2019 1 2 Akyana

Center for indigenous Knowledge and Community Studies
Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

[ ආඛ්‍යාන]
Narrations
open access, refereed journal
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ආඛ්‍යානnarrations
2|Page
wdLHdknarrations
open access, refereed journal
ISSN 2478-0642
Volume 04 | Issue 01& 02 | 2019
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
CC BY-NC-SA
Legal Code: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
Editorial Board
Jayaprasad Welgama –Editor in Chief

BA Hons, MA, PhD
Sarath Ananda
BA Hons, M.Phil, PhD
Manoj Ariyarathne
BA Hons, MA, PhD
Hiniduma Sunil Senevi
BA Hons, MA, PhD
E. P. N. Udaya Kumara
BSc (sp), Msc, PhD
Prabath Galagamage
BA Hons, M.A, M.Phil, PhD (reading)
Reviewers
Prof. Kalinga Tudor Silva

Prof. H.M.D.R Herath
Prof. Premakumara De Silva
Dr. Sumudu Premachandra
Submit your academic papers to jwelgama@gmail.comorgprabath@gmail.com
Center for indigenous Knowledge and Community

Studies
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Cover Page
uydpd¾h tÈßùr ir;apkaø yd iqks,a Ydka; PdhdrEm oaú;ajhla
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–––
Contents
iqks,a idka; -tÈßùr irÉpkaø .egqu( ,dxflah iajfoaYSlrK jHdmdrfha m%;súfrdaO;d ms<sn|
ixialD;sl lshùula ......................................................................................................................... 6
Associations that are based on social reformations and related activities in the freedom
movement in India ........................................................................................................................ 32
An investigative study on the ancient teaching method of the Sabaragamu dance tradition in Sri
Lanka.............................................................................................................................................. 50
m%cd ixila;sh yd iuqmldr jHdmdrh flfrys laIqø uQ,H iud.ïj, n,mEu ms<sn| wOHhkhla
....................................................................................................................................................... 69
මගේ යටගියාල: ඩබ්ලිව්. ඇල් ගදොන්දීනු ව්ලයං චරිතාඳදානය - චූ඼ ඉතිශාවගේ මශා ආඛ්‍යානයක් ග඼ව
....................................................................................................................................................... 95
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Volume 04 | Issue 01& 02 | 2019 | Article 01
ISBN 2478-0642
On-line Refereed Journal of the Center for Indigenous Knowledge and Community Studies
Follow this and additional works at: www.sab.ac.lk

e-mail: akyanaeditor@ssl.sab.ac.lk
iqks,a idka; -tÈßùr irÉpkaø .egqu( ,dxflah iajfoaYSlrK jHdmdrfha

m%;súfrdaO;d ms<sn| ixialD;sl lshùula
fifkúr;ak'tia'tia'ta1
cinesenevi@gmail.com
ldßhlrjk'tia'tï2
kariyakarawana@gmail.com
වංක්‍ෂිප්තය
tosßùr irÉpkaø^1914-1996& yd iqks,a idka;^1915-1981& hk fofokd u ,xldj ;=<

iajfoaYsl ixialD;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu úIhfhys fjfyi jQ fofofkls' iqks,a idka;
foaYSh ix.S;hla ;ekSu iòyd o irÉpkaø foaYSh kdgHhla ;ekSu iòyd o fjfyi jQy'
iqks,a idka; 1946 oS z´¨ msmS,dZ .S;h ks¾udKh lrñka ixialD;shg ueosy;a jQ w;r
irÉpkaø úiska zuqo,d,sf.a fmr<shZkdgH ks¾udKh lrñka 1943 oS ish ueosy;aùu wrUk
,os' fï fofokd u uq,ska bx.sßis kduhka ord isg miqj tajd fjkia lr;af;da jQy'
fofokd u Ydka;s ksfla;kfha wdos YsIHfhda o fj;a' ix.S;h iajfoaYSlrKh lsÍfï oS
f,dj we;s ish¨ u fmdfydi;a ix.S; iïm%odhkaf.ka wdNdih ,ndf.k cd;sl
ix.S;hla ks¾udKh l< hq;=h hk wdia:dkfhys iqks,a idka; msysgd isáfha h' ta
ksmojk ix.S; l%uh úo.aO" Ydia;%Sh tlla fkdj ir, fmdÿ ck ix.S;hla úh hq;=h
hk u;fha fya ;r j msysgd isg we;' foaYSh ix.S;h Ndr;Sh rd.OdÍ ix.S;h wkqj hk
Ydia;%Sh jQjla úh hq;=h hkak irÉpkaø oerE u;h hs' tfy;a irÉppkaø foaYSh kdgH
iïnkaOfhka oerE u;h óg fjkia jQjls' Tyq ta ms<snò oerE wdl,amh jQfha l,dmSh
ixialD;sfha wdNdifhka fmdÿck ixialD;sldx. weiqre fldgf.k úo.aO ixialD;shla
ks¾udKh l< hq;= h hkakhs' ta ixialD;sh úkaokh lsÍfï yelshdj fmdÿ ckhdg ke;s
w;r fmdÿ ck úkaok uÜgu yd Tjqkaf.a ixialD;sh my;a tlls hkak Tyqf.a wdl,amh
úh'ir, ix.S; l%uhla foaYSh ix.S;h f,i ks¾udKh lsÍu irÉpkaø fkd bjiS h' Tyq
foaYSh ix.S;h ixlS¾K jQ rd.OdÍ ix.S;fha wx.hla f,i ks¾udKh úh hq;= h hk
1
Y%S ,xld inr.uqj úYajúoHd,fha fcHIaG lÓldpd¾hjrfhls'
2
iajdëk m¾fhaIlfhls'
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u;fhys msysgd l%shd flf<a h' iqks,a idka; ix.S;fha jQ iïm%odhka /il uqyq ùu Tyq
fy<d oelafla h' wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl n,OdÍka yd fm!oa.,sl j iïnkaOlï meje;ajQ
irÉpkaøg b;d myiqfjka iqks,a idka;f.a cd;sl ix.S;hla ks¾udKh lsÍfï ld¾hh
wl¾uKH lr oeñh yels úh' 1952 oS r;kacxl¾ mÍlaIKh u.ska ta ld¾hh imqrd f.k
cd;sl ix.S;hla fjkqjg wurfoaj uQ,sl fldg.;a úo.aO .dhk l%uhla ks¾udKh
lsÍug Tyqg yels úh'tu.ska ir, rd.OdÍ .S; ixialD;shla ia:dmkh úh' 1967 oS kej;
iqks,a idka; .=jkaúÿ,shg meñKsh o ta jk úg Tyqf.a .uk hd fkd yels jk mßos u.
wyqrd yudr fldg ;snqKs' ta jk úg;a wurfoaj jekakka irÉpkaø we.hQ ix.S; Ndú;h
ia:dms; fldg ;sìK' iajfoaYSlrKh ms<snò fï mriamr m%fõY fol fy< yjq, yd
úYajúoHd,h w;r .egqula f,i o tjl w¾: .ekaù we;' fï iïnkaOfhka mqj;am;a ,sms
yd fmd;a rdYshla o iïmdokh ù ;sfí' tfuka u fudjqka weiqre l< fndfyda msßila
;ju;a isá;s' f,aLk.; uq,dY%h yd mqoa., idlÉPd u.ska ,nd.;a f;dr;=re wOHhkhg
uQ,dY%h úh' iajfoaYSlrKh iïnkaOfhka fudjqka fofokdf.a ueosy;aùfï iajNdjh yd
.egqu fï m¾fhaIKfha moku jk w;r ta .egqu ksid we;s jQ ixialD;sl M,úmdl
ms<snò ;lafiarejla o fuys isÿ flf¾' irÉpkaøf.a bkaoshdkqlrKh yd l,dmShlrKhg
jvd iqks,a idka;f.a úYaj wdNdih we;s j lrk iajfoaYSlrKh;a tu.ska ksmojk fmdÿ
ck ixialD;sh;a ienE hg;aúcs;yrKhlg u. fmkajhs' irÉpkaø m%uqL fmardfoKs
.=rel=,h ish iajfoaYSlrK l%shdj,sfha foaYmd,ksl m, úmdl ms<snò mQ¾j úksYaphlska
f;dr jQ yqÿ mqoa., lKavdhuls' fy<yjq, Bg jvd ixúê; iudc jHdmdrhla jqj o
iajfoaYSlrKh ms<snò foaYmd,k úoelaula Tjqka i;= j o fkd mej;=Ks' iqks,a idka;f.a
ix.S; o¾Ykh u.ska woSk" úfkdaoldó yd tlai;a ck msßila f,i ,dxlslhd ixúOdkh
lsÍfï yelshdj ;sìK' irÉpkaø we;=`M msßi ks¾udKh l< úo.aO l%uh ixialD;sl
mka;sfNaohla we;s l< w;r ixialD;sl talñ;sh fjkqjg .egqï iuQyhla ks¾udKh
lrk ,os' bkaoshdkqlrKh f,i yeòskaúh yels tu Ndú;fhka wd;;sh j¾Okh jQ w;r
ri úySk fnÿKqq cd;shla ks¾udKh flßK' iqks,a idka; werUQ jHdmdrh id¾:l jqKs
kï ,dxlslfhda ish,a,yq .S .hkafkda o ri úòskafkda o jkakg bv ;snqKs'
m%uqL mo( iqks,a idka;" tosßùr irÉpkaø" iajfoaYSlrKh" foaYSh ix.S;h"

bkaoshdkqlrKh
yeòskaùu
iqks,a idka; iudcfha f,alï úcs;a l=ud¾ fiakdr;ak 2017'11'23 jk od Y%S ,xld mokï
wdh;k Y%jKd.drfha mej;s iqks,a idka; iurefõ oS idlaIH iys; j m%ldY lrkq
,enqfõ iqks,a idka;f.a ix.S; Ndú;h l=uka;%KldÍ f,i k;r l< nj hs'1 Bg
iïnkaO mqoa.,hka f,i tosßùr irÉpkaø" weï'fþ' fmf¾rd" ,hk,a tosßisxy hk
whf.a kï iòyka úh' ví,sõ'ã'wurfoajf.a ku iòyka fkd l< o th w`.jk ,os'
irÉpkaøf.a ys;j;=ka yd wkq.dñlhka lsysmfofkla fï /iaùfï isá uq;a lsisfjl= fyda
Bg tfrys j lsisjla iòyka lf<a o ke;' iqks,a idka; werUQ zcd;sl ix.S;hla Z
ks¾udKh lsÍfï m%h;akh b;d ixialD;slj;a ñksia msßila fï rg ;=< ìys lsÍug
bjy,a jk jHdmdrhla nj th wOHhkh lsÍfuka meyeos,s fõ'2 ta m%h;akh k;r lsÍug
irÉpkaø uQ,sl jQfha iqks,a idka; fy< yjqf,a idudcslfhl= ùu ksid hehs úcs;a l=ud¾
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mejiQ uq;a th tl u fya;=j oehs meyeos,s ke;' bkaoshdkq jHdma;jdoh óg fya;= jkakg
we;ehs jika; l=,;=x. iel lrhs ^l=,;=x."2017'11'15&' flfia kuq;a fï .egqu ,xldfõ
iajfoaYSlrK jHdmdrfha w¾nqOh jgyd .ekSug hï m%fõYhla f.kfok nj yef`.a'
úYajúoHd,hSh W.;=ka u;= ù ú;a" fmr cd;sl jHdmdrfha ^1848-1948& fhÿKqq ish¨fokd
hgm;afldg fjkia u jQ ixialD;shla wNskjfhka ks¾udKh flfrk w;r th wêm;s
ixialD;sh njg m;a lrk wdldrh ,dxflah kQ;k ixialD;sl b;sydih wOHhkh l<
úg fmfk hs' irÉpkaø úYajúoHd,hSh lKavdhfï ke;fyd;a fmardfoKs .=re=l=,fha
m%Odkhd úh' Tyqf.a ueosy;aùfuka fmr isá ish¨ ks¾udKlrejka hgm;a fldg fmdÿ
ckhdf.ka ñÿKq úo.aO ixialD;shla iïmdokh flßK' ví,sõ'ta is,ajd" mshodi isßfiak
hgm;a fldg ud¾áka úl%uisxy;a" iqks,a idka;" wdkkao iurfldaka hgfldg
ví,sõ'ã'wurfoaj;a" mS'î w,aúia fmf¾rd" l=v,s.u hg fldg .=Kodi wurfialr yd isß
.=kisxy;a u;= flßK' fï l%shdj,sh u.ska ckkh l< m%;súmdl wo jk úg wm iudch
N=la;s úòsñka isák uq;a fï jk f;la fï l%shdj,sh ms<snò m%udKj;a úu¾Ykhla flÍ
ke;' flÍ we;s ú.%yhka o fndfyda ÿrg Ydia;%Sh tajd fkdfõ'
fuys oS wOHhkh flfrk uQ,dY%h b;sydiuh tajd fõ' ta ksid fï b;sydi uQ,dY%h
lshùfï oS wm Ndú; lrk kHdhhsl m%fõYh jeo.;a fõ' b;sydih ikak lsÍug hg;a
úIhhla nj;a tajd wêm;sOdÍ mka;sj, fyda mqoa.,hkaf.a wNsu;hka ksfhdackh lrk
nj;a wmf.a ms<s.ekSuhs' b;sydilrKh foaYmd,ksl jk w;r tu.ska wkHhka neyer
fldg ;ukag wjeis foa muKla u;= l< yels nj o wms ms<s.ksuq' oekg ,sheù we;s
b;sydih ;=<g hgm;a l< w;S;h weof.k tau;a ta hgm;a l< msßif.a y`v" wêm;s
rpkdj,g iudka;r j lshùu;a fï m¾fhaIKfha l%shdj,sh hs' hgm;a l< iïm%odfha
,laIK iudc.; jqKs kï ,dxflah iudc cSú;h ljrdldr jkakg bv ;snqKs o hkak
lshùu yryd b;sydifha isÿ fkdjQ" úh<S .sh .,dhdu u;= lsÍfï m%h;akhla o fï
wOHhkh ;=< we;' oekgu;a m%nkaO lr we;s b;sydih u; wkqck (Suboltent)
m%nkaOhla w;smsys; lsÍu tu fldgi hs' ta wkqj fuu wOHhkh wkqck wOHhkhla jk
w;r ,dxflah ix.S; b;sydifha wêm;sOdÍ lshùug úl,am lshùula iïmdokh lsÍfï
,d h;ak orhs'
idys;Hh úu¾Ykh
fy< yjq, yd fld<U hq.fha ks¾udKlrejka úiska irÉpkaø m%uqL fmardfoKs

.=rel=,hg;a" ud¾áka úl%uisxy m%uqL ck;d f,aLl fmruqKg;a" wurodi ùrisxy yd
.Kkd;a Tfífialr m%uqL ixialD;s lKavdhug;a tfrys j lrkq ,enQ igkla we;' th
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isxy, idys;H l,d b;sydih ;=< wYdia;%Sh fyda fkd jákd f,i olajd neyer fldg
;sfí'
ví,sõ'ta is,ajd" fyaumd, uqKsodi" /hsmsfh,a f;kakfldaka" chka; ùrfialr" l=udr;=x.

uqKsodi" iqks,a idka;" os'ú ßpâ o is,ajd" isisr l=udr udkslal wdrÉÑ" weï'we,a'ta is,ajd"
w,j;a;df.dv fmauodi" wdoSka úiska iïmdokh lrkq ,en we;s idys;Hh fuys oS
wjOdkhg .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' m%p,s; l=lújdofha oS yd .srd ikafoaYjdofha oS ud¾áka
úl%uisxy yd l=udr;=x. uqKsodi w;r mriamrh oDYHudk úh' chka; ùrfialr yd
úl%uisxy w;r ziqni m<uq fj`MfïZ meje;s zWmydiZ jdofha oS o fï mriamrh úoHudk
úK' 1958 oS os'ú'ßpâ o is,ajd úiska rpkd lrkq ,enQ zfy< fmd;a újiqjZ u.ska
úl%uisxyf.a zisxy, idys;Hfha ke.SuZ yd ;odikak úpdrjdo m%Yak lrk ,os' we,a'weï'ta
is,ajd úiska rÑ; zúpdr újrKhZ" jxYkd: foaYnkaOq úiska 1961 oS rÑ; zidys;H
fld,a,hZ" os'ú ßpâ o is,ajd úiska rÑ; zwoyiZ jeks lD;s u.ska fï úYajúoHd,h
flakaøfldg ìys jQ ixialD;sl u;jdo m%Yak flßK' fï ish¨ ueosy;aùï ;;a .egqu
yeoEÍfï oS jeo.;a miqìula ks¾udKh lrhs' flfia kuq;a iqks,a idka; ksfhdackh l<
ixialD;sl l=,lh zfy< yjq,Z jQ w;r fy< yjqf,a mej;s we;eï oDv ,laIK Tyq ;=<
oDYHudk fkd jk nj o lsjhq;= h'
wOHhkfha wfkla idys;Hh iïm%odkh jkqfha irÉpkaø yd iqks,a idka;f.a rpkd h'
irÉpkaø 1942 oS m< lr we;s zYdka;s ksfla;kfha weiskaZ ,sms ud,dfõ Ydka;s
ksfla;kfha ,o w;aoelSï úia;r lr we;' Tyqf.a u zwiïmQ¾K pdßldZ kue;s 1967 oS m<
l< f,aLkh u.ska irÉpkaøg cd;Hka;r iudc foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhka yd rdcH ;dka;%sl
lghq;= wdosh ms<snò jQ wjfndaOh y`ÿkd.; yels h' 1985 oS Tyq m< l< zmska we;s iriú
jrula fokafkaZ lD;sh Tyqf.a iajhx ,sÅ; pß;dmodkh hs' tys Tyqf.a Ñka;kh ieliqK
wdldrh yd Tyq Tyq j u b;sydih ;=< ia:dk.; lrk wdldrh y`ÿkd.; yels h' 1982 oS
m< l< zO¾ñIaG iudchZ lD;sh Tyq ks¾udKh l< ixialD;sl cSúhd fmr<d Tyqg u
myr fok úg Bg oelajQ m%;spdrh hs' tys o úo.aO ixialD;sh fjkqfjka ;rfha fmkS
isàug Tyq j.n,d.kS' fï ish¨ lD;sj, ish Ndú;h yd oDIaáuh ia:djrh Tyq olajd
we;'
iqks,a idka;f.a ish¨ u mQ¾jrpkd iqks,a idka; iudch úiska h<s m< fldg we;' úkS
ú;drK úiska ixialrKh l< 2001 oS m< jQ ziqks,a iurZ bka jeo.;a u lD;sh hs' 2016 oS
fgdaks fvdk,aâika úiska l< ziqks,a idka; iure foiquZ o jeo.;a Ydia;%Sh
úYaf,aIKhls' mqIalr jkakswdrÉÑ úiska ixialrKh lrkq ,en we;s z.=refoú iqks,a
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idka; ixl:k ix.%yhZ 2015 oS m< jQjls' tys iqks¨kaf.a ix.S; Ndú;h ms<snò úh;=ka
rdYshlf.a ú.%yhka we;=<;a fõ'
fï lD;sj,g wu;r j zy`vZ .=jkaúÿ,s i`.rdfõ 2013 ckjdß l,dmh isxy, ix.S;fha
mßKduh ms<snò lÓlduh úYaf,aIKhla lr we;' fï wOHhkh iòyd nyqudk oekqula
bka iïmdokh lr.; yels úh' tys wmf.a l;d kdhlhka fofokdf.a u ,sms m< j
we;' ir;a wuqKq.u úiska 2003 oS m< lrkq ,enQ zukfï u;la ùZ lD;sfha irÉjkaø" weï
fca'fmf¾rd yd ã'cS' ohdr;ak hk ;%s;ajh ,dxflah ixialD;sh úIhfhys l< ueosy;aùu
ms<snò meyeos,s Ñ;%hla imhd we;' fiak f;darfoKsh úiska lrkq ,enQ zfmardfoaKs
.=rel=,fha Wm; ke.Su yd ìòjeàuZ kue;s lD;sh u.ska tu wúêu;a ixúOdkh ms<snò
iúia;rd;aul úuiqula lr we;' fï lD;sj, we;=<;a fndfyda lreKq wmf.a wOHhkh
iòyd uQ,dY%h lr.eksK' fuf;la lsisÿ úYaf,aIlfhl= fï .egqu ms<snò úfYaI
wjOdkhlska úu¾IKhla lr ke;' oekg fï iïnkaO j we;s f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍï
fyda mlaImd;S m%ldYkj,ska Tíng .uka fldg ke;'
fï wOHhkh u.ska zirÉpkaø - iqks,a idka; .egquZ hk fhÿu rEmld¾:j;a j Ndú;

flf¾' tu.ska ,dxflah iajfoaYSlrK jHdmdrfha wNHka;r mriamr;d ixfla;j;a lr
we;' ta wkqj fï wOHhkh ;=< ,xldfõ iajfoaYSlrK jHdmdrfha b;sydih yd fï
.egqfï wNHka;r .;slhka ms<snò úYaf,aIKhla isÿ flf¾' fuys oS u;=flfrk m%Odk
m%Yak lsym
s hla fõ' tkï" tl u lghq;a;l fhoS isá fofofkl= w;r .egqula we;s ùug
fya;= jQ lreKq fudkjd o@ fï .egqu yqfola mqoa.,noaO lreKq mokï fldg isÿjqKs o@
ke;fyd;a Bg n,mE foaYmd,k wd¾Ólh ljrdldr o@ hk .eg¨ h'
l%ufõoh
fï wOHhkh ixialD;sl lshùuls' kuq;a Bg mokï jk uQ,sl úIh jia;=j b;sy diuh
fõ' b;sydihg wod< úIh jia;=jla ms<snò lrk hï wOHhkhla b;sydi wOHhkhla
fkdù ixialD;sl lshùula jkqfha l=ula ksid o@ b;sydi úIh ;=< Ydia;%Sh wOHhkhla
lsÍfï oS tu úIfha iSud ;=< /òSug isÿ fõ' b;sydiuh lreKqj,ska iudc wd¾Ól
foaYmd,k wdoS nyqúO ú.%yhka lsÍug W;aidy lroa oS tu wOHhkh nyq YslaIKSh úIh
lafIa;%hla jQ ixialD;sl wOHhkh jeks YslaIKhlg jvd ióm ùu ksrdhdifhka isÿ
fõ' wfkla w;g b;sydi wOHhkj, fndfyda fihska uQ,dY%h f,i fhdod .kqfha m%Odk
Odrdfõ o;a; yd tajd ms<snò we;s w¾:l:k hs' fï wOHhkh ta m%Odk Odrdj úiska
hgm;a lrkq ,enQ fyda ú.%yhkag ,la fkd l< kuq;a m%Odk Odrj fyda ta wdY%fhys u
ix.%y ù we;s o;a; fhdodf.k úl,am lshùulg fhduq flf¾' th ta w¾:fhka wkqck
^ks¾m%N+& wOHhkhla fõ'
10 | P a g e
1982 oS bkaoshdfõ Tlaia*¾â hqksj¾isá m%ldYlhka úiska m%ldYhg m;a l< zz Subaltern
studies ZZ kue;s ,sms ud,dj u.ska wkqck wOHhk Odrdj ms<snò Ydia;%Sh l;sldj
ks¾udKh lrk ,os' fï ,sms ud,dfõ uq,a fj¿ï lsysmh ixialrKh lrkq ,enQfha
rKcs;a .+yd úisks'^Subaltern Studies I-VI, Ranajit Guha, ed. (Delhi, 1982-89); vol. VII,
Gyanendra Pandey and Partha Chatterjee, eds. (Delhi, 1992); vol. VIII, David Arnold and
David Hardiman, eds. (Delhi, 1993).hd;%S pl%j¾;s iamsjela" m¾;d peg¾cs" fydañ ndNd"
oSfmaIa pl%n¾;s jeks úoaj;=ka iuQyhlf.a wOHhk fï Odrdj ;=< úfYaI jeo.;alula
,nd we;' m%Odk Odrdfõ b;sydih" m%N+jrekaf.a wNsu;h wkqj rpkd jQjla jk w;r
hg;aúcs;j, b;sydih hg;aúcs;lrejdf.a wNsu;hkag wkqj rpkd ù we;' ta b;sydih
hqfrda flakaøSh fõ' tfia kï m%N+ fkd jk ckhdf.a ^f.dú lïlrejka" ia;%Ska" mi,a
okõ jeishka jeks& b;sydih we;af;a lskï ;ekl o@ th rpkd l< yelafla flfia o@
jeks m%Yak u;= fõ' m%N+ b;sydi rpkd" jd¾;d ,sms wdosh fuka u ckY%e;s ;=< fï wkqck
b;sydih ,sùug wjYH f;dr;=re .eí j we; (Chakrabarty, D. 2000). uydNdr;fha
kf,damdLHdkh yd ld,sodif.a wNs{dk Ydl=ka;,h ;=< ie`.j we;s bkaoshdkq ia;%shf.a
fm!¾Ifha ìòjeàu tu m%Odk Odrdfõ uQ,dY%h u fjk;a whqrlska ks¾jkh lsÍu yryd
u;= lr .ekSug frdó,d ;dm¾ oerE W;aidyh merKs uQ,dY%h u wkqck wOHhk iòyd o
idOkSh f,i Ndú; lsÍu iïnkaO j losu ksoiqkla fõ (Thapar, R.2011)' wmf.a
wOHhkh o fï l%ufõoh Ndú;hg .kq ,nk w;r u wkqck uQ,dY%h f,i Rcq j .sKh
s
yels ckY%e;s yd oaú;Shsl Odrdfõ m%ldYk o Bg Wmldr fldg .kS'
fï wOHhkhg mdol jk o;a;j,ska nyq;rh idys;Huh uQ,dY%h fõ' idys;H

uq,dY%hj,g wu;r j iqks,a idka; mq;a ,xld idka;" úcs;a l=ud¾ fiakdr;ak" jika;
l=,;=x." fla'tka'´'O¾uodi" wdßh rdclreKd" chka; wrúkao" rxckS Tfífialr"
.=Kfiak ú;dk hk wh iu`. úúO wjia:dj, l< idlÉPd o uQ,dY%h fldgf.k we;'
idlÉPdj(
wOHhkh fldgia lsysmhlska hqla; fõ' m<uq fldgiska irÉpkaø yd iqks,a idka;f.a
pß;dmodk ú.%yhla flf¾' Tjqkaf.a iu-úiu;d tys oS úuid nef,k w;r fï
l;dkdhlhka fofokd ms<snò pß; ú.%yh b;sydilrK Ndú;hla fõ' fojk fldgiska
fï fofokd cd;sl ixialD;shg ueosy;a jQ wdldrh yd tys oS Tjqka úYajdi l< lreKq yd
ta ueosy;aùfï iajNdjh wOHhkh flf¾' ta iòyd Tjqka fofokdf.a iïm%odkh mq`M,a
úuiqulg ,la flf¾' f;jkq j iqks,a idka;g tfrys j flreKq l=uka;%Kh ms<snò
oekg we;s ,sÅ; yd jdÑl idlaIs weiqfrka úNd. lsÍula isÿ flf¾' isõjkq j ,xldfõ
iajfoaYSlrK b;sydih yd fï ixisoaêh ta ;=< ia:dk .; lsÍug W;aidy .efka' tys oS
iajfoaYSlrKh bkaoshdkqlrKh yd hqfrdamSlrKh iu`. mj;ajk oajkaod;aul inò;dj
ms<snò wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' ,dxflah ix.S;h cd;sl ix.S;hla f,i ixúOdkh fkdù
11 | P a g e
Ydia;%Sh kue;s z>k lfnd,a,lska Z wdjrKh ùfuka fmdÿfõ nyqck iudcfha talñ;shg
isÿ jQ n,mEu miajk fldgiska wOHhkh flf¾' ijk fldgi ifudaOdkh hs'
pß;dmodk(
tosßùr irÉpkaø^1914-1996&( yd iqks,a idka;^1915-1981& hk fofokd u ,xldj ;=<

iajfoaYsl ixialD;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu úIfhys fjfyi jQ fofofkls' iqks,a idka;
foaYSh ix.S;hla ;ekSu iòyd o irÉpkaø foaYSh kdgHhla ;ekSu iòyd o fjfyi jQy'
iqks,a idka; 1946 oS z´¨ msmS,dZ .S;h ks¾udKh lrñka ixialD;shg ueosy;a ùu werUQ
w;r irÉpkaø úiska zuqo,d,sf.a fmr<shZkdgH ks¾udKh lrñka 1943 oS ish ueosy;aùu
wrUk ,os' fofokd u uq,ska bx.sßis kduOdÍ j isg miqj tajd fjkia lr;af;da jQy'
irÉpkaøf.a uq,a kduh zhQiagia frcsk,aâ o is,ajdZ hkakhs' iqks,a idka;f.a uq,a ku
zfodka fcdaima fcdakaZh' fofokd u Ydka;s ksfla;kfha wdos YsIHfhda o fj;a' iqks,a
idka; jD;a;Sh ix.S;{fhls' irÉpkaø úYajúoHd,hSh wdpd¾hjrfhls'
tosßùr irÉpkaø
1914 cqks 03 jk osk r;a.u fodvka¥j .ïueoaof.dv oS jeos;ka;sßf.a pd,aia *%ekaisia o

is,ajd iy ,Sähd mska;= fudrf.dv hk udmshkaf.a m<uq orejd f,i Wmka Tyqg
ke.Kshka fofofkla o jQy' mshd ;eme,a fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ,smslrefjls' hQiagia
wOHdmkh ,enQfha .d,af,a ijq;a,kaâia úoHd,h" ßÉukaâ úoHd,h" mdkÿf¾ Ydka;
fcdaka úoHd,h" .,alsiafia idka; f;dauia úoHd,h yd .d,af,a Ydka; wef,daishia hk
úoHd,j,sks' 1933 fld<U hqksj¾isá fld,Scshg we;=<;a ù 1936 oS m%dÖk NdId f.!rj
Wmdêh ,nd f.k bka msg úh ûkfï m%;Hdjf,dalkh"2013(1-11&' 1936 -1937 ld,fha
je,a,j;af;a Ydka; mS;r úoHd,fha isxy, b.ekaù h' 1936-1939 ld,fha oS u f,alayjqia
wdh;kfha md,k wxYfha /lshdjl ksr; úh' 1939 oS wh,Ska fn,;a iu. újdy úh' ta
Tyqf.a m<uq újdyh hs' 1939 oS Ydka;s ksfla;khg .sh Tyq Ndr;Sh o¾Ykh yd is;d¾
jdokh yeoEÍ h' 1940 oS Tyq h<s ,xldjg meñKs w;r ta jk úg ish kduh f,i
irÉpkaø kue;s jx. kduh Ndú;hg .eksK ^B'wd¾'o tia' irÉpkaø&' 1940-42 ld,fha
.,alsiafia Ydka; f;dauia úÿyf,a isxy, .=rejrhd f,i b.ekaùï l< w;r fï ld,fha
isiqka Tyq y`ÿkajd we;af;a ;df.da¾ hk wkaj¾; kdufhks' Bg fya;=j Tyq t;rï u
bkaoshdkqlrKh ù isàuhs' 1942 oS isxy, YíofldaI ld¾hd,fha Wml¾;D Oqrhlg m;a
jk Tyq 1944 olajd tys fiajh lr we;' 1944 j¾Ifha oS Ndr;Sh o¾Ykh iïnkaOfhka
,kavka Ydia;%m;s ndysr Wmdêh ,nd tu jif¾ oS u fld<U hqksj¾isá fld,Scsfha md,s
ms<snò lÓldpd¾hjrfhl= f,i m;a úh' 1947 -1949 ld,fha oS ,kavka úYajúoHd,hg
we;=<;a j ngysr o¾Ykh ms<snò wNHka;r Ydia;%m;s Wmdêh;a" Njdx. Ñ;a;h ms<snò
12 | P a g e
m¾fhaIK ksnkaOh iòyd tu úYajúohd,fhka u wdpd¾h Wmdêh;a ,nd .eksK' 1952 oS
úYajúoHd,fha md,s wOHhkdxYfha wdpd¾hjrfhl= f,i m;aùu iaÓr úh' 1952 oS kQ;k
isxy, idys;Hh b.ekaùu iòyd isxy, wxYfha wdpd¾hjrfhl= f,i nòjd .eksK' 1955
-1956 ld,fha oS kdgH l,dj yeoEÍu iòyd frdfldf*,¾ uq,Hdh;kfha wkq.%yfhka
bkaoshdj" cmdkh" weußldj hk rgj, ixpdrh lsÍug wjia:dj ,eìK' 1965 oS ,,s;d
iaj¾Kd fmf¾rd iu`. újdy úh' 1966-1967 ld,fha weußldfõ fvksika kue;s
úYajúoHd,hl wdrdê; uydpd¾hjrfhl= f,i lghq;= lr we;'1972 oS fmardfoKs
úYajúoHd,fhka fld<U úYajúoHd,hg kej; meñKsk ^ùuxid"1987(vi-x&' 1974-1979
ld,fha m%xYfha rdc¥; fiajfha ksr; úh' 1977-1979 ld,fha weußldfõ yjdhsys BiaÜ
fjiaÜ uOHia:dkfha m¾fhaIK uydpd¾hjrfhl= f,i lghq;= lr we;' 1982 oS hdmkh
úYajúoHd,h yd fmardfoaKsh úYajúoHd,h f.!rj wdpd¾h Wmdê msßkuk ,os' 1983 oS
ol=Kq bkaoshdfõ flar< m%dka; rch l=udrka wYdka iïudkh msßkeó h' 1988 oS idys;Hh
iòyd jk rdfudka ue.afiafia iïudkh ms,smSkfha oS msßkeñK' 1996 wf.dia;= 16 jk
osk 82 jk úfha oS t;=ud ^tosßùr rxcs; irÉpkaø f,i& wNdjm%dma; úh
îrÉpkaø'B'"2001(1-7&'
iqks,a idka;
ëjr jHdmdßlfhl= jq noao ,shkf.a fodka fmñhdkq yd uyrf.a tx.,a;skd fmf¾rd hk

