INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

- Forces of attraction or repulsion between

particles (atoms)
- Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or
repulsion which act between neighboring
particles (atoms, molecules or ions). They are
weak compared to the intramolecular forces,
which keep a molecule together. 2. Dipole-dipole Forces
- These forces are also called noncovalent bonds.
- Dipole-dipole interaction is the attraction of bond
dipoles in different molecules. Bond dipoles arise
from the unequal sharing of electrons (polar) by
covalently bonded atoms. (neutral)

TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

 London Dispersion Forces

 Dipole-dipole Forces
 lon-dipole Forces
 Hydrogen Bond

van der Waals Forces

- These 4 intermolecular forces are known as
van der Waals forces. It was named after a
Dutch chemist, Johannes Diderik van der
Waal (1837-1923).

1. London Dispersion Forces (LDF)
- weak attractions that are used to explain the
attraction between nonpolar molecules as it is
apparent that even nonpolar molecules can have
dipoles for short periods of time. Dispersion forces
increase with increasing molecular mass and
decrease with increasing distances between the
molecules.
3. Ion-dipole Forces
- These forces exist when polar molecules are
attracted to ions. The positive pole is attracted to a
negative ion (anion), while the negative pole is
attracted to a positive ion (cation). (opposite
attracts)
  Induced- dipole
- basically created dipole due to the attraction of an
anion
- a weak attraction that results when a polar
molecule induces a dipole in an atom or in a
nonpolar molecule by disturbing the arrangement
of electrons in the nonpolar species.

4. Hydrogen Bond or Hydrogen Bridge

- The hydrogen bond is a weak bond formed when
a hydrogen with partial positive charge (a hydrogen
bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom) is
close to an atom in a molecule with lone pairs of
electrons or with excess electronic charge
(negative). It is formed as a result of weak
electrostatic interaction between the partially
positive hydrogen and the negative group or lone
pair of electrons.
- The H bond can be looked upon as a bridge
between two highly electronegative atoms, either
F, O, or N, with the latter being covalently bonded
to other hydrogens