11 – Demeter.

Quote of the day: One’s path must be paved with great effort

Communicative Strategies
Correct (1978) – Deprived ae systematic technique. It expresses the idea of the speaker
Stern (1983) – Communication in a imperfect second/foreign language
Cohen (1990) – Strategies must start and maintain conversations
7 types of Communicative Strategies
Nomination – Starts/Suggest/Opens a topic
Restriction – Limitation
Topic Control – Stick to a topic
Turn Taking – Opportunity to speak
Topic Shifting – One topic to another
Repair – Fixed/Prevent misunderstanding
Termination – Close-initiating expressions
Public Speaking
Public Speaking – Process of communicating information to a large audience
Speaker – Orator
Listener – Audience
Glossophobia – Fear of Public Speaking 74% people suffer from anxiety, 73% men 75% women
Speech to Inform (Osborn and Osborn “1988”) – imparts knowledge with facts
Speech to Persuade (Gronbeck “1994”) – persuades people to believe the speaker’s standpoint
Speech to Entertain – uses humor or joke in the course of speech
Benefits of Public Speaking
• Boost self-confidence
• Enhance reputation
• Open for countless opportunities
4 Strategies for becoming a better speaker
• Practice! Practice! Practice!
• Engage your audience
• Pay attention to your body language
• Think positively
4 Types of speech according to delivery
• Reading from a manuscript
• Memorized speech – mastered
• Impromptu speech – on the spot
• Extemporaneous speech – given time to gather ideas
Speech Writing
Speech Writing – art of conveying the message to your audience
9 Principles of Speech Writing
• Audience Profile
• Purpose
• Choosing a Topic
• Sourcing Information
 • Outlining and Organizing
• Duration
• Word choice
• Grammatical Correctness
• Releasing
Audience Profile – Entails important details about the audience
• Demographic Profile
▪ Tradition
▪ Beliefs
▪ Culture
▪ Age
▪ Social status
▪ Religious affiliation
▪ Gender
▪ Sex
Purpose – Informative, entertainment, persuasive speech
Choose a topic – Grabs audience attention
Source of The Information – Process of collecting ideas, references, information
Outlining and Organizing a Speech Context – Follows a certain flow to effectively communicate ideas
• Elements of Speech Outline
▪ Introduction – Topic sentence, captures audience attention
▪ Body – Main ideas linked together
▪ Conclusion – Call to action with summary of action
Duration – long enough to fulfill speaker’s goal, short enough to hold audience’s attention
Word Choice – Will depend on audience, situation, and event
Grammatical Correctness – Mastery of language to avoid grammatical lapses
Rehearsing – To determine what works and what does not to the audience
Types of Speeches
(According to Delivery)

Speech Delivery – Presentation of the speech

Types of Speech Delivery

• Manuscript
• Memorized
• Impromptu
• Extemporaneous

Manuscript – derived from two latin words “Manu scriptus” means “to write by hand”. Paper script or
teleprompter

Memorized Speech – Commited to memory, does not use notes

Extemporaneous Speech – Carefully planned and rehearsed Speech

Impromptu Speech – Little to no preparation

Principles of Speech Delivery

• Articulation
• Modulation
• Stage Presence
• Facial Expression
• Gesture and Movements
• Rapport with The Audience

Articulation – Express words clearly in proper enunciation

• Aristotle – Most commonly mispronounced words

Modulation – Delivery of Speech to strengthen message

Stage Presence – Appearance or manner of the speaker to the audience

Facial Expression – Usage of facial muscle

Gestures and Movements – Use of actions to communicate ideas

Rapport with The Audience – Connection with the listener