II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
2. REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
Q1. Water pollinated (Hydrophily)flowers
characters.
 It is quite rare. It is limited to about 30 genera,
mostly monocotyledons.
E.g. Vallisneria&Hydrilla, Eichornia (water
hyacinthus) (fresh water), Zostera(marine sea-
grasses) etc.
 Water helps for the transportation of the male
gametes &fertilisation in lower plants, like
some algae bryophytes &Pteridophytes, etc
 Pollen grains are covered with mucilaginous
covering to protect from wetting. Flowers are
not colourfull and also not produce nector
(because pollination is not takes place through
insects)
 In Vallisneria, the female flower reaches the
surface of water by the long stalk and the male
flowers ofpollengrains are released on to the
surface of water. They are carried by water
currents and reach the female flowers.
 In sea grasses(zostera) female flowers remain
submerged in water. Male flowers releases long
and ribbon like pollen grains and they are
carried inside the water and reach the stigma.
 Not all aquatic plants use hydrophily. In most of
aquaticplants (water hyacinth, water lily etc), the
flowers emerge above the level of water for
entomophily or anemophily.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Q2. Wind pollinated (anemophily) flowers
characters.
 More common abiotic agent.
 The flowers- numerous and packed into an
inflorescence
 stamens-are well-exposed (for easy dispersial of
pollen into wind current).
 The pollen grains- are light weight and non-
sticky so that they can be transported in wind
currents easily
 ovary- with single ovule
 Stigma- is large and feathery so it is easy to
trap air-borne pollen grains.
 InCorncob –style and stigma are modified in to
a tassels, it helps to trap pollen grains.
Tussel shaped stigma
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q3. Insect pollinated (Entomophily) flowers
characters.
 Flowers are Large, colourful, fragrant and rich in
nectar.
 When the flowers are small, they form
inflorescence to make them visible.
 The flowers pollinated by flies and beetles
secrete foul odours to attract these animals.
Ex-Rufflasia.
 The pollen grains are generally sticky.
 When the animal comes in contact with the
anthers and the stigma, its body gets a coating of
pollen grains, when it comes in contact with the
stigma, it results in pollination.
 Some plants provide safe places as floral reward
to lay eggs.
Eg. Amorphophallus(it has the tallest flower of
about 6feet’s).
 A species of moth and the plant Yucca cannot
complete their life cycles without each other.
The moth deposits its eggs in the locule of the
ovary and the flower gets pollinated by the moth.
The larvae of the moth come out of the eggs as
the seeds start developing.
- Many insects consume pollen or nectar
without bringing about pollination. They are
called pollen/nectar robbers.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q4. Double fertilisation and triple fusion
After enteringpollentube in to the egg apparators,
the pollen tube releases the two male gametes
into the cytoplasm of the synergid.
1stmale gamete(n) + Egg cell (n) = Zygot (2n)
2nd male gamete(n)+ Central cell (2n) =PEN(3n)
(Secondary nucleus)
- First male gametes moves towards the egg cell
and fuses with its nucleus (syngamy). This
forms the zygote (a diploid cell).It develops into
an embryo.
- The second male gamete moves towards the
central cell (or) secondary nucleus and fuses
with the triploid primary endosperm nucleus
(PEN).
- As this involves the fusion of three haploid
nuclei it is called triple fusion.
- Since 2 types of fusions (syngamy & triple
fusion) take place in an embryo sac it is called
double fertilisation. It is an event unique to
flowering plants.
- The central cell after triple fusion becomes the
primary endosperm cell (PEC) and develops
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II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
into the endosperm while the zygote develops
into an embryo.
Q5. Embryo development:
- Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the
embryo sac where the zygote is situated.
- Most zygotes divide only after the formation of
certain amount of endosperm. This is an
adaptation to provide nutrition to the developing
embryo.
- Though the seeds differ greatly, the
(early embryonic developments) is
embryogeny(early
similar in monocotyledons & dicotyledons.
Dicot embryo development
- The zygote gives rise to the proembryo 
globular  heart-shaped embryo  mature
embryo.
A typical Dicotyledonous embryo contain two
regions.
1. Embryonal axis
2.Cotyledons.
- The portion of embryonal axis above the level of
cotyledons is the epicotyl, which terminates with
the plumule (stem tip).
- The cylindrical portion below the level of
cotyledons is hypocotyl that terminates with the
radicle (root tip). The root tip is covered with a
root cap.
Monocotyledonous embryo
- They possess only one cotyledon.
- In the grass- family the cotyledon is called
scutellum. It is situated lateral to the embryonal
axis. At its lower end, the embryonal axis has the
radicle and root cap enclosed in coleorhiza (an
undifferentiated sheath).
sheath)
- Portion of embryonal axis above the level of
attachment of scutellum is the epicotyl. It has a
shoot apex and a few leaf primordia enclosed in
coleoptile (a hollow foliar structure).
structure)
Q6. Explain about the Structure and advantages
of seed
1. After fertilisation ovule develops in to a seed it is
a final product of sexual reproduction
2. seeds develops inside the fruits(angiosperms)
3. seeds developed nackedly in gymnosperms
4. seed contain following parts
1.seed coat 2.cotyledons 3.embryonal axis
Seed coat -it
it is developed from integument of the
ovule.it has two layers outer layer is called as
testa inner layer is called as tegma.it helps for
protection seed pore develop from the
micropylar region of the ovule.it helps for entry
of O2 and H2O during the time of seed
germination.
Cotyledons- reserve the food material.it is thick
and swollen is
Advantages of seeds:
1. Pollination and fertilisation are independent of
water, but seed formation is more dependable.
2. Seeds have better adaptive strategies for
dispersal to new habitats and help the species to
colonize in other areas.
3. They have food reserves. So young seedlings
are nourished until they are capable of
photosynthesis.
4. The hard seed coat protects the young embryo.
5. Being products reproduction they
cts of sexual reproduction,
generate new genetic combinations leading to
variations.
6. Dehydration and dormancy of mature seeds are
crucial for storage of seeds. It can be used as
food throughout the year and also to raise crop in
the next season.
Viability of seeds after dispersal:
41
II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
- In a few species the seeds lose viability within a The seed germinated and floweredafter an
few months. Seeds of many species live for estimated record of 10,000 years of dormancy.
several years. - 2000 years old viable seed is of the date palm
- Some seeds can remain alive for hundreds of (Phoenixdactylifera) discovered during
years. The oldest is that of a lupine thearcheological excavation at king herod palace
(Lupinusarcticus) excavatedfrom Arctic Tundra. near dead sea.

