@FBHEBFIQX]I HE AH]HBCD

Afvfsfòe ah Bfhebfis Rdbfi`hs y Iaofefstritfvis

Oòau`d 91. Fethreibfdei`fzibfòe ah` ahrhbcd he su éomftd pûm`fbd.
B`ivh; AHFAWX
Adbheth;
@fb. I@HKIEA]D EH]F RI@I[I] CFEDKDRI
Hstuafieth;
Ei``ymh Iyoh J`drhs Ouùdz
Oitrfbu`i;
HR9<=7968:=

Xefaia 9. Fetrdaubbfòe i `i fethreibfdei`fzibfòe ah` Ahrhbcd Wûm`fbd.

Rhsfòe =. Juheths ah` Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei` Wûm`fbd.

Ibtfvfaia 9. @is juheths
juheths ah` Ahrhbcd
Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei`
Fethreibfdei` Wûm`fbd.
Wûm`fbd.
Ibtfvfaia =. Wrdbhsds
Wrdbhsds ah h`imdribfò
h`imdribfòe
e y bdeb`usfòe
bdeb`usfòe ah `ds tritiads
tritiads fethreibfdei`h
fethreibfdei`hs.
s.
Ibtfvfaia fethlriadri.
fethlriadri. @is juheths
juheths ah` Ahrhbcd
Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei`
Fethreibfdei` Wûm`fbd
Wûm`fbd y `is bdrrfheths
bdrrfheths
kurïafbis.

OI][D / =7=7
R=. Ibtfvfaia 9. @is juheths ah` Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei` Wûm`fbd.

9. @hh h` thxtd ah ipdy

ipdyd
d he `ds ipirtia
ipirtiads
ds rhjhrh
rhjhrheths
eths i` tho
thoi
i ah `is juheths ah
ah`` Ahrhbcd Fe
Fethreib
threibfdei`
fdei`..
=. Fevhs
Fevhstfli
tfli hkh
hkhop`ds
op`ds ah bbiai
iai uei ah `is jjuheths
uheths a
ah`
h` Ahrhb
Ahrhbcd
cd Fethr
Fethreibfd
eibfdei`
ei` Wûm`f
Wûm`fbd.
bd.

JXHEQHR AH AH]HBCD FEQH]EIBFDEI@ HKH;

Irt 23, febfsd 9», pérrijds i, m, b y a ah `ds H
Hstitutds
stitutds Bisd ah Efbirilui bdetri `ds Hstiads Xefads, `i
ah `i Bdrth Whroieheth ah Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei` Bdrth puad rhsd`vhr `i afsputi bde mish he `i
(BWAF) ah 96=7, y ah su ahsbheafheth, `i Bdrth Bdstuomrh fethreibfdei`.
Fethreibfdei` ah Kustfbfi (BFK), ah 9618

9. @i Bdrth, buyi juebfòe hs ahbfafr bdejdroh i`

ahrhbcd fethreibfdei` `is bdetrdvhrsfis quh `h shie
sdohtfais, ahmhré ip`fbir;

i) @is bdevhebfdehs fethreibfdei`hs, shie lhehri`hs

d pirtfbu`irhs quh brhie rhl`is hxprhsioheth
rhbdedbfais pdr `ds Hstiads ahoieaieths.

m) @i bdstuomrh fethreibfdei` bdod pruhmi ah uei

prébtfbi lhehri`oheth ibhptiai bdod ahrhbcd.

b) @ds prfebfpfds lhehri`hs ah` ahrhbcd rhbdedbfads

pdr `is eibfdehs bfvf`fziais.

a) @is ahbfsfdehs kuafbfi`hs y `is adbtrfeis ah `ds

hsbrftdrhs ah oiydr bdophthebfi ah `is afstfetis
eibfdei`faiahs, bdod ohafd iuxf`fir piri `i
ahthrofeibfòe ah `is rhl`is ah` ahrhbcd.
@ds tritiads fethreibfdei`hs.
Buiead ads d oés Hstiads pibthe d rhlu`he ue
isuetd ah `i vfai fethreibfdei`, shi he oithrfi ah
hbdedoïi, afp`doibfi, ohafd iomfheth, pd`ïtfbi,
bdohrbfd, htbæthri, brhiead ahrhbcds y dm`flibfdehs
hetrh `is pirths y p`isoéead`ds pdr hsbrftd, sh triti
ah ue tritiad fethreibfdei`.
Oæxfbd pirtfbfpi he 9= Qritiads ah @fmrh Bdohrbfd
bde 1: piïshs (Q@Bs), 2= Ibuhrads piri `i
Wrdodbfòe y Wrdthbbfòe ]hbïprdbi ah `is Fevhrsfdehs
(IWW]Fs) bde 22 piïshs y 6 ibuhrads ah i`biebh
`foftiad (Ibuhrads ah Bdop`hohetibfòe Hbdeòofbi
y Ibuhrads ah I`biebh Wirbfi`) he h` oirbd ah `i
Isdbfibfòe @itfediohrfbiei ah Fethlribfòe (I@IAF).
(I@IAF).
Iahoés, Oæxfbd pirtfbfpi ibtfvioheth
ibtfvioheth he

@i Bdevhebfòe ah Zfhei, he su irtïbu`d =», ahjfeh i`
tritiad fethreibfdei` bdod ue ‐ibuhrad fethreibfdei`
bh`hmriad pdr hsbrftd hetrh Hstiads y rhlfad pdr h`
drliefsods y jdrds ou`tf`ithri`hs y rhlfdei`hs bdod
`i Drliefzibfòe Oueafi` ah` Bdohrbfd (DOB), h`
Ohbiefsod ah Bddphribfòe Hbdeòofbi Isfi-Wibïjfbd

Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei`, yi bdesth he ue festruohetd
ûefbd d he ads d oés festruohetds bdehxds y
bui`qufhri quh shi su ahedofeibfòe‟.
@i bdstuomrh fethreibfdei` Bdesfahriai `i juheth
oés iùhki y prfoftfvi ah `ds û`tfods sfl`ds. I`lueds
Hstiads afrflhe su bdopdrtiofhetd ah ahthrofeiai
jdroi, ieth ahthrofeiais bdeaubtis, `is bui`hs sh
prd`delie bde h` tfhopd, adeah ue lrupd hvfaheth ah
eibfdehs `is ibhpti sfe bdetribbfòe i`luei, pdr `d
quh he i`lueis sftuibfdehs sh tdreie dm`flitdrfis
(Lòohz, 963=; 63). dmkhtfvds.
FOWD]QIEQH ]HRI@QI];
Wiri quh uei prébtfbi sh triesjdroh he rhl`i ah `i Hsti prdlrhsfvi rhlu`ibfòe, `i bdstuomrh
bdstuomrh fethreibfdei`, sh pfah quh rhûei bfhrtds
rhqufsftds.
- Yuh iue buiead ed shi `hy lhehri`, sh lhehri`fbh
`d sujfbfheth, i bdeafbfòe ah quh dtris eibfdehs, he
eûohrd fopdrtieth, ed `i ahsipruhmhe.
- Rhi ue bdeaubti bdesuhtuafeirfi rhphtfai
bdestiethoheth, buyi hvi`uibfòe ahpheah ah `is
bdeafbfdehs.
- Rh pribtfquh bde `i bhrthzi ah ``hvir i bimd uei
ibbfòe quh rhspdeai i uei dm`flibfòe kurïafbi (dpfefd
kurfs sfvh ehbbhssftitfs)
ehbbhssftitfs) y ed quh sh bdejhbbfdeh ue
ibtd ah ithebfòe y bdrthsïi.
@i vhrfjfbibfòe ah `i bdstuomrh hebuhetri su
sflefjfbiad y i`biebh he `i afp`doibfi fethreibfdei`>
h` hkhrbfbfd ahmh shr rhsphtiad pdr bdofsfdeiads ah
biai ldmfhred, afp`doétfbds, bòesu`hs, bdoieaieths
of`ftirhs y eivi`hs, `hlfs`iadrhs eibfdei`hs, y pdr `is
drliefzibfdehs fethreibfdei`hs.
(IWHB), `i Drliefzibfòe piri `i Bddphribfòe y
Ahsirrd``d Hbdeòofbds (DBAH) y `i I@IAF.
Feeuohrim`hs rhl`is ah `i bdstuomrh fethreibfdei`
phroiehbhe bdestieths; `ds draheiofhetds
rhjhrheths i `i rhspdesimf`faia ah `ds Hstiads, `ds
`ïofths ah jrdethris y `ds rïds, sde bdophthebfis
fethreibfdei`hs. Dtris jfluris, bdod `is feouefaiahs
y prfvf`hlfds afp`doétfbds, cie thefad quh shr
rhlu`iads he `ds tritiads, bde h` jfe ah i`biezir sus
fethreibfdei` sh ci fad hxtfelufhead i ohafai quh `is
bdeaubtis bfuaiaieis sh cie rhlfad pdr
draheiofhetds edroitfvds.
@i bdstuomrh fethreibfdei` sh hxtfeluh pdr `i rizòe
feafsbutfm`h ah quh ed hs rhquhrfai ef bdesu`tiai, d
pdr surlfr uei euhvi bdstuomrh. ¼ @i bdstuomrh
fethreibfdei` bdestftuyh, mikd `is ofsois
bfrbuestiebfis, juheth afrhbti ah` Ahrhbcd
Fethreibfdei`, puhs æsti hebuhetri su drflhe ah `is
festftubfdehs `dbi`hs bdophtheths piri dphrir `is
rh`ibfdehs fethreibfdei`hs.
Xe hkhop`d ah `i bdstuomrh bdod juheth ah`
Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei` hs h` Ahrhbcd Afp`doétfbd. He
hsti jfluri, `i oiydrïi ah sus draheiofhetds
eibfhrde prfohrd bdod bdeaubtis rhfthriais y
bdestieths, bdesfahriais bdod dm`flitdrfis pdr `i
bdouefaia fethreibfdei`, vhrmflribfi; h` prdtdbd`d
afp`doétfbd. Bde h` pisd ah `ds iùds, afbcds
hstitutds sh p`isoirde he adbuohetds djfbfi`hs,

bdod hs h` bisd ah `i Bdevhebfòe ah Zfhei sdmrh

rh`ibfdehs afp`doétfbis y bdesu`irhs.
@DR W]FEBFWFDR LHEH]I@HR AH@ AH]HBCD;
H` Hstitutd ah `i Bdrth Fethreibfdei` ah Kustfbfi, he Hstds prfebfpfds sde cimftui`hs, pûm`fbds y
su irtïbu`d 23, febfsd b, ahjfeh `ds prfebfpfds uefvhrsi`hs, fechrheths i tdads `ds sfsthois
lhehri`hs ah` Ahrhbcd bdod juheth ah` ahrhbcd kurïafbds.
iquh``ds ‐prfebfpfds ^…_ rhbdedbfads pdr `is eibfdehs
bfvf`fziais‟.
@i fethrprhtibfòe ah drflhe ah hsti adbtrfei Qdads flui`hs ieth `i `hy> eiafh puhah shr kuzliad
adofeieth hsté ah ibuhrad bde quh `ds prfebfpfds ads vhbhs pdr h` ofsod ah`ftd> `i `hy hsphbfi` ahrdli
lhehri`hs ah` Ahrhbcd hebuhetrie su juebfdeiofhetd i `i lhehri` y `i pdsthrfdr i `i iethrfdr.

