>tV| 

kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group I >

VD : ]B >EB BD
z] : ]B s|> x>_ ckV E^

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 


 1953 Mk; Mz;L KjyhtJ 5  1947 y; kfsph; eyj;jpl;lq;fis
Mz;L jpl;l fhyj;jpy; r%f nray;gLj;j kfsph; eyj;Jiw
eyj;jpl;lq;fis rPhpa Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
nray;gLj;j kj;jpa r%f ey  kfps kz;ly;jpl;lk; ngz;fspilNa
thhpak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;j eltbf;if
,jdbg;gilapy; jkpof muR> Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
khepy r%f ey thhpaj;ij 1954 y;  1989 y; ngz;fSf;fhd %tY}h;
mike;jJ. ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh; jpUkz
 xt;nthU Mz;Lk; Vg;uy; 7 Mk; cjtpj;jpl;lk;
ehs; cyf nghJ Rfhjhu ehshf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ( 8 Mk;
mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. tFg;G Kbj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; -
 1977 y; gy;Nehf;F Rfhjhug;gzp cjtpnjhif &. 5>000)
jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.  ngz;fspd; chpikfis ghJfhf;f
 jLg;g+rpj;jpl;lk; 1979 y; jkpof 1990y; jkpof kfsph; Mizak;
murhy; tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1964 y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
gs;sp khzth; eyj;jpl;lk;  1974 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J jhl;Nfh
Jtf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdg;gLk; Mjpjpuhtplh; tPl;L
 FLk;gf;fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lj;ij tsh;r;rp fofk; nray;gl;L
nray;gLj;Jtjpy; jkpofk; tUfpd;wJ.
Kjyplj;jpy; cs;sJ.  goq;Fbapdh; eyj;jpw;fhf jdp
 1956 Mk; Mz;L gpwg;G tpfpjj;ij ,af;Feufk; 2000 Mk;
fl;Lg;gLj;j FLk;g ey Mz;bypUe;J ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
mWitrpfpr;ir jpl;lk;  36 tifahd goq;Fbapdhpd;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ml;ltizapy; Njhlh> Nfhl;lh>
 1989 y; Kj;Jnyl;Rkp nul;b epidT ,Ush;> gdpah; kw;Wk; fhl;L
kfg;NgW cjtpj;jpl;lk; ehaf;fh; Nghd;Nwhh; Mjpfhy
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

1
 

goq;Fbapdh; vd  1992 y; cld; CdKw;NwhUf;fhd

fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. kWtho;T ,af;Fdufj;ij jkpof
 ePyfphp khtl;lj;jpy; trpf;Fk; muR mikj;jJ.
goq;Fb kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf  Cd Kw;NwhUf;F 3% ,l xJf;fPL
kiytho; gFjp tsh;r;rp jpl;lk; fy;tp> Ntiy tha;g;gpy; muR
(HADP)eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s xJf;fPL nra;Js;sJ.
J.  1989 y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l lhf;lh;
 jPzl
; hikia xopf;fTk;> jh;khk;ghs; mk;ikahh; tpjit
goq;FbapdUf;F vjpuhd kWkzj;jpl;lk; Vio
nfhLikfis mfw;w 1955 Mk; tpijitfspd; kfsph;
Mz;L nghJ chpikfs; ghJfhg;G jpUkzj;jpw;nfd &. 10>000 epjp
rl;lk;> 1989 Mk; Mz;L cjtp nra;fpwJ.
Mjpjpuhtplh; kw;Wk;  Mjutw;w ngz;fspd;
goq;FbapdUf;F vjpuhd jpUkzj;jpw;F epjp cjtp nra;Ak;
nfhLikfs; jilr;rl;lk; tifapy; md;id njurh jpUkzj;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpl;lk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 KjpNahh; Xa;T+jpaj;jpl;lk; (1962)  ,e;jpa muR 2002 Mk; Mz;by;
 cly; CdKw;Nwhh; Xa;T+jpaj;jpl;lk; tpjitfs; kw;Wk; Mjutw;w
(1974) ngz;fSf;fhf Rthjh jpl;lk; vd;w
 Mjutw;w tpjitfSf;fhd xd;iw Jtf;fpAs;sJ.
Xa;T+jpak; (1975)  1000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l mdhij
 Mjutw;w tptrha njhopyhsh;fs; Foe;ijfs; trpf;Fk; mdhij
Xa;T+jpak; (1981) ,y;yq;fspy; E}yfq;fis
 fztuhy; iftplg;gl;l ngz;fs; Vw;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff;
Xa;T+jpak; (1986) nfhz;L ‘Mde;jk;” jpl;lk;
 Mjutw;w kw;Wk; vt;tpj njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tUkhdkpd;wp thOk; %j;j
Fbkf;fSf;F md;dg+h;zh Kf;fpa jkpof Kjyikr;rh;fs; kw;Wk;
jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; czT toq;Fk; rpwg;G jpl;lq;fs;:
gzpia fpuhk tsh;r;rp mikr;rfk; 1. ,uh[h[p (1937 -39> 1952 -54):
nra;J tUfpd;wJ.  Nfhtpy; EioT rl;lk; 1939
2
 

