T H E BO Y S

’
BO O "
O F E N G IN E B U I L D IN G -

"
H O W TO M A E STEA M , H O T A IR A N " GA S
ENGINES A ND H O W THE Y WO R" , TOLD IN
SIM P LE LA NG UA GE A ND B Y CLEA R PIC TURES

BY

D E R IC "Q O L L IN S
A u th or of De s i gn an d C o n s tr u c ti o n of d ti
In uc on C oi l s,

l
M an u a o f W i re e s s , l " “
" pi
ee n g Up w i th Y ou r
M o to r C ar , " “
Ho w to Fl y , " “
Th B k e oo of

Wi l re es s ,
" “
Sh o o ti n gf or Bo y s,
" “
In
v e n ti n gf or Bo y s,
" t
e c .

Wi th Dr a w ings by tb a A u th or

BO ST O N
SM ALL, M AY N ARD AND C O M PANY
P U BLI SH ERS
 A WO R D T 0 Y OU

I h op e y o u will r ea d th e s e few p age s ab out a

b o y w h o buil t m o d e l e ngi n e s al on g i n th e l ate 7 o s
’

ou t i n th e Fa r We s t a n d a t a tim e wh e n an d a

pl a c e wh e r e i t w a s ne xt to i mpossi bl e to ge t m a
t e r i al s fo r h i s w o r k .

T his b oy w a s B i on J A r no ld n ow ou r f o r e
.
,

m os t A m e ric an e ngi ne e r H e w as o nly thir teen

.

y e a r s ol d wh e n h e built his fir s t e ngi ne and it —

w o rke d too It w as a li ttl e h o riz ontal s te am
,
.

a ffa ir ab o u t s e v e n i n ch e s l on g a n d h e w e nt ab o ut

—
,

buildi ng t in th e ri ght w ay th at is h e m a de
i
p atte r n s for th e chi e f p ar ts c as t th e m in l e a d
,

an d p u t th e m to ge th e r wi th th e too ls o f a ki n dly

di s p os e d gun s mith .

Wh en B i on w a s f our te en h e built a v e rtic al

,

st ea m e n gi n e ov e r a f o o t hi gh a n d h e r e i s wh e r e

h i s ge n iu s s h o w e d i t s e lf a ga i n fo r h e u s e d a pi e c e
,

o f o l d ir o n pip e for th e b o il e r a di s c a rd e d hub

,

fr o m a w agon wh e e l for th e fi r e b ox a wh ee l -
,

fr om a v alv e which h a d b ee n thr ow n aw ay for

, ,
 A ,
W or d to Y o u

th e flywh e e l a ga s co ck s om e o ne h a d give n him

,
-

fo r th e thr o ttl e v a lv e a nd fi na lly h e riv e te d th e

, ,

fi r e b o x to th e b o il e r wi th b o lts which h e h a d
-

f o r ge d wi th h i s ow n h an d s
'
.

H e buil t h i s third e ngi n e wh e n h e w a s fif te en ;

th e m a i n p a r ts o f thi s h e c a s t i n B abbi tt m e t a l

a n d h e m a d e th e b o il e r o f A i n ch thick s h e e t ir on
I
;

which h e h amm e r e d i nto s h ap e an d riv e te d to

g e t h e r a t t h e f o r ge o f a g e n i a l bl a c k s mi t h T h
. e

h e a d s o f thi s b o il e r w e r e m a de o f tw o w ooden
di s ks an d th e s e w e r e ti e d l n pl ac e by p as s i ng f our
ir on r o d s thr ough th e m an d h e ld on wi th a c oupl e
o f nu t s .

H i s n ex t atte mpt w as m a d e wh e n h e w a s six

t e en ye a r s o l d H i s id e a w as to build a 2 ho r s e
.

p ow e r e ngi n e to driv e th e w oo d s aw wi th a —
n o bl e s ch e m e s i n c e i t w a s h i s job to k e e p e no u gh

w oo d i n th e b ox fo r th e k itche n fi r e b u t his —
f a th e r w o uld h av e n on e o f e i th e r th e s ch em e o r
th e e ngi n e a n d s o b oth w e r e s cr a p e d s om e wh e r e

b e tw e e n th e tim e i t w a s c onc octe d and th e pl a ce

wh e r e i t w ould h av e b e e n p ut to w ork .

H avi ng b e e n s o s ucc e s s ful i n buildi ng th e s e

s m all m o d e l e n gi n e s y ou n g A r n old b e ga n h i s l a s t

m o d e l wh e n h e w a s s e v e nte e n an d thi s w a s a
,
 A W
or d to Y o u

mi ni atur e l oc omo tiv e o f th e typ e th at w a s i n com

m on u s e o n w e s t e r n r a ilr o a ds i n 1 8 7 6 an d fo r
,

ab o u t t e n y e a rs th e r e a f te r . A pictur e o f h i s
handiwo rk is s h own In th e fr onti s pi e c e o f thi s
b o ok .

H e t ook th e m e a s ur e m e n ts fo r i t fr o m th e b ig
lo c om otiv e s i n th e r ou n dhou s e at Li n c ol n Ne
( ,

br a s ka wh e r e h e w as go i ng to s ch ool an d wi th
, ,

h i s f ath e r fi n a nci ng h i s h obby a f te r m a ny m onth s

,

o f h a rd w o rk h e fi n i s h e d h i s m o d e l e n gi n e .

It is compl e t e d o w n t o th e s m a ll e s t d e ta il s if ,

w e e xc e p t th e a i r br ak e s a n d th e a i r c o mpr e s s o r
fo r i t but e v en th e s e w e r e m a d e th ou gh h e n e v e r
,

p u t th e m o n T hi
. s b e a u t iful li tt l e m o d e l — i t i s

—
thr ee f e e t l o ng ca n b e s e e n i n M r A r nold s .
’

Chi cago offic e wh e r e th e m a s te r builde r n ow con

c e iv e s a n d dir e cts v a ri ous k i n d s o f e ngi n e e ri ng

w o rk on a gigantic sc al e .

Wh e n th e m od el l o c om otiv e w as fir e d up with
r e al c oal an d a fe w p ou nd s o f s te am w e r e r ais e d
i n th e b o il e r i t r an a s s m oothly as a ny o f i ts b i g
,

pr ototyp e s much to th e pl e a s ur e o f th e build e r

,

a n d th e d e li gh t o f t h os e w h o s a w i t i n o p e r a ti on .

N ow th e p o i n t i s thi s : T o build a w o rki ng

e n i n e h o w e v e r sm a ll t ak e s a c e r ta i n a m ou n t o f
g
 A W or d to Y o u

m e ch ani c al ability plu s s tick to - - —

it i vene s s a n d if
-
,

y o u h a v e t h e s e qu a li t i e s th e r e i s n t
’
a r e a s o n i n

th e w o rld why y o u s h o uld n ot b e c om e a gr ea t

e n gi nee r — n o t s o gr e a t p e rh a p s a s M r A r n o ld
, , .
,

fo r h i s i n c om e no w a s a t r a c ti on e ngi n e e r i s c on '

s i de r ab l y m o r e th a n th at o f th e P r e s id e n t o f th e

Un i te d Sta te s
If i t i s y our i n te nti on to b e c om e a civil m e ,

c h a n i c a l o r a n e l e c t ric a l e ngi n e e r — M r A r nold is

.

a l l thr ee — th e thi ng fo r y o u to do i s to l e a r n h ow

to u s e t o ols a s w e ll a s a m e ch a n ic d o e s an d th e n

y o u w a n t t o g e t t h e b e st t e ch n ic a l s ch oo li n g y o u

c an .

With this equipm ent pr ovid e d you h av e a f air

,

am ou nt o f bu s i n e s s ta ct t o o y o u w ill b e a s s ur e d
,

o f a l a r ge i n c om e a s l ong as y ou liv e A n d this .

i s why y ou sh ould s t a r t i n n o w a n d build e ngi ne s .

A FR EDE R I C " CO L LI N S
. .

55 0 Riv ers ide Dr i ve ,

Ne w Y o r k Ci ty
.
 C O NT EN T S

CHAP TER
I.
—T H E FIR ST E N GINE S
—
II T WO S I M P LE S TEAM T U R BI NE E NGINE S
.

—
III A S I M P LE P ISTO N S TEAM E N GI NE
.

IV .
—A H P HO R I Z ON TAL S TEAM E N GI NE
-
'

. .

V .
—
M A "I N G S MALL B O I LER S
—
VI FITTI N GS FOR M ODEL E N GI NE S
.

—
VII A M ODEL A TLA N TI C T Y P E LO C O M OTIVE

VIII .
—A M ODE L A TLA NTIC T Y P E LO CO M O TIVE
( CO N .
)
IX —
.S TEAM T H E GIA N T P OWER
,

X —
.A HOT A IR OR CAL OR I C E NGI NE , ,

XI .
- A -
E NG NE
H P GA S. . I

X II.
—
U E U L IN O MATI ON
S F F R

A P P E NDICES
 T H E BO Y S BO O OF
’
"
EN G IN E B U IL D IN G
-

C HA P T E R I
T H E FIR S T EN GI NE S
He r o I n v e n ts th e Ste am E n gi n e é -
B r an ca Dev ISe s a
Ne w En g n e — i ap n P i G
e ts u p th e P s to n E ng n e — i
Ne w i
c ome n M k
a e s t h e E ng n e or — iTh e B oy Wh o
W k a e it M d
Se lf A c t ng — i W a tt P
u ts o n th e Fly eel — wh
T h e De v e l op
— i —
m e nt o f th e Ste am B o l e r T h e F r s t Ste am b o ats T h e i
i L — i
I nv e nt on o f th e o c o m ot v e T h e o e r n Ste am T u r M d
i — h "i d
b n e So m e O t e r n s o f Eng n e s : T h e Co m p r e s s e i d
i
A i r Eng ne ; T h e H ot Ai r Eng n e ; T h e Gas Eng ne
. i i .

A b o u t th e b egi nni ng o f th e Chri s ti an e r a a ,

b abe n am e d He ro fir s t s aw th e li ght o f day in fa r

o ff A l e x an dri a i n Egyp t an d thi s child w a s de s
,

ti ne d t o m ak e a l as ti ng impr e s s i on on th e hum an

r ac e .

Ev e n a s a b oy h e buil t app a r atu s and m a chi n e s

‘

o f al l k i n d s e v e n as y ou do n o w b u t thi s w a s
, ,

d oubly h a rd i n h i s day fo r fe w i nv e nt i on s h ad
 Th e
’
2 B oy s B o o k of E ngi ne -
B u i l di ng

b e en m a d e an d to ol s to m ake th e m with w e r e jus t

ab o ut a s sc a rc e fo r sci e nc e h ad n ot y e t c om e i nt o
,

its own .

—
He r o Inve nt s t h e St e am E n gi ne Bu t He r o
w a s not di s c o ur age d a n d h e b egan to i nv en t a n d
m ake thi ngs fo r h i m s elf T o t ell y ou o f al l th e
.

e xp e rim e nts h e m a d e a n d a ll th e a pp a r atu s h e

built w ould t ake a wh ol e b ook Of this siz e but ,

h i s gr e at e st i nv en ti o n an d th e on e th at i nt e r ests
us now is his steam e ngi ne for h e w as th e first
,

w h o e v e r m ad e s team do us e ful w o rk .

‘
He r o c all e d th e s t eam e ngi ne which h e i nv ent e d
—
a n d buil t an e ol i p i l e ( pr onou n c e d a ol i pi l ) a n d
-
’
-

this curi ous w o rd h e c o i ne d fr om tw o Lati n

w ords th e firs t Of which is B ol us th e nam e Of th e
, ,

g o d of th e w i n ds a n,
d t h e o th e r o n e p i l a whi ch ,

m e a ns b al l .

Le t
’
s find o ut just w h y H e r o nam e d
n ow

h i s e ngl ne th e go d Of th e wi n d s plu s a b a ll " In

th e firs t pl a c e h e m a d e his e ngi n e o f a h oll o w
m e tal b all and h e fi tte d tw o s h o rt b ent pip es i nto
hol e s on th e opp o s ite s id e s Of i t N ext h e .

m o unte d th e b all on a p a ir o f h oll ow pip e s o r ,

tr u nni ons a s th e y a r e c a ll e d s o th at i t w ould r e

,

v olv e e as ily and th e l ow e r e nd s o f th e s e pip es

 Th e F i r s t E ng i n e s 3

w e r e fixe d to a b oil e r , all o f which is shown in

Fi g . I .