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II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
5. Principles of Inheritance
Q1. Explain about sex determination homogametic, i.e. XX (all gametes are with
1. Male heterogamy (X-type) Xchromosomes).
a. XX (Female) -XY (male) mechanism: 2. Female heterogamy (Z-type)
Human &Drosophila. a. ZZ(male)-ZW(Female) mechanism:Insects
- Male produce two types of sperms but female (Butterfly), Fishes, Reptiles, Birds (fowl).
produced only one type of eggs. So male Male is homogametic (ZZ) and
determine the sex. female is heterogametic (Z & W).
- female is homogametic (X only). b. ZZ (Male) x ZO (Female) in Fumea moth
b. XX (Female) – XO (Male) mechanism: Above example male produce one type of sperm
grasshopper. Female produce two type of eggs. So female
Here, male is heterogametic, i.e.XO (Gametes determine the sex.
with X and gametes without X) and female is
Q2. Sex determination in honeybees: Unfertilised haploid (n) eggs – directly develops in to drones
(males) is called haploid sex determination.
Honey is the salivary secreation of worker bees Honeybees-normally having 3 types they are
1. Queen(2n-32) fertile female (Produce functional ovaries)
2. Worker(2n-32) sterile female with non-functional ovaries with many number.
3. Drones(n=16) ferlile males (Drone functional sperms.

Queen-Bee(2n=32)
Drones (n)
Fertile-ovaries
Mitosis
Oogonium (2n)
Sperm (n)
R/D (800)

Eggs (n)
(1000)

Unfertilised eggs (n) Eggs (n)

(200) (800)

Mitosis

Drones (Male)
Fertilised – Eggs(2n) (800)

Zygot (2n)

Embryo (2n)

Larvas (2n)

Feed on Honey
Feed on bee bread
(Royal jelly)

Worker bees (2n)(Female) Queen (2n)