he `ds prfebfpi`hs rhlïohehs ah ldmfhred quh afrflhe

i `i cuoiefaia.
FOWD]QIEQH;
@ds prfebfpfds lhehri`hs ah` Ahrhbcd sde
ohbiefsods prdpfds ah` kuhz piri sd`ubfdeir `is
prdm`hoétfbis quh sh prhshetie drflfeiais pdr
iomflðhaiahs, bde hstd sh ibbhah i ue sfsthoi
kurïafbd p`hed, he adeah i tdad ibdethbfofhetd
ibdethbfofhetd sh ai
rhspuhsti pdr ohafd ah `hyhs. Hstds prfebfpfds
lhehri`hs ah` Ahrhbcd sh sd`ubfdeie tietd he jdroi
Ed bdejueafr i `ds prfebfpfds lhehri`hs ah` A
Ahrhbcd
hrhbcd
bde `ds prfebfpfds ah Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei`, bdod sh
cibh jrhbuhethoheth. @ds prfohrds sde prfebfpfds
ibhptiads uefvhrsi`oheth> sh hebuhetrie he
bdstuomrhs d tritiads fethreibfdei`hs, bdod `i Birti
ah Rie Jriebfsbd. He biomfd, `ds shlueads sò`d
rflhe bisds bdebrhtds. Wdr hkhop`d; `i ed ilrhsfòe, `i

bdod he jdead flui`aiaI;sdmhriei ah `ds tritiads, hetrh dtrds.

@I KX]FRW]FAHEBF
KX]FRW]FAHEBFI;
Hs h` bdekuetd ah ahrhbcds bdestftubfdei`hs y `hli`hs H` irt 86 ah` Hstitutd ah `i Bdrth Fethreibfdei` ah
ah `i `hy suprhoi ah `ds trfmuei`hs sdmrh ue isuetd Kustfbfi hstim`hbh quh ‐`i ahbfsfòe ah `i Bdrth ed hs
bdebrhtd he pirtfbu`ir, quh `ds kuzliads fethrprhtie dm`flitdrfi sfed piri `is pirths he `ftflfd y rhsphbtd
ah ibuhrad i su bdethefad. ah` bisd quh ci sfad ahbfafad‟.
He hsth rumrd hstirïie umfbiais `is ahbfsfdehs sdmrh Ræptfod Qrfmuei` Bd`hlfiad he Oithrfi Bfvf` ah`
bisds ieth `is bdrths Hurdphi, Ijrfbiei y Iohrfbiei Wrfohr Bfrbuftd. Iopird afrhbtd 211/=773. Khsûs
ah Ahrhbcds Cuoieds, `is ahrfviais ah `i I`hkieard Lutfærrhz D`vhri. 97 ah ku`fd ah =773.
rhsd`ubfòe ah quhkis d phtfbfdehs ah `ds bdoftæs ah Xeiefofaia ah vdtds. Wdeheth; Ku`fd Bæsir Zézquhz-

suphrvfsfòe ah tritiads ah `i DEX, y `is ah `is
bdofsfdehs Fethriohrfbiei y Ijrfbiei ah Ahrhbcds
Cuoied.
@I ADBQ]FEI;
Heshùiezis quh sh ipdyie he ue bdekuetd ah
brhhebfis sdmrh ue thoi ah hstuafd d biopd ah
Oh``iad Lirbïi. Rhbrhtirfd; Mhekioïe Lirbf`izd ]ufz.
Ed- vhei Æpdbi, Festiebfi; Qrfmuei`hs Bd`hlfiads ah
Bfrbuftd, Juheth; Rhoieirfd Kuafbfi` ah `i Jhahribfòe
y su Libhti, SSZFFF, ildstd ah =773, p. 9732, Qhsfs;
F.<d.B.1: N, Qhsfs ifs`iai, Oithrfi(s); Bdoûe.
Ahrhbcds cuoieds, @ds Qritiads fethreibfdei`hs
susbrftds pdr Oæxfbd sdmrh @ds. Hs pdsfm`h fevdbir`ds
he h` kufbfd ah iopird i` iei`fzir @is vfd`ibfdehs i
@is lirietïis feafvfaui`hs quh fop`fquhe `i ah
iquæ``ds.
@i adbtrfei tfheh ue sflefjfbiad afstfetd shlûe ib`irh
`i fethrprhtibfòe ah `is `hyhs vflheths (ah kurh
bdedbfofhetd. Wiri `i bfhebfi kurïafbi, `i adbtrfei sh bdeaftfd d ah `hlh `iti) d quh sh hophùh he brhir
rhjfhrh i ue prfebfpfd kurïafbd> `i lioi ah dpfefdehs euhvis edrois d febfafr he h``is (ah kurh bdeahead d
hoftfais pdr `ds hxphrtds sdmrh ue érhi bdebrhti ah` ah `hlh jhrheai).
Ahrhbcd.
IBQDR XEF@IQH]I@HR FEQH]EIBFDEI@HR;
FEQH]EIBFDEI@HR;
H` irt 23 ah `i Bdrth Fethreibfdei` ah Kustfbfi ed Hetfheah pdr ibtds uef`ithri`hs i `is vd`uetiahs quh
ohebfdei i `ds ibtds uef`ithri`hs fethreibfdei`hs tfheahe i prdaubfr hjhbtds kurïafbds y `hli`hs
bdod juheths ah Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei`> hophrd, hsth ahshiads pdr su brhiadr.
prfebfpfd ed hs hxciustfvd, sfed ahb`iritfvd y, pdr
heah, eiai fopdsfmf`fti `i brhibfòe ah euhvis juheths
ah Ahrhbcd, puhs ipdyi h` ahsirrd``d y hstrubturi ah`
Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei`.
@ds ibtds uef`ithri`hs fethreibfdei`hs sde rhi`fziads pdr `ds Hstiads y, ah oiehri hsphbïjfbi, pdr `ds sukhtds
ah` Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei`. Wrdaubhe hjhbtds kurïafbds he `i ohafai he quh h` Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei` `d
ibhpth. H` ibtd sh bdesfahri uef`ithri` buiead h` Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei` bdebhah bfhrtds hjhbtds kurïafbds i `i
oiefjhstibfòe ah ue sd`d feafvfaud> pdr h` bdetrirfd, sh bdesfahri ibtd mf`ithri` buiead sh dtdrli i ads d oés
sukhtds.

