Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

Solutions to Exercise 3J
1a

Note −1 ≤ sin 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1 and hence −𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑎𝑎. This means that the amplitude
of each graph in the question will be given by the coefficient of the sine function.

1
1a i 2

1a ii 2

1a iii 3

1b In order to obtain this transformation, begin with the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 and then
𝑦𝑦
replace 𝑦𝑦 with 𝑘𝑘 (which corresponds to a vertical stretch by a factor of 𝑘𝑘) to yield
𝑦𝑦
𝑘𝑘
= sin 𝑥𝑥 which is 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘 sin 𝑥𝑥.

1c Recall that as 𝑘𝑘 is the coefficient of the sine function, it gives the amplitude of the
graph. Hence it follows that as 𝑘𝑘 increases, the amplitude increases. The bigger
the amplitude, the steeper the wave.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2a

2𝜋𝜋
2a i 𝑇𝑇 = 1 = 4𝜋𝜋
2

2𝜋𝜋
2a ii 𝑇𝑇 = 2
= 𝜋𝜋

2𝜋𝜋
2a iii 𝑇𝑇 = 3

1
2b The graph of 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 is stretched horizontally by a factor of 𝑛𝑛.

2𝜋𝜋
2c Noting that 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑛𝑛
, we see that 𝑇𝑇 is inversely proportional to 𝑛𝑛. Thus it follows
that as 𝑛𝑛 increases, the period decreases.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

3a

𝜋𝜋
3a i 𝑇𝑇 = 1
= 𝜋𝜋

𝜋𝜋
3a ii 𝑇𝑇 = 1 = 2𝜋𝜋
2

𝜋𝜋
3a iii 𝑇𝑇 = 2

1
3b The graph 𝑦𝑦 = tan 𝑥𝑥 is stretched horizontally by a factor of 𝑎𝑎.

𝜋𝜋
3c Noting that 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑎𝑎, we see that 𝑇𝑇 is inversely proportional to 𝑎𝑎. Thus, it follows
that as 𝑛𝑛 increases, the period decreases.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

4a

𝜋𝜋
4a i 2

4a ii 𝜋𝜋

4a iii 2𝜋𝜋 or 0. Note that 𝑦𝑦 = sin(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝜋𝜋) = sin(𝑥𝑥).

4b The graph 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 is shifted 𝛼𝛼 units to the left.

4c The graph is always the same, because 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 has period 2𝜋𝜋.

5a

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

5a i Range: 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 2 or [0, 2], mean value: 1

5a ii Range: [1, 3], mean value: 2

1 3 1
5a iii Range: [− 2 , 2], mean value: 2

5b The graph 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 is shifted 𝑐𝑐 units up and the mean value is 𝑐𝑐.

5c As 𝑐𝑐 increases, the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 moves up and the mean value increases.

6a period = 𝜋𝜋, amplitude = 3

6b period = 4𝜋𝜋, amplitude = 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

2𝜋𝜋
6c period = 3
, no amplitude

2𝜋𝜋
6d period = 3
, amplitude = 2

1
7a Stretch horizontally by a factor of 3: 𝑦𝑦 = sin 3𝑥𝑥

Then stretch vertically by a factor of 3: 𝑦𝑦 = 3 sin 3𝑥𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝑥𝑥
7b Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦𝑦 = sin 2
𝑥𝑥
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin 2
𝑥𝑥
Then reflect in the 𝑥𝑥-axis: 𝑦𝑦 = −2 sin 2

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
7c Shift 2 units right: 𝑦𝑦 = sin �𝑥𝑥 − 2 �
𝜋𝜋
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 3: 𝑦𝑦 = 3 sin �𝑥𝑥 − 2 �
𝜋𝜋
Then shift 2 units up: 𝑦𝑦 = 3 sin �𝑥𝑥 − 2 � + 2

1
8a Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦𝑦 = cos 2 𝑥𝑥
1
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 5: 𝑦𝑦 = 5 cos 2 𝑥𝑥