(sterile-ovaries) With fertile ovaries

43
II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
- Queen bees are diploid(2n)-and produced the
haploid eggs (n) through meiosis(R/d)-for
example1000-eggs. In these 1000-eggs 800 eggs
may be fertilised with 800 haploid sperms
(produced through mitosis-instead of meiosis)
and formed 800-zygots,later it develops in to
larva.
- The larva feed on Royal jelly will develops in
to-Queen bees.
-The larva feed on bee bread can develops in to
a-worker bees.
- Remaining haploid 200 (n=16) unfertilised
eggs directly develops in to a males (drones). It
is called parthenogenesis(Arhennotoky). This is
also called as haplodiploid sex determination
system. In this system, the males produce
sperms by mitosis.
-Theydo not have father and sons, -but have a
grandfather and grandsons.
Females are rarely infected except the following
Genetic disorders are two types:
cross.
Q3. Mendelian disorders: Normal Carrier Haemophilc
Ex- Female Male
H h h 
1. Haemophilia (Royal disease) 
2. Colour blindness X X X X
3. Thalassemia
4. Cystic fibrosis
5. Sickel cell anaemia
Q4. Haemophilia (or) Bleeders diseases (or) Royal
diseases:
- It is a sex (x) linked recessive diseases.
- It is common in men but rare in women.
- Haemophilia follows criss – cross inheritance. It
is transmitted from the father to his grandson
through his daughter.
- It was first identified in the Royal family of
- An unaffected heterozygous carrier female
Queen Victoria by Johan cotto in 1803.
H h  - This disease is characterized by delayed blood
  transmit the disease to the son.
X X clotting, because of the absence of a blood
- The possible of a female becoming a clotting factor (factor-XIII) in the blood called as
haemophilic is extremely rare because mother of Antihaemophilic globulin which plays an
should be Haemophilic. important role in blood clotting.
H= Normal gene - Normally blood will clot in 2 to 8 mint but
h=Haemophilic gene Haemophilia patient it will take 20 to 24 hours’
time. Hence they bleed continuously from the
wound. So haemophilia is also called bleeders
disease.

44
II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
The clotting factor are totally 12. They are as follows - It occurs in 8% of males and only about 0.4% of
I Fibrinogen females.
II Pro – thrombin - The son of a heterozygous woman (carrier,
XCXc) has a50% chance of being colour blind.
III Thromboplastin
- A daughter will not be colour blind, unless her
IV Calcium
mother isat least a carrier and her father is colour
V Pro acelarin (Labil factor) blind (XcY).
VI Absent - Colour blind mostly effected in the Males (XY)
VII Proconvertin (Stable factor) because they have only one X chromosome.
VIII A.H.G (Anti hemophilic globulin) factor - Mostly females (XX) are not effected the colour
IX Christmas blind because they have two XX chromosomes
(Plasma thromboplastin component) factor that means the expression of this diseases
suppressed by another X chromosome.
X Stuart power
XI Plasma thromboplastin (Antecedent)
XII Hageman Factor (or) Contact factor
XIII Fibrin stabilizing factor

Q5. Colour blindness:

- It is a sex-linked (X) recessive disorder due to
the mutation of red & green cone cells producing
genes present on the X chromosomes.It leads to
the defect of either red or green cone cells of
eye. So that the persons are fail to discriminate
between red or green colours, or both.
- Red colour blindness = Protonopea
- Green colour blindness = Duteronopea
- Blue colour blindness = Tritanopea
- Normal allele is dominant (C) and recessive
allele (c) causes colour blindness.
C = Normal gene
c = Colour blind gene
Q6. Thalassemia:
- It is an Autosomal linked recessive blood disease
- It is due to mutation (or) deletion of genes which
produce the globin chain of Hemoglobin. It
forms abnormal hemoglobin and cause anemia
(coolie anemia)
- Normally hemoglobin is made up of with Haem
= Iron, globin = Protein.
- The globin protein contain 4-polypeptide chains
they are two   chains and 2    chain
-   globin protein chains synthesis is regulated
by HBA1 and HBA2 gene present on 16th
chromosome. Any deletion (or) mutation in two
closely linked genes of HBA1& HBA2 cause the
 -thalassemia.
-   globin protein chain synthesis is regulated
by HBB1& HBB2 genes present on 11th
chromosome. Any deletion (or) mutation in two
closely linked genes of HBB1& HBB2 cause the
  thalassemia.
- Thalassemia transmitted from parent to the
offspring when both the parents (partners) are
unaffected carrier heterozygous for the gene.

45
II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks

HB A HB A  Normal
4. The defect is caused by the substitution
HB A
HB  Carrier
T
ofValine occured in the
Valine (Val) aminio acid is occured(
place of glutamic acid)at the sixth position of
HB T
HBT  Thalassemia
the β- globin chain of the haemoglobin (Hb)
5. This is due to the Single base substitution(point
mutations) at the sixth codon of the β-globin
gene from GAG to GUG.