R=. Ibtfvfaia =. Wrdbhsds ah h`imdribfòe y bdeb`usfòe ah `ds tritiads fethreibfdei`hs.

EHLDBFIBFDE; @i vïi hs afp`doétfbi, hsth prdbhah buiead sh triti ah ehldbfibfòe ah ue tritiad ou`tf`ithri`
d he uei vïi bdethefai pdr `ds rhprhshetieths ah `ds hstiads.

IADWBFDE AH@ QHSQD; H`

H` irt 6 ah `i bdevhebfòe ah Zfhei ah 96:6, feafbi
feafbi su prébtfbi bdejdroh i
iprdmibfòe ah tdads `ds hstiads pirtfbfpieths, he bisd ah `i iadpbfòe ah` thxtd ah ue tritiad he uei
bdejhrhebfi fethreibfdei`, sh rhi`fziri pdr oiydrïi ah ads thrbfds ah `ds hstiads prhsheths y vdtieths, d quh
ip`fquhe uei rhl`i afjhrheth.

OIEFJHRQIBFDE AH BDERHEQFOFHEQD;
BDERHEQFOFHEQD; Bicfhr (=799; 38-3<) prhsheti `is sflufheths jdrois;

- @i jfroi; Brhi ue ohafd ah oiefjhstibfòe ah` bdeshetfofhetd ah` Hstiad he dm`flirsh pdr h` tritiad buiead
æsth jdroi`fzi quh `i rûmrfbi thearé afbci bdeshbuhebfi> bdesth ah dtrd odad, quh `ds hstiads ehldbfiadrhs
cie pibtiad quh `i jfroi theli afbcd hjhbtd> `i fethebfòe ah` Hstiad ah quh sh trith ah air afbcd hjhbtd i `i
jfroi sh ahauzbi ah `ds p`heds pdahrhs ah su rhprhshetieth d ciyi sfad oiefjhstiai aurieth `is
ehldbfibfdehs, iue buiead `is ahoés pirths rhqufhrie ritfjfbibfòe u dtrd prdbhafofhetd bdopirim`h.

- H` biekh ah festruohetds; Rò`d subhah buiead `ds festruohetds afspdelie quh su biekh thearé i`lûe hjhbtd>
d buiead bdesth ah dtrd odad, quh `is eibfdehs cie bdevhefad he quh h` biekh ah `ds festruohetds (irt 92).

- @i ritfjfbibfòe, `i ibhptibfòe d `i iprdmibfòe; @i ritfjfbibfòe bdod ohafd ah hxprhsfòe ah bdeshetfofhetd ah`

Hstiad prdbhah;
¼ Buiead h` ibuhrad hstim`hzbi quh ti` bdeshetfofhetd ahmh oiefjhstirsh ohafieth `i ritfjfbibfòe.

¼ Buiead `ds hstiads ehldbfiadrhs cie bdevhefad quh sh rhqufhri `i ritfjfbibfòe.

¼ Buiead sh ciyi jfroiad h` tritiad i rhshrvi ah ritfjfbibfòe pdr pirth ah` rhprhshetieth ah` Hstiad.

¼ Buiead `i prhthesfòe ah` Hstiad ah sfleir h` tritiad ah rhshrvi ah ritfjfbibfòe sh shpirh ah `ds p`heds
pdahrhs ah su rhprhshetieth, d sh prhsheth he h` odohetd ah `i ehldbfibfòe (irtïbu`d 91).

- @i iachsfòe. ‐@i iachsfòe surlh buiead `ds sukhtds d ibuhrads sh oiefjfhstie buiead ue thrbhr Hstiad ed
pirtfbfpò he `is ehldbfibfdehs ah` tritiad sfe efeluei bdeafbfòe puhai febdrpdrirsh i æ`, buop`fhead `is
b`iusu`is shùi`iads he h` ofsod‟ (Bicfhr, =799; 33).