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
8b Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦𝑦 = cos 2𝑥𝑥

Then stretch vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑦𝑦 = 2 cos 2𝑥𝑥

Then reflect in the 𝑥𝑥-axis: 𝑦𝑦 = −2 cos 2𝑥𝑥
Then shift 2 units down: 𝑦𝑦 = −2 cos 2𝑥𝑥 − 2

1
8c Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦𝑦 = cos 2𝑥𝑥

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
Then shift 2
units right: 𝑦𝑦 = cos �2 �𝑥𝑥 − 2 ��

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1 𝜋𝜋
9a Dilate horizontally by factor 5, then translate left by 3 .
2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
Period 5
, phase 3 .

9b Dilate horizontally by factor 3, then translate left by 𝜋𝜋.

Period 6 𝜋𝜋, phase 𝜋𝜋.

5 2𝜋𝜋
9c Dilate horizontally by factor 3, then translate right by 5
.
5𝜋𝜋 −2𝜋𝜋
Period 3
, phase 5
.

10a

2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
i Period = 2
= 𝜋𝜋 Phase = − 3 Amplitude = 3 Mean = 0

2𝜋𝜋 5
ii Period = 1 = 6𝜋𝜋 Phase = 𝜋𝜋 Amplitude = 2 Mean = 5
3

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
iii Period = 3 Phase = 8 No amplitude = 3 No mean value

11a
𝜋𝜋 1
i 𝑦𝑦 = sin �6 �𝑥𝑥 − 12��. Dilation horizontally with factor 6, followed by translation
𝜋𝜋
right by 12.
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
ii Period = 2𝜋𝜋 ÷ 6 = 3 , phase = − 12 .
𝜋𝜋 1
iii Translate right by 2 , then dilate horizontally by factor 6 .

11b
1
i 𝑦𝑦 = cos �4 (𝑥𝑥 + 2𝜋𝜋)�. Dilation horizontally by factor 4, followed by translation
left by 2𝜋𝜋.
1
ii Period = 2𝜋𝜋 ÷ 4 = 8𝜋𝜋 , phase = 2𝜋𝜋 .
𝜋𝜋
iii Translation left by 2 , followed by horizontal dilation with factor 4.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

11c
3 4𝜋𝜋 5
i 𝑦𝑦 = tan � 5 �𝑥𝑥 − 3
��. Dilation horizontally by factor 3 , followed by translation
4𝜋𝜋
right by 3
.
3 5𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋
ii Period = 𝜋𝜋 ÷ 5 = 3
, phase = − 3
.
4𝜋𝜋 5
iii Translate right by 5
, then dilate horizontally by factor 3
.

12a
𝜋𝜋 1 𝜋𝜋
i 𝑦𝑦 = sin3(𝑥𝑥 + 6 ). Dilate horizontally by factor 3 , then translate left by 6 .
1 𝜋𝜋 1 𝜋𝜋
ii 𝑦𝑦 = 4 sin4(𝑥𝑥 − 4 ) − 4. Dilate horizontally by factor 4 , translate right by 4 , then
1
dilate vertically by factor 4 , and finally translate 4 units downwards.
1 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
iii 𝑦𝑦 = 6sin 2 �𝑥𝑥 + 2 � + 5. Dilate horizontally by factor 2, translate left by 2 , then
dilate vertically by factor 6, and finally translate 5 units upwards.

12b
2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
i Period = 3
, phase = 6 , amplitude = 1, mean value = 0.
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 1
ii Period = 2 , phase = − 4 , amplitude = 4, mean value = −4.
1 𝜋𝜋
iii Period =2𝜋𝜋 ÷ 2 = 4𝜋𝜋 , phase = 2 , amplitude = 6, mean value = 5.