 tptrhafld; epthuz rl;lk;  ,uz;lhtJ cyfjkpo; khehL

1938 (1968)
 g+uz kJ tpyf;F 1939  1 &gha;f;F 1 gb mhprpj;jpl;lk;.
 Fyf;fy;tpjpl;lk; 1953  kjuh]; khepyk; jkpo;ehL vd
 ,e;jp nkhop jpzpg;G jpl;lk; ngah; khw;wk; (1969)
 NgUe;J ehl;Lilik
2. fhkuh[; (1954 - 57> 1957 - 62> 1962
 if hpf;\h xopg;G
- 63)
 kJ tpyf;F nfhs;if
 Fyf;fy;tp jpl;lj;ij xopj;jy;
 NgUe;Jfspy; jpUf;Fws;
 11 Mk; tFg;G tiu ,ytr
fl;lha fy;tp. 5. M. fUzhepjp (1969 - 71> 1971 - 76>
 kjpa czTj;jpl;lk; (1962) 1996 - 2001> 2006 -11):
 kjuh]; IIT cUthf;fk;>  1 &gha;f;F 1 fpNyh mhprp
 nea;Ntyp ypf;idl; fhh;gNu\d;  tpiyapy;yh ,ytr mhprp
kw;Wk; BHEL jpUr;rp Jtf;fk; jpl;lk;.

 K - jpl;lk; (fhkuh[;  fhg;gPl;L jpl;lk;

jpl;lk;)(1963)  ,ytr njhiyf;fhl;rp jpl;lk;.

3. gf;jtr;ryk; (1963 -67) 6. M.G. uhkr;re;jpud; (1977 - 80> 1980

 Kk;nkhopj;jpl;lk;> (Mq;fpyk;> -84> 1985-87)

`pe;jp> jkpo;) 1965  rj;JzT jpl;lk;

 ,jw;F vjpuhf `pe;jp vjph;g;G  rpdpkh njhopy;El;g gs;sp.

Nghuhl;lk; mz;zhJiu  tptrhapfSf;F ,ytr
jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ. kpdrhuk;.

 tpNtfhde;jh; ghiw epidT

7. n[.n[ayypjh (1991 - 96> 2001 -
kz;lgk;(1963)
06> 2011 - jw;NghJtiu)
 ngz; Foe;ij ghJfhg;G jpl;lk;
4. C.N. mz;zhJiu (1967 - 67):
1992 (Cradle Baby Scheme)
 Rakhpahij jpUkzk;
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ngz; NghyP];
 ,Unkhopj;jpl;lk;
fkhz;Nlh gil Vw;gLj;jg;gly;
(2003)
3
 

 ,ytr MLfs; jpl;lk; eilngw;w Njh;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp

