the place_________(be)
was full.
2. Yesterday at ten she_________ (sit) in front of her computer to complete her essay,
3. When their dad_________ (get) home, the boys_________ (watch)TV
4. A postman_________(come) to my house yesterday.
5. While he_________ (listen) carefully to the weather forecast on the radio, someone
_________(knock) at his door.
6. I_________(move) to Hanoi when I was in high school.
7. My sister_________(spend) $500 for her birthday party last year because it was her
30th.
8. Last night we_________(watch) TV when the power_________ (fail)
9. While we_________(talk) on the phone the children (start) _________fighting and
_________(break) the window.
10. I_________(chat) with my friends while my teacher_________(teach) the lesson
yesterday.
12. At this time yesterday, I_________ (prepare) for my son's birthday party.
13. John and I _________ (go) for a walk yesterday morning. I had difficulty keeping
up with
him because he_________(walk) so fast.
14. When I_________(arrive), everybody________(sit) round the table.
15. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He ________(look) for his contact
lens.

Exercise 2. Rewrite the following sentences without changing the original

meanings
1. During his law studies, he met his future wife. (studying)
=> While ____________________________________________________
2. She had more freedom when her father was abroad. (traveling)
=> While_____________________________________________________
3. On his arrival at the party, everyone was chatting and eating.
=> When he__________________________________________________
4. They ate dinner and discussed the problem at the same time. (eating)
=> While_____________________________________________________
5. In the middle of our lunch, there was a knock at the door.
=> While we__________________________________________________
6. During our stay in Venice, we bought a lovely glass perfume bottle.
=> While we__________________________________________________
7. I started studying before 8 p.m, and continued after 8 p.m. last night. (at 8 p.m.)
=> I_________________________________________________________
8. I have been in Japan since I was eighteen. (when)
=> I_________________________________________________________
9. He misbehaved all the time, even when the teacher told him off. (always)
=> He was____________________________________________________
10. Tom had his last drink ten years ago. (sober)
=> Tom has___________________________________________________

UNIT 3
QUANTIFIERS
(LƯỢNG TỪ)
A. ĐỊNH NGHĨA
- Các từ chỉ số lượng (lượng từ) được đặt trước danh từ để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ
- Những lượng từ phổ biến trong tiếng Anh

Đi với danh từ đếm Đi với danh từ không Đi với cả danh từ đếm

được đếm được được và không đếm được

Many Much Any

A few A little Some

Few Little Plenty of

 B. CÁCH DÙNG CÁC LƯỢNG TỪ
1. Some/ Any
❖ Some: một vài, một ít (dùng trong câu khẳng định)
Some + danh từ số nhiều (đếm được) + V(plural)
Some + danh từ không đếm được + V(singular)
E.g: There's some water in the bottle
Some strange people are wandering around my house.
❖ Any: bất kỳ, bất cứ
Any + danh từ số nhiều + V(plural)
Any + danh từ số ít/ không đếm được + V(singular)
E.g: I can go out any time I want.
There aren't any chairs in the room.
2. Many/much
- Dùng trong câu khẳng định, phủ định, nghi vấn, có nghĩa là nhiều
❖ Many: đi với danh từ số nhiều, đếm được.
E.g: There are many mistakes in this exercises
❖ Much: đi với danh từ không đếm được.
E.g: I didn’t drink much beer at the party last night.
Lưu ý: Chúng ta thường dùng “too much” và “so many” trong câu khẳng định để nhấn
mạnh mức độ nhiều quá mức của sự vật, sự việc.
E.g: I drank too much beer at the party last night.
3. A lot of/ Lots of/ Plenty of
- Được dùng tương tự như much và many nhưng được dùng nhiều trong câu khẳng
định, cũng có nghĩa là nhiều.
A lot of/ Lots of/ Plenty of + danh từ số nhiều + V(plural)
A lot of/ Lots of/ Plenty of + danh từ không đếm được + V(singular)
E.g: During the Mid-Autumn Festival, a lot of children are given unique and trendy
lanterns.
4. Little/ A little - Few/ A few
❖ A little/ Little
A little: một ít, một chút (không nhiều nhưng đủ dùng)
Little: rất ít, hầu như không có, không còn
Little/ A little + danh từ không đếm được + V(singular)
E.g: There is little sugar in my coffee.
We have a little time before the train leaves.
❖ Few/ A few:
A few: một vài (không nhiều nhưng cũng đủ dùng)
Few: rất ít, hầu như không có
A few/Few + danh từ số nhiều + V(plural)
E.g: The house is small. However, there are a few rooms for my family.

EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Fill in the blank with suitable quantifiers:
Many / much / little / a little / few / a few / any / some
1. The museum was very crowded. There were too__________people.
2. Jack knows__________Japanese, but his brother knows enough Japanese to
manage.
3. Eating out seems to be expensive in this sumptuous city. There aren’t______cheap
restaurants.
4. Try to avoid foods which contain___________fat.
5.We've been having___________problems with the new computer.
6. In the developed world, there are hardly____________ jobs which don’t use
computers to carry out daily tasks.
7. We have_______ apples left. We should go and buy some more.
8.___________ my friends are living abroad now.
9. There are_________ slices of cake left over from the party.
10. She has spent_________time in Europe to learn English and French with a view to
finding a better job.
11. "Is there______butter I could use?" "No, there's some margarine but there
isn't______ butter.
12. If I drink too_______coffee, I can't sleep.
13. How_________liquid do you think this bottle contains?
14. There was hardly_________food left by the time we got there.
15. It was embarrassing to know how_________people attended the party.

Exercise 2: Choose the correct word to complete the following sentences.

1. Jane is going to school late. There is too (much / many) traffic.
2. Can you bring coca cola to the birthday party? I don't have (some / any)
3. There aren't (much / many) car parks in the mountainous and remote countryside of
Vietnam.
4. New York has (a lot of / a little) great fashion shops.
5. Hurry up! We only have (a little / a few) time before the plane takes off.
6. When I went to England, I saw (some / any) beautiful scenery.
7. (Many a / Many) singer will be chosen to perform in the special event.
8. She doesn't have (few / any) patience when learning English.
9. "Can I buy stamps here?" - “Well, we do sell them, but we haven't got (some / any)
at the moment.”
10. I had (a few / a little) problems with my car, but it's been fixed now.
11. This club needs to win (a lot of / much) trophies in order to be regarded as the best
club
in Europe.
12. Could you give me (any / some) paper?
13. The exam is extremely difficult and (little / few) students passed it.
14. Sorry, I have (little / few) money. I really can't afford to go out.
15. Please donate (a lot of / some) money to the orphanage in Indonesia.

Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence

1. There wasn't ______snow last night.
A. many
B. much
C. few
D. a large number of
2. He's always busy. He has________time to relax.
A. much
B. little
C. a little
D. plenty of
3. She put so______salt in the soup that she couldn't have it. It was too salty
A. many
B. little
C. much
D. a little
4. He made too_______mistakes in his writing.
A. a few
B. much
C. many
D. a little
5. How_________students are there in your class?
A. little
B. few
C. much
D. many
6. There was so_______traffic that it took me an hour to get home.
A. a lot of
B. little
C. much
D. many
7. Learning a language needs______patience.
A. a few
B. much
C. many
D. little
8. With only_______hope. Harry didn't know how to keep going another day.
A. little
B. a little
C. few
D. a few
9. How_______money have you got?
A. many
B. much
C. a few
D. few
10. There was very________food at the party but I didn't eat anything.
A. little
B. much
C. many
D. a lot of
11. We didn't take_______photographs when we were on holiday.
A. much
B. a lot of
C. many
D. B&C are correct
12. There isn't_________shampoo in the bathroom.
A. any
B. some
C. little
D. few
13, Would you like_________tea?
A. some
B. many
C. a few
D. any
14. He had so_______things to do.
A. many
B. a lot of
C. much
D. little
15. The mixture looks rather dry. Maybe you should add______water.
A. a few
B. few
C. a little
D. little
16. We're having a big party. We've invited_________friends.
A. a lot of
B. much
C. many of
D. no
17. Could I try________wine?
A, a little
B. a few
C. little
D. few
18. How_______furniture do you think there is?
A. many
B. much
C. few
D. a lot of
19. Why don't you take a break? Would you like______coffee?
A. few
B. some
C. many
D. much
20. He drank________wine last night and gets sick now.
A. too many
B. too much
C. few of
D. a large number of
21. Give me_________examples, please!
A. a few
B. a little
C. few
D. little
22. Is there_________water in the glass?
A. any
B. some
C. many
D. lots of
23. Can you speak French? - Yes,________.
A. a few
B. few
C. a little
D. little
24. Thank you very_______for your help.
A. many
B. much
C. a lot of
D. little
25. She put too________sugar in the coffee. It became so sweet that I couldn't
drink.
A. many
B. much
C. few
D. a little
26. I have got_______homework to do.
A. many
B. few
C. a lot of
D. a large number of
27. She has talked too
A. much
B. many
C. few
D. a great deal
28. He made__________mistakes. That's why he didn't get good marks.
A. much
B. many
C. little
D. a number of
A. much
29, Would you like________champagne to drink?
A. some
B. few
C. a few
D. many
30. I must do so_________homework today.
A. many
B. some
C. much
D. few