6. The mutant Hb molecule undergoes

polymerization under low oxygen tension
causing the change in shape of the RBC from
fr
biconcave disc -to to elongated sickle like
ketonuria.
Q7.Explain about the Phenylketonuria. structure.
Phenylketonuria: It is an autosomal recessive
and inborn disease. The affected individual lacks
an enzyme (phenyl alanine hydroxylase)that
converts the phenylalanine (AA) into tyrosine
(AA). As a result of this phenylalanine
phenyl is
accumulated in brain and converted into phenyl
pyruvic acid (PPA) and other derivatives.
- Accumulation of PPA in brain results in mental
retardation.
- PPA is excreted through urine because of its
7. Sickle cell anaemia diseases patients are immune
poor absorption by kidney.
to malaria diseases
Q8. Explain about Sickle-cell
cell anaemia.
anaemia
Q9. What is the difference between Thalassemia
1. This is an Autosome recessive -disease.
disease. & Sickle cell Anaemia?
2. It can be transmitted from parents to the Thalassemia Sickle cell Anaemia
offspring when both the partners are carrier for
It is a quantative It is a qualitative
the gene (or heterozygous),
problem of synthesizing problem of synthesizing
(HbAHbS)x(HbAHbS)
3. HbAHbA -Homozygous
Homozygous dominant (normal)
 ,  chains of an incorrect functioning
hemoglobin molecule. of hemoglobin molecule
HbAHbS- Heterozygous (carrier)
carrier)
HbSHbS- Homozygous recessive (affected Q10. Write about the chromosomal
hromosomal disorders’.
disorders’
sickle cell trait) chromosomal disorders’ are two types
I. a)Autosomal(Somatic omatic ch-rl)-disorder
ch
Ex-a) Down’ssyndrome(47)
Down’ssyndrome
=45A+XX or45A=XY
II. Allosomal(sex- chromosomal)disorder;-
chromosomal)disorder;
Ex-a) Klinefelter’s Syndrome (47) =44A+XXY
b. Turner’s syndrome(45)=44A+XO
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46
II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
I-a)-Down’s syndrome:it was first described by -Masculine development, mentally retarded,
st
Langdon Down (1866).It is a 21 autosomal sterile male
trisomy (2n+1). -Breastis developed in males (a feminine
Symptoms character)is called as Gynaecomastia
1. Height-They are short height. (statured) II. b)Turner’ssyndrome: (45)= (44 A + X0) This
2. Head-Small round head and broad flat face is due to the absence of one of the X
3. Mouth-Partially opened mouth, chromosomes in female (monosomy -2n-1).
4. Tongue-Big and wrinkled or furrowed tongue.
5. Palm-Broad palmwith creases,many“loops”on
finger tips.
Symptoms
6. Congenital heart disease.
7. Physically, Psychomotor &mentally retarted - Dwarf sterile female with non-functional
development. Ovaries.
II- a.Klinefelter’sSyndrome(47)=(44A+XXY) It is - Lack of other secondary sexual characters.
asex chromosomal trisomy - Mentally retarded.
Symptoms
Q11. Explain about the polygenic inheritance (quantitative inheritance/ cumulative effect)
Polygenic inheritance: Many genes regulate or (express) only single character (phenotype) is called
as polygenic inheritance.
It is an autosomal inheritance.
Ex: i) Skin colour of human ii) Height of human
iii) Hair colour of human iv) I.Q (intelligent quotient) of human
Davenport studied in skin colour in human beings.
Ex: Skin colour in human
AA, BB, CC Aa, Bb, Cc aa, bb, cc
6 – dominant genes 3 – dominant genes no-dominant genes
 3 - recessive genes 
Maximum melanine  No melanine
 Intermediate melanine 
Black (Darkest)  Albinos (White man)
Intermediate black skin (lightest sking)

6 - dominant genes = Black skin (Negro / Darkest)

5 - dominant genes = Very dark skin
4 - dominant genes = Dark
3 - dominant genes = Intermediate dark
2 - dominant genes = Fair
1 - dominant genes = Very fair
0 - dominant genes = Albino (white skin)