fom,f.a lKsgq orejd f,i 1915 wfm%a,a ui 14 jk osk cd--we, muqKq.u oS fcdaima
fcdaka <orejd Wm; ,enqfõ h' Tyqg udi ;=kla jk úg mshd urKhg m;a úh' Tyqg f;
jirla jk úg uj o ñh .shd h'3 wk;=re j fcdaima fcdaka yodjvd .ekSu foyshd.d;
m%foaYfha cSj;a jQ l=re.uf.a ußhuof,akd fmf¾rd chj¾Ok kue;s Tyqf.a ñ;a;Kshg
Ndr úh' fcdaima nd,dxY wOHdmkh ,enQfha foyshd.d; mdif,ks' m<uq jeks mka;shg
miq wOHdmkh iòyd f,dl= udud jk wkaf;daks fmf¾rd fiajh l< fld<U Ydka;
fnkälaÜ úoHd,hg we;=<;a úh' ;j;a udud flfkl= jk tï'fca' fmf¾rd kue;s
i¾mskd Ys,amshdf.ka th jdokh lsÍug W.;a uq;a f,dl= udud th wkqu; fkd lf<a h'
fï ld,fha .d,a, ujqkaÜ l,ajdß mdif,a uq,a .=rejrhd f,i lghq;= l< u¾i,Ska
fmf¾rd kue;s udud úiska .d,a, idka; wef,daishia úoHd,hg we;=<;a lrkq ,en ish
ksjfia u ròjd f.k b.ekaùï lghq;= lrù h' mdie,a .dia;= f.ùfï wmyiqj ksid fo
jeks mka;sh iu;a ùug o fmr l=vd fcdaimag kej;;a foyshd.df;a ish ñ;a;Ksh fj;
hdug isÿ úh' wk;=re j ;=ve,a, isxy, mdif,ka fo jeks mka;sfha isg miajeks mka;h
s
olajd Ys,am yeoEÍ h' h<s;a foyshd.d; mdi,g meñKs fcdima tys kgH r`.oelaùu wdoS
l,d lghq;=j, ksr; úh' olaI f,i ujq;a ´.kh jehSfï yelshdj Tyq i;= úh' 1931 oS
foyshd.d; mdif,ka mdGYd,d yerhdfï úNd.hg bosßm;a jQ Tyq osjhsfkka u m%:u
13 | P a g e
ia:dkh oskd zzùrr;ak ;Hd.hZZ ysñlr .;af;a h' 1932 oS .ïmy fn!oaO mdGYd,dfõ
YsIHfhl= jYfhka .=re m%drïN mÍlaIKhg bosßm;a j bka iu;a úh' 1933 oS .d,a,
l`Mje,a, l,ajdßlkao mdGYd,dfõ isá udud <`.g f.dia tys YsIHfhl= jYfhka .=re
wjidk mÍlaIKhg bosßm;a j bka iu;a úh' 1934 ld,fha u.af.dk frdaudkq lf;da,sl
.=re wNHdi úoHd,fha mqyqKq j ,eî h' fï ld,fha kdgHj, r`.mEu;a .S; rpkd lsÍu;a
lr we;' fcdka o is,ajdf.a ;kqj,g .eñ iqkaor;ajh ms<snò .S tf,i rpkd lr we;'
1936 ld,fha oS mqyqKqfjka miq j .d,af,a l,ajdß lkao mdif,a .=re ;k;=rlg m;a úh'
,xldfõ mej;s m<uq wOHdmk m%o¾Ykfha yia; l¾udka; ksIamdok lafIa;%fha fojk
ia:dkh;a úis;=re NdKav ksIamdokfha m<uq ia:dkh;a oskd.eksK' 1936-1939 ld,fha oS
fcdaimaf.a YsIHfhda fkdlvjd f;jirla u olaIsK ,xld mdGYd,d ix.S; ;r.fhka
m<uq ;E.a. oskd.;ay' 1938 oS wOHdmk{ tia't,a'î' lmqfldgqj uy;df.a Wmfoia mßos
.dkaO¾j m%drïN mÍlaIKhg rúls[a[ jdok úIfhka bosßm;a j iu;a úh' .sgd¾ iy
wefldaähka jdokh ms<snò j o m%ùK;djla fya ,nd.;af;a h' fï ld,fha oS u
W!rdfmd, nKavd .=rekakdkafiaf.ka cklú iy jkakï .dhkh bf.k .kakd ,os'
1938 foieïn¾ 1 jk osk YdÍßl wNHdi úIfhys wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fjka meje;ajQ
mÍlaIKfhka iu;a j ,xldfõ ´kE u isxy, mdi,l YÍr wNHdi yd l%Svd b.ekaùug
iqÿiqlï ,eî h' 1939 oS ix.S;h yeoEÍu iòyd bkaoshdjg hdfï woyiska mdi,ska wiaúh'
1939 oS Ydka;s ksfla;kfha YsIHfhl= jYfhka Ydia;%Sh iy jx. ix.S;h yd .dhkd úê
yeoEÍu wrUk ,os' 1940 ld,fha ,lakõys udßia yskaÿia:dks ix.S; úoHd mSGh fyj;a
Nd;aLKafâ ix.S; úYajúoHd,fha bf.kqu ,enQ w;r bf.kqu ,enQ wjika jir fol
iòyd ,la rcfhka remsh,a 50 l YsIH;ajhla ,eî h' miqj th 100 olajd jeä lrk ,os'
fï jif¾ foieïn¾j, foajd¾ iQ¾hfiak iu`. k;a;,a jevigyklg iyNd.S ù we;'
1941 cQ,s 05 osk .,alsiai idka; f;dauia úoHd,fha isxy, ió;sfha úúO m%ix.fha
yskaÿia:dkS .S folla yd jx. .Shla o .hd we;' is;d¾ jdokhla o bosßm;a lr ;sfí' iQ¾h
ixl¾ fud,a,sf.dv o ix.S;fhka iyh ù we;' 1944 oS Nd;aLKafâ úYajúoHd,fhka
is;d¾ jdokh ms<snò m<uq mka;sfha idud¾:hla iys; j jdoH úYdro Wmdêh ,nd we;'
1944 foieïn¾ 24 osk iqks,a idka; kñka kduh fjkiafldgf.k ujq ìug wdmiq
meñKsfha h' wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fjka ,enqKq ix.S; YsIH;ajfhka W.;a fyhska 1945
oS lmqfldgqj uy;d yuq ù ix.S; .=rem;aùula b,a,disá uq;a irU m;aùula muKla osh
yels nj mejiQ ksid b.ekaùfï wNs,dIh w;ayerSug isÿ úh'4 wk;=re j rlajdfka isá
udud jk .re fudaiia fmf¾rd msh;=ud fj; .sh Tyq tys oS l=udr;=x. uqKos di yd
/hsmsfh,a f;kakfldaka wdoSkaf.a fmd;a lshùfuka foaYSh ix.S;hl wjYH;dj
f;areï.ekSu yd ta fjkqfjka lemùu wrUK ,os' 1945-46 ld,fha ix.S; mka;s
meje;aùu" mqj;am;aj,g ,sms iemhSu wdosh lrk ,os' iQ¾h ixl¾ fud,a,sf.dvf.a ksjfia
14 | P a g e
/fòñka fy< ix.S;hla .ek úúO m¾fhaIKj, ksr; úh' 1946 oS zz´¨ msmS,dZZ .S;h
,xld .=jkaúÿ,sh u.ska ;eáhlg k.k ,o uq,a u .S;h f,i jd¾;d.; j we;'
bka wk;=rej ix.S; ks¾udK lsÍu yd .S; fmd;a m< lsÍu lrk ,os' fï ld,h jk úg
isxy, NdId rislhka w;r Tyq b;d u ckm%sh ù isáfha h' 1952 oS .=jkaúÿ,sfha
r;kacxl¾ mÍlaIKfhka miq iqks,a idka;g .=jkaúÿ,sfha fodr jeisK' 1952 wf.daia;= 21
osk chfialr fifkúr;ak uqoshkafi,df.a fïß fcdimska n¾kfo;a ,S,dj;S iu.
mkaksmsáh frdaudkq lf;da,sl foajia:dkfha oS újdy úh' ta jif¾ Tlaf;danrfha cdwe,
lKqjk msysá iqks,a idka;f.a mqxÑ wïudf.a ksjig mosxÑhg meñKsfha h' 1953 ld,fha
we,anÜ fmf¾rd fkdfyd;a wurfoajg bf.kSu iòyd Wmldr lr we;'5 1956 -1959
ld,fha oS f,iag¾ fcaïia mSßiaf.a f¾Ldj yd ikafoaYh hk Ñ;%mgj, .S ;kq ks¾udKh
lrk ,os' 1967 oS .=jkaúÿ,sfha wOHlaI fkú,a chùr uy;d kej;;a iqks,a idka;g
.=jkaúÿ,sfha jevigyka NdroSu isÿ úh' 1980 oS rKisxy fm%auodi w.%dud;Hjrhd Tyqg
fkdñf,a ksjila ,nd ÿka uq;a Tyq th Ndr.kq ,enQfha ksjdi fomd¾;fïka;=jg udisl
l=,shla f.ùfï .súiqu u; hs' 1981 oS iqks,a idka;f.a orejka isõfokdf.ka nd, mq;%hd
jQ c.;a idka; jdfka ixia:dfõ bxcsfkarefjl= j lghq;= lroa oS yosiaisfha ñhhEu isÿ
úh' fuh Tyqg ord.; fkdyels lïmkhla f.k wdfõ h' 1981 wfm%a,a 11 jk osk
fmrjrefõ iqks,a idka;f.a wNdjh isÿ úh' wfm%a,a 13 jk osk foayh l,dNjkg f.k
wd w;r cd-we, foyshd.d; uq;=rdcfj< winv msysá iqidk N+ñfha ta isrer ñysoka lrk
,oS ^ú;drK"2001(337-348&'
ix.S;h ms<snò irÉpkaøf.a wdia:dkh
irÉpkaø hkq foaYSh kdgH l,djla wNskjfhka ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd m¾fhaIK
rdYshla l< m¾fhaIlfhls' isxy, kdgH l,dj j¾Okh lsÍu úIfhys Tyq ord we;s
fjfyi uykaish iqúi,a h' idys;H úpdr l,dj iïnkaOfhka jQ Tyqf.a ueosy;aùu o
tjeks u úfYaI w.hla .kS' tfy;a ix.S;h iïnkaOfhka oerE u;su;dka;r yd ta iòyd
Tyq lr we;s l%shdldrlï ms<snò m%n, úfõpkhla we;' foaYSh ix.S;hla ms<snò
irÉpkaøg we;s u;h b;d meyeos,s h' Tyq olajk wdldrhg zz foaYSh ix.S;h jYfhka
.sKsh yelafla jkakï lSmhl=;a" lr;a; lú" mdre lú" me,a lú jeks lDIsld¾ñl iudc
mßirhl ks¾udKh jk .S; muKlehs isf;a'''ZZ ^y`v(158& hkqfjka Tyq iòyka lr hs'
Tyq olajk wdldrhg fï ks¾udKj,ska ,efnk rih ir, h' zztkï tajd lú jYfhka o
isxÿ jYfhka o ridiajdoh l< yelafla" tajdfha iajr rgd ir, h' jkakï yereKq úg
fiiq ck .S;j, ;d, rgdj o ir, hZZ^tu(159&' irÉpkaø fï ir,nj fkd bjihs' Tyq
15 | P a g e
wfmalaId lrkqfha fmdÿ ckm%sh ix.S;hla fkdj úo.aOm%sh ixlS¾K ix.S;hls' fï Tyq
tu ixlS¾K nj ,nd.;yels uQ,dY%h ms<snò ork woyihs'
zz ud lshkafka mq`M,a úkaokhla ,nd .ekSug wm iqNdú; ix.S;hla wdY%h l< hq;=
nj hs' iqNdú; ix.S; iïm%odhj,a ;=kla f,dalfha ;sfí' tkï" hqfrdamSh
ix.S;h;a"Ök ix.S;h;a" Ndr;Sh ix.S;h;a h' fï ;=k w;ßka wfma ixialD;shg
ióm jkafka Ndr;Sh ix.S; iïm%odh nj wújdofhka ms<s.;hq;= hhs is;ñ' óg
m%Odk fya;=j wfma NdIdj yd Ndr;Sh NdIdjka w;r ;sfnk <`. kElu hsZZ
^tu(159&'
ck .dhkd weiqßka wfma jQ ix.S; iïm%odhla ks¾udKh lr.; yelsh hk r;kacxl¾f.a

u;hg fï woyi mgyeks nj jegfya' Bg úl,am f,i Tyq b,a,d isákqfha rd.OdÍ
ix.S; wdlD;sh hs' tkï ix.S;h iajfoaYSlrKh ùu fjkqjg Tyq fhdackd lrkqfha
bkaoshdkqlrKh hs' irÉpkaø ;j;a ;efkl fujka woyi;a olajhs" tkï zzfoaYSh
ix.S;hla u;= úh yelafla .eñ ix.S;h yd iajdNdúl ix.S; l%uhla w;r;a" ck;djf.a
reÑl;ajh w;r;a oS¾>ld,Sk wdY%fha m%;sM,hla jYfhksZZ ^tu(160& hkqfjka fõ' Tyq
olajk woyfia idrh jkqfha foaYSh ix.S;hla wNskjfhka ks¾udKh l< hq;= w;r th
iïm%odhka rdYshl ukd ixl,khla úh hq;= nj hs' Tyq fujeks W;aidyhl kshe¿fKl=
f,i w.hkqfha ví,sõ'î ul=f,d¨j uy;d h' Tyq ck .dhkd yd ßoau .ek m¾fhaIK
l< uq;a foaYSh ix.S;hla ks¾udKh lsÍug wjYH l,dmSh fyda úYaùh YslaIKh ,nd
isáfhl= fkdù h' ta yelshdj;a ta wjYH;dj;a we;s j isá ix.S;{hd iqks,a idka; nj
irÉpkaø fkd oek isáhd fkdfõ' Tyq u iòyka lrk ,laIKj,ska hq;= foaYSh ix.S;
wdrla ks¾udKh lsÍug iqks,a idka; oelajQ iu;alu fmdÿ ckhd je<ò.;a; o irÉpkaø
th wkqu; fkd lrkqfha th ir, h hk fpdaokdj lrñks' 1950g miq j irÉpkaø
iqks,a idka; yd idOkSh idlÉPdjla l< njg idlaIs ke;' ukao iqks,a idka; isáfha
irÉpkaø ksfhdackh l< úYajúoHd,hSh lòjqrg i;=re jQ fy< yjq, kue;s iudc yd
NdId jHdmdrh iu`. h' tfy;a 1950 foieïn¾ 20 osk fidka.a T*a ,xld kue;s
iqks¨kaf.a fmd;g fmrjokla imhk irÉpkaø Tyq foaYSh ix.S;hla ;ekSfuys ksu.ak
ix.S;{fhl= f,i meiiQfha wú{dksl j fkdfõ' tfy;a 1952 jk úg ;;ajhka imqrd
fjkia ù iqks,a idka; .=jkaúÿ,sfhka msguka lsÍug miqìu ieliSug irÉpkaø
fm<UqKq nj fmfka'
foaYSh ix.S;hla ;kd .ekSfï wjYH;dj ms<snò irÉpkaøf.a woyi b;d u;=msáka
fmfkk lreKq u; mokï jQjls'
zzwfma rg wêrdcH neñj,ska ñÿKq od isg ix.S;{fhda ,dxlsl foaYSh ix.S;h

l=ula oehs fidhkakg mgka .;ay' fï fiùug úfYaIfhka ;=vq ÿkafka ,xldj
cd;Hka;r iïfï,kj, oS iajdëk rgla jYfhka ksfhdackh jkakg ùu ksid h'
tu iïfï,kj, oS wfma .dhlhkag isxy, .Shla .hkakg isÿ jQ úg Tjqka
16 | P a g e
.dhkd l< .Sfha ;kqj Ndr;Sh ;kqjla nj y`ÿkd.;a wjfYaI ix.S;{hka fï
.ek m%ldY lrkag we;ehs is;ñ' wmg u ysñ jQ ix.S;hla Ndr;Sh fkd jk
ix.S;hla ;sfí hhs ix.S;{hka fidhkakg jQfha fu;eka mgka hhs y`.sñ'''
,dxlsl foaYSh ix.S;h l=ula oehs fidhkakg ùug ;j;a fya;=jla kï wfma rg
ksoyi ,enQ miq ksoyia W;aij jeks cd;sl W;aijhkays Ndú; lsÍug foaYSh
uqyqKqjrla ork ix.S;hl wjYH;dj fndfyda fokdg jegyS hdu hZZ ^tu(159&'
tfy;a ix.S;h jeks l,d udOHhla fujeks m%o¾Yk NdKavhla muKla úhhq;= ke;s nj
fï wjêfha oSu iqks,a idka; meyeos,s j mjid we;' irÉpkaø úiska iqks,a idka;
miñ;=frl= f,i i,lkq ,enQ ksid Tyq ,shQ oE fkd lshjkakg we;' 1941 fmnrjdß 02
jk od is`MñfKys m< l< ,smshl;a 1948 iema;eïn¾ 18 osk ,xldoSmfha m< l< ,smshl;a
iqks,a idka; olajd we;af;a foaYSh ix.S;hla ;eksh hq;af;a lgqf.hs ;eîug fkdj
ksrka;r mßyrKh iòyd h hkak hs'
ix.S;h ms<snò iqks,a idka;hkaf.a wdia:dkh
iqks,a idka; ish úIh lafIa;%h f,i ix.S;h f;dard.;a miq tys u fhÿKq wfhls'
irÉpkaø fuka úúO úIh lafIa;% .Kkdjla ;=< lghq;= lsÍug Tyq W;aidy ord ke;'
iqks,a idka;f.a ix.S;h ms<snò o¾Ykh Tyqf.a cSú;h yd neòS we;' m,a,sh yd lf;da,sl
wOHdmkh u.ska ngysr ix.S;h ms<snò wjfndaOh;a Ydka;s ksfla;kfhka jx. ix.S;fha
yd ndjq,a jeks ck ix.S; uQ,dY%hj, w.h;a Tyq jgyd .;af;a h' Nd;aLKafâ
úYajúoHd,fhka rd.OdÍ yd wfkl=;a Ndr;Sh ix.S; iïm%odhka ms<snò .eUqre
wjfndaOhla ,nd isáfha h' isxy, NdIdj yd fy< úß;a ms<snò wjfndaOhla fy<yjqf,a
rpkd lshùfuka ,nd ;snqKs' .dhlfhl= yd jdolfhl= f,i ksrka;rfhka ckhd iu`.
.ejiSfuka fmdÿ ck risl;ajh yd ckhdf.a wjYH;d ms<snò ,;a wjfndaOh;a Tyqg úh'
.ia je,a we, fod< wdY%;
s j yd .ïjeishka iu`. cSj;a ùfuka rfÜ fN!;sl yd udkj
ßoaufha ixrpl y`ÿkdf.k ;snqKs' 1941 isg úúO wjia:dj, Tyq ,shd we;s f,aLkj,ska
foaYSh ix.S;hl wjYH;dj yd tu ix.S;h flnkaola úh hq;= o hkak y`ÿkd .; yels
h'
zzmdGYd,dj, ix.S;h b.ekaùu-.=rejreka úiska ie<lsh hq;a;laZZ hk ysiska 1941

fmnrjdß 02 jk od is`MñfKys m< l< ,smsfha ix.S; wOHdmkh ,nd osh hq;= ms<sfj<
ms<snò lreKq olajd we;'
zzwOHhk mßmdáfhys ix.S;h hkqfjka mdvula we;s kuq;a tu mdvu

ld,igykg we;=<;a j we;s njla olakg ke;' nd,dxY mka;sfha oS muKla
YsIHhka iskaÿjla lSug mqyqKq jk kuq;a bka miq mka;sj, oS th iïmQ¾Kfhka
w;aysgjk nj fmkS hhs' mdGYd,dj ;=< flfrk jevj,ska YsIHhka b;d we¨ï
17 | P a g e
olajkafka ix.S; mdvug h' wjfYaI mdvï b.ekaùfï oS YsIHhkaf.a we,au" m%S;sh"
wjOdkh" úkh wdosh mj;ajd .ekSug .=rejrhd úiska oskm;d ;ukaf.a b.ekakqï
l%u fjkia l< hq;= h' tfy;a ix.S; mdvfï oS th tfia fkdfõ'''ZZ
iqks,a idka; fhdackd lrk ix.S; wOHdmkh u.ska YsIHhd l=vd l, isg u ix.S;
rislfhl= fõ' oekg ix.S;h W.kajkqfha i;shlg mehla muK f;dard.;a msßilg
muKs' wkH isiqyq Ñ;% kegqï wdoS fjk;a úIhka yodr;s' tfy;a iqks,a idka; fhdackd
lrkqfha ish¨ u isiqkag i;shlg fo;=ka jrla ix.S; wOHdmkh ,nd oSu hs' thska
risl;ajh ks¾udKh lsÍu;a ix.S;h idudkH jHjydßl úIhla ùu;a ksrdhdifhka isÿ
fõ' fuys ;j;a úoHd;aul jákdlula o we;' tkï mqoa., ukfia isÿjk mD:q, j¾Okh
hs' ñksia fud<h m%Odk fldgia follg fnoS we;' ta YS>%.dó fud<h yd ukao.dó
fud<h jYfhks' YS>%.dó fud<fhka md,kh hkqfha laIKsl l%shd yd i;ajfhl= f,i
jk meje;auhs' ukao.dó fud<h u.ska mqoa.,hdf.a YslaIKh yd ixialD;sh ks¾udKh
lrhs' YS>%.dó fud<fhka ,nd fok wdfõ.ldÍ ksfhda. md,kh fldg yslaóug ,la
lrkqfha ukao.dó fud<fha j¾Okh;a iu`.hs' ukao.dó fud<h úúO Y%jH oDYH ix{d
yd fla; u.ska ielfia' ix.S;h fï ukao.dó fud<h fkdfyd;a ixnqoaêh iòyd jk
fud<h ilia lsÍug odhl fõ' l=vd ld,fha isg ksr;=re ix.S;hg ixfõoS jk orejd
b;d mßmQ¾K ukqIHfhl= njg m;a fõ' iqks,a idka; fhdackd lrkq ,enQfha tjeks
m%;sM, ìyslrk ix.S; wOHdmkhls'
1948 iema;eïn¾ 18 jeks od ,xldoSmfhys zz wdkkao iurfldakaZZ uefhka m< l< ,smshl
iqks,a idka; fufia ,shhs'
zzwka foilg fyda wka /ilg fyda .e;s fkd jQ ix.S; l%uhla wmg ke;s
wvqmdvqj iq`M mgq fkdfõ' wfma merKs ck iïu; .Sj, isxy, .;shla we;s jqj o
jqjukdj thska msßuid .; fkd yels h' mr ni yd uqiq fkd jQ wfma fy<
mene`ÿï wmg u fjfiia jQ ix.S; l%ufhlska .hkakg u`. mdod .ekSu b;d
wjeis fohls' yskaÿia:dk" jx." l¾Kdg wmros. wdoS yeu ix.S;hla u mj;ajk
isxy, wmg ful,g .e<fmk wfma u ix.S; l%uhl=;a ksmojd .ekSug yels
jqjfyd;a ta fld;rï wdvïnrhla o@ wuq;= fohla ksmoùu t;rï myiq fohla
fkdfõ' ta yßyeá yev.eiS taug iEfyk l,la .;fjhs' wdkkao iurfldakayq
jx. ix.S;fhys Woõfjka thg wkqj wfma ix.S;fhys wuq;a;la we;s l<y' jx.
.S rEmfhka yd wka yeu úfoaY ix.S; l%ufhlska o wfma ix.S;h flfuka wE;a
fldg" wmg u fjfiia jQ wka u`.lg yerùu h" oeka we;s úh hq;= fjki' .e;s
fkdjQ isxy, ix.S;fhl wjeis nj iurfldakayq o fydòg u ms<s.ks;s' rgg"
oehg" nig we,au we;s ix.S;{hka jer jvd ;u ;ukaf.a fldgi yßyeá bgq
l<fyd;a" ta jeä l,a fkdf.dia we;s l< yels nj o ms<s.ks;sZZ
fï igyfkka fmfkkqfha ksoyi ,efnk úg u foaYSh ix.S;hla ;kd .ekSu ms<snò

meyeos,s jevms<sfj<la iqks,a idka;g ;snQ nj hs' tfuka u foaYSh ix.S;fha mqfrda.dñhd
18 | P a g e
hk úreodj,sh ,eîfï f,daNhlska Tyq l%shd lr ke;' th iduQysl lghq;a;la f,i Tyq
y`ÿkdf.k ;snqKs' jx. .S weiqßka iurfldakqka zfy< .hqjla Z fyda zi.hqjla Zîsxy,
.dhkhla fyda ix.S;hla& ;ekSug oerE ;e; Tyq ukd j y`ÿkdf.k isá w;r bka fy<
i.hqjla Wfoid .;yels msgqn,h ms<snò iú[a[dKsl j isá nj fmfka' tfuka u úúO
ix.S; iïm%odhka iu;sl%uKfhka cd;sl ix.S;hla ;eksh hq;= nj Tyqf.a u;h úh'
wfkla jeo.;a u lreK kï foaYSh ix.S;hla ms<snò Tyqf.a t<Uqu wkd.;jdoS ùuhs'
tkï w;S;fha mej;S ke;s j .sh hula f,i foaYSh ix.S;h w;S;fha fiùu flf¾ Tyq
úYajdih fkd ;nhs' w;S;fha hï wjêj, iajfoaYslhd ix.S;h Ndú; l< wdldrh ms<snò
Tyqg yeoEÍula úh' ta nj 1941 fmnrjdß 02 jk od is`MñfKys m< l< ,smsfha werUqu
lshùfuka mila fõ' ta wjfndaOh we;s j f,dal uÜgfï ish¨ uQ,dY%h yd iajfoaYsl ck
ßoauh tla fldg foaYsh ix.S;hla ;ekSu ms<snò Tyqg .eUqre oelaula jQ nj fmfkhs'
1949 cQ,s ui 10 osk m< jQ zfya<s ñysrZ kï Tyqf.a .S fmd;g ,shQ yeòskaùfuys fufia
,shd we;'
zz wfma l,djka msgráka n,mEï ,o nj ienE he' tfy;a ljr kuq;a l,djla
furfgys jefvk l,e tys u;= ù fmkshe hq;af;a furgg wh;a yeoSfï ,l=Kq hs'
yeoSulg wh;a tn`ÿ ish;a ,l=Kq (Personal elements) fkd olajk lsishï
l,dfjla fõ kï ta mKla ke;s o`vq lvla mufKls'
zix.S;Z l,dj .eke o lshe hq;af;a fuh hs' wfma i.hqj îx.S;h& wfma yeoSug
wh;a ish;a ,l=Kq fkd olajk ;dla ta Wiia njg fkd meñfKa' fy<hdf.a ri -
ßis y`ÿkajk" Tyqf.a is;ï
= me;=ï ms<sìUq fldge olajk i.hqjla fuys we;s jk
;dla zwmg o i.hqjla we;eZ hs Woï jkakg fyda zfï wfma ix.S;h heZ hs f,djg
olajkakg fyda fkd yels jkq we;s' tn`ÿ neßlï olajk oefhla fõ kï" rfgla
fõ kï ta rg;a" oeh;a f,dfjys ,nkqfha ljr ;efkla o@ úòskqfha ljr
zksoyfila Z o@
zyskaÿia;dk ix.S;hZ wms wid mqreÿ we;a;ïy" .hd mqreÿ we;a;ïy' th Wmka rgg
ue f.dia yodrd mqreÿ we;a;ïy' tfy;a ta mufKlska iekeiS t i.hqj ue fuys
jmqrkakg ;e;a l< fyd;a wm W.;a oehska fï ud ìug l< fufyfhla fkd
jkafka he' zyskaÿia;dk rd.hlg-;d,hlgZ wfma is;sú,s oyr isr fldge ni ki
kid .S .hñka" iod mr.e;s nefjy .e,S" bka ue iekeiS zwms;a ñksiqïyZ hs
oefmkq fy< kug lrk uy;a ue ks.dfjlsZZ^ú;drK"2001(14&'
wka iïm%odhkaf.ka wdNdih ,nñka foaYSh iïm%odhla ks¾udKh lr.ekSu ms<snò

wjYH;dj Tyq fuys igyka fldg we;af;a b;d ye`.Sïnr iajrhlsks' Tyqg fy< yjqf,ka
,enqKq wNsfm%arKh fï jokaj, oelsh yels fõ'
foaYSh ix.S;hla ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS wkH ix.S; iïm%odhkaf.ka wdNdih ,nd .ekSfï
je/oaola ke;s nj fya mqkmqkd m%ldY lf<a h'
19 | P a g e
zzf,dfõ ljr fohla jqj o jeäoshqKq ùfï oS neyeßka hïhï foa we;=`M ùu
je<elaúh yels fkdfõ' tfy;a"ta neyeßka tl;= jk foa muKg tl;= úh hq;=hs'
tfia ke;fyd;a th ¨Kq jeä jQ fydoaol ;;ajhg m;a jkq we;' .%Sla yd ,;ska
moj, jy, ksid bx.sßish oshqKq jQ njg m%lg hs' tfy;a bka bx.sßishg lsis
ydkshla isÿ ù we;s njla wikakg ke;ZZ ^ú;drK"2001(27&'
tfuka u w¨;ska ks¾udKh lrk foaYSh ix.S;h ck;djf.a jqjukdj wkqj ta

jqjukdjka msßueish yels tlla úh hq;= nj iqks,a idka; wjOdrKh lr we; ^tu( 21&'
tfuka u ta ix.S;h lgqf.hs ;ekam;a lsÍu iòyd ilikakla fkdúh hq;= nj o fyf;u
wjOdrKh lrhs'
zzwo f,dfõ we;s ;dla ix.S; l%u wfma rfÜ olakg ,efí' tajdhska jeäyßhla
wfma ñksiqka ;=< ldjeoS we;' yskaÿia;dk Ñ;%mg ix.S;h" yskaÿia;dkzYdia;%ShZ
ix.S;h" yskaÿia;dk ir, Ydia;%Sh ix.S;h" jx. ix.S;h" wmros. ix.S;h" nhs,d
ix.S;h wdoS fulS fkdlS fl<jrla ke;s ix.S; l%uj,ska msÍ b;sÍ we;s wfma rfÜ
msß; wkqj fyda jeos .Sh wkqj fyda .sh ix.S;hlg fld;rï bfvla ,efí o
hkak wmg u ys;d .; yels h' fï wfma foaYSh ix.S;hhehs jqjukd úfgl weo
fmkaùu iòyd lgqf.hs ;ekam;a fldg ;nkq iòyd ix.S;hla ksmojd .ekSu wfma
n,dfmdfrd;a;=j kï" foaYSh ix.S;hla .ek fkdis;d kslï isàu jvd iqÿiq h'
wmg jqjukd ù we;af;a fl!;=l jia;=fjla fkdfõ' wfma oskm;d cSú;hg
m%fhdackj;a jk wx.fhls' ta ksid wo wfma rfÜ olakg ,efnk ix.S ;
l%ufhlska jeiS hk ;;ajfha ix.S;hla fkdj yeu úg u u;= ù fmfkk
ix.S;hla yev .id .ekSu wfma ld¾hh úh hq;= h' foaYSh ix.S;h ms<snò j uf.a
jevfldgi ud w;.eiQfha tlS woyi fmroeß fldg f.k hZZ ^tu(28&
Tyq olajk wdldrhg furg jeishka wfkla ish¨ u ix.S; iïm%odhkag jvd je<ò.kakd
ix.S; iïm%odhla ksmoúh hq;= nj Tyqf.a l,amkdj úh' tkï ta fjfklla úiska tu
foaYSh iïm%odh u;=fldg f.k ke.S isáhfyd;a tf,i ;ekQ foaYSh ix.S;fhka m<la
fkdjkq we;' iqks¨kaf.a ´¨ msmS,d" yòmdfka" ,xld ,xld" ñysl; k,jd,d" j,dl=<ska
nei" jfrka ySkaief¾ jeks .S; ljr ix.S; iïm%odhka biau;= jqj o úhelS fkdhk
whqßka foaYSh ck ú{dkh ;=< me,moshï ù we; ^l=,;=x."2017'06'12&' fjk;a iïm%odhka
úiska foaYSh iïm%odh f,i ia:dms; lrkq ,enQ iïm%odh hgm;a fldg ke.S isàu;a ta
Bkshd foaYSh iïm%odfha kgUqka mjd b;sß fkdfldg úhelS hdu;a ms<snò losu ksoiqkla
f,i irÉpkaøf.a zukfïZ kdgHh oelaúh yels h' ukfï ffY,s.; .S; kdglhls' ta
wdf¾ wfkla id¾:l jQ kdgHh kï isxyndyq h' bka miq j iq.;md, o is,ajd m%uqL
iajdNdúl ffY,sfha kdgHlrejka úiska Bkshd foaYSh kdgH iïm%odh jQ ffY,s.;
^kdv.ï& l%uh wNdú; ;;ajhg m;a lrkq ,nhs' foaYSh iïm%odhla ;ekSug l< uykaish
ksr¾:l nj bosß oYlh we;=<; oS u fmfkkakg mgka .;s' fï ;;ajh ix.S;h
iïnkaOfhka l,a ;shd u y`ÿkd.;a mqoa.,hd iqks,a idka; hs' Tyq fmdÿck ix.S;
iïm%odhla úkd úo.aO m%sh Ydia;%Sh iïm%odhla ms<snò úYajdih fkd ;eî h'
20 | P a g e
zzYdia;%Sh hk moh mrudKq fndaïnhg;a c,lr fndaïnhg;a jvd .s.=ï iys; nj
wmg jvd fydòska wfma rfÜ tla;rd fldgila oks;s' n,h ,nd .ekSug fyda
n,h /l .ekSug fyda kslï u nh .ekaùug fyda mrudKq c,lr fndaïnhla
.ek iòyka lsÍu muKla fydòg u m%udKj;a nj oeka f,dfõ ms<s.ekau hs'
tfia u wfma rfÜ tla;rd fldgilg fï Ydia;%Sh mofhka o uy jev isÿ úhZZ
^ú;drK"2001(21&'
ix.S;h Ydia;%Sh lsÍu u.ska úYd, msßila bka msguka lsÍu isÿ flßK' ix.S;h fmdÿ
ck cSú;fha wx.hla njg m;a ùu je<lsK' ish¨ fokd ix.S;h o;a" .S .ehSug yd ri
úòSug okakd cd;shla ùug ;snQ wjldYh wyqrd oeñK' wYsIag;ajh;a wd;;sh;a rchk
iudchla njg fï iudch m;aùug ta Ydia;%ShlrKh fya;= úh' wo w;aúòsk ixialD;sl
mka;sfNaoh yd wjrisl;ajh tys m%;sM, fõ' zzYdia;%ShZZ yd zzmSpxZZ hkqfjka Odrdjka
folla ks¾udKh ùu;a mSpx Odrdj miqj fmdÿck Odrdjla f,i j¾Okh ù wo jk úg
Ydia;%Sh Odrdj hgm;a fldg oeóu;a fï Ydia;%Sh yd bkaoshdkqlrKfha m%;sM, hs' fï
Ydia;%Sh iïm%odh f.dvke.Su iòyd Ndú; l< n,jHqy foord hk úg tajdg mej;s
moku o ke;s j hk whqre ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' th leiÜmg ksIamdokfhka werö
1992 oS fm!oa.,sl .=jkaúÿ,s kd,sld wdrïNùfuka jvd;a ;Sj% Ndjhg m;a j wka;¾cd,h
yryd mßmdlhg .uka lr we;' Ydia;%Sh n,fõ. úiska hgm;a l< fmdÿ ck Odrdjkag
ysi tiùug úi,a bvyirla lIqø udOHj, j¾Okh;a iu. isÿ j we;' ta nf,ka hgm;a
l< o ksrka;rfhka fmdÿ ckhd w;r mej;s ix.S; iïm%odhka fï wjêfha m%Odk Odrdj
njg m;ajkafka ta wkqj fõ' iqks,a idka;" la,erkaia úfcaj¾Ok yd fm%auisß flauodi
jeks fmdÿ ck Odrdfõ ix.S;{hkaf.a .ukau`. fï jk úg nuqKq l=,h ìò oud m%Odk
Odrdj njg m;a j ;sîfuka th ikd: fõ'
iqks,a idka;g tfrys l=uka;%Kh
.d,a, mdGYd,d mÍlaIl j isá tia't,a'î'lmqfldgqfõ uy;df.a o wkqoekqqu we;s j 1939

oS Ydka;s ksfla;khg f.dia tys jirla .dhkh jdokh yd jx. ix.S;h Wf.k 1940 oS
Nd;alKafâ ix.S; úoHd,fha jir 4la Wf.k r;kacxl¾ ;=ud fj;ska ix.S; úYdro
Wmdêh m<uq mka;sfha idud¾:hla iys; j ,nd 1944 foieïn¾ furgg mefñfKk
iqks,a idka;" lmqfldgqj uy;d yuq ù ix.S; .=re m;aùula b,a,d isáh o Tyqg
,efnkqfha irU .=re m;aùuls' Tyq th m%;slafIam lrhs' ix.S;h ms<snò ta jk úg
osjhsfka Wiia u iqÿiqlï iys; j isá Tyq rcfha ix.S; úoHd,fha m%Odkhd l< hq;= j
mej;s uq;a ,hk,a tosßisxy uy;d l,ska ,xldjg f.kajdf.k tu ;k;=rg m;a lsÍug
n,OdÍka lghq;= lr ;snqKs' zYdia;%Sh ix.S; m%fndaOhZ uehska y`v i`.rdjg ,smshla
imhk ix.S;fõoS ohdr;ak rK;=x. fufia igyka lrhs'
21 | P a g e
zz1948 oS Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîfuka miq ì%;dkH rdcH WKqiqfuka ñfokakg
,dxlsl nqoaêu;=kayg uy;a jQ wjYH;djla yd wNs,dYhla we;s úh'
iS'ví,sõ'ví,sõ lkakka.r ue;s;=udf.a wjYH;dj mßos ksoyia wOHdmk l%uh
y`ÿkajd fokq ,eîh' wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ix.S; wxYh oshqKq lsÍug .;a
W;aidyhl m%;sM,h jYfhka tjlg Ndr;fha isá wdpd¾h úYdro ,hk,a
tosßisxy uy;d ,xldjg f.kajd .ekSug uq,a jQfha o iS'ví,sõ'ví,sõ'
lkkakka.r ue;s;=ud neõ" ,hk,a tosßisxy .=re;=ud wmiu`. meiQ neõ uf.a
u;lfha we;ZZ ^y`v"2013(57&'
rK;=x. mjik wdldrhg tosßisxy f.kajd.kq ,enQfha lkakka.r kï th isÿúh hq;af;a