W]DBHAFOFHEQD AH BDEB@XRFDE AH @DR Q]IQIADR FEQH]EIBFDEI@HR;

Wiri prdbhahr i `i bdeb`usfòe ah ue tritiad fethreibfdei`, hs ehbhsirfd shlufr uei shrfh ah pisds draheiads
pdr `i Bdevhebfòe ah Zfhei, ti` hs bisd ah` prdbhsd `hlfs`itfvd, adeah `is `hyhs sfluhe uei shrfh ah pisds
piri su bdejdroibfòe. He `ds tritiads fethreibfdei`hs subhah `d sflufheth;

¼ Ehldbfibfòe; hsti jish ed sh hebuhetri edroiai he `i Bdevhebfòe. Ru jfei`faia hs ishlurir uei pdsturi
djfbfi` ah `ds Hstiads sdmrh h` dmkhtd y jfe ah` tritiad, isï bdod ahthrofeir h` oirbd lhehri` ah` b`iusu`iad.

¼ Iadpbfòe ah` thxtd; he hshebfi, bdejdroi h` ‐mdrriadr‟ ah` tritiad, i` bui` sh ``hli uei vhz jfei`fziai `i
ehldbfibfòe. @ds tritiads mf`ithri`hs sh iaofthe pdr ueiefofaia> `ds ou`tf`ithri`hs, shlûe `d hstim`hzbie `ds
Hstiads pirth, d, i ji`ti ah ibuhrad, pdr `is ads thrbhris pirths ah `ds prhsheths y vdtieths.
¼ Iuthetfbibfòe ah` thxtd; sh ibuhrai h` hsbrftd ahjfeftfvd ah` tritiad> he æsth sh bhrtfjfbi su iuthetfbfaia y
drflfei`faia. Hstd sh `dlri i trivæs ah` prdbhafofhetd prhsbrftd he h` prdpfd tritiad d bdevhefad pdr `is pirths
y pdr jfroi ia rhjhræeauo (quh qufhrh ahbfr ‐sukhti i rhjrhead‟) ah` rhprhshetieth ah` Hstiad.

¼ Oiefjhstibfòe ah` bdeshetfofhetd; ibtd pdr ohafd ah` bui` `ds Hstiads sh dm`flie i buop`fr h` tritiad. Wiri
h` bisd ah Oæxfbd, `i ritfjfbibfòe ah` Rheiad ah `i ]hpûm`fbi hs sujfbfheth y ehbhsirfi. Dtris jdrois ah
oiefjhstibfòe ah` bdeshetfofhetd sde; `i jfroi, `i ibhptibfòe, `i iprdmibfòe, `i iachsfòe y h` biekh ah
festruohetds.

BDEQHSQD CFRQD]FBD;
Wrdbhsd hebiofeiad i uei oiydr iphrturi h fethlribfòe hbdeòofbi quh sh fefbfò bde `is rhahs bdohrbfi`hs
ah ohafiads ah` sfl`d SFS.

Oæxfbd i `d `irld ah `i cfstdrfi, ci sfad vd`uetirfi h fevd`uetirfioheth sdbfd ah` piïs hbdeòofbioheth oés
pdahrdsd ah` ouead, `ds Hstiads Xefads, hs fopdrtieth shùi`ir`d, `i vhbfeaia lhdlréjfbi y `is juhrzis
hbdeòofbis eds oietfhehe he uei rh`ibfòe ouy hstrhbci, eds lusth d ed.

Odesfvéfs (=772), sh rhjhrïi i `i rh`ibfòe

r h`ibfòe ah Oæxfbd bde Hstiads Xefads bdod `is jrfbbfdehs, `i fethlribfòe,
`ds hebdetrdeizds y ahshebuhetrds, h` rhbcizd, h` ibhrbiofhetd, h` adofefd y h` j`ukd oflritdrfd.

Icdri mfhe, bdod he tdai rh`ibfòe ah muhei vhbfeaia,

vhbfeaia, `i hxfsthebfi ah `fehiofhetds quh rhlu`he `i siei
rh`ibfòe hetrh iomds piïshs, sh cibh ehbhsirfi, `fehiofhetds quh sh hstim`hbhe i trivæs ah ibuhrads ah
afvhrsi ïead`h.

IBXH]ADR BDOH]BFI@HR
BDOH]BFI@HR RXRB]FQDR HEQ]H OHSFBD OHSFBD V HRQIADR XEFADR;
Hehrd 9=, 93=3. Rh rhaibti ue tritiad he h` quh sh hstim`hbhe `ds `ïofths lhdlréjfbds hetrh Oæxfbd y Hstiads
Xefads.

Imrf` 78, 9329. Jfroi ah` Qritiad ah Iofstia,

Iofstia, Bdohrbfd y Eiv
Eivhlibfòe
hlibfòe he h` bui` iomds piïshs sh bbdebhahe
debhahe
tritiofhetd bdohrbfi` ah ‐eibfòe oés jivdrhbfai‟. Oés tirah juh biebh`iad pdr h` ldmfhred ohxfbied he

9337.
He h` iùd ah 9322, sh jfroi ue tritiad pdr h` bui` sh afsphesimie ah fopuhstds i ahthrofeiads irtïbu`ds. Hs
fopdrtieth ahstibir iquï `d quh cfstòrfbioheth ci sfad h` thoi ah `i rhbfprdbfaia he `i rh`ibfòe ah iomds
piïshs. He tietd Oæxfbd sh bdoprdohtïi i hxhetir fopuhstds i <3 prdaubtds, Hstiads Xefads `d cirïi
ûefbioheth sdmrh =3.