47
II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks

48
II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
8. Human Health and Diseases
Q1. AIDS
(Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)
 It is caused by HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus),a retrovirus having
RNA genome.
 Transmission:
- Sexual contact with infected person.
- Transfusion of contaminated blood & blood
products.
- Sharing of infected needles.
- From infected mother to her child through
placenta.
 High risk of getting HIV
- persones with multiple sexual partners
- Drug addicts who take drugs intravenously
- Individuals who require repeated blood
transfusion
- Children born to an HIV infected mother
 HIV does not spread- by touch or physical
contact. Itspreads only through body fluids.
 There is a time-lag (from few months to 5-10
years)between the infection and appearance of
symptoms.
 Replication of retrovirus (see figure)
 Life cycle:
HIV enters into body → To macrophages (acts
as HIVfactory) → RNA genome replicates in
presence of Reversetranscriptase to form viral
DNA → Viral DNAincorporates into host
DNA→ Infected cells produce virusparticles →
HIV enters into helper T-cells (TH) →Replicates
&produce progeny viruses → Attack otherhelper
T-cells → T-cells decrease → Weaken
immunity.
 Diagnosis: ELISA test (Enzyme-linked immune
sorbent Assay).
 Treatment: Anti-viral drugs partially effective.
They canonly prolong the life of the patient.
 Prevention of AIDS:
-Educate peoples about AIDS.
-Making blood (from blood banks) safe from
HIV.
-Use of disposable needles and syringes.
-Advocating safe sex and free distribution of
condoms.
-Controlling drug abuse.
-Regular check-ups for HIV in susceptible
population.
Q2. Structure of an antibody molecule
Primary and secondary immune responses are
carried out with B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-
lymphocytes (T-cells).
a. B-lymphocytes: Produce antibodies.
b. T-lymphocytes: Help B-cells to produce
antibodies.
Each antibody has 4 polypeptide chains, 2 small
light chains and 2 larger heavy chains (H2L2).
Types of antibodies: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE&IgD.
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49
II PU BIOLOGY
Q3. CANCER
 Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled
multiplication of cells resulting in the formation
of tumor (masses of cells).
 Normal cells show a contact inhibition(contact
with theother cells inhibits their uncontrolled
growth). Cancer cells do not have this property.
 Tumors are 2 types:
Benign tumors: Confined to the place of its
origin.They do not spread to other parts. Cause
little damage.
Malignant tumors: are a mass of proliferating
cells called neoplastic or tumor cells. They
grow very rapidly and damage the surrounding
normal tissues.
Some cells remove from tumorsto pass distant
sites through blood where they settleand start a
new tumor. This process is called asmetastasis.
Causes of cancer (Carcinogens)
 Physical agents: E.g. Ionizing radiations like X-
rays and gamma rays and non-ionizing radiations
like UV.
Chemical agents: Tobacco smoke (major cause
of lungcancer), vinyl chloride, caffeine, nicotine,
mustard gas etc.
Biological agents: E.g. oncogenic viruses,
cellularoncogenes (c-onc or proto oncogenes)
etc.
Cancer detection and diagnosis
 Biopsy: A thin piece of the suspected tissue is
stained and examined under microscope
(histopathological studies).
Treatment of cancer
 Radiotherapy: Tumor cells are irradiated
lethally,without damaging surrounding normal
tissues.
 Chemotherapy: Use of chemotherapeutic drugs.
Manydrugs have side effects like hair loss,
anaemia etc.
Immunotherapy: The patients are given
biological response modifiers (e.g. α-
interferon) which activatestheir immune system
and helps in destroying the tumor.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q4. Opioids:
- They bind to specific opioid receptors in CNS
andgastrointestinal tract. E.g. morphine, heroin,
brown sugar.
- Morphine is extracted from the latex of poppy
plantPapaver somniferum. It is a sedative and
painkiller, anduseful for surgery.
Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
- Heroin (smack or diacetylmorphine) is a white,
odourless,bitter crystalline compound. It is
obtained by acetylation ofmorphine. It is taken
by snorting and injection. Heroin is adepressant
and slows down body functions.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q5. Cannabinoids:
- They interact with cannabinoid receptors in the
brain.
- Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion.
- Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the
inflorescencesof the plant Cannabis sativa
(Hemp plant). Its flower tops,leaves and the resin
are used to produce marijuana,hashish,
charas&ganja.
- They affect cardiovascular system.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q6. Coca alkaloid or cocaine (coke or crack):
- It is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum
coca.
- It interferes with transport of neurotransmitter
dopamine.
- Cocaine is usually snorted.
- It stimulates CNS producing euphoria &
increased energy.
- Excessive dosage of cocaine causes
hallucinations.
- Atropabelladona&Datura are also hallucinogenic
plants.
- Cannabinoids are abused by some sportspersons.
- Drugs like barbiturates, amphetamines,
benzodiazepines, lysergic acid diethylamides
(LSD), etc. are used asmedicines to treat mental
illnesses like depression andinsomnia. But they
are often abused resulting in impairmentof
physical, physiological or psychological
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q7. Prevention and control methods of drugs
(i) Avoid undue peer pressure - A child should not
be pushed unduly to perform beyond his/her
threshold limits; be it studies, sports or other
activities.
(ii) Education and counselling - Educating and
counselling him/her to face problems and
stresses, and to accept disappointments and
failures as a part of life.
(iii) Seeking help from parents and peers - Help
from parents and peers should be reduce
immediately so that they can guide
appropriately.
(iv) Looking for danger signs - Alert parents and
teachers need to look for and identify the danger
50
II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
signs discussed above. Even friends, if they find
someone using drugs or alcohol, should not
hesitate to bring this to the notice of parents or