Wh e n h e buil t a fi r e und e r th e b oil e r th e s te am

p a s s e d thr ough th e t ru nni o n pip e s i nto th e b all
a n d th e n o u t o f th e b e n t pip e s i n to th e a i r As .

th e st e am struc k th e a i r with c on sid e r abl e f o rc e

Fig . I . H ’
ero s R i
e a ct on E ng i n e or E lip il
o e

it acte d much th e s am e as a rubb e r b all doe s wh en

i t s t rike s a s id e w alk th at is i t r e a cted on th e h ol
,

l ow b all fo rci ng it to tur n i n th e opp osi te di

r ec ti on an d at a f airly high s pe e d like unt o th e ,

wind s l et l oo s e by th e god EOl u s T his is th e .

r eas o n an engi ne o f this ki nd i s c all e d a r e acti on -

e ngi n e .

B r an c a D e v i s e s a Ne w E n gi n e — Str angely
.

e nough no thi ng m o r e w o r th whil e w as d on e in

 Th e B oy s
’

4. B o ok o f E ng i ne - B u i l d i ng

th e w ayOf tr an s fo r m l ng th e e ne rgy o f s te am i nto

m ec h an ic al m oti on during a ll th e l ong c e nturi e s
fr om th e ye a r I to 1 609 .

T h e n a n I ta li a n n a m e d B r a nc a d e vi s e d a noth e r
s o r t o f r o ta ry s t e am e n gi n e H e m a d e a p a ddl e .

whee l an d wh en th e s t e am fr om a b oil e r w a s
dir e c te d thr ough a s p ou t o r m o r e pr op e rly a ,

Fi g . 2 . B ’
r a nca s Im p l
u se E ng i n e or T biur ne

n ozz l e , a ga n s t th e i p a ddl e s
h o wn i n,
or b l a de s ,
as s

Fi g 2 th e f o rc e o f th e i m p u ls es Of th e s tea m
. .
,

s t ri ki ng th e m m a d e th e wh e e l r e v o lv e Fo r thi s .

r e a s on a n e ngin e Of thi s ki n d i s c all e d a n i mpu ls e

e ngi n e .

In th o s e e a rly d ay s th e I t ali a n s p u t an a r t is tic

to uch o n e v e rythi ng th e y m a d e — i nde e d th ey
—
h av en t got ov e r th e h abit y e t and s o i t w as p e r
’
 Th e Fi r s t E ngi n e 3

fe c tly ur al fo r B r a n c a to giv e h i s b o il e r th e
nat

h e a d an d b o dy o f a hum an b e i ng a nd h e a dde d
to th e lif e li ke e ff e ct by h avi n g th e s t e a m bl ow n
-

fr om i ts m outh .

No w y o u m ay thi nk out l oud th at a r e a c ti o n

b all li ke H e r o s o r an impul s e wh e e l like B r an c a s
’ ’

i s n ot a r e a l s te a m e n gi n e b u t if y o u d o y o u a r e
’

qui te mi s tak e n fo r i t s o h a pp ene d that wi thi n th e

Iast tw e n ty y e a r s b oth o f th e s e a nci e n t toys h av e
l e d to th e l a s t w o rd i n s te a m e ngi n e buildi ng an d
—
th at i s th e s te am tu r b i n e .

P ap i n Ge t s Up t h e P i s t o n E n gi n e —
. T h e fir s t
st e am engi n e i n which s t e am i n a cyli n d e r m ov e d
a pi s to n f o r th a n d b a ck o r up an d d ow n c a m e
, ,

s h o r tly b e f o r e B r a n c a d e vi s e d h i s r ot a ry e ngi n e

b u t th e s e e ngi n e s w e r e u s e d o nly fo r pumpi ng

w ate r fo r n o o ne kn e w h ow to ch ange th e r e
,

ci pr o c a ti ng m o ti on a s th e t o a n d f r o m ot i o n Of
,

t h e pi s ton i s c a ll e d i n t o r otar y m oti on a s th e

, ,

compl e te tur n i ng o f a wh e e l i s call e d fo r a noth e r

,

hundr e d y e a rs or s o .

T o b e gi n a t th e b e g mm ng o f th e first i nv e nti on
o f th e pi s to n e n gi n e w e h av e t o s t a r t wi th D e n
,

n i s P a pi n a Fr e nchm an
,
In 1 6 1 0 h e go t up th e
.

Sch e m e o f u s i ng a pi s t o n i n a cyli n d e r an d m ovi n

g
6 Th e B oy s B o o k of
’
E ng i n B u i l di ng
e -

it by s te am ; I s ay s ch em e b e c au s e i t did n ot w ork
s ucc e s s fully wh e n h e buil t i t T h e t r o ubl e wi th .

h i s e ngi n e w a s th a t h e m a d e th e b o il e r a n d th e
cyli n de r i n on e pi e c e .

T h e w ay h e t ri e d to u s e it w as to p o ur a li ttl e
w at e r In th e b ottom o f th e cyli n d e r which s tood ,

i n a v e r tic al p o s iti on T h e n h e h e at e d i t a s
.

shown i n Fi g 3 Whe n st eam. . m ad e it

Fig .
3 . P ap i n
’
s ; Th e Fi rst P i s ton E ngine
fo rc e d th e p l st on up th e fi r e w a s th e n taken
,

a w ay , th e s t e a m Co o l e d d ow n thu s f o rm i n g a ,

v acu u m i n th e cyli n d e r a n d th e p re s s u r e o h
f
,
t e

ai r o n th e pi s to n f o rc e d i t d o w n a ga i n .

A l th ou gh thi s e ngi n e o f P a p i n s w a s i n te nde d

’

t o w o r k h a lf by s t eam a n d h a lf by a i r pr e s s ur e i t

wa s c all e d a n a tm os p h e r i c e ngi n e an d this is th e

n am e it h a s a lw a ys b e e n kn ow n by .
 T h e F i r s t E ng i n es 7

Ne w c o m e n M ak e s Work
th e E n gi n e .

N e a rly a hun dr e d y e a r s l ate r i n 1 7 0 5 T h om a s , ,

N e wc ome n o f Engl an d a n d h i s as si s t ant J am e s

, , ,

Caw l ey m ade th e pi s t on e ngi n e Of P api n w o r k

, ,
.

T h ey a cc ompli s h e d thi s by usi ng a b o il e r th at

Fi g 4
. . Ne w com en ’
s Im p ov e d Engine
r

w as s ep a r ate di s ti n ct fr om th e cyli nde r

and .

Th e pi s ton i n th e cyli n d e r w a s c o nn e c t e d by a

r od to o ne e n d Of a l e v e r c al le d a w al ki ng b e am

a n d a w e i gh t to b a l a n c e i t w as hu n g o n th e o th e r

e n d Of th e b e a m a s s h ow n i n Fi g 4 . .

Wh e n s te am w as a dmi tte d i nt o th e cyli nde r

fr om th e b o il e r i t f orc e d th e piston up th en th e
, ,
 B ook E i B i l d i
’
8 T h e B oy s f
o ng n e -
u ng

t m
s ea v a lv e hu t O ff a n d a li ttl e c old w ate r
was s

w a s l e t i n to t h e cyli n d e r to con d ens e th e s te am ,

th at i s to ch a n ge i t i n to w ate r a ga i n wh e n a ,

v a cu um w ould b e f o rm e d ; thi s d on e th e pi s ton ,

w a s pu s h e d d o w n by th e pr e s s ur e o f th e a i r on
i t ; wh e n th e s te a m w as tur ne d i nto th e cyli n de r
a ga i n ,
i t f o rc e d th e w ate r o u t thr o ugh a n oth e r
v alv e .

T h e e nd o f th e w al ki ng b e a m which c a rri e d
th e w e i gh t w a s c o nn e c te d to a pump a n d h e n c e

th e N e wc om e n e ngi n e c am e to b e l a r ge ly u s e d i n

Engl a n d fo r pumpi n g w a te r o u t Of mi n es .

T h e B oy W h o M a d e It Se lf A c t i n g
- A s you
.
-

c an im agi n e th e pi s to n Of Ne w c o m e n s e ngi n e
’

wo r ke d v e ry s l owly a n d th e s te am an d w ate r
v alv e s h ad to b e op e n e d a nd cl o s e d by h an d A s .

it w as light though te di ou s w o rk to do thi s a

, , ,

b oy w a s u s u a lly giv e n th e job a nd a y o u ngs te r

n am e d H umphr e y P ott e r h a pp e n e d t o b e o ne o f

th e m .

Now H umphr e y w a s a b oy o f ge n iu s an d ,

g e n iu s a n d humdrum w o r k a r e s e ld o m o n s p e ak
i ng te rm s . SO h e b e th o u gh t him to r i g up s o m e
l e v e r s w o rke d by s tri ngs t i e d to th e w al king
b e am to ope n and cl o s e th e v alv e s an d his inv en
 T h e F i r s t E ng i n e s 9

ti o n w o rke d like a ch a rm H e w as i n a f a ir w ay
.
, ,

a t l eas t i t s e e m e d s o t o him to dr a w h i s S ixp e n c e

,

a da y whil e t h e e ngi n e w o r ke d a u t om a t ic a lly .

I ns tea d h i s ge n iu s thr e w him s elf an d al l th e

o th e r v a lv e b o y s i n E ngl a n d o u t o f th e ir j o b s a n d ,

a l l h e e v e r go t o u t o f i t w a s u n dyi ng f a m e .

Fig 5 . . P ’
o tte r s S lf A i g E gi
e - ct n n ne

H umphr e y inv e n ti on w a s a t o n c e impr ov e d

’
s .

up on by one H e n ry B e i ghton w h o c on n e c te d a
r o d to th e w a l ki n g b e am t o w o r k th e v a lv e s a n d

i t i s qui te li k e ly t h a t b e i ng a m a n h e pr o fi te d
, ,

by i t .

—
Wat t P u ts o n t h e Fl y w h e e l In your y ou ng .
 Th e F i r s t E ng i n e s 11

go r o u nd. It w a s i n I 7 6 3 th a t h e c o n c e iv e d th e

id e a Of c onn e c ti ng th e pi s ton r od to a cr ank h av

i ng a flywh e e l fix e d to i t an d thi s m a d e th e e ngi n e
,

u s e ful fo r pr o ducing p ow e r fo r a th ou s an d dif

fe r e nt purp o s e s wh e r e b e f o r e i t w as limite d to
pumpi ng w ate r It IS s h ow n i n Fi g 6
. . .

T o m ake th e pi s to n tur n a cr a nk th e s te am
h ad to a ct o n i t much f a s te r th a n i t did i n th e
Ne w c o m e n e ngi n e s o Watt l e t th e s te am e s c ap e
,

fr om th e cyli n de r a t th e e n d o f e ach s tr oke i n ,

s te a d O f c on de n s i ng i t i n th e cylin de r b y l etting
w ate r r u n i nto i t Not only thi s b ut by keepi ng
.
,

th e cyli n d e r h ot th e e ngi n e u s e d fa r l e ss s t e am ,

a n d s o i t w a s much m o r e e c o n omic al .

Som e y e a r s a fte r Watt m a d e tw o o th e r i m

p r o v e m e n ts o f g r e a t v a lu e ,
fir s t o f which w a s t o

a dmit s t e a m o n e a ch s id e Of th e pi s to n al t e r

n a te ly t hu s m aki n g th e e n i n e d ou b l e a c ti ng; a n d
,
g
th e s e c on d w a s t o c u t o ff th e s upply Of s te am to

t h e cyli n d e r b e f o r e th e p IStO Il h a d c ompl ete d i ts

s t r oke a n d s o u s i ng th e e xp a ns i v e p ow e r Of th e

s t e am i n th e cyli n d e r t o f o rc e th e pis to n o n to th e

e n d o f i t s s tr oke .

Fi nally Watt i nv ent e d th e th r ottl e v alv e SO

, ,

that th e am ount Of s te am which fl ow e d i nto th e

 T h e B oy s B ook E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’
12 f
o -

cyli n d e r c ould b e c o n tr o ll e d ; a n d h e al s o i nv e nte d

‘
th e ce n tr i f u ga l gov e r n or which o p e n s an d cl o s e s

th e thr o ttl e v a lv e a u to m at ic ally d e p e n di ng o n,

th e Sp e e d wi th which i t r e v o lv e s an d thi s i n tur n

r egul ate s th e s p ee d o f th e e ngi n e .

T h e D e v e l op m e n t o f t h e St e am B o il e r .

Si n c e th e fir s t e ngi n e w a s th e o n e buil t by H e r o ,

w e a r e b ou n d to b e li e v e th at th e fir s t s te a m b o il e r
w a s th e o n e which h e u s e d to ge n e r a te s te am fo r
it. H i s b o il e r a s s h o w n i n Fi g I w as s imply
,
.
,

a h e mi s ph e ric a l s h e ll s e t o n a s ta n d an d h eat e d

by a fi r e un d e r i t .