 ,ytr kpf;]p> fpiuz;lh; kw;Wk; Ml;rpiag; gpbj;jJ. kjuh];
kpd; tprpwp jpl;lk;. khfhzj;jpy; Rg;GuhaY nul;bahh;
 ,ytr kbf;fzpdp jpl;lk;. Kjy;tuhf gjtpNaw;whh;.
 tpiyFiwe;j cztfk;> FbePh>;  1923 y; eilngw;w Njh;jypYk;
kw;Wk; cg;G toq;Fk; jpl;lk;. b.vk;. rptQhd gps;is
mth;fspd; jiyikapy; ePjpf;fl;rp
gFj;jwpT kw;Wk; jpuhtpl ,af;fk; nghWg;Ngw;wJ. Mdhy; 1926
gpuhkzh; my;yhNjhh; ,af;fk;: kw;Wk; 1937 y; eilngw;w Njh;jypy;
 1912 y; jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; ePjpf;fl;rp Njhy;tpaile;jJ.
lhf;lh; eNlr Kjypahhpd; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfs;:
,y;yj;jpy; midj;J
 Kjd; Kjyhf muR
gpuhkzuy;yhNjhh; xd;W $bdh;
Njh;thizaf;FO xd;W 1929y;
,jd; tpisthf kjuh]; jpuhtplr;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
rq;fk; vd;w mikg;G Njhd;wpaJ.
 1929y; Me;jpugy;fiyf;fofk;
1912y; mth; gpuhkzh;
kw;Wk; mz;zhkiyg;
my;yhNjhUf;F vd;W jdp tpLjp
gy;fiyf;fofk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
xd;iw Jtf;fpdhh;.
 1921 y; ,Ue;J mwepiyar;
 1916y; b.vk;.ehah; kw;Wk; gp.b.
rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
jpahfuha nrl;bahh; Nghd;Nwhh;
 ,jdbg;gilapy;
midj;J gpuhkzuy;yhNjhiu
gpuhkzuy;yhNjhh; mh;r;rh;fshf
xd;W jpul;b ‘njd;dpe;jpa
Nfhtpy;fspy; gzpa
tpLjiyf;fofk; vd;w mikg;ig
kh;j;jg;gl;ldh;.
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. ,t;tpaf;fk;
 1921 y; ngz;fSf;F thf;Fhpik
jpuhtpld; vd;w jkpo;
toq;Ftjw;fhd rl;lk;
gj;jphpf;ifia ntspapl;lJ.
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
,JNt Mq;fpyj;jpy; [];b];
 <.nt.uhkrhkp mth;fs;
vd;Wk; njYq;fpy; Me;jpu
Rakhpaij ,af;fj;ij
gpufhrpfh vd;w ngahpYk;
Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
ntspte;jJ. ,t;tpaf;fk; 1917 y;
ePjpf;fl;rpahf khwp 1920y; <.nt.uhkrhkp

4
 

 1879 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 17  ePjpf;fl;rpapd; MjuNthL 1930y;

k; ehs; <Nuhl;by; gpwe;jhh;. jPzl
; hik vjph;g;G rl;lk; epiw
 mtuJ je;ij - ntq;fl;l Ntw;wg;gl;lJ. [dthp 30 Mk;
ehaf;fh; ehs; jPz;lhik xopg;G ehshf
mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 jhahh; - rpd;d
 ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhfTk;
jhak;khs;
mUk;ghLgl;lhh;. 1938 y;
 <.nt.uh> 19 -Mk; tajpy;
kjuh]py; eilngw;w ngz;fs;
ehfk;ik vd;gtiu kze;jhh;.
khehl;by; <.nt.uhtpw;F ‘
gpwF ,th; fhq;fpu]py; Nrh;e;jhh;.
nghpahh;” vd;w gl;lk;
,e;jpahtpy; xj;Jioahik mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
,af;fk; eilngw;w NghJ>  <. nt. uh> lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp
jkpo;ehl;bd; fhq;fpu]; Nghd;Nwhhpd; Kaw;rpapdhy;
fkpl;bapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh;. 1930y; Njtjhrp xopg;Gr;rl;lk;
 1925 y; fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; eilngw;w epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];  ,e;jpa murhq;fk; 1961y;
khehl;by;> jhd; nfhz;Lte;j tujl;riz jilr; rl;lk;
tFg;Gthj gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,aw;wpaJ.
NfhUk; jPhk
; hdk; Vw;fg;glhjjhy;  1944 y; Nryk; efhpy; nghpahh;

fhq;fpu]py; ,Ue;J tpyfpdhh;. jiyikapy; eilngw;w

ePjpf;fl;rp khehl;by;
 1925 y; Rakhpahij
mz;zhJiuapd; jPhk
; hdj;jpd;
,af;fj;ijAk; FbauR vd;w
gb ePjpf;fl;rp jpuhtplh; fofk;
jkpo; ,jioAk; Jtf;fpdhh;.
vd ngah; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
gpwF 1928 y; Gul;rp vd;w ,jio
 nghpahUld; Vw;gl;l fUj;J
Mq;fpyj;jpYk; Jtf;fpdhh;.
NtWghLfshy; mz;zhJiu
 1924 y; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; mth;fs; 17.08.1949 y; jpuhtpl
NfhapYf;Fs; Eioa Nfushtpy; Kd;Ndw;w fofj;ij
itf;fk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpdhh; vd;gJ
Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp ntw;wp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fz;lhh;.,jdhy; ,th; itf;fk;
tPuh; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;.