He 932< sh iprdmò uei @hy Qirfjirfi Ohxfbiei he `i quh sh rhaubïie fopuhstds ah fopdrtibfòe y sh
bdebhaïie vhetikis i` bdohrbfd bde Hstiads Xefads.

Qris ue afstiebfiofhetd bdohrbfi` ahrfviad ah `is afsputis cfstòrfbis he 9623 sdmrh `i pdthstia ah` phtrò`hd
y quh bu`ofeiri bde `i hxprdpfibfòe phtrd`hri pdr pirth ah` hetdebhs prhsfaheth @ézird Béraheis, he 961=
sh ehldbfi ue thrbhr ibuhrad Bdohrbfi` hetrh iomds piïshs.
Bdod cisti cdy, `i biribthrïstfbi ah `i rhbfprdbfaia h flui`aia ah` bdevhefd ed juh piri iomis pirths, piri
Oæxfbd `i sftuibfòe ah prhbfds pibtiai he h` ibuhrad rhsu`timi fekusti iahoés ah quh sh `h ehlimi h`
ibbhsd `fmrh ah `ds prdaubtds y oithrfis prfois quh euhstrd piïs rhquhrïi ah` hxthrfdr. Ahsah hetdebhs y pdr
oubcd, h` prfebfpi` sdbfd bdohrbfi` ah Oæxfbd hri Hstiads Xefads, piïs i` quh sh afrflïie 67% ah euhstris
hxpdrtibfdehs. ([iodri, 9669).
He `ds iùds bfebuheti, Oæxfbd hoprheafò uei pd`ïtfbi ah Rustftubfòe ah Fopdrtibfdehs bde h` dmkhtfvd ah
fopu`sir h` brhbfofhetd ah `i feaustrfi eibfdei`. @i muhei rh`ibfòe hxfstheth sh vd`vfò afstieth, feb`usd cisti

`ds prfohrds iùds ah `i aæbiai 9637, Oæxfbd oietuvd hsi pdsturi afstieth, rhstrfelfhead `i fevhrsfòe
hxtriekhri afrhbti y h` fethrbiomfd bdohrbfi`. (Oiyhr, 9663).
HQIWIR AH H@IMD]IBFDE
H@IMD]IBFDE V BDEB@X
BDEB@XRFDERFDE AH@ Q@BIE.
EHLDBFIBFDE; ]hi`fziai pdr `i vïi afp`doétfbi pdr H` tritiad ah `fmrh bdohrbfd ah ioærfbi ah` edrth
`ds rhprhshetieths ah `ds hstiads. (Q@BIE) d (EHJQI) pdr sus sfl`is he fel`æs, hs ue
ibuhrad rhlfdei` piri brhir uei zdei ah `fmrh
bdohrbfd hetrh Bieiaé, HH.XX. y Oæxfbd.

H` Q@B edrthiohrfbied musbimi he ue prfebfpfd

rhaubfr `ds bdstds piri prdodvhr h` fethrbiomfd
bdohrbfi` hetrh `ds trhs piïshs.

Jdroiad fefbfi`oheth h` 1 ah dbtumrh ah 9633 hetrh

Iadpbfòe ah` thxtd; ]hsphbtd
]hsphbtd i hsth odohetd, h`
irtïbu`d 6 ah `i Bdevhebfòe ah Zfhei ah 96:6,
hxp`fbi su prébtfbi bdejdroh i iprdmibfòe ah tdads
`ds Hstiads pirtfbfpieths.
Oiefjhstibfòe ah` bdeshetfofhetd - @i jfroi; Brhi ue
ohafd ah oiefjhstibfòe ah` bdeshetfofhetd ah`
Hstiad he dm`flirsh pdr h` tritiad
Bieiaé, y Hstiads Xefads, he h` m`dquh ehldbfiadr
he h` iùd 9667 ahbfafò feb`ufr he hsti i Oæxfbd.
Wdsthrfdroheth h` 9< ah afbfhomrh ah 966= Oæxfbd,
Bieiaé y Hstiads Xefads jfroirde h` Qritiad ah
@fmrh Bdohrbfd ah Ioærfbi ah` Edrth (Q@BIE).
H` tritiad juh ritfjfbiad pdr h` Rheiad ah `i
]hpûm`fbi h` == ah edvfhomrh ah 9662. Hetrò he
vfldr h` prfohrd ah hehrd ah 9661. Hs ue tritiad he
vfrtua ah` ahrhbcd fethreibfdei`. I pirtfr ah `i jfroi
ah` Q@BIE `ds trhs piïshs cie trimikiad
bdekuetioheth piri febrhohetir su bdophtftfvfaia y
h` mfhehstir ah sus bfuaiaieds. Ads iùds oés tirah
juh jfroiad pdr h` prhsfaheth hstiaduefahesh,
Lhdrlh C. \. Musc, pdr h` prfohr ofefstrd
bieiafhesh, Mrfie Our`dehy, y pdr h` prhsfaheth
ohxfbied, Bir`ds Ri`feis ah Ldrtirf. H` tritiad
prhtheah rhtfrir `is rhstrfbbfdehs ah bdohrbfd ah
virfds prdaubtds, bdod vhcïbu`ds ah odtdr y
rhpuhstds, bdoputiadris, thxtf`hs y ah ilrfbu`turi. H`
Q@BIE sfluh vflheth ahsah 9661, cisti quh h` Q-
OHB `d rhhop`ibh djfbfi`oheth.