In th e e a rly d a y s o f th e pist on e ngi ne b o il e r s

w e r e buil t i n th e s h a p e o f l ong boxe s wi th fir e s
u n d e r th e ir e ntir e l e ngth b u t th ey w e r e s o w e ak
,

th a t a s te a m pr e s s ur e Of on ly thr e e o r f o ur

p oun d s to th e s qu a r e i n ch c ould b e u s e d wi th
s a f e ty For thi s r e a s o n cyli n dric a l b oil e r s which
.
,

w e r e v e ry much s tr onge r took th e pl ac e o f th e

,

r e c ta ngu l a r b o il e r s .

T h e gr e ate s t impr ov em e nt i n b o il e r m ak i ng
c am e h ow e v e r wh e n s om e ge n iu s p u t a ce ntr al
, ,

fl u e i n i t an d fixe d th e o p e n e n ds to th e b o il e r
h ea d s o r s h e e ts a s th ey a r e call e d s o th at th e r e
, , ,

is a h ol e cl e a r thr ough th e middl e Of th e bo il e r .

 Th e F i r s t E ng i n es 1 3

T his i s surr ounde d by w at e r and th e h eat Of th e

fi r e p as s e s thro ugh i t a s s h o w n i n Fi g 7
,
. .

A s this s ch em e pr ov e d s o succ e s s ful a l a r ge ,

Fi g 7
. . Th e F T b
ire- u e Bo il er

n umb e r o f fir e tu b es as th e s e flu e s a r e c all e d
, ,

w e r e the n u s e d fo r th ey gav e a l a rge r h ea ti ng

s u r a ce a n d h e n c e a hi gh e r r e s s ur e c ould b e
f , , p
 Th e B o y s B ook E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’
14 . o f -

ke p t up . T h e tubul a r
b o il e r a s thi s typ e i s ,

kno w n s e e Fi g 8 i s l ar ge ly u s e d fo r s tati o na ry
, .
,

e ngi n e s a n d i s th e o nly k i n d us e d fo r l o c o m o t iv e s .

T h e Fi r s t St e am b oat s — Lo n g b e f o r e a s t e a m
.

e ngi n e c ap abl e o f d o i ng u s e ful w o rk h a d b e e n

i nve nte d m e n b egan to think ab out u s i ng s tea m

,

to pr op e l b oats .

Fig 8 . . AM d o e rn T b l
u u ar Boi l er

Th e firs t b oat actu ally driv e n by a st eam e u

g i n e w as a p a c k e t buil t by J o h n Fi t ch o f En g ,

l and i n 1 7 87 It w as a pr etty crude a ttempt fo r

, .
,

i t u s e d p a ddl e s at th e s id e s a n d th e s e w e r e m ov e d
wi th a f e athe ri ng s tr oke v e ry like th at u s e d
wh en you p a ddl e a c anoe It r a n at a s p e e d Of .

ab ou t thr ee mil e s a n h o ur .

Fi tch built anoth e r s te amb oat m ov e d by p addl e s

at th e s te r n but h i s thir d b o at w a s a gr e at i m
,
 T h e F i r s t E ng i n e s 1 5

prov em ent ove r th e oth e r tw o for it w as driv en ,

by a sm all pr op e ll e r Fr om I 7 85 to 1 7 88 M ill e r
.

a n d Symi n gton a l s o o f E ngl a n

, d e xp e rim ent e d
,

with a s team pr op e ll e d pl e as ur e b oat b u t th e ir ,

e ffo r t s did n ot l ea d t o a ny pr a c tic a l r e sults .

In 1 803 R ob e rt Ful ton Of your o w n U nit e d

,

St at e s was i n P a r i s and whil e th e r e built a sm all

,

Fig 9
. . F lt u on s
’
St
eam b o at th e C l er mont

t mb oat and Op e r at e d i t on th e Se m e wi th
s ea

g r e a t succ e s.s C o mi ng t o A m e ric a h e built t h e

C l e r m on t i n 1 80 7 a s m a ll p addl e wh e e l p acke t
, ,
-
,

a pictur e Of which is s h ow n i n Fi g 9 a n d .
,

l aun ch e d h e r on th e H ud s on R ive r .

Wh en s h e s ta r te d on h e r tri al trip from New

Yo rk t o A lb any th ous and s o f eage r sp e ctato r s
,

l i ned th e s h or e and m arv e l ed at th e e a s e an d

 6 T h e B oy s
’
1 B o ok o f E ng i n e B u i l d i ng
-

sp e e d wi th which s h e s a il e d up th e r i v e r Sh e
'

r ea ch e d A lb any with out mi s h ap and thu s i t w as

th e gr e a t e r a Of s te amb oat s an d s te a m s hip s b e

ga n

Th e Inv e n ti on of th e L oc om oti v e —T h e first

l o com otiv e bu i lt w a s r e a lly a s te am a utom obil e ,

that i s it w as m a d e to r u n on o rdi na ry r o ad s .

Si n c e th e e ngi n e s w e r e p o o r a n d th e r o a d s w e r e
b a d R ich a rd T r e vi thic k o f E ngl an d buil t a
, , ,

l oc om otiv e i n 1 804 to r u n on a tr ack B e ing .

f e arful th at th e wh e els w ould s lip on th e smooth

surfa c e o f th e r ail s h e u s e d a cog wh e el th at
m es h e d wi th a cog r a il .

M atth e w M urr ay a l s o o f Engl an d buil t th e

, ,

n ext l o c o m o tiv e In 1 8 1 1 It h a d tw o upri gh t

.

cyli n de r s s e t o n top o f th e b o il e r ; th e pi s ton r od s

w e r e c onn e c te d wi th a cr ank s h aft and a wh e e l ,

o n thi s tur n e d th e drivi n g wh ee l s T h e fir s t e u

.

g i n e t o u s e a fi r e t ub e b o il e r w as m a d e i n 1 8 1 3

by Willi am H e dl ey likewi s e Of Engl an d an d his

, ,

e ngi n e w as a l s o t h e fir s t t o m ake th e s p e nt s tea m

fr om th e cyli n d e r s e xh au s t thr ough th e s m oke

st ack to giv e th e fur nac e a good dr a ft .

—
It w as Geo r ge St eph e n s o n h e w as Of Engl a n d
—
too w h o pu t th e fi n ishi ng t ouch e s on th e l oco
 T h e F i r s t E ng i n e s 17

m otiv e i n 1 8 1 4 T hi s h e did by c o nne c ti ng th e

.

pi s to n r o d s dir e c tly to th e c r ank pi n s on th e

drivi ng wh e e l s an d h e li nke d th e fr ont and b ack
drivi ng wh e e l s wi th a c oup li ng r od .

Ste ph e n s on built th e R ocke t In 1 8 2 9 s ee Fi g ,

Fi g. 10 . S t ph
e
’
e ns on s Locomotiv e , Th e R kt
oc e

1 0 , an d in t e st on th e Liv e rp ool and M anch e s t e r

a

R a ilw ay i t r a n a way fr om i ts c omp e ti to r s al l o f ,

which w e r e driv e n by s pr ocke t wh e e l s an d ch ai ns .

H e n o t o nly w on th e priz e b u t fix e d th e d e s i gn
,

fo r l oc om ot iv e s fr om th at day to thi s .

Th e M o de r n Ste am Tu r b i n e — And n ow we
c om e b a c k to th e pl ac e wh e r e we t rt e d fr om
s a
 T h e F i r s t E ng i n e s 1 9

i s and bu ilt th e fir s t mu l ti p l e s team tu r b i ne

e ng n e .

T hi s turbi ne s e e Fi g 1 2 d e v e l op e d 1 0 h o r s e
, .
,

p ow e r wh e n runn ing a t r e v oluti ons p e r

II . De Lav l s a
’
, th e Fi r st P i l T b in
r act ca ur e

mi nute and i ts succ e s s l e d to th e buildi ng

s team turbi ne s p owe rful e nough to driv e th e

Fig . 12 . P ar s o n s
’
, th e Fi r st M l tip l e T u rb ine
u

l a rge s t s te am s hip s a cr os s th e A t l antic O c e an in

l e s s th an fi v e d ay s .

O th er "i d n s o f E ngi n es —T h e r e ar e se v e r al
 T h e B oy s B o ok E ng i n e B u i l di ng
’
20 o f -

ot h e r w ay s to r u n e ngi n e s b e s ide s u s i ng s te am .

A m ong th e m a r e by I ) c omp r e s s e d ai r ; ( 2 ) h ot
“

a i r a n d ( 3 ) ga s o r gas ol i n e which a m ou nt s to
, ,

th e S am e thi ng .

Th e C om p r e s s e d A i r E ngi n e — A ny k i n d Of an
e n gi n e th at ca n b e r u n by s te am can b e r u n by

c ompr e s s e d a i r A s impl e w ay to c ompr e s s a1 r

.

fo r ru nn i ng a sm a ll en gi n e i s d e s crib e d i n Ch ap
ter V .

C ompr e s s e d a 1 r 1 8 u s e d i n s te ad o f s te am fo r
runn i ng l a rge e ngi n e s wh e n ( a ) th e s ourc e Of
p o w e r mu s t b e a l o ng w ay o ff fr om th e e ngin e ;
b
( ) wh e n t h e sm o k e i s Obj e cti o n a bl e as o n s t r e e t
c a r s a n d i n s ubm a ri n e s and ( c ) wh e r e th e h eat
,

fr om th e fi r e b ox i s d a nge r ous a s i n mi ne s
-
, .

T h e H o t A i r E n gi n e — T h e h o t ai r o r c a l or i c
-
,

e ngi n e a s i t i s s om e tim e s c a ll e d i s s o built th at

,

th e h e a t Of th e fi r e i s u s e d t o pr o duc e m e ch an ic al

m oti on by acti ng dir e ctly o n th e pi s ton .

T hi s k i n d o f a n e ngi n e w as In v e nt e d by R ob e rt
St irli ng o f En gl an d l n 1 8 1 6 a n d i n 1 82 7 h e buil t
, ,

h i s fi r s t pr a c tic a l e n gi n e John E ric s s on o f

.
,

Sw e d e n m a d e a n impr ov e d h ot a i r e ngm e In
,
-

1 8 3 3 b u t i t w a s n o t u n til 1 8 5 2 th at h e buil t h i s
,

fir s t c omm e rci al e ngi n e s ee Fig I 3 and e ngi ne s

,
.
,
 T h e F i r s t E ng i n e s 21

Of thi s typ e a r e l a r ge ly i n u s e at th e pr e s e nt tim e

fo r pumpi n g w a te r .

T h e G a s E n gi n e — In thi s e ngi n e a fu e l ga s
.
,

s uch a s c o a l gas o r a ga s f o rm e d o f ga s o li n e
, ,

mixe d with ai r i s draw n i nto th e cyli nd e r and

, ,

Fig . 13 . Ei
r c s s on s
’
H ot A i r E ngin e

a fte r i s c ompr e s s e d by th e pi s ton i s expl ode d ,

u s u ally by a h ot tub e o r a n e l ec t ric s p a r k which

, ,

pr o duc e s wh at i s c all e d th e p ow e r s tr oke .

T h e b e gi n ni ng o f th e ga s e ngi n e d ate s b a ck to
1 6 7 8 whe n th e A bb é d H a u te fe u i l l e Of Fr a n c e
’

, ,

c onc e iv e d th e id e a o f u s i n g th e e xpl o s iv e p ow e r
o f gu np o wd e r o n a pi s to n to m a ke i t do w o r k .
 T h e B oy s B o ok E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’
22 of -

P hilip L e b o n ,
l
a so of Fr anc e p at ent e d a n e ngin e
,

in which h e pr op o s e d to u s e coal gas a s th e e x

pl os iv e fu e l
.

T h e fir s t gas e ngi n e th at a ctu ally w o r ke d w a s

i nvent e d by Leno ir li ke wi s e Of Fr anc e i n 1 860
, ,
.

He us e d gas fo r th e fu e l and this w as e xpl od e d

Fi g . 14 . O tto
’
s Gas Engi ne

by an e el ctric s p a rk but si nc e th e gas w as

,

p l o de d wi th o u t b e i n g c o mpr e ss e d h is e ngi n e w as ,
’

v e ry w a st e ful an d i n effi ci ent .

