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Carnot Cycle
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Expand your knowledge of engineering thermodynamics as you dive into the fascinating world
of the Carnot Cycle. This comprehensive guide will demystify its definition and importance,
offering context and real-world applications. Learn the ins and outs of the Carnot Cycle
formula, explore the concept of a reverse Carnot Cycle, and understand its pivotal role in
thermodynamics. Finally, compare the Brayton and Carnot Cycles to expand your theoretical
framework. This is an essential read for everyone keen on mastering the complexities of
thermodynamics.
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Understanding Carnot Cycle: Meaning and

Significance
In exploring the fascinating realm of Engineering Thermodynamics, you'll soon encounter a
particularly important concept known as the Carnot Cycle. This theoretical cycle, closely
associated with what we call the Carnot Heat Engine, provides an idealised view into heat
engines and refrigeration cycles, playing a pivotal role in understanding and improving real-life
systems.
Definition of Carnot Cycle in Engineering Thermodynamics
Definition
The Carnot Cycle is a theoretical construct utilised in thermodynamics which provides a

benchmark for the maximum efficiency achievable by a heat engine or refrigeration
system.
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To better grasp this concept, let's delve into the hypothetical Carnot Heat Engine's inner
workings. This engine functions via a four-step process:
Isothermal Expansion
Adiabatic Expansion
Isothermal Compression
Adiabatic Compression
Process Description
Heat is transferred into the system, causing it to expand at a constant

Isotropic Expansion
temperature.
Adiabatic
The system expands without any heat transfer.
Expansion
Heat is expelled from our system as it compresses at a constant
Isotropic Compression
temperature.
Adiabatic The system compresses without any heat transfer, returning it to its
Compression initial state.
The completion of one cycle sees a sum of heat energy entering the system, and heat
energy leaving it. The net work done ( ) equals the difference between these two values:
Here’s a simple Python code snippet that calculates the work done by the Carnot engine in one
cycle:
def calculate_work(Q_in, Q_out):
W = Q_in - Q_out
return W
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What is the Carnot Cycle in the context of Engineering

Thermodynamics?
The Carnot Cycle Refers To A Series Of Laws Governing Th

Behaviour Of Heat And Temperature In Thermodynamics.
The Carnot Cycle Is A Physical Engine Model Built By Sadi

Signifying A Milestone Achievement In Thermodynamics.
The Carnot Cycle Is A Theoretical Construct Utilised In

Thermodynamics. It Provides A Benchmark For The Maxim
Efficiency Achievable By A Heat Engine Or Refrigeration Sy
The Carnot Cycle Is A Thermodynamics Law Proposing Tha

Energy In A System Always Remains Constant Without Exte
Intervention.
Why Understanding Carnot Cycle is Essential for Engineering

Students
Unlocking the secrets of the Carnot Cycle empowers you, as an engineering student, with a
robust theoretical foundation for analysing thermal systems.
Deep dive
By diving meticulously into Carnot's thought experiment and its implications,
CARNOT CYCLE
you unlock a deeper understanding of the principles governing work, energy,
and efficiency in thermal systems. You can then apply these insights to improve
Design Engineering real-world system efficiencies towards the ideal Carnot limit.
Engineering Fluid
Mechanics
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Engineering Suppose you're working on an industrial project developing a new heat engine.
Thermodynamics Understanding the Carnot Cycle will guide you in your endeavour, assisting you in
identifying performance gaps and laying the groundwork for system optimisation.
Absolute Temperature
Adiabatic Expansion
Remember, Carnot's engine is an idealisation and its cycle - a benchmark. Real systems will
Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal inevitably stray from this ideal due to friction, material limitations, or design constraints. Still,
Gas understanding the Carnot Cycle is vital in pushing the boundaries and coming as close as
possible to this pinnacle of thermodynamics. In conclusion, the Carnot Cycle underpins the
Adiabatic Lapse Rate principles of thermal systems, making it indeed an essential area of study for any budding
engineer.
Adiabatic Process
Application of First Law of