5
 

,e;jpa murpay; fl;rpfs;

t. vz; fl;rp rpd;dk; Vw;gLj;jpa

Mz;L
1. ghujpa [djh fl;rp (BJP) jhkiu 1980
2. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];(INC) if 1885
3. ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp (CPU) fjph; mhpths; 1925
kf;fhr;Nrhsk;
4. ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; Rj;jpay;> fjph; 1964
(khh;f;rp];l;) fl;rp (CPM) mhpths;> el;rj;jpuk;
5. gF[d; rkh[; fl;rp (BSP) ahid 1984
6. Njrpathj fhq;fpu]; fl;rp fbfhuk; 1999
(NCP)
Njrpa fl;rpfs; - vd;gjw;F (National
gpujpepjpj;Jt kf;fshl;rp eilngWk; Parties - India) jFjpfs; (VNjDk; xU
jFjp)
ehl;by; murpay; fl;rpfs;
1. xU fl;rp ehd;F my;yJ mjw;F
(Indirect Democracy (or) Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; Nyhf; rgh
Representative) Njh;jypd; NghJ 6%
nry;YgbahFk; thf;Ffis
 murhq;fj;ij mikj;J kf;fSf;F (Valid votes) ngw Ntz;Lk;.
ey;yhl;rpia toq;Ffpd;wd. nghJthf my;yJ ehd;F my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy;
cyf ehLfspy; %d;W tifahd
rl;lg;Nguit Njh;jypd; NghJ 6%
murpay; fl;rp Ml;rpKiwfs; nry;YgbahFk; thf;Ff;fis
eilKiwapy; cs;sd. ngw Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Nyhf;rgh
Njh;jypy; khepyq;fspypUe;J 4
1. xU fl;rp Ml;rpKiw (cjhuzk;
,lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Ke;ija USSR, fpof;F INuhg;gh 2. xU fl;rp Nyhf;rgh Njh;jypy; 2%
ehLfs;) ,lq;fis ntw;wp ngWk;
gl;rj;jpy; me;j ,lq;fis %d;W
2. ,U fl;rp Kiw (USA, gphpl;ld;) khepyq;fspypUe;J ntw;wp ngw
3. gy fl;rp Ml;rpKiw (,e;jpah> Ntz;Lk;.
gpuhd;]>; ,j;jhyp> Rtpl;rh;yhe;J) 3. ehd;F khepyq;fspy;
khepyf;fl;rpahf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;

6
 

khepyf;fl;rpfs; - ,e;jpah (State Mizaj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj

Political Parties - India) fl;rpfshfTk; cs;sd.
jFjpfs; (VNjDk; xU jFjp) E}y;fs;> gj;jphpf;iffs;> ,jo;fs;
1. xU khepyj;jpd; rl;lg; Nguitj; kw;Wk; Mrphpah;fs;

Njh;jypy; 6% nry;YgbahFk; Mrphpah;fs; E}y;fs;>

thf;Ffis ngw Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; gj;jphpf;iffs;> ,jo;fs;;

2 ,lq;fis me;j khepy mutpe;j Nfh\;

rl;lg;Nguitj; Njh;jypy; ntw;wp 1. fh;kNahfp (Karmayogi)