1931-1946 w;r ld,fha úh hq;= h' ukao lkakka.r wOHdmkh iïnkaO j j.lSula
bisÆfha fvdkfuda¾ ixialrK wkqj ìys jQ m<uq rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ yd fojk rdcH
uka;%K iNdfõ h' 1948 g miq Tyq lsis úfgl wOHdmkh iïnkaO j n,Odßfhl= ù
ke;' ,hk,a tosrsisxy ms<snò j m%p<s; j we;s lreKq ish,a, u mdfya Tyq úiska u úúO
wh iu`. mejiQ oE fõ' tajdfha i;H wi;HNdjh ;yjqre lr .ekSug lsisÿ u.la ke;'
tosßisxy uy;d o 1933 oS bkaoshdjg f.dia ,xldjg meñK we;af;a 1944 oS u h' wdkkao
úchùr olajk wdldrhg tosßisxy ix.S; úYdro Wmdêh ,nd we;af;a 1946 oS h
ôsjhsk"2010'05'23&' tmuKla fkdj tys iòyka jk zz1925 oS rùkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=ud
uyskao úÿy,g meñKsfha h. t;=ud ,hk,a tosßisxyg zck .k ukZ.S;h mqyqKq lf<a
h.1928 oS ,xldjg meñKs uy;aud .dkaê;=ud zr>Qm;s rd.j rdcdZ .S;h ,hk,ag mqreÿ
lf<a hZZ jeks lreKq o ;j;a tjeks u zzùr l%shdZZ ms<snò m%ldYk o we;' tajd ish,a,
lshjQ úg oefkkqfha Tyq ;ud ms<snò idys;Hhla ks¾udKh lr we;s nj hs' tajdfha i;H
wi;H;dj ikd: lsÍug ljr fyda idlaIH ke;' flfia kuq;a 1952 oS rcfha ix.S;
úoHd,fha wdrïNl úÿy,am;sjrhd jQfha Tyq h' Tyq iqks,a idka;g fmr ,xldjg
f.kajdf.k tu ;k;=r msßkeóu irÉpkaø" weï'fcA' fmf¾rd wdoSkaf.a ueosy;aùfuka
isÿ j we;s nj úcs;a l=udr fiakdr;ak mjihs' jrla ,S,d idka; ue;sksh iu. iqks,a
idka; iòyka l< lreKla t;=ñh úcs;a l=udr iu. mejiQ nj Tyq iòyka lrhs' tkï
bkaoshdfõ isáh oS iqks,a idka; ,xldfõ ckm%sh .dhlfhl= ù isàu;a Nd;aLKafâ
úoHd,h ;=< o m%p,s; ù isàu;a ms<snò tosßisxy iòyka fldg we;af;a ziqks,a oeka
fld;rï ckm%sh fj,d ysáh;a ,xldjg wdjg miafi jev lrkak fjkafk uf.a hgf;a
;uhsZ^ñysl; ke,jQ .S y`v" 2017'11'19& hkqfjks' fï f;dr;=rej,ska .uH jkqfha tosßisxy
hï mQ¾jfhka ie,iqï l< l%shdj,shlg iïnkaO ù isá nj hs' tosßisxyhka l< ix.S;
ks¾udK lsisjla m%p,s; ù o ke;' iqks¨kag tfrys m<uq jHdmdrh th f,i yeòskaúh
yels h'
fï fldka lsÍïj,ska fkdie`MKq iqks,a idka; 1946 oS ´¨ msmS,d .S;h má.; lsÍu;a" ßoS
j,dj lD;sh m< lsÍu;a fy< yjqf,a l%shdldßlfhl= f,i m%p,s; ùu;a 1947 oS zfy< ßoS
22 | P a g e
j,djZ m< lsÍu;a 1948 oS “Sunil Santha, Song Folio” m< lsÍu;a m%ix. ish .Kklg
iyNd.S ù rg mqrd m%p<s; j isàu;a ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' tfia ;sìh oS ,hk,a
tosßisxy" weï' fca' fmf¾rd yd tosßùr irÉpkaø hk whf.a fhdackdjlg wkqj 1949 oS
Nd;aLKafâ ix.S; mSGfha wêm;s mKaä;a r;kacxl¾ uy;d ,xldjg f.kakd .ekSug
.=jkaúÿ,sfha m%Odkshd j isá fcdaka't*a ,eïika lghq;= lf<a h' tys wruqK jQfha
.=jkaúÿ,sfha ix.S; wxYh j¾Okh lsÍu hs' fï wjia:dfõ .kq ,enQ ;SrK wkqj
.=jkaúÿ,sfha isxy, fou< yd bx.S%is NdId iòyd ix.S; wxY msysgqjd Ydia;%Sh" ir, yd
ck .S iïm%odhkag wh;a .S Y%djlhka fjkqfjka m%pdrh lsÍu jeks ;SrK .kakd ,os' fï
lghq;= fuf,i isÿfjoaoS irÉpkaøf.a ueosy;aùfuka weï'fca .=jkaúÿ,sfha wOHlaI
ckrd,a njg m;a úh' weï'fca" irÉpkaø yd ã'cS ohdr;ak hk ;sfokd tla j .=jkaúÿ,sh
yd wfkl=;a udOH úIfhys l< n,mEu ms<snò m¾hdjf,dalkhla ir;a wuqKq.uf.a
zukfï u;la ùZ lD;sfha we;=<;a fõ ^wuqKq.u"2005(52-60&'
1952 oS .=jkaúÿ,sfha isxy, Ys,amSka m%ñ; lsÍu iòyd mÍlaIKhla lsÍug ;SrKh úh' th
irÉpkaø" ,hk,a tosßisxy yd weï'fca fmf¾rd hk whf.a wjYH;dj wkqj .;a ;SrKhla
nj ksÍlaIKh fõ' fï mÍlaIKh meje;aùu iòyd kej;;a r;kackal¾ m`äjrhd f.kaù
h' mÍlaIKh j¾ckh lsÍug iqks,a idka; ;SrKh lf<a h' Tyq Bg fya;= f,i oelajQfha
furg rislhd iòyd ix.S;h bosßm;a lsÍug yskaÿia:dkS ix.S;h ms<snò .=rejrfhl=
fhdod fkd .;hq;= h hk woyfia msysgd h' mÍlaIKhg iyNd.S fkd jQfha iqks,a idka;
muKs' wkHfhda iyNd.S jQy' tu mÍlaIKhg iyNd.S fkd jqkfyd;a .=jkaúÿ,sfhka
msguka ùug isÿjk nj weï'fca' fmf¾rd fm!oa.,sl j u iqks,a idka;g okajd we;
^y`v"2013'wfm%a,a-cqks(40&' tfy;a Tyq mÍlaIKhg iyNd.S fkd ùu ksid .=jkaúÿ,sfhka
bj;g úis úh' fï ms<snò mqj;am;a wdosfhys fndfyda fihska úfõpk m< jQ w;r m%jD;a;s
úIh Ndr wud;H kfâika uy;d o weï'fca f.ka fï ms<snò j úuiQ úg Bg mßmd,kuh
ms<s;=rla oS iqks,a idka;g lsisÿ idOdrKhla bgq fkd fldg isàug fya m%fõiï ù we;'
fï ms<snò iqks¨kaf.a úfõpkh fun`ÿ h'
zzwfma rg bkaoshdfõ fldgila le/.ekSu iòyd yeu Wmdhla u fhdokafka wo

Bfha isg fkdfõ' wo wfma rgg uQK fokakg isÿù we;s f,dl= u m%Yakh;a
bkaoshdkq m%Yakh nj fkd ryils' fï rg foi fydr weyska n,k bkaoshdkqjka
yeu fokf.a u n,dfmdfrd;a;=j Tjqkaf.a mrud¾:h uqÿkam;a lr .ekSu iòyd
hï lsisjla lsÍuhs' r;kackal¾ uy;d o mÍlaIKhla iòyd wfma uqo,ska fuys /òS
flf<a wka lsisjla fkdj" ix.S;h w;skq;a wfmarg bkaoshdfõ fldgila le/
.ekSug w;a;sjdru oeóu hs' ta iòyd iEu Woõjla u" wfma rfÜ isák foaY -
fødayS" cd;s fødayS ySk oSk mr.e;s zzYdia;%ShZZ ldrhka f.kq;a zzisxy,ia;dkaZZ
ldrhkaf.kq;a fkd wvq j ,eìKsZZ^ú;drK"2001(27&'
23 | P a g e
iqks,a idka; fï ;;ajh ta wjia:dfõ úYaf,aIKh l< wdldrh tn÷ fõ' miq j fï
;;ajh jvd nrm;< iajrEmhla .kakd nj ksÍlaIKh l< yelafla 1971 oS rdcH
hka;%Khg myr ÿka ;reK jHdmdrfha mka;s 5ka tlla zzbkaoshdkq jHdma;jdohZZ ùfuks'
jika; l=,;=x. wjOdrKfhka m%ldY lrk wdldrhg fï ls%hdj,sh wyïnhla fyda
mßmd,k l%shdj,shl wfoaYmd,ksl m%;sM,hla fkdfõ' fï msgm
q i bkaoshdkq rch isá nj
Tyqf.a úYajdih hs' iajfoaYSlrKh fjkqjg bkaoshdkqlrKh osh;a l< ish¨ fokd úúO
wjia:dj, bkaoshdfjka úúO ,dN m%fhdack yd iïudk ,nd we;' tfuka u tys
m%;sM,hla f,i isxy, cd;sl ix.S;hla yd risl iudchla ks¾udKh fkdjQ ksid ;ju;a
bkaoshdfõ ixialD;sl ksIamdokj, m%Odk fjf<òfmd<la njg ,xldj m;a j ;sfí'
wfkla w;g ix.S;h yeoEÍu iòyd yeu ,dxlslhd u bkaoshdjg hd hq;= h' tu.ska o
bkaoshdjg jdis ie,fia'
úYaf,aIKh
irÉpkaø yd iqks,a idka; .egqu yqÿ mqoa.,noaO wdrjq,la f,i jgyd .;fyd;a bka
,eìh yels {dkhla ke;' tys msgm
q i we;s foaYmd,k wd¾Ólh fidhd ne,Su fyda fï
isoaê miqìfï we;s ñksia ls%hdldÍ;ajh ufkda úYaf,aIKhg ,la lsÍu jeks úYaf,aIK
l%shdj,shlg fhduq ùfuka hï m,odhS oekqula imhd .; yels h' fuys oS b;sydiuh
t<Uqulska foaYmd,k wd¾Ól l%shdj,sh úYaf,aIKh lsÍug W;aidy flf¾'
hg;aúcs;yrKh yd iajfoaYSlrKh
hï ck msßila fjk;a ck msßilf.a n,y;aldrh hgf;a md,kh ùu tu hg;a

ckhdf.a foaYmd,k wd¾Ólhg fuka u ixialD;shg lrk n,mEu iq`M mgq fkdfõ'
,xldj ¥m;la ùu ksid meyeos,s j fjka fldg y`ÿkd.; yels N+f.da,Sh jmißhla we;'
tfyhska tys jdih l< ish¨ ckhd iajfoaYsl ckhd f,i ie,lsh yels o@ ke;fyd;a
isxy, NdIdj l;dlrk ckhd tys iajfoaYsl ckhd f,i .kafka o@ tfia;a ke;fyd;a
isxy, ni l;d lrk fn!oaOd.ñlfhda muKla iajfoaYslfhda o@ hk m%Yakh u;= fõ'
tfia kï iajfoaYsl ixialD;sh hkq l=ula o@ iajfoaYslhd f,i ie,lsh yelafla ljqo@
hk ixlS¾K m%Yak iuQyhla u;= fõ' 1500 .Kkaj, oS mD;=.SiSka ,xldjg meñfKk úg
,xldj foaYmd,ksl j talSh rdcHhla j fkd mej;=Ks' tys talSh ixialD;shla fyda talSh
NdIdjla o fkd mej;sK' kqjr l,dúfha ñksiqka Ndú; l< ni os.duvq,af,a NdIdfjka
fjkia úh' lkao Wvrg ni my;rg NdIdfjka fjkia úh' hï muKlska fyda iudch
tla fiai;a lrkq ,enQfha wd.u u.sks' tkï zzchisß uy fndaêhg jòsk ñksiaiqZZ jeks
fmdÿ tl`.;d fmdÿfõ rg mqrd úisr mej;shd úh yels h' fï wjêfha mej;s ixialD;sh
,dxlsl fyda iajfoaYsl ixialD;shla fkdfõ' th l,dmSh ixialD;shls' th bkaÿ
24 | P a g e
Wmuyoaùmsl ixialD;sh f,i kï lsÍu jvd;a WÑ; h' ixialD;sfha m%Odk Odrdjka
ish,a, l,dmSh úh' tfy;a N+f.da,Sh fjkia lï wkqj mqoa., lKavdhï l,dmfhka
fjka j l=àr.; j isàu ksid we;s jQ wdfõksl ,laIK o fkd ;snqKd fkdfõ'
hg;aúcs;lrejd meñK hg;a fldg.;af;a fï wjldYh hs' hg;aúcs;lrejd fï
m%foaYj,g meñKsfha fjf<òdu" uxfld,a, lEu yd fidrlï lsÍu jeks oE iòyd nj
Tjqka l< lS oE wOHhkh l< úg fmfkhs' uxfld,a, lEu w;ska mD;=.SiSyq m%uqL ;ek;a
.ks;s' Tjqka iu`. meñKs wd.ñl mQclhka wd.ñl ia:dk yd wOHdmk wjia:d wdrïN
flf<a iajfoaYslhka iòyd fkdfõ' Tjqka tajd wrUk ,oafoa Tjqkaf.a msßi fjkqfjks'
iajfoaYsl msßia o l%ufhka fï hg;aúcs;lrejdf.a wd.u;a wOHdmkh;a ,nd .ekSu u.ska
tf;la Tjqka i;= fkdjQ fycfudksl n,h ,nd .ekSug fï wdl%uKslhkag yels úh'
,xldj bx.%SiSkag hg;a ùfuka miq wmf.a tf;la mej;s ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,ksl
wjldYh fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh l,dmh olajd mq`M,a úh' tkï ,xldj bx.%SiSka úiska kï
lrkq ,enQfha zì%áIa isf,dakaZ hkqfjks' tys jeisfhda ì%;dkHfha o w¾O mqrjeisfhda jQy'
ì%;dkHhg hg;a j mej;s wm%sldkq ,;ska weußldkq yd wdishdkq rgj,a wmg iudk
rgj,a úh' tajdfha mqrjeis whs;sh wmg o úh' ta fï ish¨ hg;aúcs;j, flakaøh
ì%;dkHh jQ neúKs' fuf,i wjldYSh wkkH;dj ms<snò lreK b;d ixlS¾K jQjla nj
fmfkhs' 1948ka miqj fï wjldYh ms<snò m%Yakh ksrdlrKh lr.kqfha cd;sl rdcHhla
f,i wjldYh w¾: .kajd .ekSug W;aidy lsÍfuks' wjldYfha mej;s nyqúO wkkH;d
,laIK ms<snò iujdhla we;s fldg fkd f.k cd;sl rdcHhla f,i zY%S ,xldjZ w¾:
.ekaùfï oS isÿ jQ iuia; l%shdj,sh b;d ixlS¾K yd jeros iy.; tlla jk nj jeä
l,la fkd f.dia u jegyqK uq;a ;ju;a tu jeros y`ÿkd f.k m%;sl¾u fhoSug fhduq ù
ke;' 1972 oS ckrc jHjia:dj u.ska fï iajfoaYSlrK l%shdj,sh foaYmd,ksl jYfhka
mßiudma;shg m;a lr.kakd ,os'
hg;aúcs;hla jQ miq iajfoaYslhdg bka ñoSu iòyd wdldr foll l%shdj,shl ksu.ak ùug
isÿ fõ' ta hg;aúcs;yrKh yd iajfoaYslrK l%shdj,sh hs' hg;aúcs;yrKh ikakoaO
l%shdj,shlska fuka u ixialD;sl l%shdj,shlska o l< yels h' ,xldj 1815 mQ¾K f,i
ì%;dkH fjf<ò n,hg hg;a jQ miq iajfoaYslfhda 1818 oS;a 1848 oS;a ikakoaO
l%shdj,shlska hg;aúcs; yrKh iòyd m%h;ak oerEy' óg kdhl;ajh ÿka iajfoaYsl m%N+k a
iïnkaO j kvq wid Tjqka urd oeóu fyda msgqjdy,a lsÍu lrk ,os' idudkH fin`M yd
Bg iïnkaO msßia b;d l=ßre f,i >d;kh lr tu iajfoaYSlrK l%shdj,sh k;r lrk
,os' bka wk;=rej iajfoaYSlrK ls%hdj,sh ixialD;sluh iajrEmhla .kakd ,os' wd.ñl
mqkreo jHdmdrh ta w;ska m%uqL fõ' fnïf;dg w;a;oiaiS" hd;%duq,af,a O¾udrdu"
yslalvqfõ iqux., wdoS ysñjrekaf.ka werô Ydiksl fiajh;a .sys meúos W.;=ka úiska
wrUkq ,enQ foaYSh wOHdmk jHdmdrh;a l=udr;=x. uqksodif.a uQ,sl;ajfhka werô
25 | P a g e
zzfy<yjq,ZZ kue;s NdId jHdmdrh;a fï hg;aúcs; wjêfha iajfoaYSlrKfha kshe,s
ixialD;sl lKavdhï fõ' jdudxYsl mlaI yd ,snr,ajdoS foaYmd,k ixúOdk foaYmd,kh
iajfoaYSlrKh iòyd igka lrñka isáfha h' 1848 isg 1948 olajd jQ fï wjêh hg;aúcs;
wjêfha iajfoaYSlrK jHdmdrh fõ' 1848 oS ksoyi ,eîfuka wk;=re j iajfoaYSh yd
úfoaYSh úYajúoHd,hj, W.;a kQ;kjdoS lKavdhula úiska iajfoaYSlrK l%shdj,sh
fjk;a wdldrhlg wrUk ,os' fï 1948 isg 1972 olajd jQ iajfoaYSlrK l%shdj,sh mYapd;a
hg;aúcs; iajfoaYSlrK jHdmdrh f,i yeòskaúh yels h'
iqks,a idka; yd irÉpkaø hk fofokd u ia:dk.; l< yelafla fulS mYapd;a

hg;aúcs; iajfoaYSlrK l%shdj,sh ;=< hs' fudjqkaf.a m%Odk ,laIKhla jQfha
hg;aúcs;lrKh ksid újr jQ wOHdmk wjia:dj,ska M, ,nd f,dalh ms<snò mq`M,a
wjfndaOhlska iajfoaYSlrK jHdmD;sfha ksr; ùu hs' Tjqka hg;aúcs; yrKhg jvd tys
wx. iu;sl%uKh lrñka iïm%odhka w¨;ska ilid tajd iajfoaYSh wkkH;dfõ wx. f,i
bosßm;a lsÍu úIfhys Wkkaÿ úh' Tjqkag fmr isá msßi W;aidy flf<a fndfyda fihska
fmr mej;skehs is;+ iïm%odh fiùu;a tajd h<s k`.disgqùug W;aidy lsÍug;a h' mshodi
isßfiak fjkqjg ud¾áka úl%uisxy;a" fcdaka o is,ajd fjkqjg irÉpkaø;a" mS'î w,aúia
fmf¾rd fjkqjg .=Kodi wurfialr;a tf,i ks¾udKh úh' fuf,i fmr mej;s
ixialD;sl jHdmdrh úia:dmkh fldg kj iïm%odhla ks¾udKh ùu 1950 .Kkaj, oS isÿ
jQ w;r tu.ska kj úo.aO mka;h
s la ks¾udKh lsÍu isÿ úh' ix.S;h úIfhyS 1950
oYlfha isÿjQ m%Odk u ld¾hh jQfha iqks,a idka;f.a iajfoaYsl iïm%odh hgm;a fldg
yskaÿia:dks rd.OdÍ ix.S; iïm%odh u;=msgg f.k tau hs' tu.ska iajfoaYSlrK l%shdj,sh
bkaoshdkqlrKh njg m;a flßK' ,xldfõ ksoyia jHdmdrh bkaoshdkq n,mEfuka hqla;
ùfï w;=re M,hla f,i th y`ÿkd.; yels h' 1956 isÿ jQ we;eï foaYmd,k fjkialï ta
wjia:dfõ m%.;sYS,S fjkialï f,i jgyd .;a; o tajd os.=ld,Sk úkdYldÍ úmdl we;s
l< nj fmfkhs' úfYaIfhka isxy, fn!oaO cd;sljdofha foaYmd,ksl taldêldrh b;d
krl m%;sM, ckkh l< nj fmfkhs' fï iajfoaYSlrK l%shdj,sh ksfrda .S yd inqoaêl
fkd jQ w;r th jfrl bkaoshdkqlrKh f,i;a ;j;a úfgl hqfrdamdlrKh f,i;a
l%shd;aul úh' hg;aúcs;yrKh u;=msáka fmfkk fjialïj,ska Tíng .sh njla fkd
fmksK' zhQiagia frcsk,aâZ hk bx.%Sis kduh w;ayer oeóu hg;aúcs;yrKh hs' ta
fjkqjg irÉpkaø hk ku .ekSu iajfoaYSlrKh fkdfõ th bkaoshdkqlrKh fyda jx.
lrKhhs' fcdima fcdaka hkak w;yer iqks,a idka; hkak .ekSu kï iajfoaYSlrKhg
WodyrKhla f,i .; yels h' tfy;a ku udre lsÍfuka muKla iajfoaYsl ixialD;shka
ks¾udKh l< fkdyels h' 1943ka miqj f.dvke.+ úYajúoHd,j,ska ìys jQ W.;=ka iudc
foaYmd,k jHdmdrhla f,i ixúOdkh jQfjda fkdfj;s' fmardfoKs .=rel=,h f,i kï
l< fï msßig iudc jHdmdrhl úkh fyda yslaóu fkd ;snqKs' fudjqyq mqoa.,sl wNs,dI
26 | P a g e
fmroeß lr .;a lKavdhuls' fÄojdplh kï rgl cd;sl ixialD;sh ;SrKh lsÍug
wixúê; lKavdhulg bv ,eîu hs' fmardfoKsh .=rel=,fha Wm;" ke.Su yd ìòjeàu
kñka fiak f;darfoksh úiska b;d úia;rd;aul wOHhkhla lr we;s ksid tys we;=<;a
lreKq h<s fuys idlÉPd fkd flf¾' tu lD;sfha kj fjks mßÉfPaofhka fy< yjq,
fmardfoKs .=rel=,h iu. .egqKq wdldrh o oS¾> f,i úia;r fldg we; ^f;darfoksh"
2018(320-345&' iqks,a idka; foaYSh ix.S; iïm%odhla ;ekSug h;ak oroaoS Bg úreoaO jk
fï n,fõ.j,g .eUqre iudc foaYmd,k wruqKq fkd mej;s nj fmfkhs' fmardfoKs
.=rel=,hg kdhl;ajh ÿka irÉppkaøg meyeos,s iudc foaYmd,k oelaula lsis úg fkd
mej;s nj iqúYo h' Tyq mqoa.,sl j bkaoshdkqlrKh w.h lf<a th ta wjêfha iudc
m%jK;dj jQ fyhska úh hq;= h' ta /,a, ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQfha hg;aúcs; wjêfha
wd.ñl jHdmdrh úisks' bkaoshdkqlrKhg hqfrdamShhd o úreoaO fkd jQfha hqfrdamSh
foajjdohg b;d f,fyisfhka Ndr;Sh foajjdoh yd iqyo ùug we;s yelshdj Tjqka oek
isá ksid úh hq;= h' WodyrKhla f,i foaYSh fjolu hgm;a fldg ,xldj ;=<
wdhq¾fõo fjolu k.d isgqùu hqfrdamSh md,lhka úiska u isÿ lsÍu oelaúh yels h'
,xldfõ ksoyi ,nd .ekSu iòyd ixúê; j fm< .eiqKq cd;sl jHdmdrhla fkd ùu
fya;= fldg f.k iajfoaYslhdg w¾:j;a ksoyila ,nd .ekSug fkdyels úh' ksoyfika
miqj ,enqKq iudc l%uh jevjiï yd OkjdoS hk foaYmd,k wd¾Ól jHqyhka fofla u
fkdukd ixfhda.hlska ìys jQ tlls' tf,i ìys jQ iajfoaYsl rdcHh ljr f,ilska fyda
ksfrda.S yd iú[a[dKssl tlla fkdù h' merKs jevjiï mqoa., iïnkaO;d hqfrdamSh
kj iudc wd¾Ól jHqy ;=< wrlaf.k mej;sK' tksid 1952 oS iqks,a idka;
.=jkaúÿ,sfhka msguka l< úg th m%Yak lsÍug iudc jHdmdrhla fyda mqoa.,
lKavdhula fkdù h' tjlg ckm%sh u .dhk Ys,amshd jQ iqks,a idka; .=jka úÿ,sfhka
msguka lsÍu ms<snò tjl isá m%jD;a;s weu;sjrhd úuiSu lrkqfha tu je/oaog iïnkaO
jQ msßif.ka u h' tjeks ;;ajhl oS l%shd l< hq;= ms<sfj, ms<snò wud;Hjrhdg o
meyeos,s wjfndaOhla ;sî ke;' hqfrdamSh iïm%odh wkqj fï ms<snò mÍlaIKhla lf<a kï
wud;Hjrhd úiska fï isoaêh iïnkaO j m¾fhaIKd;aul jd¾;djla ,nd .; hq;= j
mej;=Ks' b;d jxpksl f,i ks,OdÍkag ta m%Yakh hg .eiSug yels jQfha jfï jHdmdrh
fyda fjk;a lsisÿ iudc jHdmdrhla iajfoaYSlrKh ms<snò ksjeros wjfndaOhlska miq
fkdjQ ksid h' ,xldfõ jfï jHdmdrh fï ld,h jk úg Yla;su;a ;;a;ajhl mej;s uq;a
TjqyQ ixialD;sl lreKq flf¾ wjOdkh fhduq fkdl<y' jdudxYslhd ta jk úg
ixialD;sh ish wr., ìula f,i y`ÿkdf.k fkd isáfha h' Tjqyq ixialD;sh Wmß
jHqyfha fldgila f,i yòqkdf.k isáhy' Wmß jHqyh wfOdajHqyfhka mrdh;a; jQjls'
wfOdajHqyh fkdfyd;a foaYmd,k wd¾Ólh ;=< wdêm;Hh ;yjqre lr.;a miq j
ixialD;sfha idOkSh fjkialï ksrdhdifhka isÿjk nj Tjqkaf.a úYajdih úh' fï
27 | P a g e
;;ajh ;=< iqks,a idka; f.k .sh wr.,h mqoa.,jdoS le/,a,lska Tíng .uka lf<a
ke;'
iqks,a u. fkd jeiqKs kï
iqks,a idka;f.a ix.S;h furg mßirh yd iujdhla olajhs' th iodyß; wdf,dalj;a

ix.S;hls ^fvdk,aâika" 2016(42-44&'zziqks,a ix.S; wdlD;sh ,.= .=re úkHdih u;
ia:djr j msysgd we;s neúka o NdIdj" wlaIr" Pkaoi" ßoauh w;r iïnkaO;dj ixfla; yd
m%ia;drlrKh u.ska oelaúh yels neúka o iïNj îch ms<snò woyila meyeos,s j ,nd
.; yels hZZ^tu(51&' iqks,a idka;g wjYH jQfha ksr;=re Ndú; jk .S;h yd ix.S;hls'
tys mßirh iu. ukqIH iïnkaO;d;a ukqIHhka w;r jk wfkHdakH inò;d;a b;d
ir, yd fid`ÿre úh' <;eú,s /jqï f.rjqï ueisú,s W;al¾Ihg kexjQfha ke;' iqug
ñksia Ndj moaO;shla fhdackd flßK' th ir, fmdÿ ck ix.S;hls' úh;a isxy, ni
Ndú; úh' ish¨ u ñksiqkag riúòsh yels ix.S;hls ta' tu.ska iajfoaYsl woSk
úfkdaoldó ksoyia fkdjy,a ñksfil= ìys jkq we;' tfia ù kï cd;s wd.ï l=, ia;%S
mqreI fNao yd .egqï fu;rï by< w.hla fkd .kq we;' jrla jika; l=,;=x. mejiqfõ
iqks,a u. .sfha kï 1971" 1983" 1989 ld,j, we;s jQ wiykldÍ ke.sàï .eàï yd hqoaO
we;s fkd jkakg bv ;snQ nj hs' fï .egqïj,g n,mE m%uqL u idOl o ixialD;sluh
tajd nj lsjhq;= h'
ks.uk
iqks,a idka; ix.S; o¾Ykh Ndr;Sh rd.OdÍ" l¾Kdgl" ngysr yd jx. fuka u
iajfoaYsl ck ßoau ish,af,a wdNdih o we;s j iajfoaYslhdf.a ßis wßislï yd Tjqkaf.a
cSjk ßoauhg;a wm mßirfha ;d,hg;a wkq.; j ilia jQ ir, fmdÿck ix.S;hls' Tyqg
wjYH jQfha ish¨ iudcjdiSka cd;s wd.ï l=, mka;s jhia ia;%S mqreI fNaohlska f;dr j
riúòsk ix.S;hla ìys lsÍug hs' th cd;sl ix.S;hla jk w;r foaYh tla fiai;a lrk
fuj,ula o fõ' iqyo" ióm yd ir, ukqIH iïnkaO;d yd mßirh w;r iycSjkh
Tyqf.a .Sfha;a ix.S;fha;a f;aud úh' Tyqf.a ix.S;h cd;sl ix.S;h jqKs kï ix.S;fha
zúo.aOZ zmSpxZ hk fnoSula isÿ fkd jkq we;' rd.OdÍ ix.S;h uQ,sl fldg ks¾udKh l<
úo.aO ix.S;h u.ska .egqu" ffjrh fõokdj yd wiykh muKla b;sßlr we;' iqks,a
idka;f.a wdf,dalj;a ix.S;h foaYh wdf,dalj;a lrkakg fmr th k;r flßK'
irÉpkaø .=jkaúÿ,sh u.ska cd;sl ix.S;hg l< ueosy;aùfuka iajfoaYl
S rKh fjkqjg
,dxflah ix.S;h bkaoshdkqlrKh úh' wm wo w;aúòsk ,dxflah úo.aO ix.S;h yd .S;h
bkaoshdkqlrKfha m%;sM,hls' ienE iajfoaYSlrKh yd hg;aúcs;yrKh l=ula o hkak
jgyd.ekSug wjYH nqoaêuh wjldYh ks¾udK lrk iudc jHdmdrhla fyda nqoaêuh
28 | P a g e
mßY%uhla tjl fkd ;snqKs' tfyhska mqoa.,dNsjkaokh yd m%N+ leue;a; jeks
mQ¾jhg;aúcs; yr moaO;Ska kQ;k wjêfha;a kej; u;=msgg meñK mej;=Ks' ta ikao¾Nh
;=< ienE iajfoaYSlrKhla ms<snò iú[a[dKsl idlÉPdjla ks¾udKh ùu W.% cd;sljdoS
ckm%sh igkamdG ;=< .s,S .sh nj fmfka' iqks,a idka;f.a .S; lka;dre .dhkd hhs
mjid b;d f,fyisfhka fldka lsÍug yels jQfha tjeks mßirhla ;=<hs' hg;aúcss;
wjêfha ksoyi iòyd jQ m%Odk u cd;sl jHdmdr wd.ï uQ,sl fldg.;a tajd fõ' th
jevjiï iudc iïnkaO;dj, u úlD; m%ldYkhla n`ÿ úh' fï ksoyia jHdmdrh isxy,
fn!oaO cd;sljdoh m%Odk fldg.;a;la úh' fï miq.dó oDIaájdoh u.ska f,dalh foi
újD;a; j ne,Sug ;snQ ish¨ ljq`M jid ouk ,os' tjka mßirhla ;=< ixialD;shg ueosy;a
jQ fmardfoKs .=rel=,h jeks wixúê; yd mqoa.,sl wfmalaIdj,ska hq;= jQ l,a,s lKavdhï
m%jK;d;aul l%shdj,sj, kshef<ñka ;u mqoa.,sl ch.%yK ,nd .ekSu iòyd l%shd l<d
úkd os.=ld,Sk cd;sl ixialD;shl j.lSula fkd oerE nj fmfkhs' hï ixúê;
lKavdhula f,i fy<yjq, l%shdl< o ixialD;shg ueosy;aùu foaYmd,ksl f,i
f;areï .ekSug Tjqka o wfmdfydi;a jQ nj fmfka' ish ld¾hNdrh foaYmd,ksl
l%shdj,shla f,i osh;a lsÍug fy<yjq,g ;snQ fkd yelshdj;a jfï jHdmdrh ixialD;sl
ld¾hhka foaYmd,kfha wx. f,i f;areï fkd .ekSu;a iqks,a idka;f.a igk mrdch
ùug n,mE ffjIhsl fya;= f,i ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
wkq.%yh(
fï wOHhkh Y%S ,xld inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h úiska 2017 j¾Ifha oS msßkeuQ m¾fhaIKdOdr
wruqof,a wkq.%yfhka l< m¾fhaIKhl tla m,hls'
igyka
1' fï lreK 2017'11'16 osk iajdëk rEmjdysksfha úldYh jQ zñysl; ke,jQ .S y`vZ kue;s bkaøisß
iqrùr úiska fufyhjkq ,enQ rEmjdyskS jevigyfka oS úcs;a l=ud¾ fiakdr;ak" jika; l=,;=x. yd
,xld Ydka; úiska iúia;rd;aul j meyeos,s lrk ,os' https://www.itntv.lk/2017/11/16/ මිහිකත-
නැ඼ව෕-ගී-ශඬ/
2' zzmdGYd,dj, ix.S;h b.ekaùu -.=rejreka úiska ie,lsh hq;a;laZZ hk ysiska 1941 fmnrjdß 02 jk
od is`MñfKys m< l< ,smsfha ix.S; wOHdmkh ,nd osh hq;= ms<sfj< ms<snò iqks,a idka; oelajQ
lreKq oshqKq mqrjeishka msßila rg ;=< ks¾udKh lsÍug bjy,ajk idOlj,ska hqla; fõ' Tyq
fhdckd lrkqfha wOHdmkh ,nk ish¨ u isiqkag ix.S; wOHdmkh yd ix.S; riúkaok yelshdj
,nd fok f,ihs' ñksia fud<fha ixialD;slj;a ñksid ks¾udKh lsÍug wod< jk fldgi jkqfha
ukao.dó fud,hhs' tu fldgi wmuK YlH;dj,ska hqla; jQ ixialD;sl cSú;h ks¾udKh lrk
fldgihs' tys we;s YlH;dj u;=lr .ekSu iòyd th W;af;ackh l< hq;=h' ta iòyd WÑ; u ud¾.h
ix.S;hhs' whskaiaghska kue;s äiaf,laIshd frda.S orejd mdif,ka fkrmQ úg Tyqf.a uj fmd<g
f.dia whskaiaghskag jh,Skhla /f.k oS we;' th jï lkg <x fldgf.k jehSu ksid Tyqf.a
ukao.dó fud<h W;af;ackh ùfï m%;sM,h jQfha úYsIag úoHd{fhl= ìys ùuhs' mdi,a hk ish¨
isiqkag ix.S; wOHdmkh ,ndoSug fhdackd lsÍu u.ska ßoauhla iys; cSú;hla we;s ñksiqka msßila
fï rg ;=< ks¾udKh lr .ekSu iqks¨ idka;f.a wruqK jQ nj Tyqf.a f,aLk wOHhkh lsÍfuka
jegfya'
29 | P a g e
3' udi ;=klska i¾mfhl= oIaaG lsÍfuka uj o jir ;=klska mshd o ñh .sh nj úkS ú;drK iqks,a
iuf¾ olajd we;' tu lreKq ksjeros fkd jk nj ,xld idka; m%ldY lrhs' jvd úYajikSh f;dr;=r
jkqfha ,xld idka;f.a lreKqhhs úYajdi lruq'
4'1938 foieïn¾ 1 jk osk YdÍßl wNHdi úIhfhys wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fjka meje;ajQ

mÍlaIKfhka iu;a j ,xldfõ ´kE u isxy, mdi,l YÍr wNHdi yd l%Svd b.ekaùug iqks,a idka;
iqÿiqlï ,en ;sìK' tfyhska Tyqg irU .=re m;aula ,nd oSu lsisÿ .eg¨jlska f;drj l< yels úh'
tfy;a ta jk úg Tyq ix.S;h ms<snò Wiia u iqÿiqlï we;s j isá ;eke;a;d úh'
5' wurfoaj b;d ckm%sh mqoa.,fhl= j isá ld,fha iqks,a idka; ;udg u. fmkajQ nj iòyka lf<a
ke;' tf,i mqj;am;lg wurfoaj ,nd ÿka iuQL idlÉPdjl wu;l l< fldgi ta'fca' rKisxy
úiska u;la lr fokq ,eìK' ta wurfoajf.a ,smsh .ek W!k mQrKhla hk ysiska bßod ,xldoSm
mqj;am;l h'ta'fca' rKisxy úiska ,shkq ,enQ iajhx ,sÅ; pß;dmodkh jQ ztafcawd¾ZlD;sfha 4 jk
mßÉfPaoh jQ ziqks,a idka; iu`. Ñ;%fiak l,dh;khgZ hk ysiska hq;= ,smsfha Ñ;%fiak l,dh;khg
olaI jh,ska jdolfhl= jQ we,anÜ fmf¾rd" iqks,a idka; úiska leòjd.k tkq ,enQ isoaêh meyeos,s j
úia;r lr we;' ;udf.a olaI YsIHfhl= jQ we,anÜ fmf¾rdg ^miqj wurfoaj& u`. fmkaùu iòyd
Ñ;%fiak l,dh;khg Ndr oS jeämqr wOHdmkh ,nd oSug lghq;= l< wdldrh;a ;u ix.S;
lKavdhfï jh,Skh jdokh lsÍu iòyd we,anÜ ;reKhd fhdod .;a nj;a ta'fca' rKisxy tys úia;r
lr we; ^rKisxy"ta'fca" 1999(13-17&'
wdY%s; uQ,dY%h
iqks,a iur'^2001&'ixia' ú'ú;drK"rdc.sßh(iqks,a idka; iudch'
idrix.%yh'^1993&' ixia'.,ysáhdj mS'î"O¾uodi"fla'tka'´" mdÿlal(rcfha uqøK kS;s.;
ixia:dj'
irÉpkaø"B'^1967&'wiïmQ¾K pdßld igyka',xld idys;H fiajd uKav,fha m%ldYkhls(
fld<U'
irÉpkaø"B'^2001&'Ydka;sksfla;kfha weiska'mß' .ï,;a'tia" fld<U( f.dvf.a'
irÉpkaø"B'^1997&'msx we;s iriú jrula fokafka" iriú fmd;ay," kqf.af.dv'
fvdk,aâika'à'^2016&'iqks,a idka; kQ;k f,dalh fjkqfjka wfma u jQ ix.S; wdrla ksue jQ
uyd ix.S;fõoshd" mß'talkdhl"rejka'fld<U(iqks,aidka; iudch'
zy`vZ .=jkaúÿ,s i`.rdj'^2013&'ckjdß-ud¾;=" ixia'l=reúg nKavdr ;s,lr;ak" 2ldKavh" 9
l,dmh" ms(122-161'
zy`vZ .=jkaúÿ,s i`.rdj'^2013&'wfm%a,a -cqks" ixia'l=reúg nKavdr ;s,lr;ak" 2ldKavh" 10
l,dmh" ms( 38-42'
ukfï m%;Hdjf,dalkh'^2013& ixia( O¾uodi"fla'tka'´" .,ysáhdj"mS'î" f.dvf.a" urodk"
ms(1-12'
ùuxid'^1987&'tosßùr irÉppkaø Wmydr wxlh" ixia' u,a,jdrÉÑ" hQ' iy ;j;a wh"