T 0 Dr O tto o f Ge rm any b e l ongs th e cr e dit

.
, ,

o f h a vi ng br o u ght th e ga s e ngi n e to a s ucc e s s ful

c onclusi on i n 1 878 T his w as done by dr awi ng

, .
 T h e F i r s t E ng i n e s 23

i n th e ga s o n th e s u c ti on s tr oke c o mpr e s s i ng i t
,

o n th e comp r e s s i on s tr oke e xpl o di ng i t to p r o

,

duc e th e p ow er s tr oke and e xh au s ting th e bur nt

g a s e s o n th e e xh a u s t s t r oke H
. e n c e t hi s k i n d o f
a ga s e ngi n e is kn o wn a s th e O tto f ou r cy cl e

e ngi n e a n d to i t s d e v e l o pm e nt 1 s du e n o t o n ly th e

a u to m obil e , b ut tha t mi ghti e r m a rv e l th e a i r

,

pl ane .
 C HA P T E R II
Two S I M P LE S TEA M T UR B I NE EN GI NE S
M ak ing th e B o i l — er —
Fo r m i ng th T u r b i n Wh e l A n e e e

A
a —
Ea s i ly M d e l oh ol La p Ru n i ng th e Tu b i ne A
m c n — r

e —
a r —
Mo d l De L av l T u b i n e T h e T oo l s R e q u i e d M ak i ng r

th e T ur e —
b i n Wh e l Fo m ing th e Bl ad
e —F hi o n i ng
r es as

th e N o zz l — T h e T u b in
e r —
Whe l C s e T h e B r ings
e e a ea

r —
fo th e Sh f t M o u n t i ng th
a —
Wh e l T h R d ucti on e e e e

r —
Ge a s How th Steam T u b i n Wo k s : Th e A cti on
e r e r

o f th e B l d e s ; H o w th e N o zz l e W o r k s
a .

A Si m p l e St e am T u r b i n e E n gi n e — Ju s t . as

hun dr e d s o f o th e r f e ll ow s b e fo r e y ou fr om ,

B r an c a to th e pr e s e nt tim e h a v e buil t impul s e ,

s t e a m e ngi n e s fo r th e 1 r fir s t m o d e l s s o y o u w ould ,

d o w e ll to f o ll o w i n th e ir fo ot s te p s an d m ake o ne
to o .

TO m a ke p addl e wh e e l e ngi ne o r tur b i n e

a to y , ,

a s i t i s n o w c a ll e d 1 8 a m a tte r Of a c o upl e o f
,

h our s w o r k an d i t will giv e you m any tim e s th at

’

m any h our s pl e a s ur e fo r s team i n ac ti on i s a

’

wonde rful p ow e r and wh at i s e qu ally to th e p o i nt

it h as done m o r e to m ake ou r w o rld a ch ee rful
24
 Tw o Si m p l e Ste a m T u r b i n e E ngi n e s 25

pla c e to live i n than any o th e r p ow e r h a r ne s s e d

by m an not e ve n e xc e pti ng e l e ctrici ty
, .

Now th e r e a r e tw o chi e f p a r t s to e v e ry s te am
po w e r pl ant ho we v e r s m all o r l a r ge a s y ou h a v e
,

h a d o cc a s i on to Obs e rv e l n th e fir s t ch ap te r a n d ,

th e r e a r e ( )
1 t h,
e b oi l e r which g e n e r a t e s th e

s tea m a n d ( 2 ) th e e ngi n e which t r ans f o rms th e

e ne r gy Of th e st e a m i n t o r o ta r y m e c h a ni c a l m o

ti on which m e an s i n e v e ryd a y E ngli s h t h at th e

,

fo rc e Of i t tur n s a wh e e l a r ou n d

‘
.

—
i

M a ki ng th e B oi l e r T o m ake thi s li ttl e s te a m

turbi n e ge t a 24 p o un d b aking powde r c an -

e mp ty o f c o ur s e — a n d s o ak i t i n w a t e r u n t il

th e p a p e r l ab e l c o m e s O ff ; thi s i s fo r th e b o il e r .

Drill o r pun ch a A i n ch h ol e i n th e can fo r th e

‘
1 -
g

no zzl e ab o u t
,
i n ch e s b a ck fr o m th e o p en e n d
an d drill o r pu n ch f o ur A i n ch h o l e s
1 -
r
a tw o on ,

e ach s id e a t th e pl a c e s s h o w n i n th e s id e a n d e n d
,

vi ews i n Fi gs 1 5 an d 1 6 fo r th e riv e ts ; and

.
,

fi nally cu t a ,
i nch h ol e i n th e c ov e r fo r th e
-

ti l l er th at i s th e h ol e thr ough which w ate r IS

,

p our e d i nto th e b o il e r .

Fo r th e n o zzl e ge t a i nch pi e c e o f br as s o r
-

copp e r tub e if p os s ibl e i n ch l o ng o r m ake on e

, , ,

Of ti n if n ec e ss a ry and fl atten one end a littl e

, , .
 Two Si m p l e Ste a m T u r b i n e E ngi n e s 27

No w so lde r th e n o zzl e o v e r th e hi i nch h ol e i n

-
s

th e c an a n d d on t ’
b e a f ra id Of u s i n g t o o much
s olde r .

Cut ou t tw o s trips Of s h eet br a s s c o pp e r or ,

h eavy ti n % i n ch wide an d 2 i nch e s l ong fo r th e

1

suppo rts that h old th e wh e el an d rive t th e s e to ,

th e c an s o th a t th e y will b e / i n ch a p a r t
5
Y ou s -
.

can buy sm a ll riv e ts o r m ak e th e m y o ur s e lf by

c utti ng o ff bi t s o f c o pp e r w i r e Wh en you h ave .

th e s e thi ngs d on e s old e r th e c o v e r o n t i ght

,

For mi ng th e Tur b i n e Wh ee l — N e xt m ake th e

turbine wh ee l Get or s aw ou t a w oo d wh e e l
.
, ,

inch thick a n d ab out 1 i n ch i n di am ete r or if ,

y o u c a n ge t a sp o o l o n which ribb o n i s w o u n d O f

‘
, ,

th e ri ght siz e i t will s e rv e th e pu rp o s e v e ry w e ll .

Saw 1 6 s l ot s zé In ch d e e p a t e qu al di s tan c e s
ap a rt a r o u n d th e p er i p h er y th a t i s th e rim Of
,

th e wh e e l a n d cut o u t as m any pi e c e s o f t i n
,

i n ch wid e and i n ch l ong fo r th e p a ddl e s or ,

b l ades o r b uc ke ts a s th e s e m e mb e r s a r e v a ri
, ,

o u s ly c all e d Fix th e bl a d e s i nto th e s l ots u s ing

.
,

s e a li n g w a x o n th e e d e s— if n e e d s b e to ke e p
g , ,

th e m i n t i gh ts ;

U s e a p 1 e c e o f p e rf e ctly s tr a i gh t ir o n o r br a s s
wir e o r a wir e n a il will do hi i n ch i n di am ete r
, ,
s
Fi g . 16 . iw
En d V e of T bi n
ur e
 Tw o Si m p l e Ste a m T u r b i n e E ngi n e s 29

an d i nche s l ong fo r th e s p i n dl e an d pu s h i t
,

thr ou gh th e h o l e i n th e wh e e l ; b e s ur e th a t i t

fi ts ti gh t an d s e ts ab s o lu te ly t ru e an d b e c a r e ful
n o t to b e n d th e bl a d e s .

Slip a w a s h e r o v e r ea ch e nd Of th e s pi n dl e up
cl o s e to th e wh e e l and the n s pri ng th e s upp o r ts
a p a r t s li gh tly wh e n y o u c a n s lip th e s pi n dl e i n to

th e h o l e s i n th e m wi th th e wh e e l b e tw e e n Fix
.

—
a V s h a p e d pull e y to o n e en d o f th e s pi n dl e a n d
"

th e h a rd e s t p a r t o f y our job i s d on e M ak e a
.

fr am e Of wir e s h a p ing it a s s h own In Fi gs 1 5

,
.

an d 1 6 ,a n d m ake i t hi gh e n ou gh to h old th e

—
b o il e r i t i s no l onge r a b aki ng p owd e r c an
i

a b o u t thr e e i n ch e s a w a y fr o m th e s urf a c e i t s e t s

on .

A n E as i ly M ad e A l coh ol L am p — Y ou c an

m ake an a lc oh o l l amp wi th out any e xp e n s e by

u s i ng an i nk b ottl e ; ge t a s qu at on e n ot m o r e ,
.

t h an 2 i n ch e s hi gh if y o u c an th o u gh a n y k i n d
, ,

will do Fi t a i nch ti n tub e i n a h ol e In th e

.
-

c o r k an d put a c otton wick i n i t h alf fil l th e b ottl e

-

wi th alc oh ol put th e c ork i n It an d y ou h ave a

,

s e rvic e a bl e l a mp .

'
R u nn i ng th e Tur b i n e — —
H a lf fi l l th e b o il e r
.

wi th cl e an w ate r an d c ork up th e fille r h ol e ti gh t .

 Th e B oy s B o ok i B u i l d i ng
’

3 0 o f E ng ne -

Se t th e boil e r wh ee l on th e fr am e ; light th e
and

l amp and s et i t u nde r ne ath T h e b o il e r will .

c omm e n c e to gene r ate s te am i n fi v e o r t en m i n

ut e s and wh e n th e pr e s s ur e is gr eat e nough th e
,
-
,

s t e a m will b e pr o j e c te d fr om th e no z z l e aga i n st

Fig . 17 . Th e St e am T urbine Compl ete

th e bl a de s a nd th e f o r ce o f it a s it s trike s th em
will driv e th e wh ee l a ro un d at a gr e at r ate o f
sp ee d T h e c ompl eted turbi ne is shown i n Fig
“
. .

I7 .
 Tw o Si m p l e Ste a m T u r b i n e E ngi ne s 3 1

De La v a l turbi ne h a s curv e d bl a de s a sp e ci al ,

sh ap e d n o zzl e a nd a fl e xibl e s h a ft .

T h e m o d e l turbi n e which I s h a ll d e s c r l b e h a s
curv e d bl a d e s an d a r egul a r D e Laval n o zzl e but
"

th e fl e xibl e s h a f t n e e d n Ot b e m a d e Si n c e thi s .

turbi n e wi ll r u n a t a hi gh r at e Of s p e e d th e wh e e l
‘ '
c arryi ng th e b l a de s mu s t b e v e r y a c cu r atel y b al '

a nce d a nd whil e y o u c a n m ak e such a wh e e l if

F
ig . 18 . A T oy Gy r o s c op e

y o u a r e a pr etty good m e chan ic I will t e ll y ou an ,

e as ei r w ay to ge t on e .

Yo u c an buy a like th e one

toy gy r os c op e
1

s h o w n i n Fi g 1 8 fo r 2 5 c e n ts
. T h e l e a d wh e e l .

i n th e r i n g b e ar i ng run s v e ry t ru e c o n s i d
e r l n g It s s m al l c o s t a n d y o u w o uld h a v e h a rd

w o rk to m ake a s p e rf ectly a b al an c e d wh e e l .

1 A gy p f thi k i d n b b gh t f th E J H m
r osc o e o s n ca e ou o e . . ors an

C mp y U i Sq
o an ,
1 1 n on N w Y k Ci ty
uar e , e or .
 T h e B oy s B o ok
’

3 2 f
o E ng i n e B u i l d i ng
-

T h e T o o l s Y ou Ne ed — T O m a ke thi s turbi n e
.

y o u nee d ( ) a a s m a ll m a chi n i s t s h a mm’

e r b
( ) ,

a p a ir Of t i nn e r s s h e a r s c j w l r
’

( )
’
, a e e e s s a w
fr am e and s aw s ( d ) a drill s to ck an d drill s ( e )
, ,

a s et o f t a ps a n d di e s fo r cu tt i ng scr e w thr ea d s ,

f
( ) a j e w e ll e r ’
s s o ld e ri n g c o pp e r ( g) a, c o upl e

o f fil e s h
( )
, a p a ir Of c o mp as s e s f o r dividi n g
O ff s p a c e s an d s cribi n g circl e s a n d ( i ) a n ee dl e
,

r ea m e r fo r m aki ng t ap e ring h ol es .

M ak i n g t h e T u r b i n e Wh e e l — T O m ak e thi s
.

turbi n e SO th at i t will b e effici e nt i s a h a rd e r ta s k

th a n to m ake a ny oth e r k i n d Of a n e ngi n e a n d

my a dvic e i s n ot to s ta r t un l e s s you h av e l ots o f

p ati e n c e an d a r e willi ng to w o rk p ai n s t aki ngly .

B e gi n by t aki n g th e wh e e l S h a ft Of th e gyr o
s c op e o u t o f i t s ri ng b e a ri n g a n d fr o m thi s m o

m ent on b e m o r e th an c a r e ful not to b en d th e

sh a ft d e nt th e wh e e l o r to m a r e i th e r on e Of
,

th e m fo r if yo u do th e wh e e l will n ev e r r u n t ru e
,

‘
aga i n .

T ake y our c o mp as s e s an d dr a w a c 1 r cl e o n a
s h e e t Of p a p e r e x a c tly th e s iz e o f th e gyr o wh e e l

a n d divid e i t i n to e qu a l divi s i o ns % i n ch a p a r t
3
,

o r a s n e a rly a s o u ca n a n d s t ill m a k e t h e m c om e
y
o u t e v e n a s s h o w n a t A i n Fi 19 G lu e thi s
g . .
 Tw o Si m p l e Ste a m T u r b i n e E ngi n es 33

p ap e r p atte r n o r temp la te a s i t i s c all e d o n th e

, ,

wh ee l an d pl a c e o ne e nd o f th e s h aft b e twe e n a
c oupl e o f pi e c e s Of s he e t l e a d a nd the n s cr e w i t
up i n your vi s e ; th e purp o s e o f th e l e a d i s to
ke e p th e r o ugh s urf a c e s o f th e j aw s o f th e vi s e
fr om m a rri ng th e s ha ft .