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 2. epa+ Nyk;g; ‡ghh; xy;l; (New Lamp
2. Nyhf;rgh Njh;jypy; xU for old)
khepyj;jpy; 6% nry;YgbahFk; 3. gthdp ke;jph; (Bhawani Mandir)
thf;Ffis ngwNtz;Lk;. NkYk; gf;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lh;[p
me;j khepyj;jpy; 1 Nyhf;rgh 1. Mde;j; khj; (Anand math)
,lj;ij ntw;wp nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 2. Jh;Nf\; ee;jpdp
3. xU khepyj;jpd; rl;lg;Nguitj; (Durgesh Nandhini)
Njh;jypy; 3% jpw;F mjpfkhd
B.R. mk;Ngj;fh;
,lq;fisNah my;yJ 3
,lq;fSf;F mjpfkhd 1. %f; ehaf; (Mook Nayak)
,lq;fisNah ntw;wp nfhs;s 2. ghfp];fphpj; ghuj;
Ntz;Lk;.
(Bahiskrit Bharat)
ex
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
i) Nfush - Nfush fhq;fpu];
fl;rp (KEC) 1. uh];l; fh‡g;lh; (Rast Goftar)
ii) jkpo;ehL - midj;jpe;jpa 2. tha;]; Mg; ,e;jpah (Voice of
mz;zhjpuhtpl
India)
Kd;Ndw;wfofk; (AIADMK)
 jw;NghJ 6 fl;rpfs; Njrpa 3. Vo;ikAk; gphpl;b\hh; ,y;yh

fl;rpfshfTk;> 40f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,e;jpa Ml;rpAk; (Poverty and

khepyf;fl;rpfSk;> 950f;Fk; Unbritish rule in India)
Nkw;gl;l fl;rpfs; ,e;jpa Njh;jy; jahde;j ru];tjp

7
 

1. Ntj gh\;a g+kpfh (Veda Bhaiya 2. yPlh; (Leader)

Bhumika) utPej
; puehj; jh$h;
2. rj;ahh;j;j gpufh\; (Satyartha 1. nyl;lh;]; ‡gpuk;G\pah (Letters
Prakash) from Fussia)
2. Nfhuh (Gora)
Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy 3. fhh;nldh; (Gardener)
1. Ne\d; (Nation) uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;
2. Rjhuf; (Sudharak) 1. rhk;ghj; nfsKb (Sambad
[t`h;yhy; NeU Kaumudi)
1. b];fthp M‡g; ,e;jpah 2. kPul; - cy; - mf;gh; (Mirat - ul -
(Discovery of India) Akbar)
2. Ne\dy; n`uhy;L (National 3. gh;fh jj;jh (Barga - Dutta)
Herald) tpNtfhde;jh;
3. tpnjh; ,e;jpah (Wither India) 1. gpuGj;jh ghuj; cj;Nghjdh
4. Nrhtpaj; Mrpah (Soviet Asia) (Prabhudha Bharat Udbodhana)
5. fpspk;r]; Mg; Nth;yl
; ; `p];lhp 2. gpur;ah Mh; gh];rah (Prachya
(Climpses of World History) aur Pashchaya)
M.K fhe;jp md;dpngrz;l;
1. et[Ptd; (Navjeevan) 1. epA ,e;jpah (New India)
2. aq; ,e;jpah (Young India) - 2. fhkd; tPy; (common weal)
gj;jphpf;if. 3. Ntf; mg; ,e;jpah (Wake up
3. `hp[d; (Harijan) India)
4. ,e;jpad; xgpdpad; (Indian B.G. jpyfh;
Opinion) 1. Nfrhp (Kesari)
5. ,e;jpad; N`hk;&y; 2. kuhj;jh (Maharatta)
(Indian Home rule) B.K ee;jh
6. rj;jpa Nrhjid 1. gNahfpuhgp Mg; NfhfNy
(My Experiments with Truth) (Biography of Gokhale)
kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah cgjNa
1. ,e;J];jhd; (Hindustan) 1. re;jpah (Sandhiya)

8
 

2. ghy; rh];jphp [k;Ngfh; - jh;gd;  `hp]; re;jpu Kfh;[p - `pe;J

(Darpan) Ngl;hpahl; (Hindu Patriot)
3. ghpe;jpu Fkhh; Nfh\; kw;Wk; GNge;jpu  n`d;wp tptpad; njNuh\pNah -
jj;jh - Afe;jhh; (Yugantar) ,e;jpah nf[l; (India Gazettee)
4. ghh;Nje;J `hp]; re;jpuh -  `z;lh;]; - ,e;jpad; Kry; khd;];
ftpthr;rhd; Rjh (Kavivachan (Indian Musalmans)
Sudha)  <];tu re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh; - N\hk;
5. gpgpd; re;jpughy; - ghpjhh;\hf; gpufh\; (Som Prakash)
(Paridarshak)  N[k;]; mf];l]; `pf;fp (1780) -
6. fh;rd; - gpyhrgp Mg; jp <];l; ngq;fhy; nf[l; jp fy;fj;jh
(Philosophy of the east) n[duy; ml;th;ilrh; (Bengal
7. jahs; rpq; k[Pjpah (Dayal Singh Gazettee or the Culcutta General
Majeetia) Advertiser)
8. bhpG+d; (Tribune)  N[hjpgh g+Ny - Fyhk; fphp
9. jPd;ge;J kpj;uh - ePy; jh;gd; (Neel (Chulam Giri)
Darpan)  K.K. kpj;uh - rQ;rptdp (Sanjivani)
10. njNuh\pNah - <];l; ,e;jpad; (East  K.M gdpf;fh; - jp `pe;J];jhd;
Indian) ilk;]; (The Hindustan Times)
11. NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h; - ,e;jpad; nksyhdh mGy;fyhk; Mrhj;
kpuh; (Indina Mirror) 1. ,e;jpah tpd;]; ‡gPhplk;

