UNDS 111: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 2ND

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
ON SELF
SEMESTER
APRIL 24
AY 2021-2022
01
MIDTERMS LECTURER: MA’AM LOURDES BAYUDAN 1ST YEAR NURSING

CHAPTER 6: PHYSICAL SELF

PHYSICAL SELF 3. ECTOMORPH
● Refers to the body which we interface with our
environment and fellow beings.
● It is a tangible aspect of the person that can be
directly observed and examined.
● How a person presents themselves physically
could have varying effects on how people accept
or interact with them.

3 BASIC BODY TYPES

1. ENDOMORPH

● Lean and long, with difficulty building

muscle.

DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT VIEW ON THE

PHYSICAL SELF
WILLIAM JAMES
● William James considered the body as the initial
source of sensation and necessary for the origin
and maintenance of personality.
● For example, a boxer during a fight, does not
notice/feels his wounds until the intensity of fight
● Big, high body fat, often pear shaped, has subsided.
with a high tendency to store body fat.
SIGMUND FREUD
2. MESOMORPH ● Construction of self and personality makes the
physical body the core of human experience.

WILHELM REICH
● All psychological processes are part of the
physical process and vice versa.

● Muscular and well-built, with a high

metabolism and responsive muscle ERIK ERIKSON
cells. ● Bodily organs are important in early
developmental stages of a person's life.
● For example, a child gains confidence when
they get bigger, stronger, faster and more
capable of learning complex skills.

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CARL JUNG ● The American classic bombshell with
● Argued that the physical body and the external the blonde hair and blue eyes combo is
world can be known only as psychological the real American dream.
experiences.
2. AU NATUREL EN RANCE

BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER

● The role of the body is of primary importance.

SELF-ESTEEM
● Refers to the overall self evaluation or sense of
self worth.

GLORIA GAYNOR
● “Well, we all know that self-esteem comes from
what you think of you, not what other people
think of you.”
3 DIFFERENT KINDS OF SELF-ESTEEM
● In Paris, you'll find that the effortless "I
woke up like this" look is very common.
The youthful, minimal-to-no-makeup
appearance is what their society prefers.
● With all of the high fashion trends in
France, it's no surprise that the French
would rather put their time into their
outfits than their makeup routines.

3. RUSSIAN BEAUTY STANDARDS

1. INFLATED SELF ESTEEM

● These people hold high regards for
themselves. Better than the other to the
point of underestimating them.

2. HIGH SELF ESTEEM

● This is a positive self esteem, which
makes the person be satisfied with
themselves.
● Russian women who are deemed the
3. LOW SELF ESTEEM most beautiful are tall and slim with
● This person does not value themselves bright blue or green eyes, high
and does not trust their possibilities. cheekbones, and full, plump lips.
● In Russia, women take very good care
BEAUTY FROM DIFFERENT CULTURAL of their appearance. In a way, they're
PERSPECTIVE basically the opposite of French women
1. THE BOMBSHELL (AMERICA) because they spend a lot of time and
money on makeup and beauty products.