P u t a s a w bl a d e i n y o ur j e w e l e r s s aw fr am e
’
/

a n d u s e a bl a d e th at i s th e s am e t hickn es s a s th a t

o f th e s h ee t t i n o r br as s y o u i nt e n
, ,
d t o u s e fo r
th e bl a d e s o f th e turbi n e wh e e l Saw a s l o t V E
. 1 6

i nch de e p i n th e rim on e ach lin e o f th e p ap e r

a n d b e s ur e to s a w e a ch s l o t s t r a i ght a cr o ss th e

rim o f th e whe e l a n d s tr ai ght d own on th e li n e o f

th e p a p e r so th a t e a ch o n e will b e i n a r adi a l

l i n e wi th th e c e n te r Of th e wh e e l .

F or m i ng th e B l a d es .
— H av m g s a w e d th e s l ot s
i n th e wh e e l th e ne xt thi ng i s t o m ake th e bl a d e s
,
.

If th e wh e e l o f your gyr o i s i n ch e s i n di am
e te r which i s th e u s u a l s iz e
, th e circumf e r e n c e
,

o f th e wh e e l will b e a b o u t 8 % i n ch e s a n d s i n c e ,

th e bl a d e s a r e to b e s e t i n ch a p art th e r e will ,

Of cour s e b e 3 5 bl a de s
, .

T h e bl a d e s s h o uld b e m a d e o f s h e e t br a s s ab ou t
V i n ch thick an d a ll o f t h e m mu s t b e a s n e a rly
50

ali ke a s o u ca n m ak e th e m M a k e e a ch bl a d e
y .
 Tw o Si m pl e Ste a m T u r b i n e E ngi n es 35

i n ch ir on r o d e xactly Lay th e gr oove d f o rm

.

o n a s o lid s urf a c e pl a c e a fl a t b l a d e o n i t h o ld
, ,

th e ir on r o d o v e r i t giv e th e l a t te r a s h a rp tap
,

wi th your ham me r a n d th e bl ad e will b e be nt to

t h e pr op e r s h a p e.

N e xt s e t th e sh ank o f e a ch bl a d e i n a s l ot i n
th e wh ee l a n d i t s h o uld fi t i n t i gh t . T o h o ld th e
bl a des i n pl ac e a r i m mu s t b e fitte d a r o un d th em ;
t hi s c a n b e m a d e by cu tt i n g a s t rip Of b r a ss %
3

i nch wide a nd V i nch l onge r th an th e circum

2

f e r enc e o f th e whe e l wi th th e bl a de s s et i n i t ;
fi l e d ow n b o th e n d s o f th e s t rip s o th a t wh e n th ey
a r e l a pp e d o v e r th e j o i n t will h a v e th e s a m e thick

n e s s as th e r e s t Of th e r m g .

T o h o ld th e r i ng In pl a c e o n th e bl a d e s whil e
th e y a r e b e i n g s o ld e r e d t o i t t wi s t a wir e a r o u n d

i t ; th e n m o i s te n th e j o m t a n d th e t i p Of e a ch
bla d e wh e r e it touch e s th e ri ng with s om e s old e r
In g fluid . It w o uld b e to o h a rd a job to s o ld e r
e a ch o ne o f th e bl a d e t ip s t o th e ri n g wi th a

s olde ri ng c opp e r b u t y ou c an do i t e as ily and

,

n e atly thi s w ay : m e l t o n e h a lf a p o u n d Of s old e r

-

i n a s m all s h a ll o w p an dip th e rim o f th e wh e e l

,

1 n th e s o ld e r a n d t ur n i t s l o wly a r o u n d . By s o
doing th e s olde r will fl ow e v enly and s tick to
 6 E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’

3 T h e B oy s B o ok o f -

th o s e p ar ts wh e r e th e s o l de r l ng fluid h as
a c te d .

F as h i oni ng th e —
Ne ag l e T h e zzl e Of a De no

La v al s te am turbi ne i s Of sp eci al d e s ign a s will ,

b e e xpl a i n e d pr e s e ntly .

T O f a s hi o n th e n o zzl e ge t a pi e c e o f br a ss r od
i n ch i n di am e te r a nd 2 i n ch e s l o ng Drill o r .
,

h av e a m achi n i s t drill a A i n ch hol e thr ough ,

1
ra -

th e c e nte r o f th e r o d to wi thi n i n ch o f th e
o th e r e n d ; r e a m o u t th e h o l e wi th a n e e dl e

r e am e r until th e th r oa t is % i n ch i n di am e te r
1
2

a n d th e ou tl e t is i n ch i n di am e te r T hi s done .
,

drill o u t th e oth e r e n d Of th e br as s r o d fo r th e
i n ta ke Of th e n o zzl e wi th a h In ch drill to a d e pth
l -

Of 4 i n ch wh e n i t will m e e t th e sm all end Of th e

1
,

hol e which fo rm s th e thr oat .

Saw O ff th e o th e r e n d Of th e n ozzl e at a n angl e

o f 1 5 d e gr e e s a s s h o w n In th e cr o ss s e ct i o n vi e w
,
-

A i n Fi g 2 0 an d th e ph a n tom vi e w a t B ; thi s
.
,

W l l l m ake th e ou tl e t or h o l e fo r th e s t e am to b e
, ,

thr o w n o n th e bl a d e s an e l l i p s e which m e a s ur e s

5 i n ch wid e an d % i n ch l o ng
4
'
Fil e th e e nd .

s m oo th a n d h a v e a m achi n i s t o r a s t e a m fi tte r -

thr e a d o n e e n d o f i t an d s cr e w a s t an d a rd s iz e d

A th i
1
dt l f
n, r ou n l gi g d t p i g h l
oo or e n ar n an a er n o es .
 Tw o S i m p l e Ste a m T u r b i ne E ng i n es 37

u n i o n,h a t i s a pip e c o upli ng o n to i t s o th at i t

t ,

c a n b e j o i n e d t o th e s upply pip e o f th e b o il e r .

T hi s c ompl e te s th e n o zzl e .

Th e Tu r b i n e Wh e e l C as e — T h e wh e e l c a n b e
.

l e ft expOs e d and th e nozzl e m ou nte d on a sup

po rt b ut i t i s b e tt e r to e ncl o s e i t s o th at th e ex
,

20
. C o n s t ru cti o n of th e T bin N zz l
ur e o e

h au s t s te am can b e pip e d a w ay fr om it A m eta l .

c a s e o r h ous i ng a s i t i s c all e d can b e m a d e by ,

cutti ng out tw o m etal pl ate s o r / i n ch thick

l
a

a n d 4 % i n ch e s wid e a n d hi gh a n d r o u n di n g th e

upp e r halv e s as s h own at A i n th e s ide vi ew ,

Fi g . 21 .

Cl amp th e s e pl ate s togeth e r , or scr e w th em up

 8 T h e B oy s B u i l d i ng
’

3 B ook f
o E ngi n e -

in your vi s e a n d drill thr ee

,
l —
/a i n ch
h ol e s o n e i n ,

e a ch c o r n e r a n d o n e a t th e t op a s s h o w n by th e
,

‘
sm all dotte d Cl l Cl e S N e xt drill a ri i nch hol e
.
1 -
g

e x a c tly i n th e c e n t e r o f b oth pl at e s fo r th e sh a ft .

In o ne o f th e pl a te s drill thr e e 3 i n ch h o l e s i n a
4 -

li n e s o th a t th e y j u s t m e e t a n d h av e th e middl e
o n e 1 % i n ch es ab o v e th e c e n t e r o r s h a f t h o l e ;
, ,

fi l e th e s e h o l e s o u t wi th a sm a ll h a lf r ou n d fi l e
“

s o th a t th e b e v e l e d e n d o f th e n o zzl e will fit s nu gly

i nt o i t at th e angl e s h own at B i n Fig 2 1 and .

s olde r i t th e r e .

B r a c e th e n o zzl e wi th a twist e d pl at e f o rm e d
Of a s trip o f br a s s i n ch thick i n ch wide ,

a n d ab o u t —
i nch e s long ; drill a i n ch h ol e in
o ne e n d ; c u t a s li t o n e a ch s id e o f i t 7% i n ch d ee p
1

h alf w ay b e tw e e n th e e n ds a n d th en twis t th em
,

a t ri ght a ngl e s t o e a ch o th e r a s s h o w n at C i n

Fi g 2 1
. . Slip th e e n d wi th th e h o l e i n it o v e r th e
nozzl e an d s old e r th e oth e r e nd t o th e ca s e pl ate
as s h o w n a t A .

Drill a h i n ch h ol e nea r th e l ow e r s id e Of th e
1 -

o th e r cas e pl at e fo r th e e xh aus t s a n d thi s o u ght ,

t o h av e a pip e s old e r e d to it Fi nally get thr ee

.
,

6 3 2 br a s s m a chi n e scr e w s 1 i n ch l ong wi th a

-

w ash e r and a nu t on e ach one als o ge t a pi ec e ,

 Tw o Si m p l e Stehm T u r b i n e E ngi n e s
“

39

Of br as s tubi ng j u s t l a r ge e nough to s lip o ve r on e

Of th e s e s cr e w s a n d cu t o ff thr e e l en gt h s o f th e
tub e e ach i n ch l ong .

T o a s s e mbl e th e c a s e put a scr e w thr ou gh e ach

Fig . 21 . C i
on s tr uct o n o f th e T u b ine
r Wh l C
ee -
as e

h ol e i n th e pl at e which c a rri e s th e no zzl e ; slip

o ne Of th e tub e s o v e r e a ch scr e w t o k e e p th e
'

pl ate s ap a rt and i ns e rt th e s h a ft o f th e wh e el
i n th e c e nt e r h ol e Of th e no zzl e pl at e N e xt s et .
 Th e B oy s B o o k of
’
E ng i n e B u i l d i ng
-

th e c a s e pl ate w ith th e e xh au s t h ol e s o th at th e
s cr e ws will go thr o ugh th e s cr e w h o l e s i n i t ; p u t

o n a w as h e r a n d s cr e w a n u t o n e a ch s cr e w .

Cu t ou t f o ur s t rip s Of br as s fo r th e angl e
pla te s i n ch wide an d i n ch e s l ong an d drill ,

a h o l e i n o n e e n d O f e a ch s t rip ; b e n d th e s e a s

s h o w n i n th e cr o s s s e cti o n vi e w D i n Fi g 2 1 a n d
-
.

s o ld e r t h e m t o th e sid e s o f th e c a S e pl a t es n e a r

th e c o r n e r s o f th e c a s e as s h o w n at A a nd D .

T h e s e a r e to b e s cr e w e d to th e b e d o f th e m a
chi n e to h old th e c a s e rigidly i n pl a c e .

Th e B e ar i ngs for th e Sh af t — Y o u ca n buy th e

be a ri ngs fo r th e s h a ft o r y o u can m ake th e m
your s e lf A n e a s y w ay to do th e l att e r i s to cut
.

a p a tte r n o u t o f s o f t pi n e a n d c a s t a c o upl e o f

th e m i n typ e m e ta l o r b e tte r h a v e a m o ld e r c a s t
,

th e m i n br a s s fo r y ou .

Ea ch b ea ri ng c o n s i s ts o f a s tan da r d th at is a ,

s upp or t 4 i n ch t hick i n ch wide an d i n ch e s

1
, ,

l ong wi th f e e t on on e e nd a s s how n at A and D .

Smoo th up th e c a s t i ngs wi th a fi l e th e n drill a ,

% i n ch h o l e
e
-
i n ch fr om th e pl a i n end and
thr e a d th es e h o l e s wi th a tap to tak e a zi i n ch
1 -
t

s cr e w . Ge t tw o br a s s m a chi n e s cr e w s e a ch ,

i nch l ong and drill ou t th e e n ds o f th e scr e w s

,
 Tw o Si m p l e Ste a m T u r b i n e E ngi n e s 4 1

i nch d e e p A l s o drill. a -
i l l Ch h o l e i n e a ch
foo t s o that th e s ta n da rd ca n be s cr e w e d t o th e

b ed .

M ou n ti ng th e Wh e e l Ge t
—
pi ec e o f b oi l er a

p la te o r a n y k i n d Of a s m oo th ir on o r br a s s pl ate
, ,

a bo u t 4 thic k 4 i n ch e s wid e a n d 5 i n ch e s l o n g
1
,

fo r th e b e d .