 E.V.R. nghpahh; - FbauR (Kudi 2. my;`pyhy; (Al-Hilal)

Arasu)  M.G. uhdNl - v];Nr]; ,d;

 G. Rg;ukzpa ma;ah; - ,e;jpah vf;fdhkpf;]; (Essays in

RNjrkpj;jpud; (Swadesh Mitran) India Economics) ,e;jpa

 G.S ma;ah;> tPuuhfthr;rhhp> kw;Wk; nghUshjhu fl;Liufs;

Rg;gh uht; gz;bl; - jp `pe;J  M.N. Roy - ,e;jpah ,d;

(The Hindu) buhd;rprd; (India in Transition)

 Fyhk; `_ird; - ,d;Fyhg;  Nklk; gpf;fh[p fhkh - te;Nj
(Inquilab) khjuk; (Bande Mataram)

9
 

 nksyhd Kfk;kJ myp - fhk;  rh; iraJ mfkJ fhd; - jh[pg; -

nul; (Comrade) cy; - mf;yf; (Tahzib - ul - Akhlaq)
 KFe;j;uht; ghl;by; - jPd; kpj;uh  rprph;Fkhh; Nfh\; kw;Wk; Nkhjpyhy;
(Din Mitra) Nfh\; - mk;hpj g[hh; gj;hpfh
 K[hgh; mfkJ - et;Af; (Navyug) (Amrita Bazar Patrika)
 P.C uha; - `p];l;hp Mg; `pe;J  jhuf;ehj; jh]; - ‡gphP
nfkp];lhp (History of Hindu `pe;J];jhd; (Free Hindustan)
Chemistry)  tpNue;jpu rl;NlhgNj - jy;thh;
 ngNuh\h Nkj;jh - ghk;Ng (Talvar)
FNuhdpf;fps; (Bombay Chronicle) yhyhy[gjpuha;
 R.C. jj; - vf;dhkpf; `p];l;hp Mg; 1. aq; ,e;jpah (Young India -E}y;)
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpah(Economic 2. md;N`g;gp ,e;jpah (Unhappy
Historyof British India) India)
 R.P jj; - ,e;jpah LNl  uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; - ,e;jpa gphptpid

(IndiaToday) (Partition of India)

 uhgh;l; iel; - ,e;jpad; ];Nll;];  n[aNjt; - fPj Nfhtpe;jk; (Gita

Nkd; (Indian Statements) Govind)

 uhgh;l; iel; kw;Wk; jhk]; gP nel; -  tp.tp.fphp - tha;]; M‡g;

ghk;Ng ilk;]; (Bombay Times) fd;ird;]; (Voice of Conscience)

 S.A NlQ;r; - jp Nrh\payp];l; (The  N[.gp. ehuhazd; - gphprd; ilhp

Socialist) (Prison Diary)

 Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; - ,e;jpad;  tPh; rthh;f;fh; - ,e;jpa

];l;uFs; (Indian Struggle) tpLjiyg;Nghh;

 RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p - ngq;fhsp  ,e;jpuh fhe;jp - ik l;&j; (My

(Bengalee) truth)

 rrpe;jpu ehj; rd;ahy; - gz;b  eurpk;kuht; - jp ,d;irlh; (The

[Ptd; (Bandi Jivan) Insider)

 \pahk;[p fpU\;z th;kh (yz;ld;)  mg;Jy;fyhk; - vOr;rp

- ,e;jpad; Nrh\pNahyh[p];l; jPgq;fs;>Wings of Fire, Vision 2020

(Indian Sociologist) (mf;dp rpwFfs;)