teacher in the best interests of the person
concerned.
(v) Seeking professional and medical help - A lot
of help is available in the form of highly
qualified psychologists, psychiatrists, and de
addiction and rehabilitation programmes to help
individuals who have unfortunately got in the
quagmire of drug/alcohol abuse.
IMMUNITY
Q8. Define immunity. Explain the different type of
immunity
A. The ability of an organism to resist or fight
against the particular infection or (antigen) by
releasing certain antibodies is called as
immunity. It is 2 types: Innate and Acquired
What is innate(inborn) immunity? Explain
the types of barriers with an example for
each
- Immunity present at the time of birth and it is
Non-specific called.
- It includes 4 types of Barriers:
a. Physical barriers: E.g. Skin (Prevent entry of
foreign bodies), Mucus coating of the
respiratory, gastro-intestinal and urino-genital
tracts to trapmicrobes.
b. Physiological barriers: E.g. gastric HCl, saliva,
tear etc. They prevent microbialgrowth.
c. Cellular barriers: Phagocytes like WBC
[Polymorpho- nuclear leukocytes (PMNL) or
neutrophils, monocytes and natural killer
lymphocytes], macrophagesetc.
d. Cytokinebarriers: Virus infected cells
secreteacytokine protein called interferon. It
protects non-infected cells from further
viralinfection.
Q9. What is acquired (adaptive) immunity?
Discuss it
 Immunity developed during life period and
pathogenic specific is called as acquired
immunity.
 It is characterized by memory, i.e. during first
encounter of a pathogen body produces primary
response in low intensity. Second encounter of
the same pathogen causes a secondary response
in highintensity.
 Primary and secondary immune responses are
carried out with B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-
lymphocytes(T-cells).
a. B-lymphocytes: Produce antibodies. These are
the proteins to fight thepathogens.
b. T-lymphocytes: Help B-cells to
produceantibodies.
Q10.What are the types of acquired immune
responses? Explain it
Humoral immune response/ Antibody
mediated immunity (AMI): It is the immune
response mediated by antibodies. Antibodies
are found in blood plasma. So called as
Humoral immuneresponse
Cell-mediated response / cell-mediated
immunity (CMI): It is the immune response
mediated by T-lymphocytes (T- cells). The
body can differentiate ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ and
the CMI causes Graftrejection
Tissue matching & blood group matching are
essential before undertaking any graft/
transplant. After this, the patient should take
immuno-suppressants all his life.
Q11.What are the types of acquired immunity?
Explain it.
Acquired immunity is 2 types: Active and
passive.
1. Active immunity: It is the immunity in which
antibodies are produced in a host body when the
host is exposed to antigens (e.g. living or dead
microbes or other proteins). It is a slow process.
It is produced by 2ways:
a. Natural Active Immunity: It is developed
during natural infection bymicrobes.
b. Artificial Active Immunity: It is developed by
injecting the microbes deliberately
duringimmunization.
2. Passive immunity: Here, readymade antibodies
are directly given to the body. It is 2types:
a. Natural Passive Immunity:E.g.
 Antibodies(IgG)frommother→Placenta→Foetus
 Antibodies (IgA) in colostrum →infants
b. Artificial Passive Immunity:E.g.
Anti-tetanus serum (ATS) for snake bite
Q12.Describe about the
immunization(vaccination)
 The administration of vaccines is called
vaccination.The term vaccination was first
discovered by Edward jenner (1798) to denote
cowpox
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II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
It is based on ‘memory’ of the immune system.
2 types:
1. Active Immunization(Vaccination)
 In this, a preparation of vaccine (antigenic
proteins of pathogen or inactivated pathogen or
weakened or killed form of microbe or one of its
surface protein) is introduced into the body. It
results in the development ofantibodies.
 The vaccines generate memory B and T-cells.
They recognize the pathogenquickly.
 E.g. Polio vaccine, Hepatitis B vaccine, DPT
vaccineetc.
 Vaccinesareproduced duringrecombinant
DNAtechnology (E.g. Hepatitis B vaccine
produced fromYeast).
2. PassiveImmunization
 It is the direct injection of pre-formed
antibodies in active immunisation is called as
 ex-Antibodies developed in cured corona
patient arecollected from plasma and directly
injected in to the uncured patient.it is also called
as plasma immune therapy
 It produces quick(instant) immuneresponse. But
short lived
 E.g. Immunization against Tetanus, snake
venometc.
 Antibiotic(antibodies) tablets or injections given
to the patients in hospitals for different
infectious diseases
Like -Ampicillin Erythromycin, Streptomycin,
etc
Q13.Explain about the Lymphoid organs
These are the organs where origin, maturation
&proliferation of lymphocytes occur. 2 types:
a. Primary lymphoid organs
- Here, immature lymphocytes differentiate into
antigensensitivelymphocytes. E.g. Bone marrow
and thymus.
- Bone marrow is the site of formation of blood
cells. (R.B.C, W.B.C)
- Thymus is large during birth but gradually
reduces in sizeand becomes very small size in
puberty.
b. Secondary lymphoid organs
- The organs, to which matured lymphocytes
migrate, interactwith antigens and then
proliferate to become effector cells.
E.g. Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s
patches, MALT& appendix.
- Spleen: Bean-shaped organ. Contains
lymphocytes andphagocytes. It removes worn-
out RBCs & microorganismsfrom blood. It is a
reservoir of erythrocytes in foetus.
- Lymph nodes: Found in lymphatic system.
They trapmicroorganisms or other antigens.
Trapped antigensactivate lymphocytes and
cause immune response.
- Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT):
Locatedwithin the lining of respiratory,
digestive & urinogenitaltracts. It constitutes
50% of lymphoid tissue.
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II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
11. Principles and Process of Biotechnology
Q1. Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR Q2. Structure of PBR322
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the
synthesis ofmultiple copies of gene of interest
by using 2sets of primers and enzyme DNA
polymerase.
Primers are small chemically synthesized
oligonucleotidesthat are complementary to the
regions of DNA.