Drill four i in ch ho l e s In thi s pl ate fo r th e

1
zt -

bea ri ng s ta nda rd s tw o on e a ch s id e ; hav e e a ch

,

pair Of h o l e s A i n ch ap a r t an d / i n ch fr om th e
15
s
3
s

oth e r as s h o w n i n A a n d B T a p ou t t h e s e h ol e s
.

an d s cr e w t h e s t an d a rd s t i gh t t o th e b e d .

Se t th e s h a f t Of th e wh e e l b e tw e e n th e b e a r
ing s cr e w s a n d drill a % i n ch h o l e thr o u gh th e
2 -

b e d a t t h e pl a c e s wh e r e th e a ngl e pl a te s Of th e
wh ee l c as e r e s ts on i t ; thr e a d th e m wi th a n 8 3 2 -

tap a n d s cr e w th e a n gl e pl a t e s d o w n to th e b e d .

T hi s c o mpl e te s th e s te a m turbi n e pr o p e r an d ,

wh en don e i t will l ook like Fi g 2 2

, .

Th e R e du c ti on Ge a r s — Wh e n s uppli e d with
.

e n o u gh s te a m thi s turbi n e wh e e l will r u n a t

,

ab o u t r e v o luti on s p e r mi n ute a n d thi s o f , ,

_

c ou r s e i s much t oo s p e e dy fo r a n y e a r thly u s e
, .

T o r e duc e th e sp e e d to s o m e thi ng li k e th a t o f
a n o rd ina ry e n gi n e a r e du c ti on ge a r i s n e e de d ,
 Tw o Si m p l e Stea m T u r b i n e E ngi n e s 43

from d e al e r s i n m o de l m ake r s s uppli e s Fo r a ’

.

bo il e r l a r ge eno ugh to r u n thi s turbi n e s e e Chap

‘
te r V .

H O W t h e St e am T u r b i n e Wo rk s — Y ou m ay
n ot h av e n ot ic e d it , b u t th e D e L a v a l turb i ne

Fig . 23 . APi a r of S i gl R d tio G

n e e uc n ea r s

is b oth an impul s e turbi n e like B r an c a s and it ’

1 8 a l s o a r e a c t i o n t urb i n e li ke H e r o s
’
.

Th e A c ti on of th e B la d es — If y o u will tur n
b ack to Fig 1 1 you will s e e th at th e s te am fr om
.

th e n o zzl e wh e n i t s tri ke s th e bl a d e s Of th e wh e e l
, ,

pu s h e s i t f o rw a rd by th e impul s iv e f o rc e o f th e
en e r gy th a t i s s t o r e d up i n it Y ou will a l s o Ob
.

s e rve th at a ft e r th e s te am strike s th e cur v ed

,
44 Th e B oy s
’
B o ok o f E ngi n e B u i l di ng
-

b l ades , it is thr ow n o u t agai ns t th e ai r a nd this

c aus e s th e f o rc e o f th e s team to r e act o n th e
wh e e l ju s t a s i t do e s m H e r o s e ngi ne ’
.

H ow th e Nozzl e Wor ks — Wh e n s t e am is al
l o w e d to e s cap e thro ugh a s impl e h ol e o r or i fi c e , ,

a c o n sid e r a bl e a m o u n t o f th e e ne r gy i n i t is

wa s te d i n s etti ng up littl e whirls and oth e r com

m oti ons i n it an d thi s l e ave s only a sm all p orti on
‘
Of its u s e ful e ne rgy to drive th e whe e l wi th .

T o pr e ve nt th e s e u ntow a rd a c t i on s a s w e ll a s
to m ake th e s t e am exp an d i n th e n o zzl e th a t i s
1
,

to ch ange th e e n e r gy which e xis t s i n it as l a te nt

h eat i nto th e e n e r gy o f m oti on a sp e ci a l s hape d ,

no zzl e mu s t b e u s e d a nd thi s i s th e purp o s e o f

th e o n e D e L av a l d e s i gn e d .

Wh en th e s te am fr om th e b o il e r r e ach e s th e
thr o at o f th e n ozzl e i t f all s to ab out h alf o f i ts
,

i ni ti a l p r e s s u r e th a t i s th e pr e s s u r e d e liv e r e d by
,

th e b o ile r t o th e n o zzl e A fte r p as s i ng thr o u gh

.

th e thr o a t th e s t e am b e gi n s to e xp a n d an d thu s ,

whil e i t de cr ea s e s i n d ensity i n pr e s s ur e and i n,

t e mp e r atu r e th e p a r ticl e s Of which i t i s f o rm e d

,

i ncr e a s e i n sp ee d an d h e n c e in p o w e r .

1
See Ch pt IX Th S t ff th t S t m i M d O f
a er ,
“
e u a ea s a e .
 C HA P T ER III
A S I M P LE P I ST O N ST EA M EN GI NE
i i
T h e O s c ll at ng Cyl n e r i d —o ol s
E ngi ne T h e Y ou T
—
Nc c d T h e P
a r t s o f t h e E ng n e : i
T h e Cyl n e r ; T h e i d
Pi k kh
,

s to n ; T h e C r a n C r an s a f t a n d Fly wh
e e l ; T h e En
—
,

gin e B e d A s s e m bl n g t h e i
E n g n e : O l n i
g th e E ii
n g n e ; i
T i
e s t ng th e E n
g ne — Hi o w to a e t h e BM k
o l e r — H o w t oi
i
R u n th e Eng n e : A b o u t th e — L
am p : Ho w t h e P o w e r

Pl ant —
Wor ks Wh e r e to B u y M ate r i al s .

B e fo r e y ou build any Of th e l a r ge r a n d m o r e
c o mpl e x e n i n e s which f o ll o w ou s h o uld by a l l
g y ,

m e ans m ake th e p a rt s o f an d a s s e mbl e th e S impl e

Si ngl e a cti ng
-
ste am e ngi ne d e s crib e d i n this
ch ap te r .

By buildi ng thi s o n e yo u will ge t a cl ea r id e a

o f th e w a y s te a m a ct s a n d h o w a n e n gi n e w o rk s

an d thi s will b e o f gr e a t h e lp to y o u wh e n y o u

c om e to th e m o r e p o w e rful s li de valv e e ngi n e s - .

T h e O s c ill at i n g C y li n d e r E n gi n e — A n o s ci l .

l a ti ng cyli n d e r e ngm e IS on e in which th e cyli n de r

i s piv o te d i n th e middl e a n d by r o ck i ng up a n d
do w n l i ke a dru ggi s t s b al a nc e or os ci l l a ti ng a s
’

45
 B ook E i B i l d i
’

4 6 T h e B oy s f
o ng n e u -
ng

it is c all e d a llows th e steam from th e b oil e r to

,

p a ss i nto and e s c ap e fr om a S i ngl e p or t that i s a ,

h ol e o r op e ni ng i n on e e nd Of th e cyli n de r
—
, , .

Th is k i n d Of an e ngm e 1 8 s i ngl e a c ti ng th at is
th e s t e a m l S a dmi tte d i n t o on e e n d Of th e cyli n d e r

a n d h e nc e th e r e i s o n ly o n e p o w e r str o ke t o ea ch

r e voluti on o f th e cr anks h a ft It can b e m a d e .

—
d ou b l e a c ti ng th at is th e s te am c anb e a dmitt e d
i nto ea ch e nd o f th e cyli n d e r al te r n ate ly and s o
g iv e s t w o e ffe ctiv e p o w e r str o k e s t o e v e ry r e v o l u

t i on o f th e cr a nk sh a ft .

T h e o scill ati ng cyli n d e r e ngi n e which I sh a ll

t ell y ou h ow to build i s a s i ngl e ac ti ng one and I -

'

h av e ch os en i t b e c aus e i t Is th e e as i e s t ki n d to
m ake .

Th e Tools Y ou Noe d — Y ou will n e e d v e ry

.

fe w t ools to m ake this littl e e ngi n e b u t th ou gh a

c oupl e Of th e m a r e r a th e r e xp e n s iv e y o u o u gh t

t o h av e th e m a nyw ay as th e y will pr ov e us e ful

for a th ous an d a nd o ne oth e r thi ngs .

Get ( 1 ) a sm a ll m ach i ni s t s h am m e r ; ( 2 ) a
’

h an d dr i l l s tock an d h al f a d oz e n tw i s t dr i lls ;

(3) a c o upl e o f fi l e s ; (4 ) a p a ir o f ti n n er s .
’

s h e ar s ; ( 5 ) a s m all b e n ch v i s e ; ( 6 ) a n a l c oh ol

(7) s older i n
’
b l ow tor ch ; a j e well er s
g pp
co er ;
 A Si m p l e P i s to n S te a m E ngi n e 47

( )
8 t e n c ents w o r th o f wi r e s ol der an d ( 9 )
’

m ake s om e s older i ng fl u i d by diss olvi ng zi n c cli p

p i ngs In a li ttl e m u r i a ti c aci d .

Th eP a r ts of th e E ngi ne — T h e r e a r e six pri n

~

c i p a l p a r ts to this e n gi n e : ( 1 ) th e cy li n de r ; ( 2 )

th e p i s ton ; 3) th e pi s ton r od ; (4 ) th e c r an k

s ha f t; 5) the fly w h e e l, an d ( )
6 th e b e d .

Th e Cy li n der m ake th e cyli nd e r ge t a

. TO
-

—
pi e c e o f bras s o r c opp e r tubi ng it mu s t b e 1

—
sm ooth i n s ide and h av e i t i n ch i n di am ete r ,

In s id e m e a s ur e m e n t 1 % i nch e s l ong a n d with as

,

thick a w all as y ou can get it .

Fil e O ff th e cylin d e r on one S id e s o th at it is

p e rf e ctly fl at a nd th en drill a hol e thr ough th e
middl e o f th e fl at sid e i n ch i n di am e te r fo r
th e pivo t an d an o th e r h o l e Of th e s am e s iz e / i n ch
1
s

fr om th e e nd al l o f which i s shown at A i n
,

Fi g . 24 .

T ak e a 6 3 2 scr e w , cut O ff th e h e a d and fi l e

-

th e e nd Of i t d o w n u n t il i t fi ts i n th e middl e h ol e ;
m o i s te n i t with a li ttl e s olde ri ng fluid tur n th e ,

fl am e Of your bl o w to rch on it fo r a m om e nt an d
th e n tO u ch th e e n d Of th e wir e s o lde r t o it wh e n

th e l a tte r will r u n a r o u n d an d jo i n th e tw o p i e c e s

1 Se am l e s s tu bi gn i s th e b e s t.
 8 T h e B oy s B o ok E ng i n e Bui l d i ng
’

4
s

f
o -

Of m e ta l fir mly toge th e r M ake a s pir a l s pri ng .

o f br as s Wi r e j u s t l a r ge e n o u gh to go o v e r th e

pivo t a n d s cr e w a n u t on th e l atter .

‘
T O m ake th e h e a ds o f th e cyli nd e r cu t o u t tw o
d is ks o f s h ee t bra s s o r y ou c an u s e s h e e t l e a d
,

which i s e as i e r to wo rk and drill a , h ol e

Fi g . 24 A . Th e Cylind e r an d Cyli d H d
n er ea s

i n th e c ente r o f o ne o f th e m T h e s e h e ads ar e .

to b e s o l de r e d t o th e e n d s o f th e cyli n d e r an d ,

thi s c an b e d o n e b ette r a f t e r th e p i s to n i s

m a de
Th e P i s t o n — B e c aus e th e p 1 s to n mu s t s lid e to
a n d fr o i n th e cyli n d e r v e ry sm o o thly a n d y e t

cl o s e e nough to pr e ve nt th e s t eam fr om l e aki ng

,
 A S i m p l e P is to n S te a m E ngi n e 49

pas t i t, t h e m a ki ng Of th e pi s ton is a m os t p a r

ti c u l a r j ob .

Si n c e th e i n sid e
cylin d e r i s ofi n ch i n
th e

di am e te r th e pi s ton must b e n e a rly th e s am e s iz e

, "
.

T ake a pi e c e Of br a s s a b o u t i nch thick an d

s cr i be t h a t i s s cr a tch a circl e o n i t wi th a p a ir
,

o f c ompa s s e s i nch i n di am e te r ; drill a t i n ch ' "

1 -
i s

hol e i n th e c e nte r and fi l e down th e pi e c e o f br as s "

Fi g . 24 B . Th e P i s ton an d Pi s ton R od

u nt il i t IS a p e rf ec t C i rcl e and fits th e b or e o f th e

cyli n d e r a ccur ate ly .