10
 

t. vz; ,lk; jiyth; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. 1885 - gk;gha; W.C. ghdh;[p fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
nfhs;iffs; ntspaplg;gLjy;.
Kjy; $l;lk; 72 gpujpepjpfs;
gq;Nfw;G
2. 1886 - fy;fj;jh jhjhgha; 436 gpujpepjpfs; gq;Nfw;G,e;jpa
nesNuh[p Njrpa fhq;fpu]pk; (Indian
National Congress), (Indian
National Conference),e;jpa
Njrpa xd;wpizT.
3. 1887 - kjuh]; gf;UjPd; jpahg;[p 607 gpujpepjpfs; gq;Nfw;G
K];yk
P ;fs; fhq;fpu]py; ,iza
mikg;G tpLf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. 1888 - [hh;[; A+Ny 1248 gpujpepjpfs; gq;Nfw;G
myfhghj;
5. 1889 - gk;gha; tpy;ypak; -
ntl;lh;gh;d;
6. 1890 - fy;fj;jh ngNuh\h Nkj;jh -
7. 1891 - ehf;g+h; P. Mde;j rhh;Y -
8. 1892 - W.C. ghdh;[p -
myfhghj;
9. 1893 - yh$h; jhjhgh; nesNuh[p -
10. 1894 - kjuh]; My;‡gpul; ntg; -
11. 1895 - g+dh RNue;jpu ehj; -
ghdh;[p
12. 1896 - fy;fj;jh u`Pk;Jy;yh rahdp -

11
 

13. 1897 - mkuhtjp C. rq;fud; ehah; -

14. 1989 - kjuh]; A.M. Ngh]; -
15. 1899 - yf;Ndh NuhNk\; re;jpu jj; epytUthia epue;jukhf
(R.C. Dutt) epiyepWj;j Ntz;Lk;
16. 1900 - yh$h; N.G. re;jhth;f;fh; -
17. 1901 - fy;fj;jh D.E. thr;rh -
18. 1902 - RNue;jpuehj; -
mfkjhghj; ghdh;[p
19. 1903 - kjuh]; yhy; Nkhfd; Nfh]; -
20. 1904 - gk;gha; n`d;wp fhl;ld; -
21. 1905 - ngdhu]; Nfhghy fpU\;z tq;fg;gphptpidf;F fz;ldk;
NfhfNy njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
22. 1906 - fy;fj;jh jhjhgha; Rauh[;ak; vd;w thh;j;ij Kjd;
nesnuh[p Kjyhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
23. 1907 - #uj; uh];gpfhhp Nfh\; fhq;fpu]pd; kpjthjpfs;
jPtputhjpfs; gphpe;j #uj; gpsT
24. 1908 - kjuh]; uh]; gpfhhp Nfh\; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd;
murpayikg;G rl;lk;
cUthf;fk;
25. 1909 - yh$h; kjd; Nkhfd; K];yk
P ;fSf;F toq;fpa jdpj;
khstpah njhFjpf;F vjph;g;G
njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
26. 1910 - tpy;ypak; -
myfhghj; ntl;lh;gh;d;
27. 1911 - fy;fj;jh B.N jhh; -
28. 1912 - gq;fpG+h; R.N. KNjhy;fh; -
29. 1913 - fuhr;rp iraJ KfkJ -
30. 1914 - kjuh]; GNge;jpu ehj; ghR -
31. 1915 - gk;gha; S.P. rpd;`h -
32. 1916 - yf;Ndh A.C. k[Pk;jhh fhq;fpu]; kpjthjpfs;>