Delving Deeper: Carnot Cycle Examples and
Thermodynamics
Applications
Availability
Binary Cycle
Binary Mixture
Everything you'll need for your studies in one place for Carnot Cycle
Carnot Cycle
Carnot Vapor Cycle
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Chemical Energy
Chemical Potential Ideal Gas Get Started Now
Clausius Clapeyron Equation
Clausius Theorem
Closed System Thermodynamics
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Practical Examples of Carnot Cycle
Cogeneration The beauty of the Carnot Cycle, despite its theoretical underpinning, is how it can be practically
exemplified using real gases. Consider a hypothetical example of an ideal Carnot engine that
Combined Convection and
uses a monoatomic ideal gas (like Helium) as the working substance, operates between two
Radiation
temperature limits of 500K (T1) and 300K (T2). ISO 31-0 standard defines temperature in Kelvin
Compressor as the SI unit used to measure thermodynamic temperature, represents the internal energy
change of system, is molar specific heat at constant volume, n is the amount of substance,
Continuous Phase Transition and T is absolute temperature. Through isothermal expansion, the gas carries out work, on
its surroundings by expanding at the higher temperature reservoir (T1). The work done could be
Dead State
calculated by the equation:
Diffuser
Diffusion Equation
During the adiabatic expansion that follows, the system continues to perform work without
Economizer
any heat transfer. The work done is:
Electrical Work
Energy Equation
Using the first law of thermodynamics, , where Q stands for heat transfer and W
Entropy Change for Ideal Gas
represents work done, one can calculate the internal energy change ( ) for adiabatic and
Entropy Generation isothermal processes. For adiabatic processes, heat transfer , so we have:
Entropy Gradient
Entropy of Mixing and for isothermal processes,
Equation of State of an Ideal Gas
Equations of State Regardless of how complex the Carnot engine operation might seem, these mathematical
expressions eloquently explain each step.
Exergy
def isothermal_work(n, R, T1, V1, V2):
return n * R * T1 * math.log(V2 / V1)
Exergy Efficiency
Expansion def adiabatic_work(n, R, gamma, T1, T2):

return (n * R * (T2 - T1)) / (gamma - 1)
Extensive Property
Feedwater Heater Real-life Applications of Carnot Cycle in Engineering

Even though no engine can precisely match the Carnot Cycle, the Carnot Cycle constructs a
Flow Process
framework for the examination and enhancement of practical heat engines. One substantial
Fluctuations example rests with steam engines. The operation of a steam power plant mirrors the Carnot
Cycle. Combusted coal or gas heats water, turning it into steam (isothermal expansion). The
Forced Convection high-pressure steam turns the turbine (adiabatic expansion). The steam then cools in a
condenser (isothermal compression), and lastly, a pump sends the condensed water back into
Free Expansion the heater (adiabatic compression). In refrigeration, the Carnot Cycle helps not only in
understanding but also in enhancing cooling systems. The refrigeration cycle reverses the heat
Free Expansion of an Ideal Gas
engine’s operation. Heat is extracted from a low-temperature source (isothermal expansion),
Fundamentals of Engineering and then, the coolant expands reducing its pressure and temperature (adiabatic expansion).
Thermodynamics Afterward, heat is expelled to a high-temperature reservoir (isothermal compression), and finally,
the coolant is compressed, increasing its pressure and temperature, preparing it for the next
Gibbs Duhem Equation
cycle (adiabatic compression). These practical applications underscore the dynamism of the
Gibbs Paradox Carnot Cycle, proving its foundational importance in thermodynamics and mechanical
engineering.
Greenhouse Effect
Heat
Heat Exchanger
Heat Pump Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features for Carnot Cycle
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Intensive Property
Isentropic Efficiency Get Started Now
Isentropic Efficiency of
Compressor
Isentropic Process
Isobaric Process Mastering Carnot Cycle Formula

