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Earth Science?
Subsystems of
 Atmosphere
comes from the Greek roots atmos which means gas,
and sphaira which means globe or ball.

10 000 km from the surface of the earth

It is composed of 78.1% nitrogen, 20.9%

oxygen, 0.9% argon, 350 ppm carbon
dioxide, and other components.
 Layers of Atmosphere

Troposphere
extends to about 14.5 km above the earth’s
surface
lowest layer where the weather forms
 Layers of Atmosphere

Stratosphere
found 14.5 to 50 km above the earth’s surface.
the ozone layer that protects the earth from the
sun’s harmful UV radiation is found in this layer.
 Layers of Atmosphere

Mesosphere
extends from 50 to 85 km above the
earth’s surface
protects the earth from the impact of space debris
 Layers of Atmosphere

Thermosphere
found 85 to 600 km above the earth’s surface
has charged particles that are affected by the
earth’s magnetic field
 Layers of Atmosphere

Exosphere farthest layer

Geosphere
extends to about 10 000 km above the earth’s surface

Geo is a Greek root which means ground.

 Geosphere is divided into three layers namely crust,
mantle, and core.

Layers of Geosphere

Crust
outermost layer of the geosphere made mostly
of silicate materials
 Oceanic crust lies beneath the oceanic floors that is about
5-10 km thick
Continental crust makes up the continents that is
about 15-70 km thick
 Layers of Geosphere
Mantle
lies just below the crust, made mostly of
silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron
2900 km thick
has increasing temperatures at
increasing depths
 Layers of Geosphere
Core
has a radius of 3400 km, the
innermost layer of the earth made up of
iron and nickel source of internal heat as it
contains radioactive materials that release
energy
 Hydrosphere
Hydro is a Greek root which means water. Hydrosphere is
97.5% saltwater and 2.5% freshwater. It includes all
the bodies of water such as oceans, lakes, rivers, and
marshes. Clouds and rain are also part of the
hydrosphere.
 Biosphere
Bio is a Greek root that means life. The biosphere extends to
the upper areas of the atmosphere where
insects and birds can be found. It also reaches the
deep parts of the oceans where marine organisms
can still survive.

Earth System Science

 An integration of chemistry, physics, biology, and mathematics
Study of earth as an integrated system
Seeks to understand the past, current, and future states of the
Earth
Weather Water Vapor

fluctuating state of the strongest greenhouse gas atmosphere over a short

period because it is the most variable of time component of the atmosphere
 Biogeochemical cycle

“biogeochemical” implies the involvement of life (bio), Earth’s surface (geo),

and substances
(chemical)
Climate

average weather over a certain

period and area
 Water/Hydrologic Cycle
movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to land and back to the ocean
 Evaporation

happens when a liquid turns into a gas. It can be easily visualized when rain puddles
“disappear” on a hot day or when wet clothes dry in the sun
Transpiration

process where plants take up liquid water from the soil and release water vapor into the air
from their leaves

Evapotranspiration the sum of all processes by which water moves from the
land surface to the atmosphere via evaporation and transpiration
 Condensation

process where lighter vapor cools as it reaches a certain altitude, forms tiny floating
droplets, and forming clouds

Precipitation

the release of water from clouds in the form of rain, sleet, hail or snow

Nitrogen Cycle
movement of nitrogen between the four spheres involves
conversion of nitrogen into various forms
 Nitrogen Fixation process of converting atmospheric nitrogen intobiologically available

nitrogen

process that converts ammonia and ammonium compounds into nitrite and then to nitrate
 process where microscopic organisms like bacteria or other types of decomposing
organisms, break down nitrogen-containing chemicals from dead organic matter, into
simple substances like ammonia.

Nitrogen Cycle
movement of nitrogen between the four spheres involves
conversion of nitrogen into various forms
 Denitrification
process by which nitrogen is released back to the atmosphere

Carbon Cycle
describes how carbon moves between the atmosphere,
soils, living creatures, the ocean, and human sources
 Carbon Cycle
1.Carbon present in the atmosphere is
absorbed by plants for
photosynthesis
2.These plants are then consumed by animals
and carbon gets bio
accumulated into their bodies
3.These animals and plants eventually die, and upon decomposing, carbon is released
back into the atmosphere

Carbon Cycle
4. Some of the carbon that is not released
back into the atmosphere eventually become
fossil fuels
5. These fossil fuels are then used for man-made activities, which pump more
carbon back into the
atmosphere
 ROCKS