MODAL VERBS

MODAL VERB + V (nguyên mẫu)

Động từ khiếm khuyết là một loại động từ đặc biệt, xuất hiện để bổ nghĩa cho động từ
chính nhằm diễn tả khả năng, sự cần thiết, sự cấm đoán, sự cho phép,nghĩa vụ,…
Ex: They can speak Vietnamese fluently.
You mustn't park here.

Modal Verbs Chức năng Ví dụ Chú ý

must Diễn tả sự cần You must go to Mustn’t- sự cấm đoán,

thiết, bắt buộc ở bed at 11.30 pm không được làm gì đó.
hiện tại hoặc everyday. Example: You mustn’t
tương lai. smoke at the hospital.

Lời đoán hoặc He must be very

sự chắc chắn tired after
về điều gì đó có working hard all
căn cứ. day long.

Yêu cầu được You must be here

nhấn mạnh before 8 a.m

can Diễn tả khả I can speak “Can” và “could” thường

năng hiện tại English fluently. có cùng chức năng: diễn tả
hoặc tương lai khả năng của ai đó hoặc cái
mà ai đó có thể gì có thể xảy ra, sự cho
làm được, hoặc It can rain today. phép. Tuy nhiên sắc thái
sự việc nào đó khác nhau. “Can” dùng cho
có thể xảy ra. hiện tại, “could” dùng cho
quá khứ và có phần lịch sự
Yêu cầu sự cho Can I use your hơn.
phép computer? Example:
Can I borrow your book?
could Diễn tả khả I could read
Could I borrow your book?
năng trong quá when I was six
khứ years old.
 Sự xin phép Excuse me,
một cách lịch could I use your
sự phone?

may Khi xin phép May I use your “May” và “might” dùng để
phone, please? xin phép, tuy nhiên “might”
hầu như chỉ dùng trong câu
gián tiếp và ít dùng trong
văn nói.
Một việc có khả It may rain Example:
năng xảy ra tomorrow! He asked if she might come
nhưng xác suất It may be a later.
thấp, không bomb.
chắc. May I turn on the TV?
Với quá khứ, chúng ta sử
might Hỏi sự cho Might I interrupt dụng may have/ might
phép một cách for a moment? have+ V3/ed
lịch sự. Example:
I wonder why Kate didn’t
answer her phone? She may
have been asleep.
Khả năng, xác The car looks I can find my key anywhere.
suất nice but it might - You might have left it at
be expensive. work.

need not= Không cần I needn’t come Có thể sử dụng “don’t/

needn’t thiết, không bắt with us. doesn’t need to…”
buộc phải làm We don’t need to hurry.
gì đó.

should/ Sự ép buộc, You should / Should/ ought to cũng

ought to nhưng mức độ ought to see a được dùng khi diễn tả điều
nhẹ hơn “must” doctor. gì đó không đúng nếu
không xảy ra.

Lời khuyên You should / Example:

ought to revise
 your lessons at Where’s Jane? - She should
home. be here right now.

Dùng để suy She worked hard,

đoán she should get
the best result.

had better Lời khuyên ( tốt You'd better do

hơn hết là…..) the homework
right now.