Y ou c an m ake th e pi s ton r od o f a s t r a i ght p 1 e c e

Of ir on wir e in ch thick an d 2 % i n ch e s l ong ; fi l e
O ff th e s id e s o f o n e e n d a l i ttl e a n d t h e n drill a

V i n ch h o l e thr ou gh i t V i n ch fr om th e e nd a s
l e -
z
1 6

s h o w n a t B i n Fi g 2 4 T hi s d o n e fi t th e o th e r
. .
,

e nd o f th e pi s to n r o d i n to th e pi s t o n a n d b e s ur e

to ge t i t i n s t r a i gh t a n d th e n s o l de r th e m to
,

g e th e r .
 A S i m p l e P is to n S te a m E ng i n e 5 1

s tr aigh t pi e c e o f wir 7 o r 2% i nch thick a nd 3

e
2
3 2,
1

i nch e s l ong will s e rve fo r th e cr anks h a ft th at ,

is that p a rt o f th e engi ne which r ev olv e s to ,

which th e pi s ton r od i s conn e ct e d and o n which

th e flywh e e l a n d pull e y a r e fixe d .

For th e cr an k s e e A Fi g 2 5 cut out a p i e c e

, , .
,

Fig . 25 B A S p k d Fly Wh l
. o e -
ee

of br ass Vi n ch thick an d i n ch l ong and m ake

1 6 ,

on e e nd $ i n ch wid e an d th e oth e r e nd in ch
4

wide ; drill a V i n ch ho l e in th e sma ll e nd an d a

i e -

hi i nch h o l e i n th e l a r ge e n d ; fi t i n a n d s old e r o n e
s
-

e n d o f th e cr ank s h a ft to th e cr ank a n d s old e r a

V i n ch wir e
i e -
i nch l ong i nt o th e othe r e nd fo r
, ,

th e cr an k pi n .

A lm o s t a ny ki n d of a wh e e l will do for th e fly
 Th e B oys E ngi ne B u i l d i ng
’
‘2
5 B ook o f -

Whe e l s e e B b u t i t s h ould b e pr et ty l a rge s ay

, , ,

i n ch e s i n d i a m e te r a n d it sh ould b e r a th e r
’

3 ,

h e avy s ay ab ou t 2 oun c e s and th e l a rge r i t

, ,

i s for i t s w e i h t th e s m oo the r th e e n i ne will

.
g g

Yo u can cas t
flywh e e l wi th a littl e pu ll ey on
a

i t by s a wi n t a w d en p t t r n fir t m k i n
g ou o o a e s a g ,

a m o uld Of p l as te r p a r i s a n d p o u r i ng n s o me
i
m e lte d typ e me tal A n e a s i e r w ay i s to buy o n e
.
1

a lr e a dy c a s t .

Th e E ngi ne B e d — Thi s i s a bl oc k o f w o o d 1 ,
"

i nc h thick ,
i n ch e s wi de a n d 5 i n ch e s l ong o n
which to m ou nt th e e ngi n e ; s an dp ap e r i t s m oo th
a n d giv e i t a c o a t o f r e d p a i nt

Cu t o u t a fr a m e Of a pi e c e Of thick s h e e t br a s s ,

o r h e a vy t i n w ill do 4 i n ch e s s qu a r e t o th e s h a p e
,

s h o w n i n Fi g 2 6 Drill a % i n ch h ol e i n th e
. . 2 -

c ente r o f th e circl e s m a rke d i nl e t p or t an d ex

h a u s t p or t an d i n e a ch o f th o s e m a r ke d b e ar i ng ;
al s o drill a h i nch h o l e i n th e circl e m a r ked cy l
1 -

i n d e r p i v o t an d i n t h e s cr e w h o l e Ci rcl e s .

No w b e n d up th e s id e s Of th e t i n o r b r a s s o n
th e d ot te d li n e s to f o rm th e fr a m e a nd s o ld e r a

pi e c e Of br as s p p e h i n ch i n di am e te r a nd 6
i
l

1
Yo u can u s e l d ea ,
b ut i t s h inks
r on co o li g
n .
 A Si m p l e P i s to n S te a m E ng i n e 53

i n che s l ong o ve r th e i nl e t p o r t on t h e i n s i de of

th e v a lv e p la te .

A s s e m b li ng th e E ngin e — Y ou h ave n o w
r each e d th e l as t a nd m os t i nte r es ti ng s tage Of
,

4
Fig . 26 . Th e E ng i n F
e r am e

your w o r k th e as s em b li ng o f th e p a rts B egin

, .

by s cr e wi ng th e fr am e to th e b e d O f w ood and
h a v e th e v alve pl ate an d b e a ri ng o n th e s id e wi th
i t fl us h th a t i s e v e n wi th o n e o f th e l ong e dge s
, ,

of th e b e d .
54 Th e B oys ’
B o ok f
o E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
-

N ext slip cr anks ha ft thr ou gh th e b e a ri ngs

th e

Of th e fr am e a n d th e n fi t th e flywh e e l and pull e y

t o th e oth e r e n d a n d if th e s e a r e m a d e o f m e ta l
, ,

s o ld e r t h e m o n t o t h e e n d Of t h e s h a f t Slip th e .

cr ank p i n thr ough th e h ol e i n th e e n d o f th e pis

ton r od ; put th e cyli nd e r piv ot thr ou gh th e p i vo t

TO B O/LER

Fi g
. 27 . Th e O s c ill ti g Cy li d
a n n er Engi n Comp l ete
e

h ol e i n th e fr am e s e t th e s pir al s pri ng ov e r th e
,

p i vot an d s cr e w on th e nu t T hi s arr angem ent . ,

p e rmi t s t h e cyli n d e r t o o s cill a t e fr e e ly a n d a t th e

s a m e t im e h o ld s i t cl o s e t o t h e v a lv e pl a t e Th e .

e n gi n e c ompl e t e an d re a dy t o r u n 1 8 s h o w n i n

Fig 27

T O k ee p th e s t e a m fr om
. .

O i li ng th e E ngi n e —
l eaki ng b e tw ee n th e po r t o f th e cyli nde r and th e
 A Si m p l e P i s to n S te a m E ng i n e 55

inl et p o r t o f th e va lve pl ate l u b r i ca te i t th at i s

, ,

Oil i t wi th a dr o p o f s e wi ng m achi n e Oil an d al s o

,

p u t a c o upl e o f dr o p s o f o i l i n t o th e cyli n d e r a s

t hi s will m a ke i t r u n wi th l e s s fric t i o n a n d k e e p s

th e s t e am fr om ge tti n g p a s t i t ; fi n a lly p u t a w e e ,

dr o p Of Oil o n e a ch o f th e b e a ri ngs an d yo ur e n
g i n e i s r e a dy t o r u n .

Tes ti ng th e E ngi n e — H av m g p u t y our e ngi n e

toge th e r th e n e xt thi n g to d o i s t o t r y i t o u t to
,

s e e if i t i s i n w o r k i n g o rd e r A ll y o u n e e d to
.

do t o fi n d Ou t if it will r u n i s t o gi v e th e flywh e e l
a s ta r t a n d bl o w thr o u gh t h e i n l e t pip e If y ou .

h av e m a d e it right i t will r u n a s l ong a s y o u

,

bl o w Wh e n i t run s to yo ur s ati s fa cti on your

.
,

n e x t n e e d is a b o il e r .

H O W t o M ak e t h e B 0 il e r T O m a ke a b o il e r
.
-

th at will r a i s e e n o u gh s t e a m t o o p e r a t e thi s li tt l e

e ngi n e i s a s impl e m a tte r

M a ke a c a n 2 % i n ch e s i n di am e te r a n d 6 i n ch e s
l ong o f h e avy s h e e t ti n T o do t hi s cu t o ut a
.

pi e c e o f tin 6 i nch e s wid e an d 7 in ch e s l ong ;

b e n d i t on a br oom s t ick u n til i t i s a cyli n de r an d
s o ld e r th e e d ge s t oge th e r t hu s m aki ng a l ap ,

s e am .

Cu t out tw o di s ks of ti n 2 % i n ch e s in di am e te r
 6 B o ok E ngi n e B u i l di ng
’

5 T h e B oy s o f -

and with four r

ch o n e a s s h ow n at A i n
e a s on ea

Fi g 2 8
. B e n d th e e a r s o v e r a n d s old e r th e di s ks
.

t o th e e n d s o f th e b o il e r a n d do i t w e ll Now .

dri ll a i n ch h ol e th r ou gh th e s e a m 2 % i n ch e s
- e

fr o m one e n d and a i n ch h ol e al s o thr ough th e -

s eam 1 Y i n ch e s fr om on e e nd
2 .

Fig
. 28 . C o n s t ru ct i o n o f th e B o i l e r

M ake ah e avy ti n o r b e tter of s h eet

b ox of , , ,

R u s s i an ir on fo r th e b o il e r to r e s t o n 3 i n ch e s
, ,

high 3 i n che s wide and 5 i nch es long T hi s can

, .

b e m a d e o f a si ngl e pi e c e Of s h e e t m e ta l by
m a r ki ng out a temp la te th at is a p att e rn a s ,

s h o w n a t C i n Fi 2 8 Dr a w t h e p a tt e r n o u t
g . .

full s iz e on a s h e e t Of p a p e r an d p a s te it on th e
ti n o r s h ee t ir on Dri ll a do z en i n ch hol e s
.
-
 A S i m p l e P i s t o n S t e a m E ng i n 57

ne a r th e to p on id e s an d a d o z e n o r m o r e
th e s

ho l e s Of th e s am e s iz e n e ar th e b ottom i n th e
middl e 8 0 th a t th e fl am e ca n ge t pl e nty Of a i r a n d
th e h e a t will b e ke p t i n a t th e s am e t im e .

B e n d th e ir o n o r ti n i n to th e f o rm o f a b ox
a n d t h e n b e n d o u t th e e d e s a t th e b o ttom a n d
g
b en d i n th e e dge s at th e top Now make a w ood .

C
Fi g . 28 C . Th e F i r e -B o x

ba s e 1 i n ch thick 5 i n ch e s wid e a n d i n ch e s
l ong Scr e w th e fl ange s o f th e b ox o n th e ba s e
.

l ea vi ng a m a rgi n o f i n ch al l r ou n d Se t th e .

b o il e r i n th e c on c av e e n d s o f th e b ox a s s h own ,

i n Fi g 2 9 a n d bri ng th e s te a m pip e up fr o m th e
.
,

e ngi n e a n d b e n d i t s o th a t i t will fi t cl o s e t o t h e

s m a ll h o l e i n th e t op o f th e b o il e r a n d s o ld e r it

f as t .

H a lf fi l l th e b o il e r thr ou gh th e l a r ge fill e r h o l e
-
, ,

with cl e an w ate r and p u t a c o r k i n th e h ol e ; th e -

 A Si m p l e P i s to n Ste a m E ngi n e
'

59

drill a V i nch h ol e i n th e oute r e dge o f th e lid for

i e -

a v e n t ; m ak e o r buy a br a id e d c o r k wic k t o fi t th e

bur n e r ab out 1 % i nch e s l ong an d put it thr ou gh

, ,

th e tub e .

—
H ow t o R u n t h e E n gi n e Fi ll ing th e B oi l er .

By filli ng th e b o il e r with b o ili ng h ot w ate r it will

n ot o nly m a ke s t ea m quic k e r b u t i t will s av e a lc o

h ol . B e s ur e th e w ate r is cl e an o r e l s e th e s tea m
p ort o f th e e ngine m ay get ch oke d up and th en
th e e ngi n e will r u n sl o wly o r st o p alt o ge th e r .

A n d b e c ar e fu l th e b o il e r d o e s n ot r u n dry .

—
A b ou t th e Lampq H a v e th e wic k ju s t a trifl e
"

ab o v e th e tub e a n d h a lf fi ll th e l amp wi th w oo d
-

alc o h o l Wip e O ff any a lc oh ol th at m ay b e

.

spill e d on it in filli ng an d th e n li ght th e wick .

If th e w ate r i s b o ili ng h ot wh e n y ou put i t i n

th e b o il e r a n d th e fl a m e o f t h e l amp i s bur n i n g

blu e it will take ab ou t fi v e mi nute s to get up

,

s team A t th e e n d o f this tim e tur n th e fl y

.

wh e e l a r oun d s e v e r a l tim e s to cl e a r ou t th e s te am
which h a s c ond e n s e d i n th e cyli n d e r and if th e ,

s t e a m i s u n d e r s u ffici e n t pr e s s ur e your e ngi ne

,

will r u n like s ixty .

H ow t h e P o w e r P l a n t W o r k s —
i

Fir s t th e h e at
o f th e l amp ch ange s th e w at e r i n th e b o il e r i nt o
60 T h e B oy s
’
B ook o f E ngi n e Bu i l d i ng
-

Ste am a n d, wh e n th e l atte r i s h ot e n ough i t i s u n ,

de r pr e s s ur e .