úoHd,xldr uqøKd,h"le,Ksh(vi-x'
rKisxy" ta' fca' ^1999&' ta'fca'wd¾" iSfoaú mí,sI¾ia( kqf.af.dv'
ñysl; ke,jQ .S y`v" iajdëk rEmjdysksfha 2017'11'16" úldYh jQ jevigyk"

https://www.itntv.lk /2017/11/16/ මිහිකත-නැ඼ව෕-ගී-ශඬ/
wuqKq.u" tia' ^2005&' ukfï u;laù" kqjK udOH fiajd"fld<U -05'
f;darfoksh" tia' ^2018&' fmardfoKsh .=rel=,fha Wm; ke.Su yd ìòjeàu"*diaÜ mí,sflaIka"

fld<U -10'
30 | P a g e
Pickren, W. E. (2013). Indigenization. The Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 698–
699.doi:10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp284
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Psychology. Springer, New York, NY
Thapar, R. (2011). Sakuntala: texts, readings, histories. Columbia University Press.
Chakrabarty, D. (2000). Subaltern studies and postcolonial historiography. Nepantla: Views

from South, 1(1), 9-32.
osjhsk"2010'05'23" wo;a isysm;a l< hq;= ,hk,a tosrsisxy-úchùr

wdkkao"http://www.divaina.com /2010/05/23/feature09.html
l=,;=x. jika;" 2017'06'12 iuQL idlÉPdj" iqks,aYdka; .ek" fld<U oS
,xld Ydka;" 2017'06'12" iuQL idlÉPdj" iqks,aYdka; .ek" fld<U oS
fiakdr;ak" úcss;a l=ud¾" 2017'06'12" iuQL idlÉPdj" iqks,aYdka; .ek" fld<U oS
O¾uodi"fla'tka'´'2018'06'13" iuQL idlÉPdj" irÉpkaø .ek" kdj, Tyqf.a ksjfia oS
rdclreKd" wdßh" 2018'07'04" iuQL idlÉPdj" irÉpkaø yd fmardfoaKs .=rel=,h .ek"

fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha oS
wrúkao" chka;" 2018'07'02" iuQL idlÉPdj" iqks,aYdka; yd irÉpkaø .ek" fld<U oS
Tfífialr" rxckS" 2018'07'04" iuQL idlÉPdj" irÉpkaø yd fmardfoaKs .=rel=,h

.ek"uykqjr .Kkd;a Tfífialr uy;df.a ksjfia oS
ú;dk .=Kfiak"2018'06'13" iuQL idlÉPdj" jfï jHdmdrh"irÉpkaø yd ud¾áka úl%uisxy

.ek" l=re`M fmd;a m%ldYk wdh;kh" fld<U'
31 | P a g e
Volume 04 | Issue 01 & 02 | 2019 | Article 02
ISBN 2478-0642

Associations that are based on social reformations and related

activities in the freedom movement in India
M.A.S.R. Sanjeevi Manthrirathne3
smanthrirathnr@yahoo.com
Abstract
The freedom movement of India based on the activities of civil reform movements of
Indian intellectuals. Orthodoxy and Conservatives were associated with the traditional
Hindu traditions and customs, which was against the Christian missionary movement.
The positive impact of the Landholder society, Bombay Association and Indian
Association for the independence and material prosperity of the country. Poona Sarvajana
Sabha, Brahma Samaj and Prarthana Samaj work for the social, religious, cultural,
economic and political reformations for the establishment of freedom movement in India.
Primary objective of the research is to show the impact of the social associations for the
socio political reformations in Indian freedom movement and my secondary objective is
to explain, how they agitate to achive socio, economic and political reformations by
protecting their own Indian culture. Primary and secondary textual written sources were
used for this research. Field visit for National Archives for collecting records and
information for this research and also carried out some discussions with resourceful
3
Senior Lecturer,Department of History and Archaeology,University of Sri Jayewardenepura Sri
Lanka,
32 | P a g e
personalities to collect some data. For the conclusion, the renaissance of the intellectual
movement of India was an urban activity directly or indirectly focused on the task of
building and reconstructing proud nation. Socio , economic, cultural and political
reformations had took place with the activities of the social associations and their impact
to social reformations, pressure they put forward towards the Indian National Movement
revealed through it.
Key Words:Orthodoxy, Conservatives, prosperity,reconstructing,pressure
Introduction
The nineteenth century in Indian and Sri Lankan history witnessed the emergence
of many intellectual currents for national regeneration in almost all sphere of life
be it social, religious cultural economic on political. However, one cannot deny
the fact that socio-religious – cultural reforms formed the major plank of the
nineteenth century Indian intellectual movement. In the forgoing pages an attempt
has already been made to portray the basic features of the civil reform movements
during the nineteenth century and the subsequent impact of theseon individuals
towards bringing about simultaneouslypolitical consciousness among the general
masses of the countries of India and Sri Lanka. It is equally significant to point out
the criticism and condemnation the founding fathers of movement received at the
hands of orthodoxy and conservatives who never desired any change or tinkering
with the established social and religious norms to the extent of ostracization and
banishment from the social and religious groups. The conservatives were opposed
to any change in the Hindu religion and social customs, for they looked upon them
as hallowed by ancient tradition and enjoyed by sacred books. The attacks of the
missionaries and others only confirmed them in their resolve to preserve them
intact. They argued that their religious practices were divinely ordained and
possessed deep spiritual significance, however ugly their features might appear
33 | P a g e
outwardly. The Conservatives made all efforts and resisted all attempts of the
reformers.4
Although it is true that all classes were affected by the establishment of British
hegemony over India and Sri Lanka, however, the changes in different strata of
society were not the same nor in different parts of India and Sri Lanka. And so far
on the civil reform movements were concerned, these did not lead to any drastic or
radical change in the social customs and or religious attitudes and these could in
no way be considered as mass movements in view of the fact that general masses
could not be brought under its influence. The masses were invariably illiterate and
the intellectual currents of the time left them largely untouched.
Landholder’s society
The purpose of all the civil reform organizations was to work for the material
prosperity and the social advancement of people at large. The intellectual
awakening was not necessarily related to religion but had social orientation, this is
the season issues of social concern rather than religion gained pre - eminence in
the programme of reformers throughout the 19th Century. Again, evaluating the
issue of Zamindar is not in any way a digression from the main of social concern.
As landholders‟ society in India, „Zamindars‟ is the most important and powerful
indigenous social class. The word „Zamindars‟ is derived initially from the Persian
„Zamin‟, i.e. Earth or „Land‟and the suffix „dar‟ means „holders‟. It means
„Landowners‟.5 In the Indian society there had been a great influence from the
landholders‟ society. There was a growing influence from the landholders to the
British-Indian Society in England with whom there had been an alliance. This
situation created some inconvenience among certain sections of Anglo-Indians in
India. As the landholders‟ society had a great power in the Indian society, they had
a link with the Indian local administration. Therefore, they enjoyed the
4
Tara Chand, History of Freedom Movement in India, vol. ii, New Delhi, 1974, pp.241-242.
5
Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1526-1707,for the meanings of zamindar,Oxford
University Press, 1963, p. 140.
34 | P a g e
administrative power in society since medieval times. „The Friend of India‟ had
understood this very clearly and warned the government of the danger. What is
most likely to arise against the metropolis and to give other parts of the country
same recognition to the privileges and the advantages that the metropolis
enjoyed. They were enjoying a general education system with the medium of
vernacular languages.
To have an encouragement on the local associations, the landholders formulated

municipalities through which the reanimating of the country was expected by
making a loud voice that could be heard and felt by all.6
As aforesaid landholders, were a prominent lot in Colonial India, their system was
a way of ensuring the collection of taxes from peasants. As the landholders were
the leaders of Indian society they were the representatives and spokesmen for the
rulers to some extent. The landlords‟ society automatically became the agents or
the means of the public grievances that must be taken to the authority because they
were the only well-organized indigenous political body in Bengal at that time.
Some of the Calcutta landlords that led the public were leaders having liberal
thoughts. Though they did not seem as good Zamindars, their education and
contacts had broadened their outlook and widened their sympathies. They were
very anxious of disproving the accusation that some Anglo-Indian cities were
already being busy to make. The society represented was only a particular selfish
6
Friends of India, 5 December 1839; An organization of Zamindars the landholders were typically the
hereditary aristocrats and had an enormous ownership of land and held the control over their peasants
from whom the landholders had the right to collect tax for especially military purposes. Very often
they were the Indian princes who lost their sovereignty with the invasion of British rulers. During the
Mughal Empire, Zamindars were titled as nobles and belonged to the ruling class. The truth was that
the Zamindars‟ rights had originated in several different ways. They were descendants of officials to
whom in lieu of a salary the emperor had given the right to collect the king‟s share of the tax.
However, most of the representations made to the government and the solutions received with much
attention were on questions affecting the interests of landholders. They did not work as a narrow
minded and self-interested group. It never claimed any privilege for its constituents but took up several
concerns on the welfare of the public on a large scale. They stressed the need for the use of Bengali in
the courts, the reduction of stamp duties, the granting of subsistence to the witnesses in criminal suits
and the emigration of Coolies to Mauritius.
35 | P a g e
one.7 For this, a very close and active association of many Britons, especially the
lawyers, joined hands with the Landholders‟ society to ensure the liberal character
of it.
In view of wide spread illiteracy in the country there were certain individuals and
organizations that played a crucial role in creating consciousness among the
masses towards social advancement and prosperity. Thus apart from the
Landholders Society, the British India Society played a vital role in the sector of
social welfare. When we view the work of British India Society, it is noticed that it
didn‟t confine its attention completely to administrative and political issues. It had
an open and detailed investigation into the condition of the „Raiyats‟8 in lower
Bengal. Before being made public, a printed questionnaire was sent to those who
were responsible in the „Mosfussil‟.9 Then the information presented by the latter
along with the suggestion of remedial measures was examined and analyzed by a
sub-committee of the society. The accord of the teachers in the government
schools in Bengal and of the „Ticca‟10 bearers in Calcutta was the cynosure of the
society advocating the cause of the masses as well as technical and female
education. Not only that, it also raised its voice against the prevailing practices of
„Kulin‟polygamy and the constant widowhood among the Hindus. The majority of
the society had favoured to have a legislative action to put down such evil
practices. Meanwhile, a section of Anglo-Indian press never had a kind look at the
Bengal British India Society. As a result of this the government had grabbed some
of the prominent figures away from the society and they had been appointed as
7
For example, the remarks of Dwarakanath Tagore at a public meeting of the Society held on 7
December 1839, in Bengal Hukaru, 16 December 1839.
8
“Ryot (alternates: raiyat) was a general economic term used throughout India for peasant cultivators
but with variations in different provinces. While Zamindars were landlords, Raiyats were tenants and
cultivators, and served as hired labour.”
9
“Originally, the regions of India outside the three East India Company capitals of Bombay, Calcutta
and Madras; hence, parts of a country outside an urban centre; the regions, rural areas.”
10
This is applied to any person or thing engaged by the job, or on contract. Thus a ticcaagarry is a hired
carriage; a ticca doctor is a surgeon not in the regular by government. From Hind thika, thikah, hire,
fare, fixed, price. A rule ordinance and Regulation for the good order and civil Government of the
settlement of Fort William in Bengal, and for regulating the number and fare of Teeka Palankeens and
Teeka Bearers in the Supreme Court of Judicature, on the 27 th June,1827 Bengal Regulations of 1827.
36 | P a g e
deputy magistrates.11 The older and more conservative leaders of the Indian
society in Calcutta would like to have aloofness from the society. The inquiry led
by the society into the situation of the „Raiyats‟ in lower Bengal could not have
made it popular with the landholders. The view of the rational thinkers among
members of the society deeply concerned the education of the girls and the
remarriage of the widows.
The complete abolition of system of polygamy must have offended orthodox

Hindus. As a result, in 1845 William Theobald took a firm decision on the
situation and warned members of the society not to give any prominence to
themselves either by the nature or number of the subjects undertaken and asked
them to wait for improvement in Hindu society without having any legislative
meddling with its customs.12 Through the Calcutta petition it was suggested that
each province should have its own governor, selected from amongst the oldest
civil officers.13 It further suggested that the higher salaries paid to the high officers
must be reduced and the money saved from this cut down must be applied to the
public works and to the allowances of the low paid assistant officials. Indicating a
serious indictment in the „Hailey bury system‟ it demanded that it should be
uprooted by making public offices available for public competition by British
youths in the United Kingdom and by native youths in India.While evaluating
petitions these aimed at drawing out various improvements in the judicial, police
and revenue systems of the country. The petitioners wanted to make a demand to
increase the expenditure used for the public works and the public utility with the
removing of the salt and opium monopolies and the exercise and stamp duties. By
11
Between 1843 and 1846 at least three members of the Society Chandrasekhar Deb. Shivachandra Deb
and Kishorichandra Mitra were appointed deputy magistrates. On 13 February 1845 the friends of
India noted that the „exaggerated statements and inflammatory address of Young Bengal had died into
an echo‟ and remarked that „a few Deputy Magistracies, judiciously bestowed, will doubtless prevent
their revival‟.
12
Bengal Hurkaru, 12 May 1845.
13
Petition to Parliament from the Members of the British India Association, 1845, Public Records of
National Archives in India, File No. 57, pp.19-28
37 | P a g e
the petition they accused that no sufficient amount of money had been allocated
for education and that the education of the public had still been neglected by the
authority. The petition seriously proposed that the need for widely spreading the
education all over the society through the medium of their own tongue must be
done while demanding for the establishment of a University for each province.
The petition of British India society was against the maintenance of the
establishment of Bombay Association Christian churches in India going beyond
the general revenues of the country.14
Bombay Association
The Bombay Association in its petition as the British India Society had made a
complaint about the coastal areas of the British administration in India. The
petition said that the higher salary paid to British officials should be cut off. The
weak point of Haileybury system was to the exclusion of Indians from higher
employment. They demanded the abolition of the prevailing civil and judicial
system. The petition read that the time for giving the Indians a much larger share
in the administrative body of their country had arrived. Lords
Ellenborough,15Elphinstone16 and others17 had suggested that the councils of the
local governments should be open for matter of general policy and legislation so
as to enable natives of India to take part in the discussions of matters of general
importance for the country.
„The Bombay petition‟ grieved on „the extreme poor means of internal

communication in this presidency‟. It pointed out that five percent of the amount
of the revenue came from land must be spent in the district where it was levied in
14
Ibid., pp.45-47
15
Edward Law, First Earl of Ellenborough (1790-1871), President of Board of Control 1828-30,1834-
35,1841-1858; Governor General of India 1842-1844.
16
John, Thirteenth Baron Elphinstone, Governor of Madras 1837-42 and Bombay 1853-60.
17
Petition to Parliament from the Members of the Bombay Association, and other native inhabitants of
the Bombay Presidency, related to the British Indian Government 1852, public Records of Indian
National Archives, File no. 22, pp.11.
38 | P a g e
making roads, bridges, tanks and other works of public utility. It was proved that
„all the improvements sought for or in the power of your Honorable House to
make, are only secondary in importance in comparison with the necessity of
introducing a complete system of education for the public‟. Therefore, it
recommended an increased expenditure for educational purposes and the
establishment of a university in each presidency.18 By the petition of Bombay
Association it was asked from the Parliament to limit the period of existence of
any future government of India to ten years so that the interest of so many people
may be more frequently brought under the consideration of Parliament.
While evaluating the impact of the organizations on government, the Bombay

Association could bring to the attention of the Bombay government some
questions of public importance. It spoke of the reduction of trains between
Bombay and Poona, on the Cotton Frauds Act, the charges over certain public
ferries and of the „Civil Procedure Code Bill”. There it further read the presidency
Magistrates Bill, the Indian Railway Bill, the heavy stamp duty, the ban on vessels
of less than 300 tons from carrying salt and the condition of Indian immigrants in
Mauritius.19 It sent a congratulatory address to the Queen on her assumption of the
title of „„Empress of India‟‟ in 1876.20Taking the movement of Bengal and the
North-Western province as examples the Bombay Association summoned a public
gathering of the inhabitants of Bombay on 15th December in 1877 in the
FramjiCowasji Institute Hall to address the civil service question. The meeting
was chaired by Sir MangaldasNathubhani and the leaders of all of the Indian
communities in Bombay were together here to talk about the question. There a
petition to the House of Commons was drawn up demanding the raising of the
maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service examination from 19 to 22.
18
Ibid., pp.20-23.

An Act for the prevention of adulteration of cotton and the better suppression of frauds in the cotton
trade of the presidency of Bombay.
19
Minutes of the proceedings of the Annual general meeting of the Bombay Association and in Eight,
Ninth, and Tenth Annual report of the committee of Management for the years 1875-1877, pp.3-5
20
Ibid., pp.5-20.
39 | P a g e
Indian Association
The prevalent Indian Association was one of the most dedicated associations that
worked for the reformation of the Indian society. It was the association that
presented the idea of holding an annual conference of all the associations in India
which worked for gaining a complete and meaningful independence to India. This
idea of an annual conference of representatives of various types of associations in
India had been attracting the attention of the Indian public for a long time. Led by
the Hindus of Madras there had been a reawakening of the project of a national
fund. Annual conferences of selected members from all over the country were
held. These annual meetings would have had the priceless effect of harmonizing
the local feelings, spreading of the public spirit and motivating the native public in
backward provinces intoaction with the gained experience and the knowledge21 of
the advanced.
Once A.M. Bose had issued a letter to the prominent figures of the public and to
the association saying for holding of a conference on 29th and 30th of December,
1883 on the Christmas week at Calcutta would prove to be a great success. It is
because many visitors would arrive at the station from various parts of the country
and then the discussion on the questions could be initiated there. Then very
important views could be taken into account. The conference held,was a grand one
with the welcoming speech made by A.M. Bose who pointed out the importance
of holding such conferences in the future too. Prominent attention was paid for
dispatching Indian youths abroad for industrial education. On the second day, the
talk was on simultaneous holding of the examination of civil service in India as
well as in Britain on a fixed day for both countries. The age limit should be twenty
two and the appointment must be done after an intelligence test. Apart from the
above talks very important questions were taken into consideration and the
21
Hindoo Patriot, 8, 15 January 1877.
40 | P a g e
meeting was over on the third day. The judicial matters, the raising of a national
fund, the repealing of Army Act etc. were among the topics of the talks.22
Poona Sarvajanik Sabah
Similarly, Poona Sarvajanik Sabah was also involved in the social welfare
activities of the oppressed Indian masses. The leaders of the Sabah they were
demanding the introduction of the social welfare facilities from the British
Government. These were the government gazette in which all the bills,
regulations and acts were published, circulars and rules that were in force or might
come into force, the passing of such bills acts, and regulations essential for the
welfare of the people, the supervision of the municipalities, the management of
devathians(religious endowments) and such matters relevant for the public
welfare. It was prohibited to the Sabha by its own constitution to take part in
religious disputes, private matters and clashes. For the expenses of the
continuation of duties of the Sabah each member had to pay one day‟s income
annually.23An elected committee had to manage the work of the Sabah.The
meeting of all the constituents of the Sabah was to be held annually.
During the first two years the Sabah had talks on various subjects mostly of local
importance.24The members were to represent such matters as recovering the costs
in revenue cases, reduction of liquor shops in Poona, the management of the
Parwati temple‟s endowment, the responsibility of fund contributed by the Deccan
chief in honour of the visit of the Duke of Edinburgh for the establishment of law
class in Poona, etc. They were to inquire into matters like conflicts between
European soldiers and Indians, formulating of regulations for maintaining relations
between Indian Chiefs and their subjects and the Indian chiefs and the British
22
The Seventh Annual Report of the Indian Association, 1883, Amrita Bazar Patrik, 1833, January 5.
23
Annual Report of the Managing Committee of the Poonah Sarwajanik Sabah for the 1794, Native
Opinion, 11 May 1873.
24
Annual Report of the Managing Committee of the Poonah Sarwajanik Sabah for the 1794, Native
Opinion, 11 May 1873.
41 | P a g e
government.25 However, the Poona Sabah took the leadership of organizing a
Swadeshi movement in Deccan. As a result the Sabah could win the approbation
of the people and the Government26 in 1872 and in 1876 by organizing a famine
relief movement.
The major revivalist-reformist movement in India, the AryaSamaj was a society

which rose against the corrupted religions and social practices in India. It was
quite different from the Hindu society in which the beliefs were based on many
gods and goddesses and followed the Vedic belief that only one god is there. They
rejected the false beliefs, superstitions and trustless customs and practices. The
true path of worshipping and following the sacraments (sanskars)was presented by
the AryaSamaj. Their guide was the Vedas and AryaSamaj took the pioneering
work of awakening the truth of Dharma which had been destroyed by the
practicing of many faiths and customs of many religious groups. As a result of
rejecting the principles of the religious unity the society was scattered into many
groups.27Society was also divided with the practices of the caste system. Even
eating from the other caste was banned and it was considered as a great violation
of their customs. Thus the Hindu society was divided into many sub groups
forgetting the fact that all Hindus belonged to one group. It was the AryaSamaj
that worked to create a united society out of a shattered group. There was another
grave problem of child marriage and the marriage of too young girls to aged
persons thus leaving them widows at a very young age. These girls were not
allowed to remarry. AryaSamaj took the leadership of revolutionizing the women
to gain their rightful place in society. A new concept of „Niyoga‟ came into being
with the purpose of providing a better place to a widow by allowing her to marry
one again after the death of her husband, and for the procreation of children this
concept of „Niyoga‟ was seen with disdain by many educated Hindus across India
25
Ibid.
26
Quarterly Journal of the Poona Sarwajanik Sabah, July 1878, April, 07.
27
Prasad Upadhyaya, Ganga The Origin, Scope and Mission of the Arya Samaj, Published by Arya
Samaj, 1954, pp.60-65.
42 | P a g e
as the latter believed it had no sanction in original scriptures.AryaSamaj was not
corrupted claimed by Arya leaders by the European culture and AryaSamaj was
much powerful to keep up the self-respect and the spirit of the Indian culture while
some Hindus were forgetting their religion and losing their identity. Thewas
powerful enough to restore the rightful position of the Vedic Dharma and showed
to the world that it was the fountain of righteousness.28
The main reasons for the degradation of Hinduism were the practice of caste
system and untouchability. By the name of religion they had accepted these
practices over thousands of years. Swami Dayanand, out of the many reformers
and great people who had strongly spoken against these practices, was the first
person who tried to have these practices completely erased with the help of Vedas.
He pointed out that According to the Vedas every person was the child of God and
there could be no differences as high caste or low caste.29Dayanand said that the
Vedic class system of society (Varna System) and the caste system had nothing in
similar. He strongly objected and totally rejected the discrimination of persons on
the grounds of caste, creed, language and colour. In the Hindu society the
disgusting practice of untouchability was more harmful than the caste system.
Dayanand fought against the evil practice of untouchability as well. The
movement of Swami Dayanand paved the way for Mahatma Gandhi to fight
against the untouchability30in later years.
The leaders of reformation laid too much of stress on acquiring education. They
were of the opinion that it was not birth, status or material comforts but education
on scientific lines that would bring about revolutionary changes in society and
would widen his/her intellectual horizon. The spiritual development of a person
was dependent on the system of the education given to him or her. Not only that,
the building of the future generation was also dependent on the principles of
28
Spear Percival, The Oxford History of Modern India1740-1947, Oxford, 1965, pp.18.
29
Farquhar, J.N., Modern Religious Movements in India, Delhi, 1967, pp.406-407.
30
Farquhar, J.N., Modern Religious Movements in India, Delhi, 1967, p.48.
43 | P a g e
education and the educational system of a country. The westernized thinking had
changed the whole principles of human society today. Swami Dayanand wanted to
change this thinking and said that all should develop spiritual knowledge. 31 To
gain this, he highlighted the importance of the practice of celibacy
(Brahmacharya), self-discipline and meditation as the basics. Based on these
thinking his followers started educational institutions in India.
There was a strict rule that women and low caste people must not be given any
education. It is because there was a belief that women and persons of low caste
had no right to education. They did not have any chance of learning Sanskrit or
reading books and if they were caught doing so, they were punished. Then
Dayanand expressed that it was the human right of all persons including women to
be educated in all areas of learning and the way for them to learn the teachings of
the Vedic religious books should be open.32
In order to buttress his views Dyanand tried to seek the support of scriptures for
reforms. The scriptures had been reinterpreted only to legitimize and justify the
ideas and reform he advocated.
Brahma Samaj
Raja Rammohan Roy (1772-1833) was the first and the best representative of this
new spirit of rational inquiry into the basis of religion and society. He challenged
the current religious beliefs and social practices of the Hindus as not being in
consonance with their own scriptures. He tried to show that the belief in
multiplicity of gods and worship of images, which formed the essence of the
current and popular Hindu religion, was opposed to the teaching of the Vedas.
What really mattered was his open and public protest against the blind acceptance
of whatever was considered as acceptable on the authority of priesthood or its
31
Shantipriya, Pandit Saraswati, A Critical Study of the Contribution of the Arya Samaj to Indian
Education, Delhi, 1975, pp. 25-30.
32
Desai, A.R., Social Background of Indian Nationalism, Mumbai, Popular Prakashan, 2012, pp.125-
130.
44 | P a g e
interpretation of scriptures. The standard of revolt thus rose by him against the
medieval tyranny of dogmas unleashed force which created what might be called
Modern India, and made him worthy to rank by the side of Bacon and Luther. 33He
brought forth the matter of abolition of Sati, the burning of the widow with the
dead body of her husband. The agitation had been going on for some time and he
himself was the key soul of it. He wrote pamphlets in order to prove that this
inhuman rite was not approved by the Hindu scriptures. But when the Governor
General, Lord William Bentinck, decided against overwhelming opposition to pass
legislation abolishing the Sati rite, Rammohan did not support him nor did he
approve of his action. He preferred a steady pursuit of persuasive methods to any
sudden change by legislation. He expressed the opinion that the practice might be
suppressed quietly and in an unobserved manner by increasing the difficulties to
perform it and by the indirect agency of the Police. 34 On the other hand, Keshab
who was a member of Brahma Samaj induced the Government to pass the Native
Marriage Act popularly known as the Civil Marriage Act in 1872 for legalizing
marriages which were not valid according to the Hindu law.
Under the inspiration and leadership of Keshab Chandra Sen, the Brahma Samaj
launched a comprehensive programme of social reform which formed a vital
aspect of Indian renaissance. Some ideas among these may be from the Indian
Reform Association which was founded by Keshab on his return from England in
1870. The program of the Association was carried out in five sections. They were:
i) Female improvement, (ii) Education of the working Classes, iii) Cheap

Literature,(iv) Temperance, (v) Charity.35
The purpose of reformation was to provide anhonorable place to the women who
had suffered untold miseries at the hands of male dominated Indian history. Thus
the concern of these intellectuals was towards female education which seems to be
33
Farquahar, J.N., Modern Religious Movements of India, Delhi, 1915, pp.29-31.
34
Majumdar, R.C., History of the Freedom Movement in India, vol 1, Calcutta 1971, p.270.
35
Pal, B.C., “The Brahmo Samaj and the Battle of Swaraj in India”, Calcutta, 1903, pp. 13-14.
45 | P a g e
the root of all reform at least among the Hindus. The female education was also
considered a way for social advancement. As pointed out a significant contribution
of the intellectuals lay in the realm of female education. There had been an ever
increasing number in female schools which itself indicates the onset of the trend of
women emerging out of social seclusion imposed upon them. Female education
was no longer deemed dangerous by the increasing number of people. The fact can
also not be ignored that there was a stiff opposition against the female education
from conservatives and orthodox sections of people belonging to both the Hindu
and the Muslims community.
Prarthana Samaj
The PrarthanaSamaj followed a more moderate policy in social reform under the
leadership of MahadaveGovindaRanade. He said, “We do not want to break up
with the past and cease all connection with our society. We do not desire to give
up our hold on the old established institutions”. He said he would abandon his
society because it tolerates what seemed to them to be great evil” The result was
that the members of the PrarthanaSamaj remained within the pale of Hinduism.
But they rendered yeoman service by the organization of social reform movement
under the guidance of M.G. Ranade who was the leading member of the Samaj.36
Many English educated people who did not belong to it had fully imbibed the
rational and liberal spirit of the age and became ardent reformers of social reform.
They were inspired by small groups of Englishmen in India who were eager to
remove some of the most shocking and brutal social practices in India like the Sati
which was later on abolished under legislation.
The cruel practice, which disgraced the name of the Hindu, was that of killing a
girl almost immediately after her birth. Although the practice was declared illegal
in 1705 and 1804, the difficulty of detecting this criminal practice carried out in
36
Faquhar, J.N., Modern Religious Movements in India, Delhi, 1967, p.76.
46 | P a g e
utmost privacy baffled all efforts to check it. It was not till the middle of the 19th
century that strenuous exertions of the British officials backed by a general
awakening of a rational spirit among the Indians through English education bore
fruit and the crime steadily declined in the second half of the nineteenth century.37
As early as 1837, agitation for the remarriage of widows was carried on in

Calcutta and Bombay. PanditIshwar Chandra Vidyasagara, a scholar and Principal
of the Sanskrit College, headed this agitation and it was mainly due to his efforts
that the Hindu Widows Remarriage Act, legalizing such marriage, was passed in
1856.38Ishwar Chandra in Bengal and Vishnu Sastri in Western India put their
heart and soul in the propagation of this reform. A Widow Marriage Association
was started in Bombay. An earnest but unsuccessful effort was also made by the
English educated Indians in Bengal to abolish by legislation, the practice followed
by Kulin Brahman of marrying 50, 60 or even more wives, most of whom he
never met again after nuptial ceremonies were over.
The issue of legislation versus elevation of popular morals as the main instrument
of social reforms divided Rammohan Roy and Keshab Chandra Sen, continued to
agitate and divide the Hindu society for the next fifty years, and both sides could
count on eminent men as their supporters. The question came to the fore again
when Brahma Malabari sought to secure legislation against child marriage and a
Bill was introduced, raising the age of consent from 10 years to 12. There was a
strong protest by Tilak and many other eminent men, but the Act was passed in
1891.39
37
W. Jones, Kenneth, The New Cambridge History of India: Socio-Religious Reform Movements in
British India, Cambridge, 2006, pp.139-141.
38
Carroll Lucy, “Law, Custom, and Statutory Social Reform: The Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act of
1856”. In Sumit Sarkar, Tanika Sarkar (editors), Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A
Reader, Indiana University Press, 2008, p.78.
39
Cranenburgh, D. E., Unrepeated Acts of the Governor-General in Council, vol. iii, contains Acts from
1883 to 1893. Calcutta, Law Publishing Press, 1894 pp. 864.
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Conclusion
The renaissance of the intellectual movement in India and Sri Lanka invariably
was an urban phenomenon. The leaders of the movements by and large hailed
from urban centers thus these ideas of reformation as a result of which originated
and operated in urban centers resultantly a thin slice of population came under its
influence. The majority of the population belonging to rural areas remained
altogether uninfluenced by such reformative ideas. True that the reformative tenets
remained confined to certain urban pockets, a few leaders however with their
broad vision and intellectual capacity desired to extend its influence to many
regions and the country as a whole.
The ideas and activities of the intellectuals of the renaissance movements were
directly or indirectly related to the task of building and reconstructing of a nation
to which they could be proud of. Thus the social and religious reform movements
were not an isolated phenomenon but were loaded with wider national, political
and economic considerations. As already pointed out in case of the struggle for
independence, many kinds of social reforms had taken place along with cultural
and religious movements against the British imperialism in India. For this, the
national and public consciousness or the awareness of Indian masses became
much powerful to bring the movement to the forefront.
It is noteworthy that local level movements played a vital role in developing

individual consciousness among rural intelligence. At the same time, liberal ideas
of Indians on sovereignty grew rapidly. Because of this very reason, the
movements got the chance of enhancing the national scope of the program of
reconstruction in the social and religious spheres. India is a nation of multi-lingual,
multi-cultural, multi-religious and multi-caste systems which had a multi-social
stratum. Bringing the public under one umbrella became a great strength to the
leaders of the movements. A very strong inter-relationship sometimes could be
seen among the reformers of the same religious denominations to achieve the
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desired goals. The leaders, who were the pioneers of the national movement,
therefore had to launch initially the reformations in the social and religious sectors
later on brought in its ambit economic and political sectors of India. As a result,
the Movement for the Indian Independence was definitely a mass-based one
representing all the strata of the Indian society. The movement had to deal with a
series of constant ideological evolutions. It was not only an evolution of anti-
colonial nature but also a struggle of overcoming the barriers for freedom in
politics, economics and social environment.
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ISBN 2478-0642