Have to Bắt buộc phải You have to sign Mức độ bắt buộc của “have
làm gì đó vì sự your name here. to” không cao bằng “must”.
cần thiết Phủ định của have to là
Don’t/ doesn’t have to
= Don’t/ doesn’t need to
= Needn’t (không cần thiết
phải làm gì)

Exercise 1. Choose the best answer

1. You don't look well. You________see a doctor.
A. could
B, need to
C. have to
D. should
2. She___________home yesterday because her little son was sick.
A. could have stayed
B. must have stayed
C. had to stay
D. should have stayed
3. You__________disturb him during his work!
A. should
B. needn't
C. mustn't
D. don’t have to
4. The windows look clean. You_________ wash them.
A. are not to
B. needn't
C. doesn't have to
D. mustn’t
5. You__________ring the bell; I have a key.
A. may not
B. needn't
C. mustn’t
D. couldn’t
6. You_________drink this; it's poison.
A. must
B. needn't
C. mustn't
D. shouldn’t
7. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They_______ have sailed
from South America.
A. might
B. must
C. should
D. had
8. She felt ill and ________ leave early.
A. has to
B. must
C. had to
D. ought
D. mustn't
9. This box isn't as heavy as it looks. You______help me with it. Thanks anyway
for offering to help.
A. must
B. mustn't
C. might
D. needn't
10. Yesterday everyone in the office_______leave the building for a fire drill. I am
glad it wasn't a real fire.
A. may
B. might
C. must
D. mustn’t
11. You_______play loud music at night. The neighbors will call the police.
A. mustn't
B. needn't
C. might not
D. couldn't
12. You_______stand up. There are a lot of seats available on the bus.
A. couldn't
B. mustn't
C. needn't
D. might not
13. Our company provides free advice on the use of our products. You ________
pay us.
A. must
B. have to
C. needn’t
D. mustn’t
14. Laura, you and the kids just have dinner without waiting for me. I______
work late today.
A. can
B. have to
C. could
D. would
15. He didn't need_________out of his room in Moscow.
A. go
B. to going
C. going
D. to go
16. He said that he_________enter the examination room because he was late.
A. shouldn't
B. couldn't
C. needn't
D. might not
17. You haven't eaten anything since yesterday afternoon. You_______be really
hungry!
A. must
B. might
C. will
D. can
18. - "Why are you so late?"
- “ I _______ take my aunt to the airport. The traffic was terrible!"
A. might
B. could
C. had to
D. should
19. You shouldn't tell her the news. It might kill her.
A. She shouldn't be told by the news. She might be killed.
B. The news shouldn't be told her. She might be killed.
C. She shouldn't be told the news. She might be killed.
D. She shouldn't be told the news. It might be killed.
20. It's time we left for the disco.
A. We may leave for the disco now.
B. We needn't leave for the disco now.
C. We should leave for the disco now.
D. We must have left for the disco now.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with mustn't, needn't, don't have to or doesn't
have to.
1. I don't want anyone to know about our plan. You ________ tell anyone.
2. Richard___________wear a suit to work, but he usually does.
3. We have plenty of time. We__________leave yet.
4. There's a lift in the building, so we____________climb the stairs.
5. I promised Kate I'd call her tomorrow. I__________forget.
6. I'm not very busy. I have a few things to do, but I___________do them now.
7. Sophie likes weekends because she____________get up early.
8. You__________be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.
9. You should keep trying to find a job. You________give up.
10. You can delete these emails. You___________keep them.

Exercise 3. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first
1. Perhaps Susan knows the address. (may)
=> Susan____________________________________________________________
2. It's possible that Joanna didn't receive my message. (might)
=> Joanna ___________________________________________________________
3. The report must be on my desk tomorrow. (has)
=> The report_________________________________________________________
4. I managed to finish all my work. (able)
=> I_________________________________________________________________
5. It was not necessary for Nancy to clean the flat. (didn't)
=> Nancy_____________________________________________________________
6. Tomorrow there is a football match between Team A and Team B. Team A are
much better. (should)
=> Team A __________________________________________________________
7. 'It would be a good idea to eat more fruit,' the doctor said to me. (should)
=> The doctor recommended that _________________________________________
8. I needn't have submitted my assignment today. (obligatory)
=> It wasn’t _________________________________________________________
9. My car keys might be in the kitchen. (possibly)
=> My car keys are ____________________________________________________
10. I think you should give up smoking immediately. (had)
=> I think you________________________________________________________
11. I am sure you were surprised when you heard all the news. (must)
=> You _______________________________________when you heard all the news.
12. Someone almost certainly broke the window on purpose. (must)
=> The window __________________________________________on purpose.
> 13. I am sure that the cat is in the house somewhere. (must)
=> The cat___________________________________________________________
14. It's necessary for me to bring my passport. (have)
=> I ________________________________________________________________
15. It wasn't necessary for you to do all this work. (needn't)
=> You___________________________________________________all this work.