12
 

jPtputhjpfs; xd;wpizT
yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if.
33. 1917 - fy;fj;jh md;dpngrz;l; -
34. 1918 - nly;yp kjd;Nkhfd; -
khstpah
35. 1919 - Nkhjpyhy; NeU [hypad; thyhghf;
mkph;jru]; gLnfhiyf;F fz;ldk;
fpyhgj; ,af;fk; njhlf;fk;
36. 1920 - ehf;g+h; C. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; Gjpa
tp[auhfthr;rhhpah; murpayikg;G rl;lk;
cUthf;fk;.
37. 1921 - C.R. jh]; (rpiw) -
mfkjhghj; `f;fpk; m[;ky;
fhd; (nghWg;G)
38. 1922 - fah C.R. jh]; Rauh[;a fl;rp cUthf;fk;.
39. 1923 - nksyhdh -
fhf;fpehlh Kfk;kJ myp
40. 1924 - ngy;fhk; M.K. fhe;jp -
41. 1925 - fhd;g+h; rNuh[pdp ehAL -
42. 1926 - S. =epthrIaq;fhh; -
nfsfhj;jp
43. 1927 - kjuh]; M.A md;rhhp irkd; FOit Gwf;fzpg;gjw;F
jPhk
; hdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
44. 1928 - fy;fj;jh Nkhjpyhy; NeU mfpy ,e;jpa ,isQh;
fhq;fpu]; cUthf;fk;
45. 1929 - yh$h; [t`h;yhy; NeU g+uz tpLjiy jPhk
; hdk;
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij njhlq;f
jPhk
; hdk;
46. 1931 - fuhr;rp ty;ygha; gNly; fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpw;F
xg;Gjy;

13
 

mbg;gil chpikfs; kw;Wk;

Njrpa nghUshjhu jpl;lk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
47. 1932 - nly;yp A.R. nrj; -
48. 1933 - fy;fj;jh nes;sp nrq;Fg;jh -
49. 1934 - gk;gha; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; -
50. 1936 - yf;Ndh [t`h;yhy; NeU fhq;fpu]; nfhs;if Nrh\yprk;
(Vg;uy; 12-14) Mf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W
jPhk
; hdk;.
51. 1936 - nga;[; G+h; [t`h;yhy; NeU Kjy; Kiwahf fpuhkj;jpy;
(brk;gh; 27 - 28) khehL eilngw;wJ.
53. 1938 - `hpGuh Rgh]; re;jpu Ngh]; [t`h;yhy; NeU jiyikapy;
Njrpa jpl;lf;fkpl;b
Vw;gLj;jg;gLjy;.
54. 1940 - uhk;fhh; nksyhdh -
mGy;fyhk; Mrhj;
55. 1946 - kPul; Mr;rhh;ah J.B. -
fphpghydp
56. 1948 - n[a;gg
; +h; gl;lhgp -
rPj;jhuhika;ah

1930> 1935 kw;Wk; 1941-45 Mz;Lfspy; fhq;fpu]; khehLfs; eilngwtpy;iy

njhopyhsh; kw;Wk; thzpg A+dpad; mikg;Gfs;

(Labour and Trade Union Organisations)
t.vz; Mz;L/ Muk;gpj;jth; fl;rp
,lk;
1. 1920 / M.N. uha; ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp (Communist
jh\;fz;l; Party of India)
2. 1923 / rpq;fhu NtY njhopyhsh; fprhd; fl;rp (Labour Kisan

14
 

kjuh]; Party)
3. - `h[p e[;Uy; njhopyhsh; Rauh[;a fl;rp (Labour
kw;Wk; K[hgh; Swaraj Party) gpwF tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;
mfkJ njhopyhsh;fs; fl;rp (Peasants and
Worker’s Party) vd ngah; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
4. - Nrhfd; rpq; fph;j;jp fprhd; fl;rp (Kirti Kisan Party)
N[h];
5. 1927 / S.S. njhopyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; fl;rp
gk;gha; kpuh[;fh;>K.N. (Workers and Peasants Party)
N[hf;nyfhh;
kw;Wk; S.V. Nfl;
6. 1931 J.P. ehuhazd;> gPfhh; Nrh\payp];l; fl;rp (Bihar Socialist
th;kh kw;Wk; Party)
Gyd; gpurhj;
7. 1934 eNue;jpu fhq;fpu]; Nrh\payp];l; fl;rp (Congress
Njt;>J.P Socialist Party)
ehuhazd;
kw;Wk; kpD}
khrhdp
8. 1939 Rgh]; re;jpu ghh;th;L gpshf; (Forward Bloc)
Ngh];
9. 1926 / - fhq;fpu]; njhopyhsh; fl;rp (Congress
gk;gha; Labour Party)
10. 1939 N.D. k[Pk;jhh; ,e;jpa Nghy;]; tpf; fl;rp (The Bolshevik
Party of India)
11. 1930 M.N uha; gFj;jwpT [dehaf fl;rp (Radical
Democratic Party)

15