𝜋𝜋
13a 2 sin �𝑥𝑥 − 3 � = 1

𝜋𝜋 1
sin �𝑥𝑥 − � =
3 2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
Since 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋, − 3 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 − 3 ≤ 3
. Hence:
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 1
𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 6 , 6
because the sine of each of these values is equal to 2 .
𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋
So 𝑥𝑥 = 2
or 6

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

13b 2 cos 2𝑥𝑥 = −1

1
cos 2𝑥𝑥 = −
2
Since 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋, 0 ≤ 2𝑥𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋𝜋. Hence:
2𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋 8𝜋𝜋 10𝜋𝜋 1
2𝑥𝑥 = 3
, 3
, 3
, 3
because the cosine of each of these values is equal to − 2 .

𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋

𝑥𝑥 = , , or
3 3 3 3

14a cos(𝑥𝑥 + 0.2) = −0.3 (0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝜋𝜋 so 0.2 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 + 0.2 ≤ 𝜋𝜋 + 0.2)

𝑥𝑥 + 0.2 = cos −1(−0.3)
𝑥𝑥 = cos −1 (−0.3) − 0.2
𝑥𝑥 ≑ 1.675

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

14b tan 2𝑥𝑥 = 0.5 (0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝜋𝜋 so 0 ≤ 2𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋)

2𝑥𝑥 = tan−1(0.5)
2𝑥𝑥 = tan−1(0.5) or 𝜋𝜋 + tan−1(0.5)
1 1
𝑥𝑥 = 2 tan−1(0.5) or 2 (𝜋𝜋 + tan−1(0.5))

𝑥𝑥 ≑ 0.232 or 1.803

𝑏𝑏 −2
15a The vertex of the parabola occurs when 𝑥𝑥 = − 2𝑎𝑎 = − 2
= 1.

Thus 𝑦𝑦 = 12 − 2(1) + 4 = 3. The vertex is at (1, 3).

15b

The lowest point of the parabola has height 3, while the highest point of the sine
curve has height 3. However, these occur at different values of 𝑥𝑥, and therefore
this parabola always lies above this sine curve.

16a,b

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
16c There are three points of intersection, so 2 cos 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 2 𝑥𝑥 has three solutions.

16d 𝑃𝑃 is in the second quadrant (recall that quadrant 1 is the top right and the rest
follow anticlockwise).

16e We know that −1 ≤ cos 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1 and hence:

−2 ≤ 2 cos 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2
1
If 2 cos 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 2 𝑥𝑥 then

1
−2 ≤ 1 − 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2
2
1
−3 ≤ − 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1
2
1
−1 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3
2
−2 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 6
Hence if 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑛𝑛 is a solution, −2 ≤ 𝑛𝑛 ≤ 6.

2𝜋𝜋
17a 𝑇𝑇 = 𝜋𝜋 =4
� �
2

17b

17c The equation describes any straight line passing through the origin. Hence the
only fixed point it passes through for varying values of 𝑚𝑚 is the origin.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

17d One solution is when 𝑚𝑚 = 0 as it is tangential to the curve at the point 𝑥𝑥 = 3.

Otherwise, it must have positive gradient that is steep enough to be above the
1
point (4, 1) (lest it re-intersect the curve). This is when 𝑚𝑚 > 4.

𝜋𝜋
18a The maximum value of 2 cos( 7 𝑡𝑡) is 2 and hence the greatest depth will be
𝑦𝑦 = 2 + 8 = 10 metres.

𝜋𝜋
18b The minimum value of 2 cos( 7 𝑡𝑡) is −2 and hence the lowest depth will be
𝑦𝑦 = −2 + 8 = 6 metres.

18c This will occur when:

𝜋𝜋
2 cos � 𝑡𝑡� = −2
7
𝜋𝜋
cos � 𝑡𝑡� = −1
7
𝜋𝜋
𝑡𝑡 = 𝜋𝜋
7
𝑡𝑡 = 7
This is 7 hours after 7 am which is 2 pm.