4. KOREAN BEAUTY STANDARDS

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 ● As a result of Korean culture's distinct
beauty standards, South Korea has the
highest rate of cosmetic surgeries per
capita in the world.
● The ideal woman has a ●
tapered/v-shaped jaw, double eyelids,
big round eyes, a small nose, a small
mouth, and very fair skin.
5. BRAZILIAN BEAUTY
● Brazil is not far behind Korea when it
comes to plastic surgery... It's just less
about the face and more about getting
that voluptuous figure.
● In Brazil — as well as in South America
in general — women are competing to
have thicker, muscular thighs, a toned
bod, and of course that trademark
Brazilian bottom.
6. THAI BEAUTY STANDARDS
● Similarly to Korea, Thailand has high
societal pressure to meet
Western-influenced beauty standards.
In Thailand, beautiful women must be
petite and have strong features like a
big nose, big round eyes, and a strong
chin. These standards are also
influenced by the Indian caste system;
the ideal light skin represents both
social status and beauty
7. INDIA’S BOLLYWOOD BEAUTY
● The ideal woman in India has
almond-shaped eyes, a sharp nose,
luscious black hair, dark brows and fair
skin.
● Bollywood beauty Priyanka Chopra is so
gorgeous, and she's even in Baywatch.
But despite India's expectations, you
can find deep skin–toned women who
are considered gorgeous in South Asia.
● Bangladeshi model Naema Emily
Hossain is absolutely stunning in her
own skin, and she doesn't need to meet
anyone's beauty standards
8. UNITED KINGDOM BEAUTY STANDARDS
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 10. JAPANESE BEAUTY STANDARDS
● Eyebrows have been a huge focus since
Cara Delevingne became a fashion and
beauty icon. The obsession with heavy
brows is a global phenomenon, but it's
particularly popular in the UK where the
bigger the brow, the better. Bold brows
indicate innocence and natural beauty.
9. MAORI WOMEN OF NEW ZEALAND
11. BIG IS BEAUTIFUL IN MAURITANIA
● In some cultures, tattoos are
unprofessional — but for Māori women,
they are a rite of passage. In New
Zealand, facial tattoos are a symbol of
beauty for these women.
● In their culture, women use the
traditional chin tattoo, the moko kauae,
as a stamp of their true identity. They
view it as a symbol of empowerment
and transition into womanhood.
● One of Japan's quirkier beauty
standards is the obsession with "yaeba,"
otherwise known as the double tooth.
● While most women in the world are
focused on having the perfect,
straight-toothed smile, Japanese culture
finds this crooked look much more
attractive.
● This quirky beauty standard is
something that Japanese women will
actually go through dental procedures to
attain.
● According to Mauritania's beauty
standards, the bigger the woman, the
more beautiful she is. Being obese may
not be regarded the same way in other
parts of the world, but in this culture, it's
considered to be an indication of wealth.
● Young girls are actually sent to
"fattening farms" to be force-fed camel
milk, which is high in fat.
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12. NECK RINGS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
● In Burmese and Thai cultures, an
elongated neck is regarded as beautiful.
This is why women of the Kayan tribe
stack brass coils on their neck to give
the illusion of having a long neck. From
a young age, girls will put rings on their
neck in order for it to stretch over time.
13. PERSIAN BEAUTY STANDARDS
WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
● Both men and women in Iran are
pressured by societal standards to have
thin, sloped noses. In Iran, it's actually
viewed as a norm to go through this
popular cosmetic procedure.
BEAUTY FROM DIFFERENT CULTURAL
PERSPECTIVE
● The bombshell (America)
● Au Naturel (France)
● Tall, Blue eyes, well kept Girl (Russia)
● Tapered Jaw, double eyelids, small (nose,
mouth), and fair skin
● (Korea)
● Perfect Body (Brazil)
● Petite Body, Strong Facial Features (Big nose,
Strong Chin, Round
● Eyes), Fair Skin (Thailand)
● Luscious Hair, Dark brows, and fair skin (India)
● Dark Skin (Bangladesh)
● Heavy Brows (UK)
● “Yaeba” double tooth (Japan)
● “Big is Beautiful” (Mauritania)
● Lip Plates (Ethiopia)
● Sloped Noses (Iran) following Persian beauty
standards
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 BREAKDOWN THOSE BEAUTY STANDARDS
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
● The most beautiful thing about you is the thing
that makes you different.
● Winnie Harlow is a Canadian model who was
born with vitiligo, a condition which causes
depigmentation of the skin.
● She is proof that beauty goes far beyond skin
color. It's her confidence above all that makes
her effortlessly beautiful and such an incredible
role model.
● The features that stand out are the ones that are
the most eye-catching. Oftentimes we find
ourselves trying so hard to be beautiful that we
end up wanting to look exactly the same as
everyone else.
REASONS FOR LOOKING GOOD (WHY DO WE
WANT THAT?)
● To impress and establish good impression
● To feel Good, one must look good
● Physical Attractive person attracts a lot of
people
● Helps building relationships
● Helps build Self-esteem, and boost confidence
● Physical Appearance helps in finding
relationship
CHAPTER 7: SEXUAL SELF
SEX
● The act of sexual intercourse
● Sexual intercourse is a sexual activity typically
involving the insertion and thrusting of the penis
into the vagina for sexual pleasure,
reproduction, or both.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
● Testis - is the most important part of male
reproductive organ. It is the source of
Spermatozoa (male germ cell).
● Scrotum - it is a sac of skin where the two
testes are enveloped; directly below and outside
of the abdomen.
● Prostate glands - it is a gland that carries out
both urine and seminal fluid. It is connected by
sperm ducts from sperm ducts joining into a
single tube called urethra. Urethra then leads to
the outside of the body through penis.
● Penis - it is where the ejaculation occurs by
sending sperm cells from testis and secreting
them out.
● Sperm - It is a male gametes, one that is
necessary for the egg to develop and become a
baby.
● Tumescence - The erection of penis.
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