UNIT 4
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
A. Comparative (so sánh hơn)

❖ Dùng -er cho tính từ ngắn (1 âm tiết)

cheap → cheaper
large → larger
hot → hotter
 ❖ Dùng -er cho tính từ 2 âm tiết kết thúc bằng “y”

lucky → luckier
easy → easier
early → earlier
pretty → prettier

❖ Dùng more… cho tính từ dài (2 âm tiết trở lên)

expensive → more expensive

comfortable → more comfortable
beautiful → more beautiful

❖ Dùng more cho trạng từ kết thúc bằng “-ly”

slowly → more slowly fast → faster

easily → more easily hard → harder
seriously → more seriously
quietly → more quietly

➢ Có thể dùng -er hoặc more… với một số tính từ 2 âm tiết kết thúc bằng -er,
-ow, -et, -le:
clever narrow quiet shallow simple
➢ Để nhấn mạnh mức độ trong so sánh hơn, ta sử dụng “much”, “far”, “even”
hoặc “a lot” trước hình thức so sánh
Ex1: My watch is more expensive than yours.
→ My watch is much/far more expensive than yours.
Ex 2: A watermelon is sweeter than a lemon.
→ A watermelon is a lot sweeter than a lemon.

B. Superlative (so sánh nhất)

Dùng the + -est cho tính từ ngắn (1 âm tiết) và tính từ 2 âm tiết kết thúc bằng -y
 long → the longest
hot → the hottest
easy → the easiest
hard → the hardest

Dùng the most… cho các tính từ/ trạng từ dài (2 âm tiết trở lên)

famous → the most famous

difficult → the most difficult
enjoyable → the most enjoyable

● Các tính từ/ trạng từ bất quy tắc

Tính/trạng từ So sánh hơn So sánh nhất

good / well better the best

bad / badly worse the worst

little less the least

much / many more the most

far farther / further the farthest / the furthest

Example:
- The garden looks better since you tidied it up.
- He did very badly in the exam - worse than expected.
- He's the best teacher, even though he has the least experience.
- Let me know if you hear any further news. (=any more news).

C. Equal Comparison (so sánh bằng)

- So sánh bằng dùng để so sánh 2 người, 2 vật, 2 việc, 2 nhóm đối tượng có cùng
tính chất.
Khẳng định: S+ to be/ V+ as +adj/adv + as…
Phủ định: S+ to be/ V + not + as/so + adj/ adv + as…
E.g: She is as tall as me.
I can't draw as/so beautifully as her.
- So sánh bằng cũng có thể diễn đạt bằng cấu trúc "the same as".
S+ to be + the same + (noun) + as…
E.g: The red bag is the same price as the white one.
She is the same age as me.
- Khi nói gấp bao nhiêu lần, ta dùng cấu trúc: twice as ... as, three times as ..
as,...
E.g: Linh types twice as fast as me.
Her book costs three times as much as mine.
- So sánh bằng với danh từ:
S1+ V+ as many/ much + N+ as…
E.g: He earns as much money as I do.
I don't have as / so many friends as he does.

EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. Do not change the
meaning:
E.g: Jill can run faster than Peter.
→ Peter can't run as fast as Jill.
1. I thought this journey would last longer than it did.
→ The journey didn’t _________________________________________________
2. I didn't arrive as early as I expected.
→ I arrived_________________________________________________________
3. You are working too slowly.
→ You'll have to _____________________________________________________
4. I have a brother who is older than me.
→ I have an_________________________________________________________
5. Martin thought the second part of the film was more interesting.
→ Martin didn't think the first ____________________________________________
6. Paula's work is less careful than before.
→ Paula has been working_____________________________________________
7. There aren't any trains earlier than this one.
→ This is___________________________________________________________
8. All other cafés are further away.
→ This café _________________________________________________________
9. Bob is younger than Sally.
→ Bob isn't__________________________________________________________
10. This book is less expensive than that one.
→ This book_________________________________________________________
11. This room is smaller than that room.
→ This room isn't_____________________________________________________
12. She is the most beautiful girl in my class.
→ No one in_________________________________________________________
13. American coffee is weaker than Spanish coffee.
→ American coffee____________________________________________________
14. Money is less important than health.
→ Money isn't________________________________________________________
15. The Nile is the longest river in the world.
→ No river in_________________________________________________________
16. Tom's pronunciation is worse than Sue's.
→ Tom's pronunciation isn't______________________________________________
17. This exercise is more difficult than the last one.
→ This exercise isn't___________________________________________________
18. You spent more money than me.
→ I didn't spend_______________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Put one suitable word in each space, beginning with the letter given:
1. Is William feeling any b_______today?
2. Everyone ate a lot, but Chris ate the m______.
3. What's the I_______ news about the situation in India?
4. I'd feel a lot h_______ if you let me help.
5. Graham has been sinking d______ into debt lately.
6. It's 38 degrees today! It must be the h_____ day so far this year.
7. - Only＄1? Is that all?
- Oh well, it's b_____ than nothing.
8. He had to wait a f_______ two months before he got his promotion.
9. Ruth wore her b________ dress to her sister’s wedding.
10. Harry has got over the w_______ of his cold.