Isochoric Process Understanding the Carnot Cycle isn't just about recognising the concepts; it's also about
grasping the mathematics behind it. This section takes you deeper into the Carnot Cycle
Isolated System
formula, breaking it down and revealing the significance of each variable, with an emphasis on
Isothermal Process the relationship between calculation, theory and application in engineering thermodynamics.
Johnson Noise
Breakdown of Carnot Cycle Formula
Joule Kelvin Expansion In the Carnot Cycle formula, the central premise is the relationship between heat, work, and the
thermodynamic temperature of the two reservoirs involved in the cycle. This relationship is
Joule-Thompson Effect
captured in the equation for the efficiency ( ) of a Carnot engine, which is given by:
Landau Theory of Phase
Transition
Liquefaction of Gases Here:
Maximum Entropy
is the efficiency of the Carnot engine.
Maxwell Relations is the absolute temperature (in Kelvin) of the high-temperature reservoir.
is the absolute temperature (in Kelvin) of the low-temperature reservoir.
Metastable Phase
Moles This formula signifies that the efficiency of any heat engine is always less than 1 (or 100%) due to
the second law of thermodynamics. The closer the temperatures of the two reservoirs, the
Natural Convection
lower the efficiency of the engine. In the ideal scenario, where the low-temperature reservoir is
Negative Heat Capacity at absolute zero, the engine reaches 100% efficiency, which is theoretically impossible. In
addition, remember the concept of entropy. For a reversible Carnot cycle, the change in entropy
Negative Temperature
is zero, which can be stated as:
Nuclear Energy
Nucleation
This implies that the entropy transferred with the heat from the high-temperature reservoir
Open System Thermodynamic equals the entropy transferred to the low-temperature reservoir, hence, the engine's operation
does not change the total entropy.
Osmotic Pressure
Otto Cycle Using Carnot Cycle Formula in Problem-solving

Partition Function Now that you understand the integral parts of the Carnot Cycle formula, it's time to apply this
knowledge to solve real-world problems. Let's consider an example where you are given the
Peng Robinson Equation of State
temperatures of two reservoirs and asked to calculate the Carnot engine's efficiency. To
Polytropic Process calculate this, you would employ the efficiency formula discussed above. If the high-
temperature reservoir ( ) is at 800K and the low-temperature reservoir ( ) is at 300K, the
Power Cycle efficiency would be calculated as:
Pressure Volume Work
Principle of Minimum Energy

By substituting the given values:
Principles of Heat Transfer
Quasi Static Process

So, the efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between these two reservoirs would be 0.625
Real Gas Internal Energy
or 62.5%. This calculation can be easily coded in Python as:
Refrigeration Cycle def calculate_efficiency(T_H, T_L):
eta = 1 - (T_L / T_H)
Regenerative Rankine Cycle return eta
Reheat Rankine Cycle efficiency = calculate_efficiency(800, 300)