Q3. Bioreactor

In PCR-there are 3 methods

1. Denaturing 2.Annealing 3.Extention
1.Denaturing-(separating)-two DNA strands
areseparating at 92 degrees centigrade by heat.
2.Annealing-(joining)- two DNA strands are
join by using TaqDNApolymerase
enzyme(extracted from Thermus aquaticus-
bacteria can with stand at high temperature also)
3.Extention-Taq DNA polymerase –add the
new nucleotidesand extend the DNA
(template). Through continuousDNA - Bioreactor arelarge vessels used to produce large
replication, the DNA segment is amplified up to quantities (volumes of 100-1000 litres) of
1billion copies. products.
- In Bioreactors raw materials arebiologically
converted into specific products (protein), like
enzymesetc., using microbial plant, animal or
human cells.
- A bioreactor provides the optimal growth
conditions(temperature, pH, substrate, salts,
vitamins, oxygen) forachieving the desired
product.
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II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
- The most commonly used bioreactors are of - Sampling ports (for periodic withdrawal of the
stirring type(stirred-tank bio-reactor).It is culture).
usually cylindrical or with a curved base to Downstream Processing
facilitatethe mixing of the reactor contents. The - A series of processes involved in the separation
stirrer facilitateseven mixing and oxygen andpurification of gene products(proteins) after a
availability. Alternatively aircan be bubbled biosynthetic stage in r-DNA technology are
through the reactor. The bioreactor has collectively called as downstream processing
- An agitator system - The product is formulated with suitable
- An oxygen delivery system preservatives.Such formulation undergoes
- A foam control system thorough clinical trials as incase of drugs. Strict
- A temperature control system quality control testing for eachproduct is also
- pH control system required.
- The downstream processing and quality control
testingvary from product to product.

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II PU BIOLOGY
Q1. Describe about the different steps of
decomposition methods.
- It is the breakdown of complex organic matter
bydecomposers into inorganic substances like - Climatic factors like temperature and soil
carbon dioxide, water and nutrients.
- It is largely an oxygen-requiring process.
- Detritus (dead plant remains such as leaves,
bark,flowers and dead remains of animals,
including fecalmatter) is the raw material for
decomposition.
Steps of decomposition
a. Fragmentation: It is the breakdown of detritus
intosmaller particles by detritivores (e.g.
earthworm).
b. Leaching: By this process, water soluble
inorganicnutrients go down into the soil horizon
and getprecipitated as unavailable salts.
c. Catabolism: Degradation of detritus into
simplerinorganic substances by bacterial and
fungal enzymes.Fragmentation, leaching and
catabolism operatesimultaneously on the
detritus.
d. Humification: Accumulation of humus
(darkamorphous substance) in soil. Humus is
resistant tomicrobial action and so decomposes
very slowly. Beingcolloidal in nature it serves as
a reservoir of nutrients.
e. Mineralization: It is the release of inorganic - Decomposers secrete digestive enzymes that
nutrientsdue to the degradation of humus some
microbes.
Factors influencing decomposition
- Chemical composition of detritus:
Decomposition rateis slower if detritus is rich in
Q3. Explain about the different trophic levels in ecosystem.
Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
14. Ecosystem
lignin & chitin, and quicker,if detritus is rich in
nitrogen and water-soluble substanceslike
sugars.
moisture:
Warm and moist environment favour
decompositionwhereas low temperature and
anaerobiosis inhibited composition resulting in
build-up of organic materials
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q2. Describe about the different types of food
chains.
The transfer of energy in the form of food from
producers to consumers by eating and being
eaten up is called as food chain. They are two
types
1.GFC 2.DFC
1. GFC (grazingfood chain)is depicted below:
2. DFC(Detritus food chain) begins with dead
Organicmatter. It is made up of decomposers
(saprotrophs)which are heterotrophic
organisms. E.g. fungi & bacteria.They meet their
energy and nutrientrequirements bydegrading
dead organic matter or detritus.
breakdowndead and waste materials into simple,
inorganicmaterials, which are subsequently
absorbed by them.