An investigative study on the ancient teaching method of the

Sabaragamu dance tradition in Sri Lanka
K.M. Saman Kumarathunga40
Introduction
When considering and learning the methods of Sabaragamu dance tradition first
of all we must pay attention to the curriculum of this tradition. The first few paragraphs
are designed to introduce this field, its is as follow. There are three main traditional dance
systems in Sri Lanka. Namely the Kandyan dance, the Low country dance and the
Sabaragamuwa dance. Sabaragamuwa dance tradition is one of them. This dance tradition
is consists of a combination of Singing of verses, dancing and drumming. Besides that,
healing rituals, dramatical events, mental and physical treatments, communicative
drumming patterns are influenced in this Sabaragamuwa dance tradition. This tradition
was born in Sabaragamuwa province in Sri Lanka. There are nine provinces in Sri Lanka,
Such as, Northern Province, Southern province, Western province, Eastern province and
Central province etc. Sabaragamuwa is one of these nine provinces. Which is situated in
the middle of Sri Lanka above the Southern province in the map of Sri Lanka.
Sabaragamuwa province has combined both Ratthnapura and Kegalle districts since
1833. The development and the history of this dance tradition is very important to the
students. the social, cultural and the historical data is included here.
40
Senior Lecturer, University of the Visual and Performing Arts
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Originated Stages of Sabaragamuwa Dance
It is necessary to investigate the originated stages of Sabaragamuwa dance styles in
studying and examing the educational methods of the Sabaragamuwa dance. There are
seven originated styles in this dance systems as follows.
1. Sabaragamuwa dance, which originated with faiths and beliefs of prehistoric era.
2. Sabaragamuwa dance, originated with customs of Buddhist culture in the second
century before Christ.
3. The traditional dance drumming of this, which began with customs of Buddhist of
both giants, Pussadewa and Mahasoona in period of king Dutugemunu.
4. This tradition, which began with creed of goddess Paththini in tradition of King
Gajabhuka , Gamini between first and second centuries
5. Sabaragamuwa dance, which originated with customs of temple of gods in
Sabaragamuwa province, such as,
i. the dance related to customs of main temples of god of Saman in Rathnapura. It
is Maha Saman Dewalaya.
ii. The dance related to customs of Bollthumbe temple of god of Saman.

iii. The dance related to customs of Deraniyagala temple of god of Saman.
iv. The dance related to customs of Soragune temple of god of Katharagama
and Uggal Aluthnuwara temple of god of Katharagama etc.
6. One pattern of this tradition originated with customs of Temple of tooth relic in
Delgamuwa at the period of King Seethawaka Mayadunne in 1549.
7. Sabaragamuwa dance, which originated with based on curative healing rituals,
such as, Thovil of gods, Thovils of devils, Thovil of Graha or Planetar. meaning
of "Tovil" it is curative healing rituals.
Above mentioned historical information should be studied under the step by step for
understanding completely.
There is a basic data foundation in above mentioned dancing traditions such as,
archeological manuscripts, copper manuscripts, various metal manuscripts and metal
ornaments and also in old scrolls written on Thal leaves and traditional dancing
equipments. The study of origin of rituals and the spreading of them is a vast area. The
literature on curative healing rituals is considered a unique place. So a broad study
should be done on this area. The metal instruments come by the tradition, these
instruments are no more popular, Styles of playing and drumming exercises, drumming
alphabet should be studied thoroughly.
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The literature of curative healing rituals
When studying this Sabaragamuwa dance tradition the fields such as, various
pattern of curative healing rituals, patterns of mental treatments, various kinds of
medicine and applying and production of various native medicines should be studied
deeply.
In this deep study the culture of the way of lives of old traditional artists, customs
and traditions, the healthy life style and food can be considered as main source of
reference in this research, we must pay attention to the threats that arise in keeping the
lives of the tribute to protect the generations of their tribe, various methods of hygiene,
architectural arts, customs and traditions related to agricultural and way of life come by
the tradition. The physical appearance of artists, their origin, and the anatomy of the
artists should be considered more important and necessary for this study.
The areas we must pay more attention in the Sabaragamuwa dance tradition are the basic
exercises that can be done to make a good dancer, singing patterns, drumming patterns
and learning by heart of its literature.
When studying the origin of the Sabaragamu dance tradition, the seventh stage of
the above mentioned stages can be considered more important. In that stage we study
various diseases, misfortunes and the treatments we perform to Overcome these ill omens
and about these rituals of devils, rituals of gods and rituals of planetary are studied briefly
here. The most dancing patterns of the Sabaragamu dance consisted of these curative
healing rituals.
1. The curative rituals performs to get rid of the bad omens or evil spirits.
2. The curative rituals perform to seek help and blessings from god.
3. The curative rituals perform to get rid of misfortune brought by the astrology.
The curative healing rituals of Sabaragamuwa dance tradition.
1.The curative rituals performances to get rid of the bad omens or evil
spirits.
i. DAHA ATA SANNIYA OR SANNI YAKUMA
ii. MAHASON SAMAYAMA
iii. GOPALU SAMAYAMA
iv. KUMARA SAMAYAMA
v. SUNIYAM YAGAYA
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vi. DEREHE TOVIL ... etc.
1. The curative rituals performances to seek help and blessings from

gods
vii. MAHA MUDAL YADEEMA
viii. PAHAN MADUWA
ix. GEE MADUWA
x. DUNE MADUWA
xi. MALL ELIYA
xii. KIRI MADUWA
xiii. YAKUN PIDEEMA
xiv. GARAMADUWA
DEHI TOVILAYA... etc.
2.The curative rituals performances to get rid of misfortunes brought

by astrology
xv. MALL BALI
xvi. TIRA BALI
xvii. PRETIMA BALI
xviii. BALAGRAHA BALI
xix. YANTARA TORANA... etc.
For an example Dance and Dramatic features of DAHA ATA SANNIYA is one of the
above first mentioned rituals as mentioned below.
VATA SANNIYA, PITT SANNIYA, SELESMA SANNIYA, GULMA SANNIYA,

BHUTA SANNIYA,JALA SANNIYA ,VEVULUM SANNIYA,AMUKKU SANNIYA,
VEDI SANNIYA, VIKARA SANNIYA,NAGA SANIYA, KANA SANNIYA, GOLU
SANNIYA, BIHIRI SANNIYA,EKA PATA SANNIYA, DEMALA SANNIYA,
DEEVA
SANNIYA, KOLA SANNIYA ... etc.
Education of the Sabaragamu dance tradition

Anthropologists introduce the education as a prevailing source of good social
process that are given to the future of the country to the younger generation. From the
past the tradition of the exercisers brought various healing rituals as “Yanthra – Manthra”
dancing, singing of verses, chanting of poems, drumming, meaningful decoration of
curative healing rituals. Traditional costumes and modern costumes producing creation of
costumes, Sculptures and paintings related to rituals, writing the manuscripts from the
concepts of “Gurugedara”. From this concepts these methods are protected and carried
53 | P a g e
over to the generation to generation. The education system is that connected to the
dancing system is thoroughly based on aesthetic education system.
According to professor Herbert Reed when the aesthetic education is developed the
good qualities or ethics of the humans can be change positively. Most educationists
throughout the world agree that the universal truth of giving aesthetic education to an
individual is to develop his or her affective domain positively. The aesthetic education
will help to nourish the brain as well as the heart. The good and positive qualities are
inculcate in the individuals when studying aesthetics education. According to the well-
known writer Leo Tolstoy the art can hinder the bad and violence and cruel behavior of
human. The positive impact educational goals we achieve by learning aesthetic education
can be listed as the team spirit, Sharing, Caring, honesty, intonation to learning and
equality. We will now investigate further that how far the theories of Benjamin Bloom
are consist of in the old traditional learning. The process of Sabaragamuwa dancing
according to the theories of Bloom the cognitive domain, the affective domain and the
psycho motor domain all help to develop the knowledge. In order to get a complete
education on in one field or in more fields we shall be able to decide the suitability of the
field. Affective domain helps the individual to appreciate what he or she has learnt from
a calm and stress free mind. The impression we gain by positive and stress free mind will
lead to better way of thinking that gives more and more benefits. The process can be seen
very well in the Sabaragamuwa dance tradition it is described as follows.
Cognitive domain
With beginning ancient dance teaching the traditional dancing artist of ancient
generations teach their children and pupils about good manners and good behavioral
patterns. Among them we can list the respect to parents and teachers, good behavioral
patterns when having meals, Good hygiene habits, the public relationship with others and
mutual understanding. First of all the knowledge of rhythms are given with the singing.
This process is started at the age of eight. These children learn various singing patterns,
various rhythms, physical exercises, legend learning by heart, costume designing and
creation meaningful decorations related to the healing rituals, sculpture and paintings,
knowledge is given to them in practical and theory forms.
Affective Domain
When gaining the knowledge of the above mentioned fields the individuals are
benefitted with a lot of good behavioral patterns such as respect for others, respect for
other religions, kind and refined, retained individuals, flexible and with good imaginative
power.This leads to balanced personalities with positive concepts.
Psychomotor domain
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When a child is grown up with all the above mentioned good concepts,the experience
and the knowledge he receives are unbeatable. This results good and well educated
consummate artist with creativity and imaginative power.According to these facts we can
mention here that the cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor domains in Benjamin
Bloom’s taxonomy are based in the ancient traditional teaching methods of
Sabaragamuwa dance tradition.
Lets have a look in deep about Benjamin Bloom's Theorotical educational classification.
In 1956 Bloom has proved that the basic theories are knowledge, comprehension,
application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. This theories have been revised in 2001.
They are as follows. Remember, understand, apply, analysis, evaluate and creation etc.
The educationists all over the world have considered that this method of education goes
from simple to complexity and it is the way to a very successful education system. Let's
consider how this methodology applies to the Sabaragamu dance tradition which has a
history of more than 2000 years. When we analyse ''knowledge'' first of all, we can
mention that how the basic teaching method and theories given from the ''Gurugedara''
are included their. The main purpose of entering the child in to '' Gurugedara'' to learn the
various rituals connected to the dance tradition so the child has to follow basic customs,
Such as
1. The first day of enrolling the child has to offer the Sri Lankan traditional food to
the teacher.
2. Next, Wershipping the teacher by offering sheaf of betels with teachers fee known
as ''Guru Panduru'' in Sinhala.
3. The Same day in the auspicious time the teacher takes the initicial steps to teach
literature to the apprentice. During this day the poems of Buddhism called
''Buddha Gaddiya'' is chanted to enhance the literacy leved of the child. The
''Buddha Gaddya'' is a booklet consist of the two languages ''Pali and Sanskrit"
The Child will have to learn the poems of this book by heart. Fourty one poems
are included in this book. While learning the basic rhythmic movements of
dancing the child has to memorise all the fourty one poems in the '' Buddha
Gaddya''. Some poems are mentioned below.
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1' ku( iuka;% Nød h
i¾j f.dapr plaIq fI
lreKd uD; lf,,d ,
iskaOfõ iQ¾h nkaO fõ
Namak samanthra bhadra ya

Sarwa gochara chakshu she
Karuna mrutha kallola la
Sindhawe surya bandha we
2' ch ch Ou_rd c
ck lD; Y¾u mQ c
wioDI nqoaO ,S ,
w;s mß Y=oaO YS ,
Jaya Jaya Darmara ja

Jana krutha sharma pu ja
Asadrusha budha lee la
Athi pari shudha shee la
3' bIag úksIaG ;uqca¯; fldm

;=Iag jßIaG új¾cs; mdm
YsIag úYsIag úks¾cs ;dm
wIag p;=Iagh ,laIK rEm
Ista Vinista Thamujjitha Kōpa

Thusta Varista Viwarjitha Pāpa
Sista Visista Vinirjitha Thapa
Asta Chathustaya Laksana rūpa
56 | P a g e
In addition to this the child has to learn some books like Nammpotha, Magul Lakuna,
Ganadevi hella, Vadankavi potha, Sakas kadaya, Hithopadeeshaya. While studying the
above mentioned literature the child receives the pirivena education called education
system of ancient temples. The child learns the same series of books in the ''Pirivena''
(Old school of temple) also. This above system of education helps the child in great deal
to in doing the ''Yaga'' called complex of rituals. In this deep study we can prove that this
pattern of pirivena education has a great influence in the generation of ''Yaga'' in ancient
Sri Lanka.
By learning of above Literature the expect,

1. Mastering the language
2. Mastering the pronunciation
3. Practicing good behavioral pattern
4. The Instruction for a successful life Literacy to read all Literarytexts.
5. Molding a descent person to a better society with good knowledge, attitude and
skills.
While receiving the education in ''Gurugedara'' the child has to master another series of
books as follows. Those books come under the category of literature of curative healing
rituals in Sabaragamu dance tradition.
1. Namaskara pata Vivaranaya

2. Sathagira Sannaya and poems.
3. Dowl upath kavi and Sannaya
4. Thalam poem dethisa
5. Sawdam poems (64)
6. Kawwttam poems (32)
7. Vandamanam poems (15)
8. Theruwan Namaskar
9. Sathara Atha Poems
10. Dethis Ragaya poems
57 | P a g e
11. Vannam poems - 21
12. Study of five rhythmic pattern's singings
After completing the above mentioned tradition the child has to follow different kind of
another set of Literature that‟s comes under Literature of ''Yaga''. Some of them are
mentioned below.
1. Bali Niyamaya
2. Pannthis Bali Classification
3. Navaggraha Disti manthra
4. Atamagala poems
5. Pirith huye poems
6. Attmini Upatha poems
7. Mall bulath putuvee poems
8. Bali patune poems
9. Hinrakksa poems
10. Grahanamasskara Verses
11. Graha panthi verses
12. Mahadasa Navaye Verses
13. Horahathe Verses
14. Sirasa Pada Verses
15. Unaveediye Verses
16. Asugebe Malbali Verses
17. Varical Bali Ambulam Verses
18. Munigunarathna Malaya
19. Lokarathna Malaya
20. Visnuge Dasa Avatharaya
21. Buduguna Alankaraya
22. Ekakswara Shanthiya
23. Chinthamani Shanthiya
24. Buduguna Alankaraya
58 | P a g e
25. Sarrwadosa Santhiya
26. Bali Pitaman Kirima
If the child wish to get further education from '' Gurugedara'' he has to do a deep study on
the other two patterns of ''Yaga'' called ''Yakk Tovil'' and ''Deva Tovil'', ''Yakk Tovil'' are
done to get rid of Suffering brought by the ill omens and ''Deva Tovil'' are done to get the
blessings of various gods. While doing the above studies the child will get the
opportunities to participate in ''Yaga''. So he reserves great experience of study of rituals
practically. The child can assimilate first-hand experience when participating in this
''Yaga'' with his Master known as "Gurunnanse". The Child reserves the education from
''Gurugedara'' for eight years at the end he will end go as a matured and knowledgeable
person in this field. We can consider this education he reserves at the end is from both
theoretically and practically.
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ISBN 2478-0642

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69 | P a g e
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úYd, m%udKhla jk laIqø uQ,H iud.ï .%dóh yd kd.ßl mßirh úksú§u laIqø uQ,H
lafIa;%fha mej;s È.= ld,Sk ksYap,;dj ì| oeuqfõh' ,dflah laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%fha
mqfrda.dñhd jk iuqmldr jHdmdrhg wNsfhda.d;aul wjia:djla ks¾udKh jkafka
fuys§h' fuu iud.ï .ï yd k.r isidrd ish lghq;= j¾Okh fmd,S uqo,d,s,df.a
ueÈy;aùïj,g jvd m%n,h' kQ;k wf,úlrK Wmdh ud¾. yd l<ukdlrK oekquo"
iudÔh úoHd oekqï moaO;so Wmfhda.S lrf.k" tajdhska ikakoaOj ixúOdkd;aulj
m%cdj w;rg .uka lsÍu iuqmldr jHdmdrh we;=¿ iafõõPd m¾hka;j,g b;d
nrm;, wNsfhda.hls' tfiau ñksia iudcfha mj;sk m%cd .;s,laIK ˜wjNdú;˜
lsÍu˜ fuu iud.ïj, ;j;a .;s ,laIKhla f,i y÷kd .; yelsh' ta Tiafia kshu
70 | P a g e
m%cd jHdmdr w;=.d oeóu isÿùugo wjodkula mj;shs' th f.da,Sh ,snr,a jHdmD;s yd
iu.dóh'
fï ksid fuu wNsfhda.h iuqmldr jHdmdrh b;d ;Èka wjOdrKhg .;hq;=

tlls' tfiau jHdmdrh ms<sn| lghq;= lrk m¾fhaIlhkag laIqø uQ,H iud.ï
iuqmldr jHdmdrhg l=ukdldr mSvkhla we;s lrkq we;ao hk .eg¨j fï wkqj
ksrdhdifhka mek ke.Sug kshñ;h' tfiau jHydßl m¾fhaIK yd tu oekquo
Wmfhda.S lrf.k tlS mSvkhg uqyqK §ug wjYH m%;sm;a;s yd Wml%u iïmdokh
isÿúh hq;=j we;' th jHdmdrfha weüe;s md¾Yaj ish,af,au tluq;=j Tiafia isÿúh
hq;=j we;' fï wkqj fuu m¾fhaIKh Tiafia iuqmldr jHdmdrfha laIqø ksheÈhla
wdY%fhka fuu ;;a;ajfha hï me;slvla wkdjrKh lr .ekSug W;aidy ord we;'
tfiau fuu wOHhkh tal úIhhsl wOHhkhla f,i bÈßhg f.k hd yels tlla
fkdjk fyhska l<ukdlrKh" .KldêlrKh" wf,úlrKh yd iudÔh
úoHdjkaf.a oekqï moaO;sj, msán,h fuhg Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;s nyqYslaIs;"
ke;fyd;a nyq úIhhsl wOHhkhla fjhs'
m¾fhaIK .eg¨j
laIqø uQ,H iud.ïj, l%shdldß;ajh iuqmldr laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%hg yd

m%cdjg fl;rï ;Sj% f,i n,mdkq we;ao@
WmkHdih ^hypothesis&
laIqø uQ,H iud.ï iuqmldr jHdmdrfha ÿ¾j,;d yd m%cdfõ m%cd .;s ,laIK
Ndú; lrñka iudch úksúÈk w;r" laIqø uQ,H iud.ïj, lghq;= iuqmldr
jHdmdrhg fiau m%cdfõ ixila;shgo wys;lr f,i n,mdkq ,nhs'
m¾fhaIKfha wruqKq
 laIqø uQ,H iud.ï m%cdj iu. lghq;= lrk wdlD;s yd Wml%u yÿkd .ekSu'
 laIqø uQ,H iud.ï .%dóh m%cdj iy kd.ßl wvq wdodhï,dNS $ my< uOHu
mdx;sl m%cdj úksú§u ;=< .%dóh nexl=" iKi iñ;s yd laIaø uQ,H lghq;=
lrk fjk;a iuqmldr iñ;s uqyqK fok wNsfhda. y÷kd .ekSu'
 tlS wNsfhda.j,g .%dóh nexl=" iKi yd laIqø uQ,H lghq;= lrk fjk;a
iñ;s iQodkï l< hq;= wdldrh y÷kd .ekSu'
m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh
fuu m¾fhaIKh lafIa;% wOHhk ie,eiaula u; isÿlrkq ,enQ .fõIKhls'

m¾fhaIKh ioyd wjYH mokï oekqu iïmdokh lr .ekSu ioyd fuu m¾fhaIK
úIhh m:h wdY%s;j isÿlr we;s mQ¾j m¾fhaIK ms<snoj fukau úIh lafIa;%h w<,d
,sheù we;s idys;Hho mßYS,kh lr we;'
m¾fhaIK WmkHdih mÍlaIdjg wjYH o;a; rdYslrKh lr .ekSu ioyd

my; o;a; rdYslrK Ys,am l%u Ndú; lr we;'
 wOHhk lafIa;h% g we;=<;a úúO fiajd iñ;s yd iKi iñ;s iyNd.s;aj

ksÍlaIKhg ^participated observation& ,lalsÍu'
 tu iñ;sj, idudðlhka" kdhlhka iy fiajl uKav, iu. w¾O jHQy.;
iïuqL idlÉPd ^semi-structured interviews& meje;aùu'
71 | P a g e
 iuqmldr jHdmdrfha fiiq weüe;s md¾Yaj ^stakeholders& ;=< fuu wNsfhda.
ms<sn| mj;sk iú{dksl;ajh y÷kd .ekSu'
 wOHhkhg n÷kajk iuqmldr jHdmdrhg iïnkaO wdh;k j, uQ,H m%ldYk
we;=¿ úúO ,sÅ; uQ,dY%h mßyrKh'
 laIqø uQ,H iud.ïj, ks,OdÍka fj;ska Wml%ñl m%fõY Tiafia f;dr;=re
,nd .ekSu îDcqj f;dr;=re ,nd§u fuu ks,OdÍka isÿ fkdlrk fyhska&'
 laIqø uQ,H iud.ïj, Kh,dNSka iïuqL idlÉPdj,g ,la lsÍu'
wOHhk m%foaYh
fuu wOHhkh ioyd m%Odk jYfhka mdol lrf.k we;af;a .d,a,

Èia;%slalfha msysá wïn,kaf.dv" lrkafoKsh yd we,amsáh hk m%dfoaYSh iNd n,
m%foaYhs' úfYaIfhka wïn,kaf.dv m%dfoaYSh iNdj, m%foaYfha msysá fldfndhs;=vqj
.%duh iy lrkafoKsh m%dfoaYSh iNd n, m%foaYh ;=< msysá uvl=Uqr .%duh ;=< lafIa;%
wOHhk lghq;= jeä jYfhka fufyhjd we;' flfia fj;;a fuu m%dfoaYSh iNd n,
m%foaY muKla fkdj ol=Kq m<d;a iNd n,m%foaYfha iuqmldr jHdmdrh wdY%s;j
lghq;= lsÍfuka m¾fhaIlhka ^úfYaIfhkau m<uq yd fojk m¾fhaIlhka& ,nd we;s
oekqu yd m<mqreoao o fuu m¾fhaIKfha§ Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;' fï ksid wOHhk
m%foaYfhka ndysrgo o;a; yd f;dr;=re ms<sn| mrdih úisÍ we;s nj igyka l<
hq;=h'
m¾fhaIKfha iSud
wOHhkhla id¾:l ùug kï tys iSud o ksis f,i yÿkd.; hq;= fjhs' ukao fuu
wOHhkh Ydia;%Sh iSudj blau jQ jHjydßl wOHhkhla jk neúka fujeks wOHhk
u; isg m%;sm;a;u
s h ;SrK .ekSfï § olajd we;s iSud ms<sn|j o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=
fjhs' fï wkqj fuu wOHhkfha yÿkd.;a iSud my;ska igyka fjhs'
 wOHhkh isÿlr we;af;a Y%S ,xldfõ tla Èia;%slalhla muKla Wmfhda.S

lrf.k" thska o m%dfoaYSh iNd n,m%foaY ;%s;ajhla muKla Wmfhda.S
lrf.kh' ta w;=frkao .ïudk oaú;ajhla jvd iómj wjOdkhg f.k we;'
fï w¾:fhka fuu m¾fhaIKh laIqø wOHhkhls' tu ksid mq¿,a iudc yd
ixialD;sl fjkialï iys; iuia; Y%S ,dxflah mßirhgu fuys ks .uk yd
ks¾foaY .e<fmao hkak ksYaÑ;j lsj fkdyelsh' th tla m%Odk iSudjls'
tjeks mq¿,a idudkHlrKhla i|yd .uka lsÍug kï jvd mq¿,a ksheÈhla"
iuia; ,dxflah mßirhu ksfhdackh jk mßÈ f;dard.; hq;=h' tjeks
ld¾hhla ioyd úYd, msßia n,hlao" uQ,H Yla;shlao wjYH fjhs' tjeks
uÜgulg fuu m¾fhaIK f.k hdfï jeä YlH;dj mj;skafka iuqmldr
jHdmdrh iïnkaO cd;sl uÜgfï wdh;kj,gh'
 wfkla iSudj jkafka laIqø uQ,H iud.ï wdY%s; iuyr o;a; imhd .ekSfï
wmyiqjh' ulaksidoh;a iuyr o;a; Tjqka ndysr md¾Yajj,g ,nd fkdoSuhs'
 tfiau fuu m¾fhaIKfha§ j;= fiajl ksjdi iuqmldr iñ;s" wdh;ksl iKi
iñ;s" m%d.aOk iuqmldr iñ;s jeks laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%fha fhfok ;j;a
iuqmldr jHdmdrfha wdh;k j¾. lsysmhlao u.yer f.dia we;' tho
m¾fhaIKfha tla iSudjls'
 fuu m¾fhaIKh isÿlr we;af;a m¾fhaIK m%;smdok rys;j" m¾fhaIlhskaf.a
iafõÉPd odhl;ajfhka isÿ lrk ,o jHdmD;shla jYfhks' wruqo,a rys;
fyhska jvd mq¿,a wOHhkhlg .uka lsÍug yelshdj ,eî ke;' 2020 jif¾
isg ol=Kq m<d;a iuqmldr ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j m¾fhaIK i|yd
72 | P a g e
m%;smdok fjka lsÍug wfmalaIs; fyhska fuu jif¾ m¾fhaIKj,g jvd mq¿,a
m¾fhaIK boßfhaoS isÿjkq n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yelsh'
m¾fhaIK wdpdr O¾u yd tlÕ;ajh
m¾fhaIlhka ish m¾fhaIKh" m¾fhaIK wdpdr O¾u j,g wkqrEmj fufyh

úh hq;= ksid iuyr wjia:dj,oS my; mshjr wkq.ukh lr we;'
 fndfyda o;a; kshu kñka bÈßm;a lsÍu tu wdh;kj,g yd mqoa.,hkag

ydksodhl fõ hhs m¾fhaIlhkag yefÕk fyhska o;a; nyq;r m%udKhla
ks¾kdñlj bÈßm;a lsÍu isÿlr we;'
 wdjr‚; iyNd.s;aj ksÍlaIKh o by< uÜgñka Ndú; ù we;s ksid tjeks
o;a;j, ks¾kdñl;ajh jvd oeä f,i wdrlaId lr we;'
laIqø uQ,H( ks¾jpk yd ye¢kaùu
laIqø uQ,H fyj;a iq¿ uQ,H hkq nexl= i|yd m%fõY úh fkdyels wh ioyd
Kh" b;=reï wfkla uQ,H fiajdj,g m%fõY lrk nexl= l%uhls ^Maanen" 2004&' fï
wkqj laIqø uQ,H fiajd b,lal jkafka /lshd úrys; mqoa.,hka" iajhx /lshd
kshqla;slhka" wvq wdodhï,dNSka fyda idudkH uQ,H fiajdj,g m%fõY úh fkdyels
mqoa.,hkah' úfYaIfhkau wvq wdodhï,dNS ldka;djka yd mqreIhkaf.a wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okhg laIaø uQ,H ueÈy;a fjhs' tfiau iuyr laIø uQ,H wdh;k uQ,H
fiajdj,g wu;rj rlaIK fiajdo imhhs' tfiau laIqø uQ,H wdh;k iudc
ueÈy;alrKh Tiafia iuQy ks¾udKh" mqoa., wd;au úYajdih ixj¾Okh" uQ,H
idlaIr;dj ^financial literacy& iy l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| mqyqKq ùï ,nd §u wd§
ld¾ho ish uQ,H ueÈy;aùug wu;rj isÿlrhs' fï wkqj laIqø uq,H hkq yqÿ
nexl=lrKhla fkdj ixj¾Ok WmlrKhls ^development tool& ^Ledgerwood" 1998&'
o¾YShj .;al, laIqø uQ,H l%shdldrlï jkqfka my; oEh'
 fufyhqï m%d.aOkh ioyd iq¿ Kh ,nd§u

 Kh yd wdfhdack ;lafiare lsÍu
 idudkH nexl=lrKfha§ fhdod .kakd iq/l=ï fjkqjg iuQy wemùu yd
wksjd¾h ;ekam;a jeks úl,am fhdod .ekSu
 Kh kej; f.ùfï ld¾hlaIu;dj u; úYd, Kh ioyd wjldYh ,nd§u
 Kh kej; f.ùug iqug fldkafoais bÈßm;a lsÍu yd miq úmrï lsÍu
 wdrlaIs; b;=reï fiajdjka ie,iSu
^Ledgerwood" 1998(01&
laIqø uQ,H fiajd imhk wdh;k .;aúg tajd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" b;=re
lsÍfï yd Kh fok iuqmldr iñ;s ^savings and loan cooperatives&" Kh ix.ï
^credit unions&" rdcH nexl=" jd‚c nexl=" nexl= fkdjk uQ,Hdh;k ^nonbank
financial institutions& wdoS f,i úúO úh yelsh' laIqø uQ,H .kqfokqlrejka .;aúg
kd.ßl yd .%dóh hk fowxYfhau osú f.jk iajhx /lshd kshqla;l s hka yd wvq
wdodhï,dNS jHjidhlhkaf.ka iukaú; jkq we;' ta wkqj fjf<kaoka" ùÈ fjf<ÿka"
l=vd f.dúm< ysñhka yd lrkjEóka" l=,S r:lrejka" lïu,alrejka" rkalrejka"
weÿï uikakka" wd§kaf.ka fuu msßia iukaú; fjhs' idudkHfhka fudjqkaf.a
73 | P a g e
l%shdldrlï Tjqkag ia:dhS wdodhï m%Njhla imhhs' tfy;a Tjqka ÿmam;=ka fjhs'
tfy;a Tjqka ˜ÿ.Skaf.;a ¥.Ska˜ ^poorest of the poor& f,i i,lkafka ke;'
laIqø uQ,H( b;sydih
laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%fha b;sydih f.k ne¨jfyd;a th ñksia b;sydifha w;S;

hq.h olajdu kElï lshhs' mqrdK wd.ñl yd idys;H uQ,dY% h /il uqo,a Khg
fokakka ms<sn| igykaj we;' frdÉfâ,a mqfrda.dókaf.a m<uq id¾:l iuqmldr
iñ;sh .;a l,o tho laIqø uQ,H yd iïnkaê;h' Y%S ,xldfõ iuqmldr jHdmdrh 1900
j¾Ij, wdrïfha§ ks¾udKh lrkafkau laIqø uQ,H ms<sn| lghq;= lsÍu i|ydh'
flfia fj;;a bkaÈhdfõ yd Y%S ,xldfõ Kh fok iuqmldr jHdmdrh wdNdih
,enqfõ 1884 § c¾uksfha ixj¾Okh flreKq /*hsika l%uh ^Raiffeisen model& u.sks
^.,.uf.a" 2013&' 1970 oYlfha§ f,dal uÜgñka .;aúg laIø uQ,H iïkaOj w;s
m%uqLj l%shd;aul jQfha rdcHhg ksfhdað;dh;kh' 1980 oYlfhaoS laIø uQ,H ms<sn|
W;amd;hla we;s jkafka tu hq.fha§ we;sjQ ixjdo yd m¾fhaIK wkdjrK mdol lr
f.kh ^Ledgerwood" 1998(03&' 1980 oYlfha ueo Nd.fha§ rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
úiska l%shd;aul flreKq laIqø uQ,H jHdmD;s .eg¨j,g yd úfõpkj,g ,laúh'
úfYaIfhkau fuu jHdmD;s úYd, fnd,a Kh .eg¨jlg uqyqK ÿka w;r" ksrka;rj
m%d.aOk wdOdr fï fya;=fjka tu wdh;k úiska b,a¨ï flß‚' fuhg úi÷ula f,i
fhdackd jQfha laIø uQ,H iuia; uQ,H moaO;sfha wNHka;ßl fldgila f,i i,ld
lghq;= lsÍu;a" Kh i|yd fjf<o fmd< mokï jQ m%fõYhla Ndú; lsÍu;ah'
fuhg iudka;rj úúO rgj, foaYSh rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iudc ixj¾Okh
Wfoid ;sridr fkdjk wdodhï W;amdok m%fõY fjkqjg È.= ld,Sk ia:djr m%fõY
ms<sno wjOdkh fhduq lrkq oel.; yels úh' nx.,dfoaYfha§ wdpd¾h fudfyduâ
hQkQia kshuq jHdmD;shla f,i bvï wysñ ÿ.S lKavdhula i|yd Kh jHdmD;shla
ieliqfõh' tu kshuq jHdmD;sfha id¾:l;ajh .%dóka nexl=j f,i ñ,shk 2'4l
.kqfokqlrejka ^bka 94]la ldka;djkah& iu. wmg yuqfjhs' ,;ska weußldfõ
ACCION cd;Hka;rh kd.ßl iq¿ fjf<ÿka i|yd iyfhda.S;d iuQy Kh iïmdokh
lrhs' Carvajal moku iq¿ jHjidhlhka i|yd id¾:l mqyqKq yd Kh l%uhla
ixj¾Okh lr we;' fï wdldrfha ;j;a WodyrK ´kE ;rï we;'
laIqø uQ,H( mQ¾j m¾fhaIK
yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha i¾fjdaoh wd¾Ól jHjidh ixj¾Ok fiajdj

(Sarvodaya Economic Enterprise Development Services – SEEDS) úiska bgq lrk
,o laIø uQ,H ld¾h wdY%s;j lrkq ,enQ m¾fhaIKhla Tiafia cQä;a fIda fmkajd
fokafka (Shaw" 2004& laIø uQ,H oßø;dj wju lsÍug mq¿,a jYfhka odhl ù ke;s
njhs' flfia kuq;a lÜiqIs tia' budhs iy ;j;a wh ˜laIqø uQ,H yd ÿ.Slu - id¾j
bÈß o¾Ykhla˜ ^Microfinance and Poverty-A Macro Perspective& uefhka fufyhjQ
m¾fhaIKhla Tiafia ks.ukh lrkafka ldka;djka iún,.ekaùu yd ÿ.S nj wju
lsÍug laIø uQ,H lafIa;%fha odhl;ajhla we;s njhs'
Recent assessments of impact of microfinance–based largely on

randomized trials-have led to questioning of claims of women‘s
empowerment and poverty reduction. The so-called ‗magic‘ of
microfinance has thus come under deep scrutiny and the findings of
little or weak impacts are beginning to turn the tide against it. Not only
74 | P a g e
are some of these studies are faulty in some respects, but the findings
also cannot be accepted at face value. Besides, the faltering global
economy has raised serious concerns about the immunity of the
microfinance sector and its potential for poverty reduction (Imai and
others, 2012)
fï wkqj yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalh jeks m%dfoaYSh wOHhk lafIa;%hla Tiafia

iy iSâia jeks tla laIqø uQ,H jHdmD;shla muKla f.k lrk ,o fIda f.a (Shaw"
2004& laIø uÜgfï wOHhkfha ks.uk" budhs iy ;j;a wh úiska Îmai and others"
2012& lrk ,o wOHhkfha ks.uk mriamr jkafka id¾j uÜgfï ks.uk iEu úgu
laIqø uÜgfï§ ksfhdackh fkdjk fyhsks'
iqf¾Ia o fu,a iy ;j;a whf.a ^De Mel and others" 2014& wOHhkhla
fmkajd fokafka ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a kdNs.;lr ks¾udKh lr ;sfnk
Start-and- Improve Your Business -SIYB& keu;s jHjidhl mqyqKq mdGud,dj yeoErE
ldka;djka tjeks oekqula fkdue;s ldka;djkag jvd Tjqkaf.a jHdmdr jHjdrfha§ hï
bÈß.dó njla fmkakqï l<o jHdmdßl ,dNh w;ska fjkila jd¾;d fkdl< njhs'
kuq;a uQ,H m%;ms dok iuÕ mqyqKj q ,enQ ldka;djka m<uq udi 8 ;=< lemS fmfkk
wdodhula jd¾;d l< nj Tjqka fmkajd fohs'
,dxflah laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%h
Y%S ,xldfõ laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%fha mqfrda.dó wdh;k moaO;sh jkafka iuqmldr
jHdmdrhhs' 1911 iuqmldr Kh wd{d mk; ^Cooperative Credit Ordinance in 1911&
hgf;a msysgjQ Kh fok iuqmldr iñ;s fuu ld¾hfhys uQ,sl úh' th .%dóh
Kh.e;sNdjhg úi÷ula f,i f.k wd hg;a úð; m%OdkSkaf.a úi÷ula úh' ksoyiska
miq" tkï 1950 .Kkaj, mej;s ÿ.Skag Kh ioyd m%fõY ùfï wmyiqjg ;j;a
úi÷ula f,i 1963 § iuqmldr .%dóh nexl= úúO fiajd iuqmldr iñ;sj, wkqnoaO
wxYhla f,i ks¾udKh lsÍu laIqø uQ,H lafIa;f % ha fojeks iuqmldr mqfrda.dó;ajh
úh' idïm%odhsl nexl= ÿ.Skaf.ka wE;aj ;sîug ;j;a úi÷ula f,i m%dfoaYSh .%dóh
ixj¾Ok nexl= 1985 § rch úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,os' tfiau miq ld,Skj ckiúh
jevigyk yd iuDoaê jevigyk .%dóh laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%h ;=< l%shd;aul úh' 1991 §
ia:dms; l< ,xld ixj¾Ok Ndr wruqo, laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%h iïnkaO ;j;a rdcHo
ueÈy;a ùula úh' 1990 oYlfha yd 2000 oYlfha Y%S ,xldfõ laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%fha
yerjqï ,laIhla úh' úYd, m%udKhla foaYSh yd cd;Hka;r rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk Y%S
,dxflah laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%hg we;=¿ úh' 2009 jif¾oS Sri Lanka Microfinance
Practitioners‟ Association ia:dms; lsÍu lafIa;f % ha ;j;a jeo.;a ixisoaêhla úh
^Premaratne" 2009&'
flfia fj;;a ,dxflah laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%h iukaú; jkafka fuu m%Odk
ix>glj,ska muKla fkdfjhs' tu ,ehsia;=jg my; oE o we;=<;a úh hq;= fjhs'
 iSÜgq l%uh ^rotating savings and credit associations &

 wfkHdakdOdr yd urKdOdr iñ;s
 fm!oa.,sl Kh ,nd fokakka
 ñ;=rka yd {d;Ska
75 | P a g e
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdydr yd lDIsl¾u ixúOdkh isÿl< jvd iúia;rd;aul
j¾.SlrKhla j.= wxl 02'01 ys oelafjhs'
;s,lr;ak iy úl%uisxy ^Tilakaratna and Wickramasinghe" 2005& fmkajd

fokafka laIqø uQ,H Y%S ,dxflah m%cdjg jeo.;a fufyhla lrk njhs' fï wkqj uOHu
uÜgfï m%cdjg Tjqkaf.a wdodhu yd j;alï by< kxjd .ekS ugo" jvd ÿ.Skag
Tjqkaf.a mdßfNda.sl úhoï iqug lsÍug WmldÍ fjhs'
laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%fha m%;sixúOdk lghq;=j, tla fldgila f,i iuqmldr