● Ovary - It is a pair of small, oval organs which

produces ova (ovum; female germ cells).
Thousands of ova will mature and will be taken
up to the fallopian tube through the uterus by the
time of puberty.
● Fallopian Tube - are a pair of thin tubes that
lead from ovaries to the uterus.
● Uterus - (womb) is a hollow pear-shaped elastic
muscular structure where fertilized ovum
(zygote) develops into a baby.
● Vagina - It is a tube leading to outside of the
body through an opening called the vulva.
● Vasocongestion - The natural lubrication of
vagina in females.

TERMINOLOGIES:

EROGENOUS ZONES
● These are part of the body that particularly
sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration which
contributes to sexual arousal.

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 PHASES OF SEXUAL AROUSAL

● It is also called the Rhythm Method. It

involves avoiding coitus during the days
that the woman is fertile.

2. BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE

1. AROUSAL/EXCITEMENT PHASE
● Is a subjective sense of sexual pleasure.

2. PLATEAU PHASE
● Is a brief period of time before the
orgasm. It is the body’s preparation for
orgasm.

3. ORGASM PHASE
● Done by monitoring the changes in the
● Is an intense, highly pleasurable
woman’s temperature every morning
experience.
before any activity.

4. RESOLUTION PHASE
3. CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD
● Stage where the decrease of arousal
happens.

CONTRACEPTION METHODS
1. NATURAL CONTRACEPTION METHOD
● This is a type of birth control that
depends on observations on a woman's
body through monitoring and recording
different fertility signals during her ● A woman is fertile when the cervical
menstrual cycle. mucus is profuse and watery.

2. ARTIFICIAL METHOD 4. SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD

● It is a diverse method of contraception
used to prevent conception of a woman.
NATURAL CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
1. CALENDAR METHOD
● It is a combination of Basal Body
Temperature and Cervical Mucus
Method.

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 NATURAL CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
1. OVULATION DETECTION

● Known as the “Pill”. Contains synthetic

estrogen and progesterone.

2. VAGINAL RING
● This method uses an over the counter
kit that requires the urine sample of the
woman.

2. COITUS INTERRUPTUS/WITHDRAWAL
METHOD
● This is where the couple proceeds with
coitus but the moment he ejaculates, the
men withdraw before emission of
spermatozoa outside of the vagina.

3. LACTATION AMENORRHEA METHOD ● Releases a combination of estrogen and

progesterone and surrounds the cervix.
It remains there for 3 weeks and will be
removed on the 4th week.

3. TRANSDERMAL PATCH

● This is exclusive for breastfeeding

women. Method is only effective if you
feed your baby at least 6 times a day --
every 4 hours during the day and every
6 hours at night -- with both breasts.

4. ABSTINENCE
● Done thru abstaining from sexual
● This patch contains both estrogen and
intercourse.
progesterone. The woman should apply
one patch every week for three weeks
ARTIFICIAL CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
on the ff areas: upper outer arm, upper
1. ORAL CONTRACEPTION
torso, abdomen, or buttocks.

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4. SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS 7. MALE CONDOM

● A rubber sheath placed in the erect

penis before penetration to avoid the
● It is a two rod-like implants under the sperm entering the vagina during
skin of the woman during her ejaculation.
menstruation or on the 7th day of her
menstruation to make sure that she will 8. FEMALE CONDOM
not get pregnant. It contains
etonogestrel, desogestrel and progestin.
Have a 1% failure.

5. HORMONAL INJECTIONS

● A synthetic rubber placed against the

vaginal opening to prevent the sperm
from entering the vagina during
ejaculation.

9. DIAPHRAGM

● Contains medroxyprogesterone & a

progesterone. This prevents ovulation
and change in the cervical mucus.
6. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE

● Inhibits the entrance of the vagina. It

should not be left in a place for more
than 24 hours to avoid irritation.