Aspecific place-of organisms in the food chain is known astheir trophic level.
- Producers belong to the first trophiclevel, herbivores to the second and carnivores to the third.

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II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
- The amount of energy decreases at successive trophiclevels. When an organism dies it becomes dead
biomass(detritus) that serves as an energy source for decomposers.
Q4. Explain about the different types of ecological pyramids.
- The graphical representation of a food chain in the form of apyramid is called ecological pyramid.
- The base of each pyramid represents the producers (firsttrophic level) while the apex represents tertiary
or toplevel consumer.
Ecological pyramids are 3 types:
(a) Pyramid of number (b) Pyramid of biomass
(c) Pyramid of energy
a) Pyramid of number: E.g. grassland ecosystem:

b) Pyramid of biomass: It shows a sharp decrease inbiomass at higher trophic levels.

Inverted pyramid of biomass: Small standing crop of phytoplankton supports large standing crop of
zooplankton.

c) Pyramid of energy: Primary producers convert only 1%of the energy in the sunlight available to them
into NPP.

- Pyramid of energy is always upright, because when energy flows from a trophic level to the next trophic
level, some energy is always lost as heat at each step.

E.g. A sparrow is a primary consumer when it eatsseeds, fruits, peas, and a secondary consumer when
iteats insects and worms.

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II PU BIOLOGY Target 70 – Question Bank - 3 Marks
15. Bio-Diversity and Its Conservation
Q1. What are the causes of Biodiversity Losses? Endemism. The species confined or (present) at
(The Evil Quartet of Biodiversity?) that region only and not found anywhere else is
Loss of biodiversity as follows called as Endemism
A. I.Habitual loss and fragmentation;this is the Sacred grove; cultivationof trees that are religious
most important cause for the loss of importance to a particular culture is called as
biodiversity.ex. Tropical rain forests reduced II.Exsitu– (off site) conservation; in this
from 14% to 6% approach threatened animals and plants are taken
2.Amazon rain forest(lungs of the planet)being out from their natural habitats and placed in a
cut and cleared for the cultivation of the soya special setting where they can protect and given
beans or for conversion to grassland for raising special care.
cattle’s Ex.
II. Over exploitation;Due to over exploitation 1. Botanical gardens
of human population some animals are extincted. 2. Zoological parks
ex;1.Stellers sea cow 3. Wild life safari parks
-Passengers pigeon extincted 500 years ago Cryopreservation
III. Invasion of Alien (or) exotic species: cause Gametes of threatened species can be preserved–
the extinction of indigenous species like Nile in viable and fertile condition for long period is
perch fish introduced in to the lake Victoria – called as
in East Africacause to extinction of 200 species Cater used in – Tissues culture procedure
of “Cichlid fishes in the lake.
Some other alien species introduced in India
1.Carrot grass (Parthernium)
2.Lantana
3. Water hyacinth(terror of bengal)
4. African cat fish (Clariasgaripinus)
IV. Co–extinctions;
When a species become extinct the plants are
animals depends on that species also extinct.
Ex,when prey extint, Predator also extinct
2. Host fish extinct and parasite also extint
3.Mutual pollinators –pronubayuccasell insect
extint yucca plant also extinct
Q2. How do we conserve Biodiversity?
A. Through
I. In situ-(on site);conservation:In this approach
conserve and protect the whole ecosystem
Ex:we save the entire forest to save the
tigerBiodiversity hotspots in world cover less
than 2% Land.
34 (25 initial later 9 are added)
Biodiversity hotpots in India
1. Western Ghats 2. Himalayas 3. Indoburma
Now India has 12-Biosphere reservoirs – 90-
National parks448-Wild life sanctuaries

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