IGNEOUS
SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC
 ROCKS
formed from solidification of magma or lava which flows out

from depth formed from melted rock deep inside the Earth
IGNEOUS

ROCKS
Classification of Igneous Rocks:
Extrusive forms when magma or volcanic fragments erupt and
IGNEOUS
solidify on earth’s surface which results to very fine-grained rock
with very small crystals that could not be seen through naked

eye also known as volcanic rock

Ex. obsidian, andesite, pumice

ROCKS
Classification of Igneous Rocks:
Intrusive forms when magma crystallizes within the crust
and is composed of medium to coarse grains also known
as plutonic rock
 IGNEOUS

2 types: a) concordant — when the pre-existing rock bed is

cut across by an intrusive body; b) discordant — called if it turns parallel to the bedrock

ROCKS
Types of Igneous Rocks BasedTypes of Igneous Rocks Based on
on Texture: Mineral Composition

Aphanitic rock
 Felsic
Phaneritic rock Intermediate
Pegmatitic rock Mafic
Vesicular rock Ultramafic
Porphyritic
IGNEOUS
Amygdaloidal
Pyroclastic
 ROCKS
formed from deposits of pre-existing rocks or pieces of

once-living organism that accumulate on the Earth’s surface formed from layers of
sand, silt, dead plants, and animal skeletons
SEDIMENTARY

ROCKS
Lithification Diagenesis
 process where a collective harden process where sediments sediments are
become lithified
sedimentary (becomes rock)
SEDIMENTARY rocks

ROCKS
Types of Igneous Rocks Based on
Texture:

ock
ock
 Rock
SEDIMENTARY
 ROCKS
formed when rocks are subjected to high heat, high

pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these
factors these are rocks that have been altered, changed, or transformed in the solid
state

METAMORPHIC

ROCKS
Metamorphism
is like the chameleon changing its color to protect itself by blending
into its environment

METAMORPHIC

ROCKS
Ways on how Metamorphism can happen:
Recrystallization — small crystals of one mineral will slowly convert to fewer, larger crystals of
the same mineral without melting the rock
Neomorphism — process whereby minerals not only recrystallize, but also form different
minerals from the same chemical elements
METAMORPHIC Metasomatism — the addition or loss of elements new minerals
form with only some of the original elements, and new elements
were added through hydrothermal migration

ROCKS
Types of Metamorphism
Contact Metamorphism occurs only at a local area adjacent to large intrusions and along
fractures that are in contact with hot fluids

Regional Metamorphism

METAMORPHIC occurs at very large areas for example mountain

ranges which results from various conditions

ROCKS
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
 Foliated rocks are formed when parallel planes of platy or elongated minerals were
realigned due to the effects of pressure and recrystallization creating foliations
Ex. schist, gneiss, phyllite

Non Foliated
METAMORPHIC rocks that do not have layered appearance
Ex. marble, quartzite, anthracite
ACID RAIN
 rainwater that is more acidic than normal caused

predominantly by emissions from the burning of

fossil fuels

Wastes

refers to any discarded or rejected material mainly from human

activities and some other processes
 Solid Wastes

refer to wastes that are in solid form subdivided as either a) putrescible — food
wastes; b) non putrescible — plastic container wastes Biodegradable Waste has
organic matter capable of being decomposed by microorganisms which can cause
formation of malodorous and toxic substances includes food waste, animal and
human waste in the form of excrements and cadavers
 Nonbiodegradable Waste does not decompose easily and may either be combustible or
incombustible common examples are plastic, bottled water containers, paper, and glass

Liquid Wastes

those that are in liquid form, freely flowing when transported or heated to 60 degrees,
and are not capable of being picked up by a spade or shovel

Domestic Wastewaters liquid wastes coming from domestic residential areas

products of our day-to-day living coming from our various activities like food
preparation, washing of clothes, bathing and toilet usage
 Effluent

wastewater that flows out from a specific source comes from commercial areas like
restaurants and hotels that contain very high amounts of oil and grease

Hazardous Wastes generated from many sources, ranging from industrial

manufacturing processes to electronic wastes, and come in forms of liquids,

solids, and gasses
Ex. strong acids, bases and cyanides; fuels, kerosene, gasoline, methanol;

batteries and computer parts; special wastes

For a waste to be considered hazardous, it should be:

Toxic - causing injury or death when inhaled or ingested

Flammable - can easily ignite and burn rapidly
Corrosive - can burn skin on contact and can erode away the surface of materials
 Reactive - can react with other substances to produce
Special Wastes
toxic vapors or explosions include clinical and asbestos

Clinical waste

waste
result from medical, dental, pharmaceutical, and other related activities, as well as
animal tissue and carcasses
 Asbestos

refer to any waste containing the hazardous mineral asbestos which is a fibrous form of
silica mineral

Thank You for Listening!

Good luck mga future iskolar ng
bayan!