Exercise 3: Complete each sentence with the most suitable word or phrase:
1. I really think that apologizing is________you can do.
A. not as much as
B. a little
C. the least
D. as far as
2. I can't stand this weather. It's getting_________.
A. more and more
B. worse and worse
C. coldest and coldest
D. further and further
3. Although Brenda came last, everyone agreed she had______her best.
A. done
B. made
C. had
D. got
4. I wish Charles worked as hard as Mary________
A. do
B. can
C: will
D. does
5. The more you water this tree, the_________it will grow.
A. best
B. tall
C. wetter
D. faster
6. I've never owned_______big cat as this one.
A. a more than
B. such a
C. a so
D. as much a
7. Brian has been working________since he was promoted.
A. much harder
B. as harder
C. just as hardly
D. more hardly
8. I've been feeling______tired lately, doctor.
A. such a
B. the most
C. more and more
D. much
9. This exercise will give you________practice.
A. farther
B. much more
C. as better
D. a lot
10. Ms. Jones isn't as nice_____Ms. Smith.
A. as
B. for
C. like
D. to
11.The Boeing 747 is twice________the Boeing 707.
A. bigger than
B. as bigger as
C. as big as
D. more bigger than
12. My young brother grew very quickly and soon he was_________my mother.
A. more big than
B. so big than
C.as big as
D. too big than
13. He is not______tall as his father.
A. the
B. as
C. than
D. more
14. The test is not____difficult______it was last month.
A. as/ as
B. so/ as
C. more/ as
D. A and B
15. - A: It's a long way from Britain, isn't it?
- B: Yes, but it isn't as_____as Hong Kong.
A. far
B. farther
C. farthest
D. further
16. She plays the piano__________as she sings.
A. as beautifully
B. more beautifully
C. as beautiful
D. the most beautifully
17. You must explain your problems_____________.
A. as clear as you can
B. as clearly as you can
D. as clearly as you are
C. as clear than you are
18. His house is_________mine.
A. twice as big as
B. as twice big as
C. as two times big as
D. as big as twice
19. Robert does not have_________Peter does.
A. money more than
C. more money as
B. as many money as
D. as much money as
20. Daisy's hair is________than her sister's.
A. by far long
B. the longest
C. very longer
D. much longer
21. Paul thinks Italian food is much___________than Chinese food.
A. most delicious
B. more delicious
C. delicious
D. as delicious
22. My nephew is______younger than my niece.
A. more
B. enough
C. too
D. far
23. Jackie is as_________as her older sister.
A. beautiful
B. more beautiful.
C. the most beautiful
D. much beautiful

Exercise 4: Choose the correct form A, B or C, to complete the text

When you look into the night sky, you may not be able to tell the difference
between stars and planets, but planets are (1)________to Earth. However, they are still
very far away, and a journey to Mars would be about nine months, (2)________ than a
journey to the Moon (about three days). Even if your future space ship was
(3)________than the simple space probes we have now, it would still take you a
couple of years to get to Jupiter, which is (4) ______Earth - more than 1,300 times, in
fact, and it’s 300 times (5)______. Jupiter is a giant ball of gas and the atmosphere
pressure is (6)_______ it is on Earth. If you could land there, you would be (7)
_______- more than twice as much. The whole planet is (8)________ the Earth as
well, and scientists think that the centre of the planet may be as hot as 10,000℃.
Interestingly, the day on Jupiter is (9)_________, and only lasts about 10 hours, but a
year on Jupiter lasts for 11 Earth years. So, when you came back, you would be (10)
___________when you set out.