print("The efficiency of the Carnot engine is", efficiency)
Relaxation Time
Remember, in every problem, the first step is always to understand the question correctly.
Reversible Process
Identify the given values and the unknown variable that you need to find. Next, select the
Sackur Tetrode Equation correct formula to use based on the given values and the unknown variable. After substituting
the values, solve the formula algebraically to find the solution. This way, the Carnot Cycle
Specific Volume
formula becomes a powerful tool in your engineering thermodynamics toolkit, and no problem
TdS Equation will be beyond your comprehension and problem-solving capabilities.
Thermodynamic Potentials
Exploring Reverse Carnot Cycle
Thermodynamic Relations
In the realm of thermodynamics and heat engines, no exploration would be complete without
Thermodynamic Stability discovering the wonders of the Reverse Carnot Cycle. To comprehend better, we're going to
study what exactly is a Reverse Carnot Cycle, what it entails, and the critical significance it holds
Thermodynamic State in thermodynamics.
Thermodynamic System
What is a Reverse Carnot Cycle?
Thermodynamic Variables
Remember how the Carnot Cycle is a theoretical concept for an ideal heat engine cycle that has
Thermodynamics of Gases the maximum efficiency? The Reverse Carnot Cycle is the exact opposite, also referred to as the
Refrigeration Cycle. The Reverse Carnot Cycle is essentially a Carnot Cycle running in reverse.
Thermoelectric This reverse operation implies that instead of producing work while transferring heat from a
Thermoelectric Effect high-temperature reservoir to a low-temperature reservoir, the Reverse Carnot Cycle consumes
work to transfer heat from a lower temperature to a higher temperature reservoir. The Reverse
Thermometry Carnot Cycle consists of two isentropic processes (where entropy remains constant), and two
isothermal processes (where temperature remains constant), just like the standard Carnot Cycle.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
The key difference lies in the direction of each process. The cycle begins with isentropic
Throttling Device compression, followed by isothermal compression, then isentropic expansion, and finally,
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the Reverse Carnot Cycle on a pressure-
Triple Point and Critical Point
volume diagram shows these exchanges of work and heat. The area inside the cycle represents
Unattainability the net work done on the system. Here is a breakdown of each step:
Van der Waals Equation Isentropic Compression: The refrigerant gas is compressed adiabatically from
Vapor Power System state 1 to state 2, raising its pressure and temperature.
Isothermal Compression: Heat is expelled at a constant temperature from state
Wien's Law
2 to state 3.
Isentropic Expansion: The refrigerant expands adiabatically from state 3 to
Materials Engineering
state 4, dropping its pressure and temperature.
Professional Engineering Isothermal Expansion: Heat is absorbed at a constant temperature from state 4
back to state 1.
Solid Mechanics
Reverse Carnot Cycle and its Importance in Thermodynamics
What is Engineering
Despite being an ideal cycle and not attained in real-life applications, the Reverse Carnot Cycle
holds remarkable importance in the study of thermodynamics, particularly in understanding
refrigeration and heat pumps. The Reverse Carnot Cycle provides the baseline for the maximum
possible performance of a refrigeration cycle operating between two thermal reservoirs. Any
real refrigeration or air conditioning system will have a coefficient of performance (COP) less
than that of a Reverse Carnot Cycle operating between the same two temperatures. The
formula for calculating COP of a refrigerator is given by:
where and are the absolute temperatures of the low and high-temperature reservoirs,
respectively. The importance of the Reverse Carnot Cycle goes beyond basic scientific
understanding. It serves as a cornerstone for the development of more sophisticated and
efficient refrigeration technologies in various industries. It helps engineers design heating and
cooling systems and allows researchers to discover new, environmentally friendly refrigerants.
def calculate_COP(T_L, T_H):
COP = T_L / (T_H - T_L)
return COP
COP_value = calculate_COP(300, 500)

print("The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator is", COP_value)
Furthermore, the principles of the Reverse Carnot Cycle are useful in overcoming technological
challenges, such as enhancing the energy efficiency of HVAC systems, improving the storage of
thermal energy, or developing technologies for thermal energy conversion and storage. While
the Reverse Carnot Cycle might not be practically achievable, its principles guide the evolution
of thermodynamics, shaping our understanding and technological advancements in fields
ranging from engineering to environmental science.
Comparative Study: Brayton Cycle vs Carnot Cycle

In the vast field of thermodynamics, there are numerous cycles, each possessing unique
characteristics and principles. Among these, the Brayton Cycle and the Carnot Cycle are of
particular interest to engineers and students alike. But understanding these cycles isn't just
about studying them in isolation; it is also about comparing them to gain a deep appreciation of
their functionalities, their differences, and impacts on thermodynamics.
Differences Between Brayton Cycle and Carnot Cycle

The Carnot Cycle and the Brayton Cycle are fundamental principles in the study of
thermodynamic cycles. Both cycles hold conceptual and practical significance in various
thermodynamic systems, but they differ in numerous aspects. Firstly, the Carnot Cycle is a
theoretical, ideal thermodynamic cycle with maximum possible efficiency. It consists of two
isentropic (constant entropy) and two isothermal (constant temperature) processes and
operates with a perfect gas. Its main application lies in establishing a benchmark for the
efficiency of heat engines. Conversely, the Brayton Cycle, also known as the Joule Cycle, is the
theoretical cycle for gas turbine engines, an example of an open system that exchanges both
matter and energy with its surroundings. It has three main processes: isentropic compression,
constant pressure heat addition, and isentropic expansion.
Factor Brayton Cycle Carnot Cycle
A theoretical, ideal cycle used as a