.%dóh nexl= wxYh úúO fiajd iuqmldr iñ;sj,ska fjka lsÍfï W;aidyhla j¾I
lsysmhlg fmr mej;s w;r ta i|yd o iuqmldr jHdmdrh ;=<ska m%n, úfrdaOhla
u;=úh' úfYaIfhka uy nexl= kshdukhg iuqmldr .%dóh nexl= hg;a lsÍu fuys tla
wruqKla jQ w;r tys,d f,dal nexl=fõ mSvkho mej;s‚ ^Birchall and Simmons"
2010&' ì¾fp,a yd isfudkaia ;jÿrg;a olajkafka fuu ldrKh isÿjQjd kï úúO
fiajd iuqmldr iñ;s j, mdßfNda.sl wxYfha ÿ¾j,;dj fy<sorõ jk njhs' flfia
kuq;a fuu ì| jeàug u. újr jQfha kï w¾nqo iuhj, rchj,a fhdod.; yels
wdh;k moaO;shlao ì| jeàu isÿfjhs' flfia fj;;a iKi iñ;s fuu laIqø uQ,H
kshduk l;sldfjka hï muKlg .e,ù we;af;a tjd ˜md,kh lr .; fkdyels
cd,hla˜ ân unmanageable network& f,i l%shd;aul ùuhs' uE; ld,fha f¾Çh
iuqmldr ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j yÿkajd ÿka .%dóh nexl= kshduk jevigyk
jeks kshduk jevigyka iKi iñ;s kshdukh ioyd ks¾udKh fkdùu fuu
˜md,kh lr .; fkdyels˜ iajdNdjh fya;=fjka isÿj we;'
j.= wxl 02'01( laIqø uQ,H j¾.SlrKh
Formal sector Semiformal sector Informal sector

Central bank Savings and credit Savings associations
cooperatives
Banks  Savings and credit Savings associations
 Commercial banks cooperatives
 Merchant banks  Multipurpose Combined savings and
 Savings banks cooperatives credit
 Rural banks  Credit unions  associations—
 Postal savings banks  Cooperative quasi- rotating savings and
 Labor banks banks credit associations
 Cooperative banks  Employee savings and variants
funds Informal financial firms
 Village banks  Indigenous bankers
Development banks  Development  Finance companies
 State-owned projects  Investment
 Private  Registered self-help companies
Other nonbank institutions groups and savings Nonregistered self-help
 Finance companies clubs groups
 Term-lending  Nongovernmental
institutions organizations Individual moneylenders
Building societies and credit (NGOs)  Commercial
unions  Noncommercial
Contractual savings (friends, neighbors,
institutions relatives)
 Pension funds
 Insurance companies
76 | P a g e
Markets Traders and shopkeepers
 Stocks
 Bonds NGOs
uQ,dY%h( Food and Agriculture Organization ^1995( 05&
m%fõYh
m¾fhaIKfha o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd idlÉPdj wka;¾.; jk fuu

mßÉfÊofha§ fuu o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd Wmfhda.S jk mQ¾j m¾fhaIK ld¾h o
úfõpkd;aulj ú.%y lsÍug fhduqù we;' thg m%Odk fya;=jla jkafka m¾fhaIlhska
úiska m¾fhaIK lafIa;%h ;=<ska Wlyd .;a o;a; úYaf,aIKfha§ fuu mQ¾j
m¾fhaIlhkaf.a m¾fhaIK ld¾h hï uÜgulg wNsfhda.hg ,lajk fyhsks' tfiau
m¾fhaIKfha o;a; úYaf,aIKfha§ iuyr mQ¾j m¾fhaIK ld¾h kej; ikd: ùïo
olakg ,efnhs' tfiau fuu m¾fhaIKh jHjydßl m¾fhaIKhls' fï ksid fuu
m¾fhaIKh ;;H ;;a;ajh iu. jvd jeä in|;djla mej;Su w;HjYH fjhs' ukao
fï Tiafia meñfKk ks.uk ienE f,dalh iu. .kqfokq lsÍug fhdod .; yels úh
hq;= fyhsks' tfiau jHjydßl m¾fhaIK f,i f.dvke.S we;s mQ¾j m¾fhaIKj,
.eg¨ iys; ia:dk yÿkd .ekSuo ta ;rugu jeo.;a jk neúks'
tfiau fuu m¾fhaIKh ;=< m¾fhaIlhka úiska iuqmldr jHdmdrh ms<sn|

iqug úYaf,aIKhla fjkqjg tys .eg¨ yd wNsfhda.o" wvqmdvqo wjOdkhg ,lalr
we;' tjeks m%fõYhlska f;drj iunrj jdia;úl h:d¾:h .%yKh lr.;
fkdyelsh'
Kh ixialD;sfha ;;a;ajh yd l,a miq Kh
Kh hkq tla;rd wdldrhlg ixialD;shls' Kh .ekSu ú,dis;djla f,i

iudcfha me;sr mj;shs' th ñksiqka úúO wruqKq i|yd Ndú; lrhs' j.= wxl 03'01
u.ska ol=Kq wdishdfõ mqoa.,hka 1000lg we;s Kh .sKqï ixLHdj olajd we;' fuu
o;a; úYaf,aIKh lrk úg fmkS hkafka jeäu Kh .sKqï ixLHdj olakg ,efkafka
Y%S ,xldfõ njhs' fï wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ Kh .ekSfï ú,dis;dj mq¿,a tlla nj fmkS
hhs' tkï Kh .ekSu ,dxflah ixialD;sh iu. ;Èka noaO ù we;s ixialD;sldx.hla
njg m;aj we;' th iudÔh ixj¾Okhg muKla fkdj" Kh W.=,l m%cdj
isrùulgo n,mdk njgo" tkï Okd;aul me;slvla fukau tys wjodkula o oelsh
yels nj fmkajd Èh yelsh'
j.= wxl 03'01( ol=Kq wdishdfõ mqoa.,hska 1000lg we;s Kh .sKqï ixÄhddj
Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka

Loan accounts per 1,000 61.11 78.00 10.83 31.78 364.22
people
uQ,dY%h(Jayamaha, R. (2008) Wmqgd oelajQ f,dal nexl=fõ Getting Finance in South
Asia Phase IV - 2008 jd¾;dj'
úYd, Kh b,aüla Y%S ,xldfõ mej;Su fm!oa.,sl wxYh Kh fjf<odug

we;=¿ ùu m%idrKhgo fya;= ù we;' thskq;a laIqø Kh ksl=;=j fuu Kh ksl=;=fõ
m%Odk Kh j¾.hla jk fyhska fm!oa.,sl wxYh ish kj jHdmdßl wxYhla f,i ta
77 | P a g e
i|yd fhduqùu isÿj we;' fuu laIqø uQ,H Kh ksl=;=fjka jeä m%udKhla ksl=;a
jkafka ksIamdok yd fiajd lafIa;%hg odhl jk kj jHdmdßl wxY mq¿,a lsÍug jvd
ñksiqkaf.a tÈfkod wjYH;d i|yd nj fmkS hhs' m¾fhaIK lafIa;%hg wod< iñ;sj,
Kh ksl=;a lsÍï i,ld neÆ úg Kh b,a¨ïm;a ;=< olajd we;s ldrKhgu Kh uqo,a
Ndú; lrkafka fndfyda úg foam< ñ,g .ekSug yd ksjdi bÈlsÍug ,ndfok Kh
i|yd muKla nj ksÍlaIKh úh' ta yer iajhx /lshdjkays kshq;= mqoa.,hka ish
/lshdjg wod< WmlrK yd m%d.aOkh imhd .ekSugo" ;j;a msßila wOHdmk
wjYH;d ioyd o tla;rd uÜgulg Kh Ndú; lrkq oel.; yels úh' kuq;a ie,lsh
hq;= msßila .Dy NdKav" úÿ,s WmlrK yd tÈfkod úhoï i|yd Kh ,nd .kq
ksÍlaIKh fjhs' fujd w;ßka iuyr úhoï w;HjYH fkdjk úhoï jQ nj
ksÍlaIKh l< yelsh' fï wkqj Kh b,a¨ïm;a u.ska o;a; imhd f.k bÈßm;a
lrk o;a; u.ska Kh ksl=;a lf<a l=uk ldrKd ioyd o hkak ksis f,i y÷kd .;
fkdyelsh' ta ioyd Kh,dNSka ksheÈhla iu. flfrk úêu;a iïuqL idlÉPd yd
ksÍlaIK Tiafia o;a; /ial< hq;=h' fufia /ial< o;a; wkqj fmkS hkafka iKi
iñ;s yd .%dóh nexl=j, Kh,dNSka w;ßka ie,lsh hq;= m%;sY;hla ish Kh
wjYH;dj f,i i|yka lrk ldrKhg mßndysr ldrKd i|yd tu Kh uqo,a
fhdojk njhs' flfia kuq;a fuu ;;ajh md,kh lr wkjYH ldrKd i|yd Kh
,nd .ekSu wju lsÍu iudc ixj¾Okh ioyd jl%j odhl jkafka th ñksiqkaf.a
M,odhS fkdjk Khùï j<lajk neúks'
ish Odß;djg fkdiß,k Kh ,nd .ekSfï keUqrejla Y%s ,xldfõ mj;sk nj

j.= wxl 03'01 Tiafia fukau lafIa;% mÍlaIK Tiafiao meyeÈ,s fjhs' thska ie,lsh
hq;= fldgila m,odhS fkdjk nj;a ksÍlaIKh lr we;' m,odhS fkdjk Kh ,nd
.ekSu Tiafia ìysjk m%Odk m%Yakhla jkafka l,amiq Kh mek kexùuhs' wOHhk
m%foaYfha l%shd;aul úúO fiajd iuqmldr iñ;s ksÍlaIKhg Ndckh l< úg oelsh
yelafla tajdg wh;a .%dóh nexl= YdLdj, .%dóh nexl= ld¾hh Í;s ix.%yh wkqj kshu
lr we;s m%udKhg jvd l,a miq Kh m%;sY;hla fndfydaúg mj;sk njhs' tfiau ks,
ixLHd f,aLkj,g jvd jeä l,amiq Kh m%udKhla .%dóh nexl=j, mj;sk wjia:do
oel.; yelsh' iKi iñ;s ;=<o hï uÜgulska fuu ;;a;ajh ksÍlaIKh l< yelsh'
l,amiq Kh .eg¨jla f,i u;=ùug tla fya;=jla jkafka iuqmldr iñ;s Kh ksl=;a
lsÍfï§ mqoa.,hdf.a Kh f.ùfï yelshdj yd Tyqf.a wd¾Ól miqìu ms<sn|j fukau
Kh ,nd .kakd ldrKh ms<sn|j .eUqre f,i i,ld fkdne,Suhs' fï ksid Kh
fkdf.ùu ˜ixialD;shla˜ lr.;a msßiaj,g o Kh ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj iuqmldr
jHdmdrh ysñlr § we;' iKi yd .%dóh nexl= ld¾h uKav, yd ldrl iNd
idudðlhka iu. lrk ,o idlÉPdj,§ fmkS .sh ldrKhla jkafka iuqmldr
iñ;sj, l,amiq Khlrejka fjk;a uQ,H wdh;kj,ska Kh ,ndf.k tu Kh
fyd|ska f.jñka isák wjia:d jd¾;d jk njhs' fï ksid iuqmldr iñ;s ish idudðl
m%cdj ms<sn| iykodhS yd ,sys,a m%;sm;a;shl lghq;= lsÍu jerÈ whqßka Ndú; lsÍula
iuyr idudðlhska úiska isÿlsÍu fï wkqj oel.; yelsh' fï ksid tjeks
idudðlhkag È.ska È.gu iyk ,nd §u Kh whlr .ekSfï iuqmldr jHdmdrfha
keñhdj ms<sn| jerÈ wdo¾Y imhhs' flfia kuq;a iuqmldr iñ;sj,g úfõpkhla
t,a, jk fuu Kh whlr .ekSfï ld¾hh ukao.dó ùu" úfYaIfhkau Kh meyer
yßkakkag ffk;sl l%shdud¾. .ekSu ,e.aul mej;Sug iuqmldr iñ;s l%shd;aul
jHQyfha ffki¾.sl .;s ,laIKo n,mdhs' tkï fuu iñ;s l%shd;aul jkafka m%cd
mdol ixúOdk jYfhks' ish wi,ajdiSkag $ ióm;uhkag ffk;sl l%shd ud¾. .ekSu
iñ;sh úiska isÿlrkqfha neßu wjia:djl mu‚' fuu keñhdj wfkla mqoa.,sl uQ,H
wdh;kj, ke;' tu keñhdj we;sù we;af;a iñ;sh ish m%cdj iu. ne§ we;af;a
lD;%suj fkdj iajdNdúlj ùuhs' kej;;a oelaúh yelafla fuh iñ;s wrUhd
úfõpkhla f,io t,a, ùu oel.; yels jqj;a i;H ;;a;ajh jkafka th yqfola Kh
78 | P a g e
,nd§ ,dNhla ,eîfï fõ;kdj muKla u; Èh;a jk jHdmdrhla fkdjk iuqmldr
iñ;s wrUhd tjeks úfõpk t,a, lsÍu idOdrK fkdjk njhs' tfy;a l,amiq Kh
whlr .ekSu ms<sn| fuhg jvd l%uj;a yd úksúo fmfkk iq¿ jevms<sfj<la wjYH
fjhs' úfYaIfhka fndfyda iñ;sj, ,dNd,dN ;;ajhg l,amiq Kh iDcqj n,mdkq
oel.; yels ixisoaêhla jk fyhsks'
wfkla ldrKh jkafka Khlref.a urKh fyda wdndê; njla fyda jeks b;d
wiSre ;;ajhlg idudðlhd m;ajk wjia:djl m%cd ixúOdkhla f,i iuqmldr
iñ;sh uqyqKfok udkqISh .eg¨jg úi÷ula f,i Kh ioyd rlaIKdjrKhla
wksjd¾h lsÍfï iïm%odhla fuf;la jHdmdrh úiska f.dvk.d fkd;sîuhs' thg tla
fya;=jla f,i ksÍlaIKh l< yelafla jHdmdrhu úiska ks¾udKh lr ;sfnk iKi
rlaIK iud.u yd iuqmldr rlaIK iud.u bÈßm;a lrk Kh rlaIK j¾.
iuqmldr iñ;s i|yd fkd.e<fmk idïm%odhsl m%Odk Odrdfõ rgdjgu ieliS
;sîuhs' fï ksid Kh,dNshd yd iñ;s ksis f,i wdjrKh ùula isÿ jkafka ke;' fï
ksid jHdmdrhg iqÿiq f,i fuu rlaIK ie,iqï iSre udre lsÍu isÿ úh hq;=j we;'
iuyr iñ;s .;fyd;a l,amiq Khlrejka ldrl iNdj ksfhdackh lrk

wjia:d mjd oel.; yels úh' fuu ;;a;ajh wdh;ksl hymd,khg ndOdjls'
iuqmldr kS;sh wkqj tjeks mqoa.,hkag ldrl iNdj ksfhdackh l< fkdyelsh'
fufia l,amiq Khlrejka ldrl iNdj ksfhdackh lsÍu m%cdjf.a fkdoekqïj;aluo
tla fya;=jls'
laIqø uQ,H iud.ïj, jHdma;sh( laIqø uQ,H jd‚clrKh
Y%S ,xldfõ yd gekaidkshdfõ iuqmldr jHdmdr ms<sn|j isÿl< ff;%jd¾Isl

wOHhkhla Tiafia idlÉPd lrk ì¾fp,a yd isfudkaia ^Birchall & Simmons 2010&
iuqmldr jHdmdrfha fjkialï b,a,d isák tla uQ,dY%hla f,i laIqø uQ,H mk;
olajd we;' flfia fj;;a fï mk; hgf;a laIø uQ,H wdh;k kshdukfha n,h uy
nexl=jg ,enqKq w;r iuqmldr lafIa;%fhka mek kexjqKq mq¿,a úfrdaOh u; iuqmldr
jHdmdrh mk; hg;g .ekSu je<elaú‚' 2016 wxl 6 ork fuu mk; l%shd;aul ùu
wdrïN jkafka 2016 cq,s 11 .eiÜ m;%fhks Âdaderana biz isxy," 2016&' fuu mk;
l%shd;aul jkjd;a iu.u Y%S ,xldj mqrd laIø uQ,H iud.ï ish lghq;= ;Sj% lrkq
oel.; yelsfjhs' fuu m¾fhaIKh fufyhjk ld,h hkq fuu mk; l%shd;aul ùu
wdrïNl ld,hhs' fuu wdrïNfha§u laIqø uQ,H iud.ï fu;rï fõ.fhka .u yd
kd.ßl ÿ.S yd my< uOHu mx;sh úksú§ kï th iuia; iuqmldr jHdmdrhgu úYd,
wNsfhda.hla jkq we;'
iuqmldr jHdmdrh ,dxflah laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%hfhka 1$3l fjf<o fmd<

fldgila ysñlrf.k isák wdh;k moaO;shhs' f,dal nexl= jd¾;d wkqj ^van
Greuning and others" 1998& f,dj fndfyda rgj, m%Odk laIqø uQ,H iïmdolhka
jkafka rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iy iuqmldr jHdmdrh njhs' fuu Yla;su;aNdjh
fya;=fjkau úúO md¾Yaj iuqmldr jHdmdrfha uQ,H lafIa;%h ms<sn| olajk wjOdkh
by<h' Charitonenko iy De Silva ^2002& úiska Y%S ,xldfõ laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%h ms<sno
lrk idlÉPdfõ§ my; woyi olajhs'
The 1,476 individual CRBs are organized under 306 government-

dominated multipurpose cooperative societies and are only loosely
supervised by the Cooperative Development Department. Despite the
79 | P a g e
lack of strict supervision, the CRBs collectively had mobilized
SLRs10.9 billion in savings in 5.5 million accounts by the end of 2000
(Charitonenko and De Silva, 2002:xii).
fuu woyia ÈYd.; jkafka iuqmldr jHdmdrhg" úfYaIfhka .%dóh nexl= oeä
iqmÍlaIKhlg ,la úh hq;= njghs' Tjqka úúO fiajd iuqmldr iñ;s rdcH
n,dêldßh u; mj;sk nj mjik w;ru Tjqka olajkafka iuqmldr ixj¾Ok
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ muKla iqmÍlaIKh mj;sk njhs'
Among the more commercialized microfinance providers are about

three quarters of the 1,476 CRBs that are estimated by the Cooperative
Development Department to supply profitably about one third of the
country's total microcredit, among other types of loans. The CRBs
fund these loans entirely from deposits. Because of the lack of standard
accounting and reporting practices among CRBs, it is not clear how
many would be profitable after appropriately adjusting for loan loss
provisions, write-offs, and subsidies. However, far fewer TCCSs are
believed to have commercially viable operations (Charitonenko and De
Silva, 2002:x).
fuu meyeÈ,s lsÍï w¾O i;H jk nj m¾fhaIlhkaf.a ;¾lhhs' úúO fiajd
iuqmldr iñ;s iyNd.s;aj m%cd;ka;%jdoh l%shd;aul jk m%cd ixúOdkhlah hkak
Tjqka oeä f,i wu;l lr we;s nj fmfkhs' wfkla ldrKh Tjqka iïu;
.KldêlrK mßirhla rys; nj fmkaùug o W;aidy l<;a fuu wdh;k iómj
ksÍlaIKh l< úg fmkS hkafka iuqmldr ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iuqmldr
ixj¾Ok ks,OdÍka úiska Y%S ,xld .KldêlrK m%ñ;s wkql+,j fuu wdh;k
ú.Kkh jk njhs' úfYaIfhka fuu ks,OdÍka yqfola .KldêlrKh yd
l<ukdlrKh ms<sn|j muKla fkdj m%cdj n<uq¿ .ekaùu" iudcúoHdj yd iudc
jev wdos úIh ifudaOdkhla Tiafia jHdmdrh ;=< lghq;= lsÍug cd;sl iuqmldr
ixj¾Ok wdh;kfha§ §¾> mqyqKqjla ,enQjkah' fï ksid Tjqyq yqfola ú.Kkh yd
l<ukdlrK oekqug wu;rj m%cd ixj¾Ok oekquo wka;¾.; jD;a;slhkah'
The cooperatives, which are the largest suppliers of microcredit as well

as significant savings mobilizers, are not adequately regulated and
supervised. The lack of a sound legal and regulatory framework for
microfinance NGOs and cooperatives places clients' savings at risk and
thus threatens the reputation of the entire microfinance industry
(Charitonenko and De Silva, 2002:XI).
Charitonenko yd De Silva f.a by; Wmqgkhka ;=< wu;l lrk ldrKh
jkafka fuu úfõplhska Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ wëlaIKh hgf;a mej;s" by<
iqÿiqlï ,;a nexl=lrejka md,kh l< wdh;k /ila lvd jeàug ,lajQ nj;a" tjeks
lvd jegqKq uQ,H wdh;kj, ;ekam;alrejka ishÈú kid.ekSu mjd isÿj we;s nj;a
h' fuu ;;a;ajh ms<sn| m¾fhaIlhdf.a ;¾lh jkafka Tjqka ish u;h ia:dms;
80 | P a g e
lsÍug o;a; yd f;dr;=re yev .iajk njhs ^data massaging&' tkï ;u ;¾lhg
ndOdjla jk o;a; ´kElñka wu;l lrk njhs' úfYaIfhkau iuqmldr jHdmdrfha
uQ,O¾u wkqj mej;sh hq;= iajhx md,k ixl,am oeä f,i W,a,x>kh lsÍug Tjqka
fï wkqj fhdackd lrhs' idudkHfhka fm!oa.,sl jHjidhlhka úYajdi ;nk
wkaofï yqfola úfYaI{ ueÈy;aùï muKla iuqmldr jHdmdrfha j¾Okhg odhl
fkdjk w;r thg idudðl m%cdfõ odhl;ajh" idudðl m%cdj w;ßka m;ajk
wOHlaI uKav, fyda ldrl iNdj, odhl;ajh" ú.Kk lñgq we;=¿ idudðl
lñgqj, odhl;ajh o ifudaOdkslj ysñúh hq;=h' id¾:l iuqmldr jHdmdr ;=< fuu
ifudaOdkh ksÍlaIKh l< yelsh'
iuqmldr jHdmdrh ms<sn| Charitonenko iy De Silva ^2002& f.a wei

fhduqjkafka ksrka;rfhka jd‚c wruqKq foig mu‚' flfia fj;;a iuqmldr
jHdmdrh hkq yqfola jd‚c jHdmdrhla fkdjk nj fmkajd Èh hq;=h' my;
Wmqgkfhka o iajhxmd,s; nj fuu m¾fhaIlhka wk;=rla f,i olsk nj kej;;a
meyeÈ,s fjhs'
The 8,400 registered TCCSs, with an estimated total membership of

905,106, are not all active and not all report or seek loans from
SANASA Development Bank, the TCCS network. SANASA has
village-level and district level societies and a national federation.
However, at each level, societies are autonomous46 (Charitonenko and
De Silva, 2002:11).
m¾fhaIlhka úiska bÈßm;a l< by; ;¾lh ikd: lrñka fuu
m¾fhaIlhka fofokd Tjqkaf.a ks¾foaY w;rg my; ks¾foaYh bÈßm;a lrhs'
Strengthen the ownership and governance of the CRBs. The ownership

and management of the CRBs need to be improved, possibly
consolidating the banks at the national or provincial levels and
partnering them with other financial institutions, such as the RDBs or a
major commercial bank. This recommendation is likely to be viable
only if the multipurpose cooperative society can see that it can have a
greater profit potential from such a restructuring (Charitonenko and De
Silva, 2002:XVIII).
Tjqkaf.a fuu fhdackd ;=< mj;skafka ishjila lghq;= l< jHdmdrhla jk
iuqmldr jHdmdrh fm!oa.,SlrKhls' iuqmldr jHdmdrh fm!oa.,sl wxYh iuÕ
iïnkaO ùfï§ iuqmldr wkkH;dj wdrlaId lr.; hq;= njg jk cd;Hka;r
iuqmldr ixOdkfha 1995 iuqmldr wkkH;d m%ldYfha ks¾foaY W,a,x>khg fhdackd
lsÍuls'
Co-operatives are autonomous, self-help organizations controlled by

their members. If they enter into agreements with other organizations,
46
wjOdrKh m¾fhaIlhkaf.ah
81 | P a g e
including governments, or raise capital from external sources, they do
so on terms that ensure democratic control by their members and
maintain their co-operative autonomy.
laIqø uQ,H wxYh j¾.SlrKfha .eg¨
Wiedmaier- Pfister iy Wohiner ^2004&47 Wmqgd olajñka Premaratne ^2009&

fmkajd fokafka ,dxflah laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%fha úêu;a wxYh f,i olajkafka jd‚c
nexl=" cd;sl b;=re lsÍfï nexl=j" iKi ixj¾Ok nexl=j hk tajdhs' w¾O úêu;a
wxYhg Tjqka iKi iñ;s" .%dóh nexl= iuDoaê nexl= iñ;s" iy rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkj, laIqø uQ,H wxY o" Wlia uOHia:dko" ;eme,a lkaf;dare b;==re lsÍïo
olajd ;sfnhs' m¾fhaIlhkaf.a ;¾lh jkafka úêu;a laIqø uQ,H wxYh f,i
fm!oa.,sl wxYh muKla w¾: olajñka iudc jHjidh ˜w¾O-úêu;a˜ f,i ia:dms;
lsÍu idjoH njhs' fuu j¾. lsÍug l=uk ks¾Kdhl Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;aoehs tu
m¾fhaIlhka meyeÈ,s lr ke;' wmf.a wOHhkfha flakaøfha msysgk iuqmldr
jHdmdrfha ixúOdk .;fyd;a tajd w¾O-úêu;a f,i j¾. lsÍu ms<s.; fkdyelsh'
tu ixúOdk idudðl m%cdfjka ieÿï,;a uy iNdjlskao" Tjqka w;=ßka m;ajk ldrl
iNdjlska fyda wOHlaI uKav,hlskao" fiajl u~q,a,lskao iukaú;j" iuqmldr
ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;f = õ jD;a;Shuh ú.Kkhlg ,lajk - Y%S ,dxflah mßirfha§
muKla 1911 j¾Ifha isg úêu;a kS;shlska ia:dms;j jir 100lg jeä ld,hla
mÍlaIdjg Ndckh ù moï ù we;s ixúOdk moaO;shls' fm!oa.,sl iud.ï —jvd
úêu;a˜ jkafka fuhg jvd l=uk fjkilskao hkak Tjqka meyeÈ,s l< hq;=j ;sì‚'
fujeks j¾.SlrKhka ks¾udKh i|yd mokï jkafka fm!oa.,sl wxYh jvd jeo.;a
njg jk Ydia;%d,hSh nqoaêu;=ka iuyrla ;=< mj;sk ufkda .;sh nj
m¾fhaIlhkaf.a woyihs' flfia fj;;a Ledgerwood ^1998& iuqmldr jHdmdrh laIqø
uQ,H lafIa;%fha§ w¾O úêu;a f,i j¾. lrkafka iuqmldr iqmÍlaIKhg ,la jkafka
nexl= fkdjk rdcH kshduk wêldß u.skah hk ;¾lh Tiafiah'
Semiformal institutions are not regulated by banking authorities but

are usually licensed and supervised by other government agencies.
Examples are credit unions and cooperative banks, which are often
supervised by a bureau in charge of cooperatives (Ledgerwood,
1998:12).
flfia fj;;a w¾O úêu;a wxYh" úêu;a wxYh yd wúêu;a wxYh wiu;ajk
wjia:dj, ksIamdok yd fiajd iemhSfï YlH;dj ork nj Ledgerwood yÿkd .kS'
fuh by; fiiq m¾fhaIlhka úiska w¾O o;a; u; msysgd lrk ,o w¾O
úYf,aIKj,g jvd ksjerÈ yÿkd .ekSuls'
Semiformal institutions provide products and services that fall

somewhere between those offered by formal sector and informal sector
institutions. The design of their loan and savings products often
borrows characteristics from both sectors. In many countries
semiformal institutions often receive donor or government support
47Wiedmaier-Pfister, M., and Wohiner, E., (2004). Microinsurance Sector Study: Sri Lanka, Division
41, Financial Systems Development, GTZ.
82 | P a g e
(Ledgerwood, 1998:12).
fï ksid nexl= wëlaIK foay kshdukhg ,lajk nexl= yd wdY%s; uQ,Hdh;k
úêu;a wxYhgo" nexl= wëlaIK foay fkdjk rdcH wdh;kj, wëlaIKhg ,lajk
laIqø uQ,H wdh;k w¾O úêu;a wxYhgo" fujeks wëlaIKhlg ,la fkdjk
wdh;k wúêu;a wxYhg o j¾. lrkLedgerwood f.a j¾.SlrKh tfia j¾. lsÍug
fya;= hï uÜgulska meyeÈ,s lr we;s j¾.SlrKhls'
f,dal w;ayod ne,Sïj, úlD;s rEm
kdulrKfha isgu l%shdldß;ajh olajdu fuu laIqø uQ,H iud.ï Y%S ,xldfõ§
lghq;= lr we;af;a úlD;s iajrEmhlsks' wOHhk m%foaYh ;=< o lghq;= lrk BRAC
Lanka Finance PLC wdh;kfha kdulrKh isys.kajkafka nx.,dfoaYh we;=¿ rgj,a
.Kkdjl l%shd;aul jk BRAC keu;s rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhhs' l,ska fi,skaflda
.%dóka f,io" ysñldÍ;ajfha fjkialï u; m%hsï .%dóka f,io kdulrKh fldg
wOHhk m%foaYfhao lghq;= lrk iud.fï ku Tiafia isysjkafka nx.,dfoaY .%dóka
nexl= l%uhhs' BRAC yd .%dóka nexl= l%uh yqÿ ,dN mrud¾: fldg.;a ixúOdk
fkdfjhs' tfy;a fuu ixl,am Y%S ,xldfõ jHdmdßl ie,iqïlrejka ish jHdmdßl
wruqKq ioyd úlD;s wdldrfhka Ndú; lrkq oelsh yelsh' fï wkqj by;ska olajd
we;s wdldrhg kdulrKfha isg l%shdldß;ajh olajd .%dóka yd BRAC wd§
ixúOdkj, wdlD;s Ndú; l<;a laIqø uQ,H iud.ï tu l%ufõo Ndú; lsÍu tajd
lD;%su njlg m;aùug fya;= ldrKd fjhs' ta wkqj ,dN wruqKq m%uqL jk iud.ï
,dN wruqKq m%uqL fkdjk ixúOdk úiska m%cdj iún,.ekaùu ioyd l%shd;aul l<
l%ufõo ,dN wruq‚ka l%shd;aul lsÍu tajdfha uq,a iajrEm j, ;d¾lsl;ajh wfydais ù
hdug fya;= ù we;' fï wkqj laIqø uQ,H iud.ï úiska m%cd lKavdhï f.dv ke.Su
jeks l%shd Tiafia .%dóka yd BRAC ixúOdk wkqlrKh l<;a tu l%ufõo ;=<
tajdfha uq,a wruqKq mj;skafka ke;s w;r m¾fhaIlhkaf.a ksÍlaIKh jQfha Tjqka tu
l%ufõo Ndú; lrkafka ish Kh ksl=;a lsÍfï l%shdj,sh yd tajd whlr .ekSfï
l%shdj,sh myiq lr .ekSu i|yd njhs' fï wkqj ksl=;a l< Kh whlr §u ms<sn|
j.lSu lKavdhfï ish¨ idudðlhkag ,nd § we;' th Tjqkaf.a Kh whlr .ekSfï
fufyhqï úhou wvqlr .ekSug fya;= fjhs' túg iud.fï ,dNh i|yd fkdñ,fha
Kh ,dNSkaf.a Y%uh Ndú; lsÍu tu iud.ï isÿ lrhs' fufia Kh whlr .ekSfï
msßjeh wvqlr .ekSu hkq iud.fï ,dNh jeä ùuls'
flfia kuq;a iuqmldr jHdmdrh we;=¿ iafõÉPd ixúOdk fï olajd fu;rï

oDV yd mSvdldÍ Kh kej; whlr .ekSfï l%shdj,s l%shd;aul lr we;af;a b;du;a
wvq jYfhks' wOHhkhg nÿka jQ iuqmldr iñ;s lsisjla fuu Kh whlr .ekSfï
oeä mSvdldÍ fldkafoais l%shd;aul lr mej;sfha ke;' tfiau Kh wh fkdjqKfyd;a
ffk;sl l%shdud¾. .ekSu iuqmldr iñ;s l%shd;aul lrkafka b;du;a wiSreu
wjia:djl mu‚' wOHhkhg nÿka jQ iKi iñ;s Kh whlr .ekSug ffk;sl
l%shdud¾. f.k mej;sfha b;d wju jYfhks' Tjqka Kh w;miq lrkq ,nk
idudðlhka fj; §¾> wjia:d Kh f.ùug ,nd §fuka miqj ffk;sl l%shdud¾.
j,g wj;S¾K fjhs' uQ,H iud.ï fuhg fjkia f,i b;d läkï ffk;sl
l%shdud¾. .ekSu oelsh yelsh' tfiau fuu ffk;sl l%shdud¾. i|yd kS;s{ .dia;=
we;=¿ úYd, úhoula Kh .e;shkag oeÍug isÿfjhs' fuhg fjkia f,i iuqmldr
iñ;s Kh whlr .ekSug isÿlrk ffk;sl l%shdud¾. ioyd jeh jkafka laIqø uQ,H
wdh;k yd ikaikaokh l< úg b;d iq¿ uqo,ls'
83 | P a g e
tfiau iud.ï ks¾udKh lrk fuu lKavdhï ia:djr tajd fkdfjhs' Kh
wruqKq ix;Dma; jQ úg tajd úiqrejd yeÍu isÿfjhs' ta wkqj ;sridr ñksia in|;d ta
yryd f.dv kef.kafka ke;' fï ms<sn| ;jÿrg;a bÈßfha§ idlÉPd lr we;'
laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%fha by< fmd,S wkqmd; iy iuqmldr jHdmdrh
Nimal Fernando ^2006& wdishd Ydka;slr l,dmfha laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%fha fmd,S
wkqmd; by< uÜgul mej;Su ms<s|j Understanding and dealing with high interest
rates on microcredit( A Note to Policy Makers in the Asia and Pacific Region hk
ysiska hq;= m;%sldjla bÈßm;a lr we;' Tyq tys§ by< fmd,S wkqmd;sl mej;Sug fya;=o
idlÉPd lr we;'
Microlenders have two kinds of operating costs: personnel and

administrative. Because microlending is still a labor-intensive
operation, personnel costs are high. Administrative costs consist
mainly of rent, utility charges, transport, office supplies, and
depreciation of fixed assets. Making and recovering small loans is
costly on a per unit basis. Often loan recovery is executed by staff who
visit clients, increasing costs in time taken and transportation used.
Poor physical infrastructure—inadequate road networks,
transportation, and telecommunication systems—in many countries in
which microlenders operate also increases administrative costs and
adds significantly to the cost of microfinance operations (Fernando,
2006).
m%kdkaÿ olajk by; ldrKh Y%S ,xldfõ fm!oa.,sl wxYfha laIqø" uQ,H
iïmdolhka ioyd o fmdÿ nj fuu m¾fhaIKfha o;a; ;=<ska meyeÈ,s fjhs' fndfyda
laIqø uQ,H wdh;k by< fmd,S wkqmd; mdßfNda.slhka fj; bÈßm;a lrhs' fuu
fmd,S wkqmd;fha we;s by<;r nj mdßfNda.slhkag iDcqj oekSug wjldY wyqrk
l%ufõo fuu iud.ï i;=h' tlla jkafka jd¾Isl fmd,sh fkdj udisl fmd,sh f,i
fmd,S wkqmd; m%ldYhg m;a lsÍuhs' fï wkqj lafIa;% m¾fhaIKfha § oel.; yels
jQfha iuyr laIqø uQ,H iud.ï 3] - 4] olajd udisl fmd,S wkqmd; whlrk njhs'
fuh jd¾Isl fmd,S wkqmd; f,i .;fyd;a 36]-48] l fmd,S wkqmd;slhls' i;sm;d
fyda Èkm;d Kh yd fmd,S whlr.kakd f,i fudjqkaf.a fndfyda laIqø Kh
jevigyka ixúOdkh ù we;s ksid mdßfNda.slhka fj; fuu wê fmd,S úÊcdj
yiqjkafka ke;' úfYaIfhka fuu laIqø Kh ,nd .ekSug fhduqjk .%dóh ldka ;djka
f.a wOHdmk miqìu .;aúg mj;skafka wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% úNd.h olajd fyda
fndfydaúg thg wvq wOHdmk miqìuls' tfiau fuu wê fmd,S wkqmd; wkd.;fha
.eñ wd¾Ólh oeä Kh W.=,l isrlÍug kshñ;h' Tjqkaf.a ffoksl Y%u je.=refuka
jeä m%udKhla Kh f.ùu i|yd jeh lsÍug Tjqkag isÿjkq we;'
fuu wê fmd,S m%;sY;h ms<sn| oekqïj;a jqjo tu ;;a;ajh fkd;ld Kh ,nd