1. A. a lot nearer B. nearer than C. less near than

2. A. more longer B. as long as C. much longer
3. A. more fast B. a lot faster than C. not as fast as
4. A. very much bigger than B. as big as C. less big than
5. A. as dense as B. more dense C. less dense than
6. A. a lot greater than B. just as great C. less great
7. A. more than heavy B. less heavy C. much heavier
 8. A. as hot as B. a lot hotter than C. hotter
9. A. a lot shorter B. shorter than C. less short
10. A. more old B. older C. much older than

SO/SUCH…THAT... (QUÁ…ĐẾN NỖI)

A. So…that…
❖ Dùng với tính từ/ trạng từ:
S+ be/V+ so + adj/adv+ that + S+ be/V
E.g: It was so dark that I couldn't see anything.
The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Đảo ngữ với So:
So + adj + tobe + S + that + clause
E.g: So beautiful is she that she can become The Miss World.
So + adv + trợ động từ + S + V + that + clause
E.g:- So quickly did he drive that the police couldn't catch him.
❖ Dùng với danh từ:
S+ V+ so many/ few + plural countable noun + that + S + V
S+ V+ so much/ little + uncountable noun + that + S + V
S+ V+ so + adj + a/ an + singular noun + that + S + V
E.g: The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own basketball team.
He had so much money that he didn't know what to do with it.
It was so disappointing a result that we didn't accept.

B. Such….that…
S+ V+ such + (a/an) + adj + noun + that + S + V
E.g: He is such a popular man that everyone knows him.
They are such naughty children that everybody refuses to take care of them
It was such bad weather that they had to cancel the match.
Đảo ngữ với such
 Such + (a/an) + adj + N+ tobe + that + clause
E.g: Such a beautiful dress is it that I want to buy it.
Such a fast speaker was he that we couldn't understand him.

C. TOO…TO…(QUÁ…ĐẾN NỖI KHÔNG THỂ…)

❖ Dùng với tính từ/ trạng từ:
S + be/V+ too + adj/ady + (for O) + to V
E.g: He is too short to play basketball.
They spoke too quickly for me to understand.
Lưu ý
Đôi khi các mệnh đề có chủ ngữ khác nhau, khi đó ta sử dụng cấu trúc với “for O”
Ex: The tea was very hot. I couldn't drink it.
–> The tea was too hot for me to drink.
(NOT: The tea was too hot for me to drink it.)

D. ENOUGH…TO…(ĐỦ…ĐỂ LÀM…)
❖ Dùng với tính từ/ trạng từ:
S+ be/V + adj/adv + enough + (for O) + to V
E.g: He isn't tall enough to play basketball.
They spoke slowly enough for me to understand.
❖ Dùng với danh từ:
S+ V + enough + noun + (for O) + to V
E.g: I have enough time to do this exercise.
Lưu ý
- Nếu vế trước và vế sau có cùng chủ ngữ thì lược bỏ "for sb" phía sau đi.
E.g: I am strong. I can lift this box
–> I am strong enough to lift this box.
- Nếu chủ ngữ của vế trước và tân ngữ phía sau là một thì lược bỏ phần tân ngữ phía
sau.
E.g: Homework is very easy. I can't do it.
 –> Homework is easy enough for me to do.

EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct option.
1. Our seats were_________far from the stage that we couldn't see the actors and
actresses clearly.
A. very
B. too
C. enough
D.50
2. He was ___________he never washed his clothes by himself.
A. too lazy
B. so lazy that
C. very lazy that
D. such lazy that
3. They are____young______drive the car.
A. so / that
B. too/ to
C. enough / to
D. not only / but also
4. It was________a boring speech that I fell asleep.
A such
B. so
C. very
D. too
5. Is there_________for everyone?
A. food and drink enough
C. enough of food and drink
B. enough food and drink
D. enough food and drink enough
6. He was________he could not continue to work.
A. very tired that
B. such tired that
C. too tired that
D. so tired that
7. John's eyes were_________bad that he couldn't read the number plate of the
car in front.
A. such
B. too
C. so
D. very
8. Why don't we make a fire? - It's not cold______to make a fire.
A. too
B. enough
C. such
D. much
9. Most of the pupils are___________to pass the examination.
A. enough good
B. good enough
C. too good
D. very good
10. You can send me a letter if you want to, but your phone call is_________for
me.
A. enough good
B. good as enough
C. good enough
D. good than enough
11. Davis has_________many patients________he is always busy.
A. too / that
B. very / until
C. such / that
D. so / that
12. It was________a difficult question that they couldn't explain.
A. so
B. such
C. very
D. too
13. The lesson___________for me to understand.
A. is very difficult
B. too difficult
C. difficult too
D. is too difficult
14. The tent show is__________for us to see.
A. enough interesting
B. very interesting
C. interesting
D. interesting enough
15. They are_________that they can't buy a bicycle.
A. enough poor
B. poor enough
C. so poor
D. too poor
16. A: "What a cold day!"- B: "Yes, it's_________that I have to wear two
pullovers and a coat."
A. such cold
B. so cold
C. too cold
D. cold so
17. This skirt is__________small for me. I need a larger size.
A. so
B. not
C. too
D. all are correct
18. My mathematics teacher is___________person that all of us like his period.
A. a such funny
B. a so funny
C. such funny
D. such a funny
19. A: "I find the local newspaper to be_______uninformative"
B: "Yes, there is hardly any international news"
A. so
B. such
C. so much
D. such much
20. A: "Wendy is really tall for her age".
B: "She is___________her friends make fun of her".
A. so tall that
B. such tall that
C. too tall that
D. enough tall to

Exercise 2. Rewrite the following sentences

1. The room is so dirty that it took us one hour to clean it.
→ It is __________________________________________________________
2. The man was so foolish that no one took any notice of him.
→ He was_______________________________________________________
3. The film is so long that they can't broadcast it in one night.
→ It is___________________________________________________________
4.He is very poor. He cannot send his children to school. (so…that)
→ He is__________________________________________________________
5. The house is very small. It cannot accommodate everybody. (such……that)
→ It is___________________________________________________________
6.The food was so hot that it burned my tongue.
→ It was_________________________________________________________
7. It was such an expensive house that nobody could buy it.
→ The house was so______________________________________________
8. He is such a lazy boy that no one likes him.
→ Such_________________________________________________________
9. He ate so much food that he became ill.
→ So___________________________________________________________
10. She has such a soft voice that everyone likes her.
→ Such _________________________________________________________
11. He is too old to wear this colored shirt. (enough)
→He is__________________________________________________________
12. She is too weak to carry this box. (enough)
→ She is________________________________________________________
13. This pen is too expensive for mè to buy. (enough)
→ This pen was___________________________________________________
14. Bill was too stupid to understand what I had said. (enough)
→ Bill was_______________________________________________________
15. This bag is too heavy for her to carry. (enough)
→This bag is_____________________________________________________
16. The question was very hard. We couldn't answer it. (to…to)
→ The question was_______________________________________________
17. The TV program is very exciting. The children won't miss it. (to…to)
→ The TV program is______________________________________________
18. You're very young. You can't drive that car. (to…to)
→ You're________________________________________________________
19. She was tired. She didn't go anywhere. (to…to)
→ She was______________________________________________________
20. These shoes are very small! I can't wear them. (to…to)
→ These shoes are _______________________________________________

Exercise 3. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to show the underlined part that needs
correction.
1. In my opinion (A) that girl is enough beautiful (B) to be (C) a movie star (D).
2. The specific (A) gravity of the water in the great Salt Lake is too (B) great that
one cannot sink or completely (C) submerge (D) in it.
3. This lesson is (A) such (B) long that (C) I have written (D) it for 30 minutes.
4. The pull of (A) the earth is too strong (B) that (C) no one can jump (D) as high as
three meters
5. It was (A) so (B) an interesting film that (C) my mother had seen (D) it three times
6. Mary is so (A) an intelligent pupil (B) that (C) she can answer (D) this question.
7. Mars is far so (A) from (B) the earth that our spaceships cannot reach it (C) in a few
(D) months.
8. Despite (A) the time of the year, yesterday's (B) temperature was enough hot (C)
to turn on (D) the air conditioning.
9. I was such (A) nervous that I didn't (B) think I would (C) pass the exams (D).
10. The problems of (A) pollution are (B) too difficult for (C) us to solving (D).