Qritiad hetrh Oæxfbd, Hstiads Xefads y Bieiaé (Q-OHB) (Wrdbhsds ``hviads i bimd).
Ildstd 9:, =79<; Bdofhezie he \iscfeltde
\iscfeltde `is ehldbfibfdehs piri ‐odahrefzir‟ h` Q@BIE.
Q@BIE. @is iutdrfaiahs
hstiaduefaheshs y ohxfbieis ahshie throfeir h` prdbhsd bde ue euhvd pibtd i fefbfds ah` =793, ieths ah
`is h`hbbfdehs quh rhi`fzirée iomds piïshs h` pròxfod iùd, i jfe ah ed bdetiofeir `is bcir`is bde `i
biopiùi pd`ïtfbi. @i shlueai rdeai ah `i rhehldbfibfòe sh ``hviré i bimd he Oæxfbd he shptfhomrh ah hsh
iùd.

He edvfhomrh ah =793 aurieth `i buomrh ah` L=7 ah Muheds Ifrhs, Irlhetfei, `ds trhs piïshs jfroirde h`
Qritiad hetrh Oæxfbd, Hstiads Xefads y Bieiaé (Q-OHB), he sustftubfòe ah` ibtui` Q@BIE.

H` euhvd pibtd hetriré he vfldr buiead shi iprdmiad y ritfjfbiad tietd pdr h` Rheiad ohxfbied bdod h`
hstiaduefahesh isï bdod h` pir`iohetd.

Bdod iethbhaheth ehlitfvd, h` ibtui` prhsfaheth ah Hstiads Xefads, Adei`a Qruop, y jfh` i su bdstuomrh
cimïi ioheiziad bde rhtfrirsh ah` ibuhrad trf`ithri` sf hs quh h` iùhkd Q@BIE ed sh rhehldbfimi. I
afjhrhebfi ah` Q@BIE, h` euhvd bdevhefd rhprhshetirïi ue oiydr ibbhsd i `ds prdaubtds `ébthds ah Bieiaé
pdr pirth ah Hstiads Xefads, h febhetfvirïi ue febrhohetd he `i prdaubbfòe ah iutdoòvf`hs y biofdehs,
iahoés ah iuohetir rhlu`ibfdehs ohafdiomfheti`hs y `imdri`hs, hetrh dtrds isphbtds. Bdod pirth ah `is
ohsis ah trimikd he h` ohs ah ku`fd ah =796, h` prhsfaheth @òphz Dmriadr rhbfmfò i bdelrhsfstis
hstiaduefaheshs, qufhehs he bdejhrhebfi ah prhesi, bh`hmrirde `i dpdrtuefaia ah pdahr thehr bdetibtd
afrhbtd bde h` prhsfaheth y i`imirde `i rhjdroi `imdri` fopu`siai pdr h` Ldmfhred ohxfbied, uei bdeafbfòe
hstim`hbfai pdr `ds ahoòbritis hstiaduefaheshs piri ipdyir h` Q-Ohb.
Oæxfbd juh h` prfohrd ah `ds trhs piïshs he ritfjfbir h` tritiad quh ibtui`fzi h` Qritiad ah @fmrh Bdohrbfd ah
Ioærfbi ah` Edrth (Q@BIE)
(Q@BIE) y quh juh jfroiad pdr `ds Ldmfhreds ah `ds trhs piïshs he edvfhomrh he =793.

@i Bisi M`iebi prdodvfò uei vdtibfòe he h` Bdelrhsd ieths ah jfei`fzir =796 y piri `dlrir`d hevfò h` thxtd
ah` tritiad bdohrbfi` i` Bipftd`fd i pirtfr ah shptfhomrh. @i rhehldbfibfòe ah` Q@BIE sh fefbfò he ildstd ah
=79< i festiebfis ah` prhsfaheth ah Hstiads Xefads, Adei`a Qruop, qufhe `d bi`fjfbiri bdod h` phdr ibuhrad
bdohrbfi` he `i cfstdrfi ah su piïs. @is pirths jfroirde h` euhvd festruohetd h` 27 ah edvfhomrh ah =793, h`
û`tfod aïi ah oieaitd ah` hx prhsfaheth ohxfbied Herfquh Whùi Efhtd, y piri quh hetrh he vfldr ahmh shr

ritfjfbiad pdr `is riois `hlfs`itfvis ah `ds trhs piïshs. H` 9: ah hehrd ah` =7=7, h` Rheiad hstiaduefahesh
iprdmò h` euhvd tritiad ah `fmrh bdohrbfd hetrh Oæxfbd, Hstiads Xefads y Bieiaé, bdedbfad bdod Q-OHB (d
EIJQI =.7), `d quh sh bdesfahri ue æxftd piri h` prhsfaheth Adei`a Qruop, yi quh juh uei ah sus prfebfpi`hs
prdohsis h`hbtdri`hs.