Type of A real, practical cycle used in gas
benchmark for heat engine
cycle turbine engines
efficiency
Isentropic compression, constant

Two isentropic and two isothermal
Processes pressure heat addition, isentropic
processes
expansion
Working Perfect gas contained in a closed

Air, which is taken in and expelled
Medium system
In reality, actual machines and systems do not achieve the ideal conditions of either the Carnot
or Brayton cycles due to factors such as friction, material properties, finite heat transfer rates, or
component inefficiencies. Still, theoretical cycles offer an ideal benchmark against which the
performance of practical cycles is measured.
How Brayton Cycle and Carnot Cycle Impact Thermodynamics

In the study of thermodynamics, the Brayton Cycle and the Carnot Cycle hold distinctive
relevance. Not only do they form the theoretical basis for understanding heat engines,
refrigeration cycles, and more, these idealised engines also form the pinnacle of efficiency that
practical engines strive to emulate. The Carnot Cycle, famously known for its maximum
theoretical efficiency, defines the boundaries of possibility for converting heat into work. By
ensuring
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you can opt-outinif this
you cycle,
wish. it providesAccept
the ideal benchmark against
which all other engine efficiencies are gauged. It propels the Second Law of Thermodynamics,
ensuring that no actual engine can exceed the efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between
the same two temperatures. On the other hand, the Brayton Cycle describes the operation of a
continuous combustion engine. The cycle's compression and expansion processes illustrate the
concept of work, energy, and entropy, playing a crucial role in the real-world operation and
design of jet engines, gas turbines and modern power plants. It also lends concepts to the
working and design of turbochargers and is used in the study of compressible flow in fluid
dynamics. Both of these cycles contribute significantly to our understanding of energy
conversion technologies and have pushed advancements in related fields. For instance, as a
result of the Carnot Cycle, researchers and engineers continually seek methods to minimise
energy dissipation to optimise engine efficiency. Meanwhile, the Brayton Cycle's principles have
significantly influenced the development of high-efficiency gas turbine engines and modern
energy production. By comparing these two cycles, you can gain a comprehensive
understanding of their differences, similarities, applications, and the challenges faced in
obtaining ideal conditions in real systems. Understanding both the practical and theoretical
limitations of these cycles is essential in pushing forward innovations and enhancing the
efficiency of future thermal machines.
Carnot Cycle - Key takeaways
The Carnot Cycle is a theoretical concept for an ideal heat

engine cycle that establishes a benchmark for analysing thermal
systems and their efficiency.
The Carnot Cycle formula involves the relationship between

heat, work, and thermodynamic temperature of two reservoirs,
encapsulated in the efficiency calculation where

is the efficiency of the engine, is temperature of the high-
temperature reservoir and is the temperature of the low-
temperature reservoir.
The Carnot Cycle Example: A Carnot engine operating with an

ideal gas between two temperature limits of 500K and 300K via
two processes: isothermal expansion (carrying out work) and
adiabatic expansion (performing work without any heat transfer).
The Reverse Carnot Cycle, also known as the

Refrigeration Cycle, is a Carnot Cycle operating in reverse,
consuming work to transfer heat from a lower temperature to a
higher temperature reservoir. It's critical for understanding
refrigeration and heat pumps.
Comparing Brayton Cycle vs Carnot Cycle: While the former is a

practical cycle used in gas turbine engines consisting of
isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition and
isentropic expansion, the latter is a theoretical ideal cycle used
as benchmark for heat engine efficiency consisting two
isentropic and two isothermal processes.
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Frequently Asked Questions about Carnot Cycle
Q: What is the Carnot Cycle? Please write in UK English.

A: The Carnot Cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that provides the maximum
possible efficiency a heat engine could achieve during the conversion of heat into
work, or vice versa. It consists of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes; all
reversible.
Q: Why is the Carnot Cycle the most efficient?