𝜋𝜋
18d 2 cos �7 𝑡𝑡� + 8 = 9
𝜋𝜋
2 cos � 𝑡𝑡� = 1
7
𝜋𝜋 1
cos � 𝑡𝑡� =
7 2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝑡𝑡 =
7 3
7
𝑡𝑡 =
3
7
This is 3
hours or 2 hours 20 minutes after 7 am which is 9: 20 am.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

19a

19b

19c Amplitude = 5

20a i

20a ii 1 (the tangent is the line 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

20a iii By observation, 0 < 𝑘𝑘 < 1.

20b i For the arc:

𝑙𝑙 = 𝑟𝑟(2𝜃𝜃)
400 = 2𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
200
𝑟𝑟 = 𝜃𝜃

In the shaded triangle, r sinθ = 150

150
Hence r =
sin𝜃𝜃
200 150
Therefore =
𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃

And thus
150 3
sin 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃
200 4

20b ii

Drawing the two graphs, their point of intersection appears to be at 𝜃𝜃 ≑ 1.3.

20b iii ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 2𝜃𝜃 ≑ 2.6 radians

200
Substituting for 𝜃𝜃 in 𝑟𝑟 = 𝜃𝜃
gives 𝑟𝑟 ≑ 154 metres.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

20c i For the arc:

𝑙𝑙
𝑙𝑙 = 𝑟𝑟(2𝛼𝛼) so 𝑟𝑟 = 2𝛼𝛼
150
In the blue triangle, sinα = 𝑟𝑟

150
∴ 𝑟𝑟 =
sin 𝛼𝛼
Equating the expressions for 𝑟𝑟:
𝑙𝑙 150
=
2𝛼𝛼 sin 𝛼𝛼
150 × 2𝛼𝛼 300𝛼𝛼
sin 𝛼𝛼 = =
𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙

20c ii In part a(iii) above, we saw that sin𝑥𝑥 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 has a solution if 0 < 𝑘𝑘 < 1.
300
In this case then, we require that 0 < 𝑙𝑙 < 1, and so 𝑙𝑙 > 300.
This is a common-sense result because the straight line is the shortest distance
between two points.

𝜋𝜋
21a At 𝑥𝑥 = 3

1
LHS = 𝜋𝜋
1 + cos 3
1
=
1
1+2
1
=
3
2
2
=
3
𝜋𝜋
2 �3�
RHS =
𝜋𝜋
2𝜋𝜋
=
3𝜋𝜋
2
=
3
𝜋𝜋
Thus 𝑥𝑥 = 3 satisfies the equation.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

𝜋𝜋
At 𝑥𝑥 = 2

1
LHS = 𝜋𝜋
1 + cos 2
1
=
1+0
1
=
1
=1
𝜋𝜋
2 �2�
RHS =
𝜋𝜋
2𝜋𝜋
=
2𝜋𝜋
=1
𝜋𝜋
Thus 𝑥𝑥 = 2 satisfies the equation

21b

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 1 2𝑥𝑥
21c For 3 < 𝑥𝑥 < 2 we have that 1+cos 𝑥𝑥 < 𝜋𝜋
from the diagram in part b, where the
blue curve lies below the red . Hence in this domain we have.
1 2𝑥𝑥
<
1 + cos 𝑥𝑥 𝜋𝜋
Both denominators are positive, so their product will be positive, allowing us to
multiply through by it without reversing the inequality.
𝜋𝜋 < 2𝑥𝑥(1 + cos 𝑥𝑥)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations

1
𝜋𝜋 < 2𝑥𝑥 �1 + �2 cos2 𝑥𝑥 − 1��
2
1
𝜋𝜋 < 2𝑥𝑥 �2 cos2 𝑥𝑥�
2
1
𝜋𝜋 < 4𝑥𝑥 cos2 𝑥𝑥
2
1 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
And thus 4𝑥𝑥 cos2 2 𝑥𝑥 > 𝜋𝜋 for 3 < 𝑥𝑥 < 2

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