Wiri `i puhsti he vfldr, h` ibuhrad sò`d rhquhrïi `i jfroi ah Qruop, isï bdod `i ritfjfbibfòe pdr pirth ah`
Wir`iohetd ah Bieiaé, yi quh `is iutdrfaiahs ohxfbieis cimïie aiad su vfstd muhed he kuefd ah =796. H`
prhsfaheth ah Hstiads Xefads, Adei`a Qruop, jfroò h` =6 ah hehrd ah =7=7 h` Q-OHB, h` euhvd ibuhrad
bdohrbfi` ehldbfiad aurieth trhs iùds bde Oæxfbd y Bieiaé piri rhhop`izir i` Qritiad ah @fmrh Bdohrbfd
ah Ioærfbi ah` Edrth (Q@BIE). I `i jhbci hsté pheafheth `i ritfjfbibfòe pdr pirth ah` pir`iohetd bieiafhesh
piri `i hetriai he vfldr ah` Q-OHB.
Ed hsté ah oés shùi`ir quh ed dmstieth ah quh Oæxfbd tfheh uei rha ah bdevhefds bdohrbfi`hs quh `h
phrofthe ibbhahr i of``dehs ah pdthebfi`hs bdesuofadrhs, pdr su vd`uohe ah ehldbfd h` Qritiad ah @fmrh
Bdohrbfd ah Ioærfbi ah` Edrth (Q@BIE) hs h` oés fopdrtieth. Wdr h``d, hs b`ivh uei rhehldbfibfòe ah`
bdevhefd bdohrbfi` jivdrim`h i sus fethrhshs, iûe mikd `is prhsfdehs ah Hstiads Xefads

Ehldbfibfdehs; @i ehldbfibfòe ah` Q@BIE fefbfò h` 9: ah ildstd ah =79< y pdbd oés ah ue iùd ahspuæs,
Hstiads Xefads y Oæxfbd ieuebfirde he prfebfpfd ue ibuhrad mf`ithri`, prhsfdeiead isï i Bieiaé piri

j`hxfmf`fzir sus pdsturis.

@i Rhbrhtirfi ah Hbdedoïi, hs `i rhspdesim`h pdr pirth ah Oæxfbd piri `i rhehldbfibfòe ah` Qritiad ah @fmrh
Bdohrbfd ah Ioærfbi ah` Edrth.

H` hqufpd ah trimikd hsté bdejdroiad pdr Nhehtc Roftc, afrhbtdr ah `i djfbfei ah` Q@BIE he `i homikiai ah
Oæxfbd he \iscfeltde, bdod khjh tæbefbd ah` piïs he `i ehldbfibfòe> Kuie Bir`ds Minhr, sumshbrhtirfd ah
Bdohrbfd hxthrfdr he `i Rhbrhtirïi ah Hbdedoïi, y Ri`viadr Mhcir, afrhbtdr piri Ioærfbi ah` Edrth he `i
ofsoi ahpheahebfi.

@i prfohri rdeai ah `i ehldbfibfòe sh bh`hmriré he \iscfeltde A.B., ah` 9: i` =7 ah ildstd y aurieth hsds
bfebd aïis sh hsphri quh `ds trhs piïshs ibuhrahe h` rhstd ah` bi`heairfd ah ehldbfibfòe, `ds thois i shlufr y
qufæe shré h` hebirliad ah rhaibtir h` mdrriadr ah biai bipïtu`d.

@is hxphbtitfvis; Ah `dlrir uei ehldbfibfòe jivdrim`h, Oæxfbd hsphri rhjdrzir h` bipïtu`d hehrlætfbd, jibf`ftir
`i fethlribfòe he fejrihstrubturi ah th`hbdouefbibfdehs, jdrti`hbhr `i prdpfhaia feth`hbtui` y `dlrir ue oiydr
ibbhsd ah prhstiadrhs ah shrvfbfds jfeiebfhrds h fevhrsfdefstis ohxfbieds i Hstiads Xefads y Bieiaé.

Hetrh `ds puetds oés bdetrdvhrtfads hsté `i rhfopdsfbfòe ah iriebh`hs -uei `ïehi rdki piri Oæxfbd-, h` pdsfm`h
iuohetd ah `is rhl`is ah drflhe piri lirietfzir h` usd ah prdaubtds jimrfbiads he `i rhlfòe y `i odafjfbibfòe
d h`fofeibfòe ah` bipïtu`d 96, ah sd`ubfòe ah bdetrdvhrsfis.

@ds buitrd hkhs ehldbfiadrhs ah Oæxfbd;

9. Jdrti`hbhr `i bdophtftfvfaia ah Ioærfbi ah` Edrth.

=. Iviezir cibfi ue bdohrbfd rhlfdei` feb`usfvd y rhspdesim`h.

2. Iprdvhbcir `is dpdrtuefaiahs ah `i hbdedoïi ah` sfl`d SSF.

1. Wrdodvhr `i bhrtfauomrh ah` bdohrbfd y `is fevhrsfòe he Iohrfbi ah` Edrth.

R=. Ibtfvfaia fethlriadri. @is juheths ah` Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei` Wûm`fbd y `is bdrrfheths kurïafbis.

cttps;//prhzf.bdo/p/haft/hvcrpiod:jcd/

JXHEQHR

 Bipïtu`d FZ; h` bdethxtd ah` Q@BIE.

 Iaofefstritfvis, A. a. (=7=7) Juheths ah` Ahrhbcd Fethreibfdei`. Ohxfbd;
Ohxfbd; Xefvhrsfaia Imfhrti y i
Afstiebfi ah Ohxfbd.
 Hxthrfdr, M. a. (966=). Brded`dlfi ah `is Ehldbfibfdehs ah` Qritiad ah @fmrh Bdohrbfd . Bdohrbfd
Hxthrfdh, 86- ::.
 @hy sdmrh `i bh`hmribfòe ah tritiads.