A: The Carnot Cycle is most efficient because it is reversible, undergoing four stages:
heat addition, isothermal expansion, heat rejection, and isothermal compression. It
operates between two thermal reservoirs and minimises energy losses, thus
maximising work output through ideal processes.
Q: How can the efficiency of the Carnot Cycle be increased?

A: To increase the efficiency of the Carnot Cycle, you can either increase the
temperature of the heat source (T1) or reduce the temperature of the heat sink
(T2). This is because Carnot Cycle efficiency depends on the temperature
difference between the heat source and sink.
Q: What is the efficiency of the Carnot Cycle?

A: Carnot Cycle efficiency is the maximum theoretical efficiency a heat engine can
achieve while operating between two thermal reservoirs at different temperatures.
It's calculated as 1 minus the ratio of the cold reservoir temperature to the hot
reservoir temperature (1 - Tc/Th).
Q: What is a reverse Carnot Cycle? Please write in UK English.

A: A reverse Carnot cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle which absorbs heat
from a low-temperature source and expels heat to a high-temperature source.
Essentially, it's a Carnot cycle running in reverse and it model's a refrigerator's or
heat pump's operation.
Final Carnot Cycle Quiz
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10/17/23, 7:05 PM Carnot Cycle: Meaning, Formula & Steps | StudySmarter

Engineering / Engineering Thermodynamics / Carnot Cycle

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Understanding Carnot Cycle: Meaning and

Definition of Carnot Cycle in Engineering Thermodynamics

The Carnot Cycle is a theoretical construct utilised in thermodynamics which provides a

Heat is transferred into the system, causing it to expand at a constant

Create and find the best flashcards for Carnot Cycle

Get Started Now

Test your knowledge with multiple choice flashcards

What is the Carnot Cycle in the context of Engineering

The Carnot Cycle Refers To A Series Of Laws Governing Th

The Carnot Cycle Is A Physical Engine Model Built By Sadi

The Carnot Cycle Is A Theoretical Construct Utilised In

The Carnot Cycle Is A Thermodynamics Law Proposing Tha

Why Understanding Carnot Cycle is Essential for Engineering

This website uses cookies to improve your

Application of First Law of

Chemical Potential Ideal Gas Get Started Now

Clausius Clapeyron Equation

Closed System Thermodynamics

Entropy of Mixing and for isothermal processes,

Equation of State of an Ideal Gas

Expansion def adiabatic_work(n, R, gamma, T1, T2):

Feedwater Heater Real-life Applications of Carnot Cycle in Engineering

This website uses cookies toHeat

Isentropic Efficiency Get Started Now

Isobaric Process Mastering Carnot Cycle Formula

Liquefaction of Gases Here:

Otto Cycle Using Carnot Cycle Formula in Problem-solving

Pressure Volume Work

Principle of Minimum Energy

Quasi Static Process

Reheat Rankine Cycle efficiency = calculate_efficiency(800, 300)

TdS Equation will be beyond your comprehension and problem-solving capabilities.

COP_value = calculate_COP(300, 500)

Comparative Study: Brayton Cycle vs Carnot Cycle

Differences Between Brayton Cycle and Carnot Cycle

Factor Brayton Cycle Carnot Cycle

A theoretical, ideal cycle used as a

Isentropic compression, constant

Working Perfect gas contained in a closed

How Brayton Cycle and Carnot Cycle Impact Thermodynamics

Carnot Cycle - Key takeaways

The Carnot Cycle is a theoretical concept for an ideal heat

The Carnot Cycle formula involves the relationship between

encapsulated in the efficiency calculation where

The Carnot Cycle Example: A Carnot engine operating with an

The Reverse Carnot Cycle, also known as the

Comparing Brayton Cycle vs Carnot Cycle: While the former is a

Q: What is the Carnot Cycle? Please write in UK English.

Q: Why is the Carnot Cycle the most efficient?

Q: How can the efficiency of the Carnot Cycle be increased?

Q: What is the efficiency of the Carnot Cycle?

Q: What is a reverse Carnot Cycle? Please write in UK English.

Final Carnot Cycle Quiz

tcurtsnoc laciteroeht a si elcyC tonra

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