.ekSug fhduqùu .%dóh ldka;djka ;=<ska Èiajk m%Odk ,laIKhls' tys,d
 wvq ld,iSudjlska Kh ,nd §u
84 | P a g e
 ksjigu fyda ;odikak ia:dkhlg meñK tu myiqlï iemhSu
 Kh whlsÍug o ksjigu meñŒu
 Kh uqo, ,nd .ekSug iaÓr ixúOdkhlg ne§ isàu wjYH fkdùu
 fldgia yd ;ekam;a jeks uQ,sl wdfhdackhla isÿ lsÍu wjYH fkdùu
 uQ,H iud.ï úiska fiajfha fhdojk wf,úlrejka tu ld¾hh ioyd ukd
f,i mqyqKq lr ;sîu
hk idOlo n,md we;'
Fernando ^2006& by;ska olajd we;s laIqø uQ,H fmd,sh by< hdu iuqmldr
jHdmdrhg ta f,iskau wod<o hkak .eg¨jls' úfYaIfhkau iKi iñ;s
fufyhfjkafka b;d l=vd fufyhqï úhoï m%udKhlsks' wOHhkhg n÷ka jQ iKi
iñ;s o;a; mÍlaId l< úg meyeÈ,s jkafka iñ;sfha fufyhqï úhoï ksfhdackh
lrkafka iuia; úhoïj,ska l=vd fldgila njhs' úfYaIfhkau mßudKfhka l=vd
iñ;s fiajlhka rys;j" tkï NdKavd.dßljßhf.a iafõÉPd Y%u odhl;ajh u;
.kqfokq mj;ajdf.k hk wjia:dj, fuu úhoï .e‚h fkdyels m%;sY;hla w;alr
.kshs' th idudkHfhka 5-10] w;r w.hls' fiajlhka iys; iñ;sj, tu w.h 15-
20] w;r idudkHhla .kshs' tfiau mßudKfhka úYd, jk úg o fndfyda iñ;s
fhdod .kafka fiajlfhla fyda fofofkla mu‚' thg jvd jeä fiajl m%udKhla
lghq;= lrkafka uyd mßudKhg ixj¾Okh jQ iKi iñ;sj, mu‚'
jHdc m%cd lKavdhïlrKfha n,mEu
fuu m¾fhaIKfha § o;a; odhlhka f,i l%shdl< laIqø uQ ,H iud.ï u.ska

we;sl< ldka;d lKavdhïys l%shdldß‚hka úfYaIfhka fuu Kh ioyd fhduq ùug
m%Odk fya;= f,i ioyka lf<a by; ldrKd w;=frka m<uq ldrKd my fjhs' wjidk
ldrKh Tjqkaf.a wjOdkhg md;% jkafka ke;' Tjqka mjikafka fuu ks,OdÍka
ñ;%YS,S njhs' fuu lD;%su ñ;%YS,S nj iKi iñ;shl fyda .%dóh nexl=jl fiajl
fiaúldjka olajk wjHdc ñ;%YS,SNdjfhka fjkafldg y÷kd .ekSug Tjqkag ixfõ§
ufkdaNdjhla ke;sj f.dia we;' úfYaIfhka .fï iKi iñ;sfha ldrl iNdj yd
fiajl u~q,a, fndfyda úg b;d iómj mdßfNda.slhka iuÕ lghq;= lrkq oel.;
yelsh' fuu ;reKhska lD;%su ñ;%YS,S .;shla mj;skjd h hkak ksÍlaIKh l<
yelafla ish ffoksl fjf<o lghq;=j,ska miq Tjqka tl;=ù isÿlrk i,a,dmhlg
ijka ÿkfyd;a mu‚' m¾fhaIlhkaf.a wei .eiqKq tla i,a,dmhl§ Tjqka .¾ys;
joka ish mdßfNda.slhka úia;r lsÍug Ndú; lrkq ksÍlaIKh yels úh' th Tjqkag
mqyqKq lr we;s lD;%su ñ;%YS,S;ajfha ienE uqyqKqjrhs'
fuhg m%;smlaI f,i .fï iKi iñ;sfha fiajl fiaúldjka ish

mdßfNda.slhka wu;kafka {d;S;aj mo ud,dj,sks' th iKi iñ;sh .ïudkh iuÕ
noaO ù we;s m%udKh ms<sno lÈu o¾Ylhls' fuh kQ;k jHjidhj, mj;sk ish¨
mdßfNda.slhkag ˜i¾˜ yd ˜uevï˜ fyda ˜uy;a;hd˜ yd ˜uy;añh˜ hk jokaj,ska
wuka;%Kh lsÍug jvd fjkia jk nj meyeÈ,sh' .%dóh nexl= ld¾hh uKav,h
iKi iñ;sj,g jvd úêu;a f,i ms<s.;a wduka;%K úê fhdod .kakd kuq;a jvd
.%dóh ;,fha§ mdßfNda.slhka yd fiajlhka w;r jvd ióm;ajhla ksÍlaIKh l<
yelsh' fujeks uyck in|;d kQ;k jHjidhl ixialD;shg Tìkafka ke;s njg
;¾l bÈßm;a úh yelsh' kQ;k jHjidhl ixialD;sh ;=< iudc in|;d wfm!oa.,sl
lsÍug m%;súreoaO msysgu
q l iKi iñ;s ixialD;sh ;=< iudc in|;d msysgqjd we;'
tkï w;s ióm fiajl - mdßfNda.sl - idudðl in|;d msysgqùuhs' ta wkqj
mdßfNda.slhd yuqjk ksfïIfha§ mj;ajk uyck wka;¾in|;dj yd mdßfNda.slhd
85 | P a g e
fkdue;s ;ek Tyq ms<sn| olajk wdl,amh w;r úYd, fjkila iKi iñ;shl
fiajl uKav, ;=< ksÍlaIKh l< fkdyelsh' fuhg m%Odk fya;=j iKi iñ;shl
yd úúO fiajd iñ;shl .%dóh nexl=jl m%cd mokula mej;Suhs' iudkHfhka m%cdjla
f,i y÷kd .kafka fmdÿ w.h" p¾hdj yd udkjlD;s (artifacts& fnod yod f.k tlu
N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhl Ôj;a jk ñksia iuQyhls' iKi iñ;sj, ixúOdk jHq yh
f.dvke.S we;af;a fuu .;s ,laIK wdrlaId jk f,isks' ta wkqj iKi iñ;s
N+f.da,Sh jYfhka l=vd m%foaYhl tlg Èú f.jk ñksia lKavdhula b,lal jk
f,i idudðl;ajh f.dv ke.S we;' Tjqka fndfydaúg NdIdfjka yd ixialD;sfhka
iómj ne|S we;' tlu m%foaYhl Èú f.jk úúO ckjd¾.sl lKavdhï mjd fmdÿ
ne§ïj,ska ne§ isák fyhska iKi iñ;shl Yla;su;a m%cd iyNd.s;ajhla oel.;
yelsh' fuu ;;a;ajh iKi iñ;shlg jvd hï uÜgul my<ska úúO fiajd iuqmldr
iñ;shl o oel.; yelsh' fï ksid iKi iñ;shla ^yd thg jvd hï uÜgulska
my<ska& úúO fiajd iuqmldr iñ;shla hkq iudc taldoaO;dj ioyd jeo.;ajk
ixúOdk j¾.hls' úfYaIfhka wfm!oa.,sl in|;d iys; fm!oa.,sl uQ,H iud.ïj,g
isÿl< fkdyels iudc taldoaO;dj ks¾udKh lsÍfï yd fi!LHu;a m%cdjla
ks¾udKhg Wr§ï m%n, YlH;djla iuqmldr iñ;s j,g mj;shs' fï ksid yqÿ Kh
iïmdokh yd b;=reï fiajd iemhSula muKla iuqmldr laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%h
isÿlrkafka ke;' iKi iñ;shla .;fyd;a m%cdj th y÷kajkafka ˜wfma iñ;sh˜
f,iska ñi yqfola ˜iKi˜ iñ;sh f,iska fkdfjhs' fuhg fjkia f,i uQ,H
iud.ï iu. ñksiqka ftkaøShj nef|kafka ke;' Tjqka uQ,H iud.ï yÿkajkafka
˜iud.u˜ fyda ˜fldïmeksh˜ f,iska ñi ˜wfma iud.u˜ fyda ˜wfma fldïmeksh˜
f,iska fkdfjhs'
fï ldrKd u; laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%h fm!oa.,sl wxYhg jv jvd újD; ùu

wjodkï lsysmhla we;s lrhs' tlla jkafka m%cd taldoaO;dj f.dv k.k wdh;;
moaO;s iu. ;r.ldÍj lghq;= lsÍug m%cd taldoaO;dj f.dv fkdk.k wdh;k
moaO;shlg bv újr ùuhs' th .ïudk yd kd.ßl m%cd lKavdhï ;=< mj;sk m%cd
tluq;=jg wkshñka n,mEï isÿ lrhs' Tjqka f.dvk.k ldka;d lKavdhï ;=<ska o
kshu m%cd ixúOdkhl ,laIK ms<sìUq fkdjk nj lafIa;% ksÍlaIKh Tiafia meyeÈ,s
úh' jd.aúoHd;aulj ksÍlaIKh l< úg Tjqka ish lKavdhu ˜wfma lKavdhu˜ f,i
y÷kajkafka b;d l,d;=rlska nj ksÍlaIKh úh' fuh tu lKavdhï lD;%su nj;a"
yqÿ Kh wjYH;dj u; muKla isÿjk tlaùula nj;a ;yjqre fjhs' iKi iñ;shlg
tla jkafka yqÿ Kh wjYH;dj u; muKla fkdfjhs' .ïudkj, isák by< uOHu
mx;sho fndfyda úg Kh wjYH;dj u; fkdj iudÔh iyNd.S;ajh wruqKq fldg
f.k Khfok iuqmldr iñ;sh yd iïnkaO j isák njo lafIa;% m¾fhaIKfha§
ksßlaIKh úh' tfiau idudðlhska w;ßka 10]lg wdikak m%;sY;hla lsisod
iñ;sfhka Kh ,ndf.k ke;' Tjqka fuu iudc iyNd.s;ajh wfmalaIdfjka
idudðl;ajh ork mqoa.,hkah' fuh m%cd tluq;=j ms<sn| ix{djls'
wfkla ldrKh jkafka iKi iñ;shla .;al, th laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%hg

muKla iSudù lghq;= lrkafka ke; hkakhs' w;s nyq;rhla iKi iñ;s iqnidOl
wxYhla mj;ajdf.k hhs' fndfyda .ïudkj, urKdOdr yd iqnidOk iñ;sh iKi
iñ;sfha fldgila njg m;aj we;' iñ;sfha uy iNd idudðlhka udislj /iafjhs'
Khlrejkaf.a PdhdrEm .ekSu( ftkaøSh in|;d fkdue;s ùu ms<sn| ix{djla f,i
by;ska olajd we;s ldrKh kdgHdldrj b;d lÈug meyeÈ,s ùula

laIqø uQ,H iud.ï Kh ksl=;=fõ§ Khlrejkaf.a PdhdrEm ,nd .ekSu Tiafia isÿ
lrkq ,nhs' iKi iñ;s yd .%dóh nexl= Kh fokafka ish idudðl m%cdjgh' iKi
iñ;sfha uy iNdj fukau .%dóh nexl=j wh;a m%dfoaYsl ldrl iNdfõ ldrl
86 | P a g e
iNslhka o Kh,dNSka ms<sn|j fm!oa.,slj okshs' Tjqkag wuq;=fjka fuu Kh,dNSka
PdhdrEm .;lsÍu wjYH fkdfjhs' laIqø uQ,H iud.ï hkq fujeks m%cd mokula iys;
wdh;k fkdjk l,ays Tjqkag Kh,dNSka ˜f*dfgda .eiSug˜ isÿfjhs' th m%cd moku
fkdue;s wdh;khla yd m%cd wdh;khla w;r fjki b;d lÈug ksrEmKh lsÍuls'
Kh,dNSka yd wdh;kh w;r we;s lD;%su in|;dj fyj;a ¥r;r nj ksrEmKh ùuls'
uE;l isg Kh ,nd .ekSfï§ újdy iy;slh fukau újdy PdhdrEmho PdhdrEm
.;lsÍu oel.; yelsh'
iudc nysIalrKh yd iuqmldr jHdmdrh
,dxflah laIqø uQ,H lafIa;%h yd úfYaIfhka tys iuqmldr wxYh ms<sn|

wOHhk isÿlr we;s iuyr m¾fhaIl o;a; iïNdykhg yd w¾O i;H ksrEmKhg
lghq;= isÿlr we;s nj by;ska úYaf,aIKd;aulj fmkajd § we;' flfia fj;;a
iuqmldr jHdmdrh yd tys laIqø uQ,H wxYh ;=< .eg¨ ke;s nj ñka woyia jkafka
ke;' wOHhkh ;=< yuqjk fujeks .eg¨ ms<sn| úYaf,aIKhlg fuu wkq ud;Dldj
Tiafia W;aidy orkq we;'
iKi iñ;s .;fyd;a ta ;=< iudc nysIalrKh .eg¨jla f,i l%shd;aul jk

nj Y%S ,dxflah m¾fhaIlhkaf.a ksis wjOdkhg ,laj ke;s lafIa;%hls' Hulme and
Mosley ^1996& Wmqgd olajñka Bhatt yd Tang ^2001& fmkajd fokafka tu ;;a;ajhhs'
Hulme and Mosley (1996) provide evidence of such ―social exclusion‖

in Sri Lanka‘s SANASA and Bangladesh‘s BRAC initiatives. In these
programs, members identified some people in their villages as being
too poor, and hence unsuitable for group membership (Bhatt and Tang,
2001: 330).
by; ldrKhg wu;rj fuu m¾fhaIKh ;=< § wkdjrKh jk jeo.;a
ldrKhla jkafka .%dóh yd w¾O kd.ßl mßir ;=< l%shd;aul l=,jd§ ufkda .;so
iKi iñ;s yd úúO fiajd iñ;s ;=< l%shd;aul jk njhs' úfYaIfhkau kdhl;ajhg
m;a lsÍfï§ fuu l=, mokï ishqïj l%shd;aul jk nj y÷kd .; yelsh' fuu
;;a;ajh jvd lemS fmfkkafka mlaI foaYmd,kh kHdhhsl jYfhka neyer lr we;s
kuq;a" m%dfhda.sl ;,fha§ ;Èkau mlaI foaYmd,kh l%shd;aul jk úúO fiajd
iuqmldr iñ;s kdhl;ajh iïkaOfhks' fï wkqj wOHhkhg n÷ka jQ úúO fiajd
iñ;s ish,af,ysu kdhl;ajh .uka lrkafka iñ;s n, m%foaYfha m%uqL l=,h fj;h'48
fuh cEkaia ð.skaia úiska Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,kh yd l=,h w;r i|;dj ms<sn|
lrk ,o m%lg m¾fhaIKfha ks.uk yd iumd; fjhs ^Jiggins, 1979&' ta wkqj Jiggins
^1979& iuqmldr jHdmdrh .ek iDcqj idlÉPd lr ke;;a" m%foaYfha mj;sk m%dfoaYSh
iNdj yd k.r iNdj yereKq úg foaYmd,k n,h wNHdi jk yd l=,jdoh l%shd;aul
jk B<. m%dfoaYSh wêldßh f,i úúO fiajd iuqmldr iñ;sh f,i y÷kd.;
yelsh' iKi iñ;s iïnkaOfhka fuu ;;a;ajh úúO fiajd iñ;sj,g idfmalaIj
;kql njla w;alr .kakd kuq;a" iïmQ¾Kfhka neyer ù we;ehs is;sh fkdyelsh'
flfia kuq;a fuh fjku m¾fhaIK lafIa;%hls' ta ms<sn| .eUqrg .uka lsÍug fuh
wjia:dj fkdfjhs'
48
m%uqL l=,h bka§h iudc úoHd{ Y%S ksjdiaf.a ixl,amhls' m%foaYfha jeä msßia n,h ork yd l=,
OQrdj,sfha my< uÜgul msysgk l=,hla m%dfoaYSh ;,fha§ tu m%foaYfha wdêmHh w;alr .kS' th Y%S
ksjdia m%uqL l=,h f,i y÷kajhs ^riakdhl" 2017&'
87 | P a g e
flfia fj;;a fuu ;;a;ajh l=, OQrdj,sfha yd mx;s fm< .eiafï my<skau
msysgk lKavdhïj, idudðlhkag wys;lr f,i n,mE yelsh' iudkd;aulj yd
idOdrKj ie,lSu wysñùu Tjqka w;aolsk tla ixisoaêhls' o;a;odhlhka f,i
bÈßm;a jQ laIqø uQ,H iud.ïj,ska Kh ,nd.;a ldka;djka iDcqj m%ldY fkdl<;a
jHx.d¾:fhka fuu wiudk ie,lSu fmkajd ÿkafkah' Kh ,nd .ekSfï§ m%uqL;dj
wysñùu wdka;sl ÿ.S m%cdj uqyqK fok ;j;a .eg¨jls' idudkHfhka Tjqkaf.a
f.ùfï yelshdj ke;s nj ldrl iNdj yd uy iNdj ;SrKh l<fyd;a Tjqkag Tjqka
b,a,kq ,nk Kh uqo, ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj wysñ fjhs' tfy;a Tjqka ,nd .kafka
mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d i|yd jk Khla fkdj iajhx /lshdjl Odß;dj by< kxjd
.ekSug Khla kï ta ioyd úêu;a m%fõYhla ;ks ;ks iKi iñ;s fyda úúO fiajd
iñ;s mjd imhkafka ke;' úfYaIfhkau tjeks ld¾hhla i|yd wjYH ;dlaI‚l yd
udkj iïm;ao fuu wdh;kj,g ke;' tfia kï úi÷u jkafka tjeks ld¾h i|yd
oaú;Shsl iñ;s ueÈy;a ùuhs' fï wkqj Èia;%sla iuqmldr uKav,h" Èia;%sla .%d óh nexl=
ix.uh" Èia;%sla iKi ix.uh" Èia;%sla ëjr iuqmldr iñ;s ix.uh wd§ m%Odk
oaú;sShsl iñ;s fï ioyd uQ,sl;ajh .; hq;=fjhs'
lDIsl¾uh yd iajhx /lshd mqyqKqj jeks lafIa;%j,g hï uÜgulska oaú;Shsl

iñ;s ueÈy;a jQ wjia:d we;' kuq;a mqoa.,sl uQ,H wdh;k yd ixikao kd;aulj
iuqmldr lafIa;%h fjkila w;alr .ekSug kï fï yd iïnkaO ueÈy;a ùu fuhg
jvd ;Sj% úh hq;= nj m¾fhaIhka fuhska woyia lrkq ,nhs' fm!oa.,sl laIqø uQ,H
wdh;k ñksiqka w;rg meñfKkafka fujeks jevms<sfj<la iys;j fkdfjhs'
Tjqkaf.a wruqK yqfola Kh iemhSu ñi M,odhS Kh iïmdokhla fkdfjhs' iuqmldr
m%;sm;a;s yd idrO¾u .;aúgo tajd ;=< wLKav idudðl wOHdmkh yd m%cdj ms<sn|
ie,ls,su;aùu oeä f,i wjOdrKh lr we;' fï ksid iïmdokh lrkq ,nk
Khj,ska fldgila wdodhï ckkh i|yd jk Kh ùu fukau tu ld¾hhka i|yd
idudðl m%cdj,g wjYH mqyqKqj ,nd§u fyda wjYHu mqyqKqj ,nd.; yels wdh;k
iïnkaëlrKhg iñ;shg lghq;= l< yelsh'
iuqmldr jHdmdrfha uQ,H jHjydr ÿ¾j,;d
iuqmldr jHdmdrfha b;=reïj,ska jeä m%udKhla ckkh jkafka .%dóh

uÜgñks' fuu b;=reï j,ska ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla jd‚c nexl=j, wdfhdackh lsÍu
oel.; yelsh' fuh iuqmldr jHdmdrfha l<ukdlrKfha hï ÿ¾j, biõjls'
úfYaIfhkau iuqmldr jHdmdrh f.dvk.d we;s mq¿,a ixúOdk cd,h M,odhSj Ndú;
fkdlsÍfï m%;sM,hls' úúO fiajd iñ;s yd iKi iñ;s Èia;%sla .%dóh nexl= ix.ufha
yd Èia;%sla iKi ix.ufha wdfhdackh lr we;s wdldrh wOHhkh l<fyd;a fmkS
hkafka úúO fiajd iñ;s flfia fj;;a iKi iñ;s ish jHdmdrfha oaú;Shsl
ixúOdkh ;=< m%udKj;a wdfhdackhla isÿlr ke;s njhs' wfkla w;g iuyr iKi
iñ;s fm!oa.,sl nexl=j, thg jeä wdfhdackhla isÿlr we;s tjeks wdfhdack hkq
jHdmdrfha wNHka;r wruqo,a ndysrg .,d hdug ie,eiaùuls' wdfhdack l<U ms<sn|
pl%f,aL mj;soa§u iuyr iKi iñ;s ishhg 80-90 m%;sY;j,skau ;ks nexl=jl
wdfhdack isÿlr we;s wjia:d oelsh yelsh' fuu nexl=j .eg¨ iy.; ;;ajhlg
uqyqK ÿkfyd;a iñ;sj, fuu wdfhdack o .eg¨jlg uqyqK fohs' fuh iuqmldr
jHdmdrh kshdukh lrkq ,nk wdh;k fukau fuu jHdmdrfha uqÿka uÜgfï
wdh;ko mq¿,a l;sldjla Tiafia úi|sh hq;=" iajhx-fufyhùulska fuu ;;a;ajh
iukh lr .ekSulg lghq;= lsÍu jvd;a M,odhS jk ixisoaêhls' úfYaIfhkau
wdfhdack isÿlsÍfï j.lSu m%Odk jYfhka Èia;%sla iKi ix.ï yd .%dóh nexl=
ix.ï ^yd ëjr iuqmldr iñ;s ix.ï& hk oaú;Shsl uÜgug ,ndÿka úg tu ix.ï
88 | P a g e
yryd wruqo,a ysÕ;dfjka fmf<k iñ;s i|yd wruqo,a iïmdokh lsÍfï yelshdj
,efnhs' tfiau w;sßla; wruqo,a úplaIKYS,Sj wdfhdackh lsÍfï yelshdjo u;=fjhs'
flfia kuq;a fuys,d oel.; yelsjk ldrKhla jkafka iuyr wjia:dj,

fuu oaú;Shsl iñ;s ish ndysr wdfhdack laIqø uQ,H lghq;= lrk iud.ïj,o
isÿlsÍuhs' ta ;=<ska isÿjkafka .%dóh yd kd.ßl wvqwdodhï,dNSkaf.ka iKi" ëjr"
j;=fiajl ksjdi iuqmldr iñ;s yd iuqmldr .%dóh nexl= úiska rdYslrKh lrkq
,nk wruqo,a oaú;Shsl iñ;s yryd laIqø uQ,H iud.ï w;g m;aù tu wruqo,a w;e;sj
meñfKk laIqø uQ,H iud.ï kej; tu m%cdjgu oeßh fkdyels fmd,shlg Kh
iïmdokhhs' fï ksid fujeks wdfhdackj,§ wod< ndysr wdfhdaclhka fuu wruqo,a
fhdod .kakd ld¾h .eko ie,ls,su;a ùu jeo.;ah'
Jayamaha iy Mula ^2010& fmkajd fokafka .%dóh nexl=j, uQ,H jHjydr

wfmalaIs; uÜgug u fkdmj;sk njhs' úfYaIfhkau øjYS,;d .eg¨ Tjqka olajd we;'
flfia fj;;a f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqo ;=<§ mjd hï ia:djr;ajhlska lghq;= lsÍug
,dxflah iuqmldr iñ;sj,go yelsjQ nj o ta w;ru fmkajd Èh hq;=j we;'
iuqmldr jHdmdrfha yd weüe;s md¾Yjhkaf.a (stakeholders& u;jd§ .egqï
ì¾fp,a yd isfudkaia ^Birchall & Simmons 2010& Y%S ,dxflah m%cdj iu.
isÿl< iuyr iïuqL idlÉPd ish m¾fhaIKh ;=<§ Wmqgd olajd we;'
―Unfortunately, recent commissioners and secretaries have not been

aware of co-operative philosophy, the current thinking of co-operative
movement in the world. They are just administrators, and they try to
prevent change. Even some of the co-operative leaders, they‘re not
willing to change, think the existing thing is better‖ (Birchall &
Simmons 2010).
fuu woyi m%ldY lrkafka iuqmldr jHdmdrfha l=uk ;Ügqfjkao hkak

ì¾fp,a yd isfudkaia ^Birchall & Simmons, 2010& iDcqj m%ldY fkdlrk ,o kuq;a
Wla; m¾fhaIKfha o;a; wkqj wmg wkqudk l< yelafla iuqmldr jHdmdrfha
kdhlhka yd jHdmdrh ;=< lghq;= lrk úOdhl ks,OdÍka w;ska fuu woyi
m%ldYhg m;a jkakg we;s njhs' fuu m¾fhaIKfha § o by; ia;r ;=<ska fuhg
iudk woyia m%ldYhg m;ajQ neúks' tu woyia mek ke.Sug tla fya;=jla jkafka
iuqmldr kS;sfha hï hï ia:dk jHdmdrfha iqug .,d hdug ndOdjla f,i mj;sk
fyhsks' iuqmldr ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;= fuu ffk;sl fldkafoais l%shd;aul
lsÍug hdfï§ jHdmdrfha kdhlhka yd by< úOdhl ks,OdÍka w;ska úfõpkh ùu
isÿfjhs' tla WodyrKhla jkafka remsh,a mkaoyilg jeä j;alï w;am;a lr .ekSu
yd neyer lsÍu i|yd flduidßiajrhdf.a wkque;sh ,nd .; hq;= njg jk ffk;sl
m%;smdokhhs' fuu uqo, kQ;k mßirhg fkd.e<fmk njg m%n, úfõpkhla we;'
flfia kuq;a m<d;a iNd uÜgñka iïu; fjñka mj;sk iuqmldr m%{ma;s ;=<ska fuu
iSud hï uÜgulska fjkia lrñka mj;skq oel.; yelsh'
tfiau iliqrejï yd Kh .kqfokq iuqmldr ix.uh fyj;a iKi ix.uh yd

iKi iñ;s w;r iuyr wjia:dj, u;jd§ .egqï mj;sk nj ksÍlaIKh l< yelsh'
˜wms ix.uh;a tlal tÉpr iïnkaOhla keye˜ jeks wLHdk fuu iñ;s kdhl;ajh
yd fiajl uKav, w;ska m%ldYs; jkafka fï wkqjh' iliqrejï yd Kh .kqfokq
89 | P a g e
iuqmldr jHdmdrfha fldgia odhl;ajh u; f.dv k.d we;s nexl= mk; hgf;a
,shdmÈxÑ lr we;s fm!oa.,sl nexl=jla yd Èia;%sla iKi ix.uh w;ro fjf<o fmd<
;r.ldÍ;ajhla f.dv ke.S we;' fuu wdh;k oaú;ajhu ish fjf<o fmd< f,i
m%d:ñl iKi iñ;s Ndú; lsÍu fuhg fya;=jhs' nexl=j iuÕ iómj .kqfokq lrk
iKi iñ;s ms<soj Èia;%sla iKi ix.uh ÿria;rj lghq;= lrk w;r nexl=j .;aúg
úYd, mßudK iKi iñ;s yd lsÜgqfjka lghq;= lrkq olakg we;' fuu
;r.ldÍ;ajh yd fkdtlÕ;d iKi iñ;s i|yd wys;lrj n,mdkq ,nhs' úfYaIfhka
idudðl iñ;s f,i ;ukag jvd md,k n,hla ysñjk" iuqmldr jHdmdrfha
wNHka;ßl wdh;khla jk Èia;%sla ix.ufhka iKi iñ;s wE;a ùu jHdmdrfha
Yla;su;aNdjhg ydkshls' u;jd§ .egqï mej;Su m%cd;ka;%jd§ jHdmdrhl iajNdjh
jk w;r" ta u; oaú;Shsl ixúOdkj,ska ÿriaùu j<lajd .ekSu i|yd ueÈy;a úh
hq;af;ao oaú;Shsl ixúOdkhuh'
m%cd ú.Kkh
m%cd mdol ixúOdkhla f,i hym;a mokul mej;Sug kï m%cd ixúOdkh

Yla;su;a m%cd ú.Kkhlg Ndckh úh hq;= fjhs' m%cdj w;=frka ú.Kk lñgqjla
m;alr .ekSu iKi iñ;sj,§ isÿfjhs' kuq;a .%dóh nexl= ioyd fujeks m%;smdok
w;=re jHjia:dfõ i,id ke;' flfia fj;;a Kh §u we;=¿ l%shdj,sh i|yd m%dfoaYsl
ldrl iNd ueÈy;a fjhs' kuq;a tu ueÈy;a ùu iKi iñ;s ;rï Yla;u s ;a
l%shdj,shla fkdjk nj ksÍlaIKh úh' fndfyda m%dfoaYsl ldrl iNd Kh wkqu;
lsÍfï lghq;a; muKla isÿ lrhs' wfkla ldrKd iïnkaOj ksødYS,hS ' m%cd ú.Kkh
wfkla wdh;kj,g ke;s m%cd ixúOdkj,g muKla úfYaIs; md,k Wml%uhls' fï
fyhska th Yla;su;a lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu jeo.;a fjhs'
mqyqKqj iïnkaO .eg¨
iuqmldr jHdmdrh .;fyd;a tys m%;sm;a;s w;r wOHdmkh yd mqyqKqj tla

m%Odk m%;ms ;a;shls' flfia fj;;a laIqø uQ,H iud.ïj, n,mEug uqyK q §ug kï
idudðlhka" kdhlhka yd fiajl uKav, i|yd fyd| mqyqKqùï wjYH fjhs'
wOHhkh ;=<§ ksÍlaIKh jkafka jHdmdrfha uqÿka uÜgfï wdh;kj,ska iKi
iñ;s ioyd ,nd § we;s mqyqKqùï wju uÜgul mej;s njhs' ldrl iNd idudðlhka
w;ßka 70]la jHdmdrh ms<sn| úêu;a mqyqKqjla ,nd ke;' fiajlhka w;=frka 60]la
jHdmdrh ms<sno úêu;a mqyqKqjla ,nd ke;' fï ksid úêu;a mqyqKqùï ks¾udKh ùu
w;HjYH fõ' cd;sl iuqmldr uKav,h" Èia;%sla iuqmldr uKav,h" Èia;%sla iKi
ix.uh" cd;sl iuqmldr ixj¾Ok wdh;kh" iKi úYajúoHd,h wd§ wdh;k
msysgqùfï wruqKq w;r m%Odk wruqKla f,i wOHdmk yd mqyqKq lghq;= mj;shs'
tfiau iuqmldr jHdmdrfha weüe;s md¾Yajhla jk iuqmldr ixj¾Ok
fomd¾;fïka;=j o mqyqKq lsÍï ms<sno N+ñldjla orhs' kuq;a ix;Dma; uÜgulg mqyqKq
lghq;= isÿj ke;s nj fï wkqj fmkS hhs' l<ukdlrK" .KldêlrK" wf,úlrK
yd idudÔh úoHd;aul hk kQ;k oekqï moaO;sj,ska ikakoaê; laIqø uQ,H iud.ï
iuÕ lrg lr isàug kï iuqmldr jHdmdrh ish m%cdj oekqñka yd mqyqKqfjka
ikakoaO l<hq;= fjhs'
fldfnhs;=vqj yd uvl=Uqr m%foaY wdY%s;j mek ke.S we;s .eg¨
fuu m¾fhaIKfha§ iómj wjOdkh fhduqlr we;s .ïudk oaú;ajh fuhhs'

fuu .ïudk oaú;ajh ;=< lafIa;% wOHhk lghq;= jeä jYfhka fufyhjd we;s w;r"
ta wkqj fmkS .sh ldrKhla jkafka b;d úYd, m%udKhla iq¿ Kh iïmdok iud.ï
fuu .ïudk úksúo we;s njhs' fuu .ïudkj,g ióm m%Odk kd.ßlh jk
90 | P a g e
wïn,kaf.dv k.rh .;fyd;a maßudKfhka myf<djlg wêl iq¿ uQ,H fiajd
iïmdokh lrk úêu;a iud.ï fukau wúêu;a Kavdhï o oel.; yelsh' tfiau
uvl=Uqr .%duh .;fyd;a thg wdikak ;j;a Wm kd.ßlhla jk lrkafoKsh k.rh
;=<o iq¿ uQ,H fiajd imhk iud.ï ia:dms;h' fldfnhs;=vqj .%duhg wdikak ;j;a
Wm kd.ßl m%foaYhla jk ngfmd< k.rh .;al, tyso iq¿ uQ,H iud.ï ia:dms;h'
tl f.or iñ;s my yhla ;sfhkjd' tajd ;shk f.org;a fldñia uqo,la

yïnfjkjd'' ûvl=Uqr m%foaYjdiSka iu. l< iïuqL idlÉPd&
uvl=Uqr m%foaYjdiSka olajkafka tl ksjfia Kh iñ;s lsysmhla mj;ajk

nj;a' ta i|yd fldñia uqo,lao wod< ksfjia ysñhdg ,ndfok nj;ah' fuu ;;a;ajh
fmkakqï lrkafka ;Sj% Kh iïmdokhla fuu .ïudk wdY%s;j isÿjk njhs' —wo Èk
miafofkl=f.ka hq;a lKavdhula yod .ka;d kï ,nk i;sfha Kh fokjd˜ hk
m%ldY ;=<skao fuu woyi i;d: fjkjd muKla fkdj" Kh ,nd§u fl;rï YS>%o
hk ldrKh meyeÈ,s fjhs' Kh ,nd.ekSu i|yd wjYH jkafka Kh ,nd§fï§ fuu
iud.ï wkq.ukh lrk lKavdhï l%uhg ixúOdkh ùu mu‚' iuyr msßia wdh;k
lsysmhlska Kh ,ndf.k we;' fï wkqj tlu mqoa.,hd ia:dk lsyms hl Khlrefjl=
njg m;aj we;' tho Kh f.jd .ekSfï .eg¨ j,g w; jkkakls'
iud.ï muKla fkdj ffokslj uqo,a fmd,shg fok msßilao .ïudkj, oel.;
yelsh' iuyr msßia fuu ld¾hh isÿlrkafka ixúOdkd;aul jHdmdrhla jYfhks' tu
msßia Kh ,nd §fï§ lKavdhï l%uh wkq.ukh fkdlrk w;r" tu fmd,S m%;sY;
iq¿ uQ,H wdh;k j, m%;sY; wìnjd hhs'
iuyr mqoa.,hka ojfia l=,S wdodhu fuu Kh f.ùug iïmQ¾Kfhkau jeh