● It is a small T-shaped object in the

uterus thru vagina to prevent 10. CHEMICAL BARRIERS
fertilization.
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● These are used to cause death of the
sperm before it can enter the cervix of a
woman. These are spermicides, vaginal
gels and creams, and glycerin films.
STERILIZATION
VASECTOMY
● Is a procedure done to male through small
incisions made on each side of the scrotum to
block the passage of sperms.
TUBAL LIGATION
● Is a procedure done to females through cutting,
cauterizing, or blocking the fallopian tube to
inhibit the passage of both sperm and the ova.
CHAPTER 8: THE MATERIAL AND ECONOMICAL
SELF
COMPONENTS OF THE EMPIRICAL SELF
(WILLIAM JAMES)
● One defines themselves and at the same time is
being defined by the people they are acquainted
with along with the accumulation of objects and
achievements that a person acquired from the
different endeavors and experiences in life.
● The losing of such objects or people will render
one feel that a part of him was also lost at the
same time.
● We represent ourselves through clothes, the
gadgets we wear, the friends we have and the
things that we do. All of these contribute to
whether we are accepted or not in the world we
live in
● Having the ability to find the things that will
define yourself that will persist through time.
CHAPTER 9: SPIRITUAL SELF
SPIRITUAL SELF
● Is defined as the innermost most workings of the
person's mind, the behavior, beliefs and even
morals that involves every aspect of the human
as a person -William James
● According to James (1980) people will find more
satisfaction in having been able to show of the
spiritual self like their intelligence, to have their
wishes done, and to act upon their conscience
than to count or show their possession, because
he said that the spiritual self “is the most
enduring the intimate part of the self”
MANIFESTATIONS OF THE SPIRITUAL SELF
PERSON’S WILL
● Refers to one’s wishes, there are the things that
we want to see and achieve in our lives.
MORALS
● It is the definition of what is right and wrong,
distinguishing the things that are acceptable for
a person, the society and at the same time the
determination of the possible effects of their
actions to themselves, their environment and
other people.
INTELLIGENCE AND ABILITIES
● These are the perceived strength of a person,
the things that they have confidence in doing
and believe to have a certain level of mastery.
VALUES
● Is the person’s ability to distinguish what is
important and what is not.
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RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY
RITUALS AND CEREMONIES
HARANG
● Visayan fishing villages practice the offering
ritual called harang. A local shaman invokes
sea spirits. These are several stages of the ritual
purification, invocation, entreaty and feast which
cover community life such as harvest, operation
of fishing boats and cases of illnesses (Kawada,
1996).

MYTHS, RITUALS AND SUPERNATURAL

FINDING AND CREATING MEANING IN LIFE

VIKTOR FRANK
● Viktor Frankl, the originator of Logotherapy,
indicates how his involvement in quest for the
FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION significance of life in a Nazi death camp
1. COGNITIVE FUNCTION changed his viewpoint of the world.
● Enabling humans to explain the ● Frankl states that we can’t abstain from affliction,
unexplainable phenomena. yet we can pick how to manage it and discover
2. EMOTIONAL FUNCTION significance in it.
● Helping individuals to cope up with ● For Frankl, man cannot avoid suffering but can
anxieties that often accompany find meaning from it. His theory holds three
illnesses, accidents, and deaths. primary human capabilities called noological
3. SOCIAL FUNCTION possibilities: self detachment,
● Social control, conflict resolution and self-transcendence, and the ability to
building group solidarity. “spiritually be in touch” with something or
someone independent of spatio-temporal
THE CONCEPT OF “DUNGAN” dimensions.
SPIRIT OR SOUL
● The “soul” or spirit of a person has two TO COMPLEMENT THESE CAPABILITIES, HE
dimensions; (1) human body and (2) spiritual. IDENTIFIED THREE POSTULATES.
● Soul referred to as kaluluwa by the Tagalogs or
Dungan by the Ilonggos comes from the root
word duwa, two
● The Bisayans believe that the Dungan leaves
the body while the person is asleep. Traveling
Dungan outside the body must be free from
accidents such as getting trapped in a jar. Only
when the soul has safely reunited with the body,
the person will be awake. Dungan is also
connoted as “willpower”. If a person has a
strong willpower, is it said to have a strong
Dungan (Magos, 1986).

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