lrk njo fmkS hhs' fuh wkjYH yd oeßh fkdyels uÜgñka Kh ,nd .ekSu u;
ìysj we;s ixisoaêhla nj meyeÈ,sh' Khla ,nd .ekSug lKavdhïla ;kd" tu
lKavdhug i;shlska Kh ,nd§u u.ska ;u w;g m;ajk uqo,a l<ukdlrKh lr
.; fkdyelsjk ñksiqka" wjidkfha§ tu uqo,ska ksis m%fhdackhla fkdf.k
Khnßka ñßlSu muKla fYaI ùu oel.; yelsh'
fuu ldrKd Tiafia .ïudkh ;=< úúO wdLHdk f.dvke.S we;s wdldrhlao
y÷kd .; yelsh'
—.fï ÿj, fokakhs" wïuhs" ;d;a;hs ysgmq mjq,la oeka reyqKq l=udß fldaÉÑfha ysÕd
lkjd—
—Kh f.jd .kak nerej" thska .e,fjk úêhla f,i ;=jd, lr.kak .syska
urfKl=;a jd¾;d fjkjd—
—tla ldka;djla fjk whf.a kïj,ska Kh ,ndf.k m%Yak u;=fjÉp ksid újdyho
foor,d .sys,a,d oeka ueofmrÈ. .syska—
—Kh f.jd.kak nerej lÜáhla .u;a yer .sys,a,d—
—ieñhdg fydfrka Kh ,ndf.k f.jd.kak nerej mjq,a wdrjq,a yd mjq,a Ôú; ì§ï
jd¾;d fjkjd—
—i;s iñ;j, m%Yak ksid ñksiaiq w;r wdrjq,a" nyska niaùï olskak mq¿jka'—
91 | P a g e
Kh fkdf.jk idudðlhskag—
—YdLdjl wdodhu wvqkï fiajlhka bj;a lrk f,i l<ukdlreg n,mEï tkjd— -
^wod< wdh;khl l<ukdlrefjl=f.a ujla&
fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka fuu isoaêj, ksjroH;dj ms<sn| ;yjqre lr.ekSï

m¾fhaIlhka úiska isÿ fkdl<o m%cdj fuu Kh l%u ms<sn|j isákafka hym;a
wdl,amhlska fkdjk njhs' tfiau È.ska È.gu m<ù we;s ckudOH yd iudcudOH
jd¾;d u.ska fm!oa.,sl iud.ïj, iq¿ uQ,H Kh f.jd.; fkdyelsj Èjhsk mqrd
ishÈú kid.ekSï o jd¾;d jk fyhska fuu wdLHdk ta whqßkau ke;;a hï
uÜgulska fyda h:d¾:h ksrEmKh lrk nj fmfkhs' ta wkqj fm!oa.,sl iud.ï
u.ska ksl=;a lrk iq¿ uQ,H Kh w¾nqohla ks¾udKh lr we;s nj meyeÈ,sh'
ks.uk
fuu m¾fhaIKh isÿ lrkq ,enqfõ iuqmldr iñ;s uqyqK fok laIqø uQ,H
iud.ïj, .eg¨j úuiSu i|ydhs' fï wkqj m<uq mßÉfþofha§ fuu .eg¨j
w¾:l:khg Ndckh lr we;' fojk mßÉfÊoh Tiafia úIh lafIa;%h Tiafia
,shejqKq idys;H mq¿,a m%udKhla mßYS,kh lr we;' f;jk mßÉfþoh Tiafia m<uq
mßÉfþofha olajd we;s m¾fhaIK l%ufõoj,g wkql+,j m¾fhaIKh isÿlr tfia
,enqKq o;a; mQ¾j m¾fhaIK iu. ii|ñka úfõpkd;aulj úYaf,aIKh lr we; ^tu
úYaf,aIKh ;=< iuqmldr jHdmdrho úfõpkd;aulj úuiSug ,lalr we;&' tlS
úYaf,aIK yd idlÉPd Tiafia oel.; yels jQfha laIqø uQ,H mk; l%shd;aul l<
ú.iu laIqø uQ,H iud.ï ish jevlghq;= b;d YS>%fhka bÈßhg f.khdu iuqmldr
jHdmdrh ms<sn| nrm;, wjodkula we;s lr we;s njhs' fuu iud.ï m%cd .;s,laIK
ish jevlghq;= ioyd Ndú; lrñka isák njo ksÍlaIKh úh' th m%cdfõ Yla;sh
,dN wruqKq Wfoid fkdñf,a Ndú; lsÍulao jk njgo oel.; yelsh' fufia m%cd
.;s,laIK wjNdú; ùu ;=< m%cdfõ meje;aug yd ;sridr;ajhg ndOdjla njo
;yjqre fjhs' flfia fj;;a iuqmldr jHdmdrfha mj;sk hï hï wvqmdvq yd ÿ¾j,;d
/ila ;=< fuu laIqø uQ,H iud.ï ioyd bvlv ;j ;j;a újr ùug bvlv mj;sk
njo o;a; úYaf,aIKh Tiafia ;yjqre fjhs' fï wkqj m¾fhaIK .eg¨j idOkfhys
,d f.dvk.d we;s WmkHdih ;yjqre jk nj meyeÈ,sh
ta Tiafia iuqmldr jHdmdrhg úfYaIfhkau tys kdhl;ajhg yd kshduk

jHqyhg ish m%;sm;a;s ieliSfï§ wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= m%foaY lsysmhla my;ska
igyka lr we;' flfia kuq;a fuu m¾fhaIKh muKla m%;sm;a;s iïmdok
ld¾hhfha§ iyh lr .ekSug m%udKj;a ke;s nj;a" ;j;a mq¿,a m¾fhaIK fï
iïkaOfhka isÿúh hq;= nj;a m¾fhaIlhka f,i kej; wjOdrKh lruq'
m%;sm;a;suh .uHùï
fuh jHjydßl ld¾hh i|yd jeä keUqrejla iys;j lrkq ,enQ m¾fhaIKhla jk
fyhska my; fhdackd $ m%m;a;suh .uHùï m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhskaf.a wjOdkhg ,la
lruq'
 laIqø uQ,H iud.ï u.ska isÿjk n,mEu ms<sn| id¾j uÜgfï yd laIqø uÜgfï
wOHhk lghq;= wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hñka" ta ms<sn|j ksrka;r wjOdkfhka
isàug iuqmldr jHdmdrhg n,flÍ we;' fuu wjodku jHdmdrh úiska
nrm;, ldrKhla f,i i,ld lghq;= lsÍu m<uq ldrKh fjhs'
92 | P a g e
 laIqø uQ,H iud.ï iu. ;r.ldÍ ks¾udKYS,S Kh l%u l%shd;aul lsÍu yd
iuqmldr jHdmdrfha m%cd mdol .;s ,laIK ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh jk ie,iqï
l%shd;aul lsÍu'
 iuqmldr kS;sfha mj;sk iSud i|yd ms<shï fh§u'
 iudcfhka nysIalrKh ù mj;sk lKavdhï iún, .ekaùfï lghq;= i|yd
jeä wjOdkhla ,nd §u'
 m%cd ú.Kkh il%Sh lsÍu yd Yla;su;a lsÍu'
 fm!oa.,sl nexl=j, fkdj oaú;Shsl uÜgfï iuqmldr iñ;sj, wdfhdackh
lsÍu Èß.ekaùu yd kshduk m%ñ; ieliSfï§ ta ms<sn|j .eUqßka i,ld ne,Su'
 m%udKj;a wOHdmk yd mqyqKq jevigyka iuqmldr jHdmdrh yd iïnkaO
mqyqKq wdh;kj, wfkHdakH iïnkaëlrKhla iys;j ixúOdkh'
 jHdmdrfha weüe;s md¾Yaj w;r u;jd§ .egqï wju lsÍug jHdmdrh
ms<sn| taldnoaO l;sld ixúOdkh lsÍu'
 laIqø uQ,H iud.ïj,ska we;sjk wys;lr ;;a;aj ms<s|j m%cdj oekqïj;a lsÍu
yd iuqmldr m%j¾Ok jevigyka jvd mq¿,a lsÍu'
wdY%s; uQ,dY%h
Adaderana biz isxy,' ^2016" July 14&' laIqø uQ,H mk; l%shdjg kxjhs" Adaderana
biz isxy,'Retrieved February 3, 2017, from http://biz.adaderana.lk/.
Bhatt, N., & Tang, S. Y. (2001).Delivering microfinance in developing countries:

Controversies and policy perspectives.Policy studies journal, 29(2), 319-333.
Birchall, J., & Simmons, R. (2010).The Co‐operative Reform Process in Tanzania

and Sri Lanka.Annals of Public and Cooperative Eonomics, 81(3), 467-500.
Charitonenko, S., & De Silva, D. (2002).Commercialisation of microfinance in Sri

Lanka.Asian Development Bank, Manila.
"Co-operative Identity, Values & Principles."Co-operative Identity, Values &

Principles | ICA: International Co-operative Alliance. N.p., n.d. Retrieved February,
05, 2017, fromhttp://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/co-operative-identity-values-principles
De Mel, S., McKenzie, D., & Woodruff, C. (2014). Business training and female
enterprise start-up, growth, and dynamics: Experimental evidence from Sri Lanka.
Journal of Development Economics, 106, 199-210.
Fernando, N. A. (2006). Understanding and dealing with high interest rates on
microcredit: A Note to Policy Makers in the Asia and Pacific Region. Asian
Development Bank, 13.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). (1995). ―Safeguarding Deposits: Learning
from Experience.‖FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 116. Rome.
.,.uf.a" m%Nd;a ^2013&' frdÉfâ,a mqfrda.dókaf.a b;sydih( kej; lshùula' cd;sl
iuqmldr ixj¾Ok wdh;kh'uykqjr'
Imai, K. S., Gaiha, R., Thapa, G., & Annim, S. K. (2012).Microfinance and poverty—
93 | P a g e
a macro perspective.World Development, 40(8), 1675-1689.
Jayamaha, R. (2008) Access to finance and financial inclusion for women. Centre for
women's research (CENWOR).
Jayamaha, A., & Mula, J. M. (2010).Financial practices and efficiency of cooperative

rural banks in Sri Lanka. Retrieved February 3, 2017, from
http://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/4513
Jiggins, J. (1979). Caste and Family Politics Sinhalese 1947-1976. Cambridge

University Press.
Ledgerwood, J. (1998). Microfinance handbook: An institutional and financial

perspective. World Bank Publications.
Maanen, G. V. (2004). Microfinance: Sound of Business or Development
Instrument.V oorburg, The Netherlands
kkao,d,a" tia ^2012&' f,dju k;= l< fmdÿck jHdmdrhl l;dj' cd;sl iuqmldr
ixj¾Ok wdh;kh'uykqjr
Premaratne, S. P. (2009). Accessibility and Affordability of Rural Microfinance

Services in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Economic Journal, 10(2), 109-136.
riakdhl" tia ^2017&' Y%S ksjdia yd ol=Kq wdishdj' ol=Kq wdishdj ms<sn| iudc úoHdj
îxia( iqika; r;akdhl yd m%Nd;a .,.uf.a& f.dvf.a m%ldYk" fld<U
Shaw, J. (2004). Microenterprise occupation and poverty reduction in microfinance

programs: evidence from Sri Lanka. World Development, 32(7), 1247-1264.
Tilakaratna, G., Wickramasinghe, U., (2005). Microfinance in Sri Lanka: A

household level analysis of outreach and impact on poverty. Colombo: Institute of
Policy Studies.
van Greuning, H., Gallardo, J., & Randhawa, B. (1998). A Framework for Regulating
Microfinance Institutions.Financial Sector Development Department - The World
Bank.
94 | P a g e
ISBN 2478-0642

ග්‍රන්ථ ිචචාර
මගේ යටගියාල: ඩබ්ලිව්. ඇල් ගදොන්දීනු ව්ලයං චරිතාඳදානය - චූ඼ ඉතිශාවගේ

මශා ආඛ්‍යානයක් ග඼ව
පිටු: 122
මුද්‍රණය: වංලර්ධන වමුඳකාර මුද්‍රණා඼ය ගලන්නප්ුල
මි඼: රු 100.00
.ගුරුලරගයකු ශා ිචදුශල්ඳතිලරගයකු ග඼ව ද඾ක ලණනාලක් කටයුතු කෂ ගේ ලනිචට අඳ

අතරින් ගලන්ල සිටින ඩබ්ලිව්. ඇල්. ගදොන්දීනු ිචසින් රචිත සිය ව්ලයංචරිතාඳදානය ලන
“මගේ යටගියාල” පිටු 112කින් වමන්ිචත කුඩා කෘතියකි. 2000 ලවගර්දී ප්‍රකා඾යට ඳ් ල ඇති
ගමම කෘතිය මා අතට ඳ් ලන්ගන් සීමාවහිත හීනටිය වකසුරුලේ ශා ණය ලණුගදනු පිළිබ඲
වමුඳකාර වමිතියට රාජකාරි කටයු් තක් ව඲ශා ගිය අලව්ථාලකයි. ගමම කෘතිය
ඳරමාරාදර්ශීය ගුරුලරගයකු ශා ව්ගව්ච්ඡා ගවේලකගයකුගේ අ් දැකීේ වංලෘහිත වුණු එක
හුව්මට කුහු඼කින් යුතුල කියලාගලන යා ශැකි කෘතියක් බල එය කියලන ිචට මා ශට ශැගී
ගිගේය.
ගකගවේ නමු් ගමය කෘතිය ලැන “කල්ලතව෕” ිචචාරයක් බලට ිචලාදයක් නැත. කෘතිය
මුද්‍රණගයන් එළිදැක ද඾කයක් ඉක්ම ගලොව් ඇත. නමු් කල්ලතවී ගශෝ ිචචාරයක් ශා
අලධානයක් ගමම කෘතිය පිළිබද ඇතිවීදැයි වැක වහිතය. එයට ගශේතු ලන්ගන් ව්ලයං
චරිතාඳදාන යනු “මශා ුරු඿යන්” ග඼ව වමාජීයල ඔවලා තැගබන ුද්ල඼යන් අරඹයා ලැඩි
අලධානයක් ශා දුසිේ ලණන් ිචචාර ලියගලන ිචට ගමලැනි “චූ඼” උ් වාශයන් අලධානයට
ඳ් ලන්ගන් නැති වීමයි. එම ත් ලය ඛ්‍ණ්ඩනය කරමින් ගදන්දීනු චරිතාඳදානය
ලැදල් ලන්ගන් ඇයිද යන්න ිචචාරීම අඳ උ් වාශයයි.
ගදොන්දීනු චරිතාඳදානය එක් ඳවකින් ශ්‍රී ඼ාංගක්ය අධයාඳන ඉතිශාවය පිළිබ඲ කතාලකි.
අගනක් ඳසින් ශ්‍රී ඼ාංගක්ය වමුඳකාර ලයාඳාරයට නායක් ලය දුන් ව්ගව්ච්ඡා ගවේලකයන්ගේ
දායක් ලය පිළිබ඲ අඛ්‍යානයකි. එගවේම “මශා ඉතිශාවයට” ඳගවකින් ඇති නිතර අමතක
කරන ඳගවකට ඇද දමා කා඼ගේ ලැලිත඼ාගලන් ලැසී යාම සිදුලන “චූ඼ - නිර්ප්‍රභූ” ඉතිශාවය
ලැන කතාලකි.
95 | P a g e
ගමම කෘතිගේ ඳර්ච්ගේද ශතක් ඔව්ගවේ සිය ජීලන අ් දැකීේ කතුලරයා වාකච්ඡා කරයි. ලරු
ලෘ් තියට අදාෂ ඳැරණි යුලගේ ඳරීක්඿ණ ආධාර ඼බන ඳාඨ඾ා඼ා වශ ඒලාගේ ඳා඼න ක්‍රමය
කටුගන්රිය ගරෝමානු කගතෝලික පිරිමි ඳාව඼ වශ එහි ලැදල් සිදුවීේ හීනටිය ශ්‍රී රාහු඼ ගබොදු
මුසු ඳාවගල් මුල්ගුරු ඳදිචයට ඳ් වීම නිදශව් අධයාඳනය වමුඳකාර ලයාඳාරය ග඼ව එකී
ඳරිච්ගේද දිල ශැගරයි. එගවේම කෘ් ගේ අලට උඳ ග්‍රන්ථ කිහිඳයක්ද ඔහු එක්කර ඇත.
ඔහු ගුරුලෘ් තියට ඇතුළුලන්ගන් 1930 ලවගර්ය. ඒ කටුගනක්රිය ගරෝමානු කගතෝලික පිරිමි
ඳාවග඼නි. එම ඳාවගල්දී සිය අ් දැකීේ ිචව්තර කරන ඔහුගේ එම අ් තදැකීේ තුළින් ශ්‍රී
඼ාංගක්ය වමාජ අවමානතාගව් එක් ඳැතිකඩක් නිරාලරණය ගලයි. ගේ ඔහු ශා ශි඿යයින්
මශනුලර බා඼දක්඿ කදවුරකට ගිය අලව්ථාගව් මුහුණ දුන් සිදුවීමකි.
කලිවේ ගනො ඇදි කිසිගලකුට කදවුර තුෂට ඇතුළු වීමට ඉඩදිය ගනොශැකි බල
ආරක්඿ක භාටගයෝ ප්‍රකා඾ කර සිටියශ. එක඼ අගප් රගේ ව්ලභාා඿ා ගුරුලරුන් සියලු
ගදනාම ඳාගශේ ඇන්ද ඇදුම ව෕ගේ ගරද්ද වශ ගකෝේ එකය. ඳාවල් ල඼ ඉශෂ ඳංතිල඼
පිරිමි ෂමුන්ගේ ඇදුම ද ගරද්ද වශ ගකෝේ එක ිචය. අගප් පිරිගවේ සිටි බා඼ දක්඿යන්
ශැම ගදගනක්ම මශනුලර ලමනට පිට් ව෕ගේ ගරද්ද වශ ගකොේ එක ඇදගලනය.
ඔවුන්ගේ බ඼ා දක්඿ ඇදුම ඒ අලව්ථාගව් තිබුගණ් රාත්‍රිගේ නිදාල් තැන ඇදුේ බෑේ
තුෂය (ගදොන්දීනු 2000).
එය එක඼ සිංශ඼ ශා ඉංග්‍රීසි බව ගමන්ම ඇදුේ ිච඼ාසිතාද වමාජ අවමානතාල ශා එම

අවමානතාගව් වංගක්ත ග඼ව භාාිචත ව෕ බල දැක්ගලන සිදුවීමකි. සිංශ඼ මාධයය (ශා ගදමෂ
මාධයය) අධයාඳනය සිදුකෂ ඳාවැල් ශා ගුරුලරුන් ඳශෂ ගඳෂක ඼ා වැ඼කීම සිදුව෕ බල
ගදොන්දීනු සිය ව්යං චරිතාඳදානය තුෂ කදිමට ගඳන්ලා ගදයි.
නිදශව් අධයාඳනය පිළිබද කතිකාල කරළියට ඳැමිණි වමගයහි සිදුවීේ ඔහු සිය කෘතිය තුෂ
ආලර්ජනය කරයි.
මශ් ලරුණි ගේ ගයෝජනා ක්‍රමය ව්ිරර වුලගශෝ අගප් ජී.සී.ඇව්. ගකොරයා

ඇමතිතුමාගේ ුතාට් එතුමාගේ කර් ත කාරයාගේ ුතාට් එකම ඳාව඼ක එකම
බංකුලක ලාඩිවී උලනීමට සිදුගලයි. ගමහි ඇති යුක්ති වශලත භාාලය කුමක්ද? දැන් අඳ
අගප් දරුලන්ට උලන්ලන්ගන් අගප් ිචයදමින්ය. ගේ ගයෝජනා ක්‍රමය ්‍රියා් මක
වුලගශෝ ඼ංකාගව් සියලු ෂමයින්ගේ අධයාඳන ිචයදම රජයට දැරීමට වදිදුගලයි. ඒ
ව඲ශා රජයට එතරේ මුද඼ක් ගකොයින්ද? එයින් සිදුලන්ගන් අඳ පිට තල් බදුබර
ඳැටවීමයි (ගදොන්දීනු 2000).
ගදොන්දීනු මුල්ගුරුලරයා ගේ දක්ලන්ගන් නිදශව් අධයාඳන ක්‍රමයට ිචරුද්ධල 194 ලවගර්

ගලන්නප්ුල පිරිමි ඳාවගල් ඳැලති රැව්වීමකදී “කගතෝලික දිගයෝකිවගේ වභාාඳති” ල඾ගයන්
ගඳනීසිටි ුද්ල඼ගයකු ක඼ කතාලකි. ඉශෂ ඳාංතිකයින් වශ ඉංග්‍රීසි මාධයයගයන් උලන්ලන
ඳාවල් ල඼ කෂමනාකරුගලෝ ගමම ක්‍රමයට තදින් ිචරුද්ධ ව෕ බල ගදොන්දීනු දක්ලයි. ඔහු ගමම
රැව්වීගේදී නිදශව් අධයාඳනයට ඳක්඿ල අදශව් ඳෂ කෂිචට නිදශව් අධයාඳනයට ිචරුද්ධල
ගයෝජනා වේමත කර ලැනීමට කැදව෕ එම රැව්ිචම ගයෝජනා වේමතගයන් ගතොරල ිචසිර ගිගය
බල ඔහු දක්ලයි. අනතුරුලද ගදොන්දීනු නිදශව් අධයාඳනයට ඳක්඿ ලැඩ කටයුතු රැවක් සිදුකර
ඇත.
චිත්‍ර ශිල්ඳයටද ඇලුේ කෂ ගදොන්දීනු ප්‍රකට චිත්‍ර ශිල්පිගයකු ලන ඇේ. වාර්ලිව් යටග් ද චිත්‍ර
ශිල්ඳය ශදාරා ඇත. ඳසුල බර්නාර්ඩ් ග඼ොකුගේ ලැනි ශ්‍රී ඼ංකාගව් ප්‍රකට චිත්‍ර ශිල්ීනන්ගේ චිත්‍ර
ගුරුලරගයකු ව෕ගේ ගදොන්දීනුය. ඔහු දක්ලන්ගන් ගමම සිතුලේ ක඼ා ලැඩ වමාජ ලැඩ කටයුතු
නිවා අතඳසු වී ගිය බලයි.
96 | P a g e
ගදොන්දීනු මුල්ගුරුලරයා වේබන්ධ ව්ගව්ච්ඡා වමාජ ලැඩ අතරින් ප්‍රධානතම කාරණය ලන්ගන්
වමුඳකාර ලයාඳාරය ශා වේබන්ධවීමයි. එය සිදුලන්ගන් මුල් ගුරුලරයා ග඼ව හීනටිය ශ්‍රී රාහු඼
ිචදයා඼යට ඳ් වී ඳැමිමතම් වමලය. එම ඳ් වීමද අති඾ය අශ ස සිදුයකයකි.
ඳ් වීම ඼ැබී ටික දිනකින් මා ඳ් කර඼් අන්දම ලැන ඳාවගල් කෂමනාකාර

මශතාගලන් ිචව්තරයක් දැනලන්නට ඼ැබිණි. ුල් ඳ් දැන්වීම ඳෂව෕ ඳසු ඉල්ලුේඳත්‍ර
රාශියක් ඼ැබී ඇත. ිචග඾ේ඿ ගශේතුලක් නිවා ඼ල ඳාවැල් ලලින් ඼ැබී තිබ෕ සියලුම
ඉල්ලුේඳත්‍ර ප්‍රතික්ග඿ේඳ ගකොට ඇත. කෂමනාකාර මශතාට අල඾යල තිබුගණ් ඉතා ඈත
ගඳගදවකින් මුල්ගුරු ඳදිචයට ගකගනකු ඳ් කර ලැනීමටයි. මගේ ඉල්ලුේඳත්‍රය ඉතා
උවව් ත් ලයක ඳැලති නමු් මා ්‍රිව්තු භාක්තිකගයකු බල ඳලවමින් එයද ප්‍රතික්ග඿ේඳ
ගකොට ඇත. එයින් ඳසු ඉතුරු ඉල්ලුේඳත්‍ර ලලින් ඳ් වීම දීම ව඲ශා සුදුසු යැයි ශැගලන
ති ගදගනකු ගතෝරාගලන ඇත. එම තිගදන ලරින් ලර ගලන්ලා වාකච්ඡා ගකොට ඇති
නමු් එයින් එක්ගකගනකුටල් ඳ් වීම දීමට ුළුලන් කම ඼ැබී නැත. අලවානගේදී
මාගේ නම ඇතුළු ප්‍රතික්ග඿ේඳ කෂ සියලුම ඉල්ලුේකරුලන්ගේ නේ කඩදාසි
කැබලිල඼ ලියා රවුේගකොට අඹරා සිලරේ ටින් එකක දමා ඳාව඼ට ගලන අවු්
ප්‍රාරේභාක ඳන්තිගේ ලැශැණු ෂමගයකුට කතාගකොට “මම ඔගබ් ඳාවගල් මුල්
ගුරුකමට සුදුව්ගවකු ගතෝරා දීමට ඳැමිණිගයමි. ගේ වදශා සිලරේ ටින් එගක් තිගබන
කඩදාසි කැබලිලලින් එකක් එළියට ලන්න”යි ඉල්ලීමක් ගකොට ඇත. එිචට ඒ ශි඿යාල
ිචසින් එළියට ල් කඩදාසි කැබැල්඼ක් දිලශැර බැල෕ ිචට එහි තිබී ඇ් ග් මගේ නමය
(ගදොන්දීනු 2000)..
ඔහු හීනටිය ග්‍රාමයට එහි ඳාවගල් මුල්ගුරු ඳදිචයට ඳ් ල ඳැමිගණන්ගන් ගේ අනුලය. ඒ 193
ලර්඿ගේය. හීනටිය ග්‍රාමය පිහිටන්ගන් ඔහුගේ ලචන ලලින්ම කියනලා නේ අේබ඼න්ගලොඩ ශා
බ඼පිටිය නලර ගදකට ඉතා ආවන්නලය.
මා එම ඳාවගල් මුල් ගුරු ඳදිචයට ඳ් ල ඳ් ල ගිය අලයකගේදී එම නලර ගදකට

ආවන්නල වමුඳකාර ණය ගදන වමිතියක් පිහිටා තිබුගණ් නැත. ඒ නිවා හීනටිය
ලේලාසීහු වමුඳකාර ණය ගදන වමිති නමින් වමිති ලර්ලයක් තිගබන බල දැන
ගනොසිටියශ (ගදොන්දීනු 2000: 0).
ගදොන්දීනු ිචසින් ගේ අනුල හීනටිය වකසුරුලේ ශා ණය ලනුගදනු පිළිබ඲ වමුඳකාර වමිතිය

අරඹන ඼ද අතර එය අද දකුණු ඳෂාග් ගශොදම වකසුරුලේ ශා ණය ලනුගදනු පිළිබ඲
වමුඳකාර වමිති කිහිඳය අතරනිනු් ඉශළින්ම සිටින වමිතියකි. වමුඳකාර ගලෂද වමිතිය
වමුඳකාර ගලෂද වංලමය වමුඳකාර ගකොහු ඼ණු වමිතිය ගකොහු ඼ණු කර්මාන්ත වමුඳකාර
වමිති වංලමය හීනටිය ලමනාලමන වමුඳකාර වමිතිය ආදී ග඼ව ලන තල් වමුඳකාර
උ් වාශයන් ගමොහු අතින් සිදුිචය. ගකගවේ ගලත් ගමලා කා඼ය් වමල ගදන්දීනු඼ාට
ඳා඼නය කෂ ගනොශැකි ගශේතු වාධක රැවක් ්‍රියා් මක වීම මත තිරවාර වී නැත. ඔහු දකුණු
ඳෂාග් ගවේලගයන් ිචශ්‍රාම යන ගතක්ම ලවර ිචසි ලණනක් ඉශත කී හීනටිය වණව වමිතිය
ගශල් ණයගදන වමුඳකාර වමිතිගේ වභාාඳතිලරයා ග඼ව කටයුතු කගෂේ ගදොන්දීනු
මුල්ගුරුලරයාය. අද දිනද ගමම වමිතිගේ ඇති ව්ථාලර භාාලයට ඾ක්තිම් ආයතන
වංව්කෘතියට ඾ක්තිම් ප්‍රජා වශභාාගි් ලයට අදාෂ අඩිතා඼ම ගදොන්දීනු මුල්ගුරුලරයා බල
නිවැකය.
ගේ අනුල ගදොන්දීනු මුල්ගුරුලරයාගේ ව්ලයං චරිතාඳදානය අපි ආරේභාගේදීම ඳැලස෕

ආකාරයට නිර්ප්‍රභූ - චූ඼ ඉතිශාව ආඛ්‍යානයකි. එය මශා ඉතිශාව කතා ල඼ට ලඩා අලයාජ
ගලයි. ශ්‍රී ඼ාංගක්ය අධයාඳන ඉතිශාවය ගවොයා යන ලමගන්දී ශා අධයාඳනය පිළිබ඲ වමාජ
ිචදයාල ඔව්ගවේ අධයාඳනය ශැදෑරීමට ලමන් ලන්නා අගයකුට අයකඳති ඉතිශාවය ිචසින් අමතක
97 | P a g e
කර දැමිය ශැකි ගකොටව් ගමහිදී ශමුගලයි. වමුඳකාර ලයාඳාරය පිළිබ඲ ශදාරන්ගනකුටද ගමම
සිදුවීේ මා඼ල එගවේමය. එහිදීද ඉලැන්ගලන මශා ඉතිශාවයට වමාන්තරල දිගලන ගමම අතුරු
චූ඼ ඉතිශාව කථනයන් අයකඳති ශා මශා කියවීගේ ඇති හිදැව් වේපූර්ණ කර ලැනීමට අතයල඾ය
ගලයි.
ගමම ග්‍රන්ථය අධයාඳන ඉතිශාවය ශදාරන ිචදයාර්න්න්ද වමුඳකාර ලයාඳාරය අධයයනය

කරන ිචදයාර්න්න්ද වමාජ ලැඩ ලෘ් ය ය ක්ග඿ේත්‍රය අධයනයක කරන ිචදයාර්න්න්ගේද
අලධානය ගයොමුිචය යුතු කියිචය යුතු ව්ලයංචරිතාඳදානයකින් ඔබ්බට ගිය ග්‍රන්ථයක් බල කිල
යුතුය. එය අලංක මිනිගවකුගේ ආ් ම කථනයකි. ඔහු සිය ග඼ෝක දැක්මට වාගප්ක්඿ ලැඩ
ගකොටවක් වමාජය අරඹයා සිදුකර ඇත. ක්ග඿ේත්‍ර ලණනාලක දව්කේ දක්ලා ඇත. ගුරු
ලෘ් තියට ශා ව්ගව්ච්ඡා ගවේලයට ගමන්ම ක඼ාලටද අනුරාගිකල බැදී දිිචගලලා ඇත. ගේ නිවා
ගදොන්දීනු ව්ලයංචරිතාඳදානය නැලත මුද්‍රණයකින් එළි දැක්වීම සිදුලන්ගන් නේ ඉතා
ලැදල් ය.
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Center for indigenous Knowledge and Community Studies

Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

Jayaprasad Welgama –Editor in Chief

Prof. Kalinga Tudor Silva

Submit your academic papers to jwelgama@gmail.comorgprabath@gmail.com

Center for indigenous Knowledge and Community

uydpd¾h tÈßùr ir;apkaø yd iqks,a Ydka; PdhdrEm oaú;ajhla

Follow this and additional works at: www.sab.ac.lk

iqks,a idka; -tÈßùr irÉpkaø .egqu( ,dxflah iajfoaYSlrK jHdmdrfha

tosßùr irÉpkaø^1914-1996& yd iqks,a idka;^1915-1981& hk fofokd u ,xldj ;=<

m%uqL mo( iqks,a idka;" tosßùr irÉpkaø" iajfoaYSlrKh" foaYSh ix.S;h"

fy< yjq, yd fld<U hq.fha ks¾udKlrejka úiska irÉpkaø m%uqL fmardfoKs

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fï wOHhkhg mdol jk o;a;j,ska nyq;rh idys;Huh uQ,dY%h fõ' idys;H

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ix.S;h ms<sn`o irÉpkaøf.a wdia:dkh

ck .dhkd weiqßka wfma jQ ix.S; iïm%odhla ks¾udKh lr.; yelsh hk r;kacxl¾f.a

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zzmdGYd,dj, ix.S;h b.ekaùu-.=rejreka úiska ie<lsh hq;a;laZZ hk ysiska 1941

zzwOHhk mßmdáfhys ix.S;h hkqfjka mdvula we;s kuq;a tu mdvu

fï igyfkka fmfkkqfha ksoyi ,efnk úg u foaYSh ix.S;hla ;kd .ekSu ms<sn`o

wka iïm%odhkaf.ka wdNdih ,nñka foaYSh iïm%odhla ks¾udKh lr.ekSu ms<sn`o

tfuka u w¨;ska ks¾udKh lrk foaYSh ix.S;h ck;djf.a jqjukdj wkqj ta

iqks,a idka;g tfrys l=uka;%Kh

.d,a, mdGYd,d mÍlaIl j isá tia't,a'î'lmqfldgqfõ uy;df.a o wkqoekqqu we;s j 1939

rK;=x. mjik wdldrhg tosßisxy f.kajd.kq ,enQfha lkakka.r kï th isÿúh hq;af;a

zzwfma rg bkaoshdfõ fldgila le/.ekSu i`oyd yeu Wmdhla u fhdokafka wo

hï ck msßila fjk;a ck msßilf.a n,y;aldrh hgf;a md,kh ùu tu hg;a

iqks,a idka; yd irÉpkaø hk fofokd u ia:dk.; l< yelafla fulS mYapd;a

iqks,a u. fkd jeiqKs kï

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4'1938 foieïn¾ 1 jk osk YdÍßl wNHdi úIhfhys wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fjka meje;ajQ

ùuxid'^1987&'tosßùr irÉppkaø Wmydr wxlh" ixia' u,a,jdrÉÑ" hQ' iy ;j;a wh"

rKisxy" ta' fca' ^1999&' ta'fca'wd¾" iSfoaú mí,sI¾ia( kqf.af.dv'

ñysl; ke,jQ .S y`v" iajdëk rEmjdysksfha 2017'11'16" úldYh jQ jevigyk"

wuqKq.u" tia' ^2005&' ukfï u;laù" kqjK udOH fiajd"fld<U -05'

f;darfoksh" tia' ^2018&' fmardfoKsh .=rel=,fha Wm; ke.Su yd ì`ojeàu"*diaÜ mí,sflaIka"

Thapar, R. (2011). Sakuntala: texts, readings, histories. Columbia University Press.

Chakrabarty, D. (2000). Subaltern studies and postcolonial historiography. Nepantla: Views

osjhsk"2010'05'23" wo;a isysm;a l< hq;= ,hk,a tosrsisxy-úchùr

l=,;=x. jika;" 2017'06'12 iuQL idlÉPdj" iqks,aYdka; .ek" fld<U oS

,xld Ydka;" 2017'06'12" iuQL idlÉPdj" iqks,aYdka; .ek" fld<U oS

fiakdr;ak" úcss;a l=ud¾" 2017'06'12" iuQL idlÉPdj" iqks,aYdka; .ek" fld<U oS

O¾uodi"fla'tka'´'2018'06'13" iuQL idlÉPdj" irÉpkaø .ek" kdj, Tyqf.a ksjfia oS

rdclreKd" wdßh" 2018'07'04" iuQL idlÉPdj" irÉpkaø yd fmardfoaKs .=rel=,h .ek"

wrúkao" chka;" 2018'07'02" iuQL idlÉPdj" iqks,aYdka; yd irÉpkaø .ek" fld<U oS

Tfífialr" rxckS" 2018'07'04" iuQL idlÉPdj" irÉpkaø yd fmardfoaKs .=rel=,h

ú;dk .=Kfiak"2018'06'13" iuQL idlÉPdj" jfï jHdmdrh"irÉpkaø yd ud¾áka úl%uisxy

Follow this and additional works at: www.sab.ac.lk

Associations that are based on social reformations and related

Key Words:Orthodoxy, Conservatives, prosperity,reconstructing,pressure

To have an encouragement on the local associations, the landholders formulated

The complete abolition of system of polygamy must have offended orthodox

„The Bombay petition‟ grieved on „the extreme poor means of internal

While evaluating the impact of the organizations on government, the Bombay

Poona Sarvajanik Sabah

The major revivalist-reformist movement in India, the AryaSamaj was a society

i) Female improvement, (ii) Education of the working Classes, iii) Cheap