Now Wh e n th e pi s ton i s at th e b a ck e n d o f th e
cylinde r th e po r t i s th en ju s t ev e n wi th th e o pe n
,

in
g Of th e pip e i n t h e v a lv e pl a t e ; t h e s t e a m u n

de r p r es s ur e ru s h e s i n to th e cyli n d e r an d f o rc e s
th e pi s to n f o rw a rd ; a s th e cr an k s h a f t t ur n s

r oun d th e r ea r en d o f th e cyli n de r i s r a i se d until

th e p o rt i s e v e n wi th th e e xh a u s t h o l e i n th e va lv e

pl ate an d thi s p e rmi ts th e u s e d s te a m to es cap e

i nto th e a i r .

By thi s t im e th e cr ank s h a f t w i l l h a v e m ad e
on e c o mpl e t e r e v o lu t i o n a n d th e c yc l e of op e r a

ti on will b e gi n al l O ve r a gai n It i s i n d e e d a
.

pr etty m e ch an ic a l m ov e m e nt .

—
Wh ere t o B u y Ma t e ri al s Y ou c an buy a cyl
.

i nde r an d pi s ton for thir ty c e nts an d a flywh e e l

fo r th e s am e pric e r e a dy m a d e o f th e We e d e n
-

M an uf a c turi ng C omp any Ne w B e dfo rd M a s s

,
.
,

o r y o u can b u a n e n gi n e a n d a b o il e r c om p l e t e
y ,

ve ry like th e on e I h ave d e scrib e d o f th e a bov e ,

firm fo r
 C HA P T E R IV

A
' 1
/24 - H P . . H O R I ZO N T A L S T EA M EN GI NE
T l
The oo s Y ou N e e d : T h e D r awi ng T oo l s ; T h e
W d W ki
oo or ng T ool s T h e M e tal Wor k ing T OOIS
Dr a wi ng t h e Pl an s of th e —
E ngi n e T h e P art s of th e
—
En gi n e H o w to M ak e th e P Cyl i n d e r :
a tt e r n s : The
T h e Cyl i nde r H e a d s T h e P
i s ton ; T h e Ste am C h e s t, T h e
,

Sl id e Va lv e ; T h e C r o s s H e a d G
u id e ; T h e C r an ; T h e k
E c c e n tr i c ; Th e P
i ll o w B l o c s ; T h e B e d k —
late M o u l d P
i ng th e P
a r ts i n M e ta l — Fi n i s hi ng t h e C a s t i ngs : T h e
Cyl i nd e r ; T h e St e am Ch e s t ; T h e i s to n an d i s t on R o d ; P P
T h e Sl id e V alv e a n d V alv e Ste m ; T h e C r o s s H e a d
'

G u id e : T h e C r o s s H e a d G k
u id e B l o c , T h e R o c e r A r m , k
T h e Va lv e Ste m B e a r i ng ; T h e C o nn e ct i n g R o d ; T h e
k k
C r an an d C r an Sh a f t ; Th e E c c e ntr i c R o d ; T h e E c
c e n t r i c ; T h e Fly wh e e l ; T h e P—
i ll o w B l o c s M ou nting k
t h e E n gi n e o n th e B e d — P
l ate Se tti ng th e E ngi ne o n It s
—
B e d T h e A u xi l i a r y art s — P
H o w th e E ngi n e W o r s k
Ca l cu la ti ng th e H o r s e P
o w e r O f a Ste am E ngi n e .

T he r e hr ee w ay s to go ab out m aki ng an
ar e t

e n gi n e o f t hi s s iz e a n d k i n d a n d y o u c a n ch oo s e
'

t h e on e th at s ui ts y our p o c k e t a n d y o ur purp o s e

th e b e s t .

T h e e as i e st w ay is to buy a c ompl e t e s e t o f
c asti ngs ( Se e A pp en dix D ) h av e such m achine ,

61
62 T h e B oy s
’
B o ok of E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
-

‘
wo r k do n e o n th em a s m ay b e n e e de d an d th en
a s s e mbl e th e p a r ts .

—
T h e s e c o n d w a y an d thi s i s my id ea o f build
—
i ng t h e e ngi n e i s to m ak e p atte r ns o f all th e
p a r ts your s e lf have th e m c a s t i n ir o n o r br a s s
,

a t a f o u n dry g e
,
t a m a ch i n i s t t o b o r e th e cyl

i n d e r a n d th e p o rt s i n i t a n d b o r e a n d tur n th e
,

flywh e e l wh en you can do th e r es t o f th e w o rk

,

a n d a s s e mbl e i t wi th o u t t r o ubl e

A ch e a p e r but l e s s s at i s f a c to ry w ay is to m ake
th e p a tte r n s a s b e f o r e a n d c a s t th e m y our s e lf

i n typ e m e tal
-
C a s ti ngs o f thi s m etal a r e v e ry
.

s h a rp an d y e t qui t e s o f t h e n c e th e y c a n b e e a s ily
,

w o r ke d Wh en it i s d on e i n thi s w ay th e e n
.
,

i n e will m ak e a oo d w o r k i n m o d l b t u
g g g e u ,y o

will h av e to h an dl e it v e ry gi nge rly to ke ep it ,

fr om ge tti ng m a rr e d
,
.

T h e T O O l S Y ou Ne e d — T h e s e c on 5 1 s t o f ( I ) a
s

fe w dr a wi ng t o ol s ; ( 2 ) s om e w o o dw o r ki ng too ls ,

an d 3) a f a ir a ss o rtm e n t o f m e t a l w o r k i n g
too l s.

T h e D r awi ng Tools —Y ou c an ge t al l th e

dr awi ng tool s y ou n e e d for a d oll a r o r m o r e .

T h e n e c e s s a ry o n e s a r e ( a ) a n 1 1 x
‘

—
dr aw m g b o a rd ; ( b ) a goo d accur at e r ul e ah
 A -
H P . . H o ri z o n ta l Ste a m E ngi n e 63

a rchi te ct s tri angul a r b oxwoo d s c a l e i s th e b e s t

’

c
( ) a 3 0 tr°
i an l e ;
g a T squ a r e a s l o ng a s

—
th e bo a rd ; ( e ) a p a ir o f 4 i n c h divid e r s ; ( f ) a

p a ir o f 4 i nch c omp as s e s ; ( g ) an e r a s e r and ( h )

-
,

a go o d m e dium s o f t l e a d p e n cil
,
-
.

Th e Wood Wor ki ng Tools — T h e s e c an b e lim

.

i te d to ( a ) a sm all bl o c k pl a n e ; ( b ) a s cr oll s a w
fr am e an d s aw bl ad es ; ( c ) a s m a ll b a ck s aw ;
a mi te r b ox ; ( e br c 1
) a a e a n d 4 a n d
i n ch bits ; ( f ) a try squ a r e and ( g) a goo d p o cket
kn if e .

Th e M e tal Wor ki ng Tools — T h e f o ll o wi n g

.

list o f t ools i n clude s ab out e v e rythi ng y ou nee d

a n d whil e y o u mi gh t ge t a l ong wi th a fe w l e s s .

y o u c o uld o f,
c o ur s e u s e s e v e r al mor e
,
.

Get ( a ) a j e w e ll e r s s aw fr am e a n d s a ws ; ( b )
’

a j e w e ll e r s h a mm e r ; ( c ) a sm all m a chi n i s t s
’ ’

h amm e r ; ( d ) a c e nte r pun ch ; ( e ) a p air o f

s pri n g divid e rs ; ( f ) a p a ir o f ti nn e r s s h e a rs ;
’

( g) a h a n d drill s t o c k a n d a n a s s o rtm e n t o f twi s t

drill s ; ( h ) an alcohol l amp ; ( i ) a j e w e ll e r s s ol ’

d e ri ng c opp e r ; ( j ) a p air o f fl at n os e s id e cutti ng

-

pli e r s ; ( k ) a c oupl e o f scr e w driv e rs ; ( 1) s om e

fil e s ; ( m ) a s e t o f t aps and di es ; ( n ) a c ar b or un
 E ng i n e Bu i l d i ng
’
64. T h e B oy s B ook o f -

dum o il s to n e ; ( 0 ) an Oil c an fill e d wi th s e wi ng

m achin e o il a n d ( p ) a vi s e
, .

—
D r aw i n g th e P l an s fo r t h e E n gi n e Th e fir s t
thing to do i s to dr a w a ll th e s e p a r ate p a r ts o f th e
e ngi n e s h o w n i n Fi g 3 1 o n a S h e e t o f p a p e r full
.

siz e and m a rk on th e dim e ns i ons Y ou will th en .

30
. T -
Sq uar e an d 30 Dg
e ree T gl
r i an e on D wi g B
ra n o ar d

h av e a s e t o f dr awi ngs th at yo u c an w o rk fr o m
much b e tte r th a n th o s e s h o wn i n th e b o ok .

I h av e m a d e th e dr a wi ngs o f th e p a r ts i n wh at
i s c a ll e d i s om e tr i c p er s p e c ti v e s o th at y ou c a n
cl e a rly s e e th e d e s i gn c on s t ruc ti on a n d dime n
,

s i o n s a t a gl a n c e T O m ak e th e dr awi ngs f a s t e n
.

a s h e e t o f p a p e r o n th e b oa rd wi th th u m b ta c ks -

l ay y our T s qu a r e o n th e b o a r d with th e 3 0 de '

g r e e t ri an l e on th e u
g pp e r e d ge Of it as Sh o w n
 24 H
A V -
. P . H o r i z o n ta l Ste a m E ngi n e 65

in Fi g 3 0 ; y o u
. h e n dr a w 3 0 de gr ee li n e s
c an t

which a r e u s e d fo r i s om e tr i c pic tur e s .

T h e P a r t s o f t h e E n gi n e — T hi s li ttl e h o riz o n
t al e n gi n e i s f o rm e d o f th e f o ll o wi ng p a r ts : ( I )

th e cy li n d e r ; ( ) 2 th e s te am c h es t ;
3) th e p i s ton
a n d p i s ton r od ; ( 4 ) t h e s l i d e v a l v e a n d s li d e v a l v e

s te m ; 5) t h e c r os s h e a d g u i de ; t h e c r o s s

h e ad gu i de b l ock ; ( 7 ) th e e c ce n tr i c r o d r ocke r
a r m ; ( 8 ) th e c on n e c ti ng r od ; ( 9 ) th e e cce n tr i c

r od ; ( 1 0 ) th e cr a n ks h af t a n d c r an k ; ( )
1 1 th e

e c c e n tr i c ; (‘)
1 2 th e fly w h e e l ; ( 3) 1 th e p i ll ow
b l ocks ; ( I 4 ) th e b e d p l a te a n d ( 1 5 ) th e b e d al l
, ,

of which will be d e s crib e d in de ta il as w e go

l
a o ng .

HO W to M a k e t h e P at t e r n s —A l l th e p a tte r n s
are m ade o f w o o d w h ich mu s t b e w e ll s e as on e d ;
s o ft pi n e wi th out knots a n d h avi ng a s t r a i ght
g r a i n i s t h e e a s i e s t w oo d t o w o r k Y
. o u c a n

bui l d up e a ch p a r t o f a s m a ny pi e c e s o f w oo d a s
y o u w a n t ,b u t b e s ur e t h a t t h e y fi t a n d glu e t h e m
w el l toge th e r .

E a ch p a r t mu s t b e b uil t up e x a ctly a s y o u w an t
th e c a s t i n g to a pp e a r wh e n fi n i s h e d o n ly a t rifl e
,

l a r ge r to a ll o w fo r Shri nkage a n d m a chi n i ng ;

a n d to m ake t h e p a t te r n dr aw fr om th e m ould
68 T h e B oy s
’
B o ok o f E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
-

W i de ,
5
/é i n ch
high and 1 % i n ch l ong ; m ake th e
f oot pr op e r i nch thick r ound th e top o f th e p at
,

t e r n s o th a t it will fi t th e cyli n d e r a n d glu e a f o ot

to e a ch s id e o f th e l a tt e r a s s h o w n i n Fi g 3 2 . .

Wh e n th e glu e h a s s et s a n dp ap e r an d s h e ll a c th e
,

patte r n a nd it is r e a dy fo r th e m oulde r .

F0
Fi g 3 2
. . A n En d Vi w e of th e Eng i n e

Th e Cyl i n der H e ads .

—
i s much e as i e r to
It
m ake p att e r n s fo r th e cylin d e r h e a d s th an i t i s
to c u t th e m o u t o f s h e e t m e ta l T h e b a ck cyl .

i n de r h e a d s e e C i s s imply a di s k
, ,
i nch thick
an d 1 % i n ch e s i n di a m e t e r .

T h e r o n t cyli n d e r h e a d i s th e s a m e s iz e b u
f t

i t h a s a ri n g o n i t i n ch l ong wi th a b o r e A 1
'

i nch i n di ame te r a n d an outs id e di am ete r o f

in ch a s s how n at D T h i s r i ng f o rm s th e s tu ff
.

i ng b ox an d a ll ow s th e p i s ton to b e p acke d which ,

 24 H
A V P H o r i z o n ta l Ste a m E ngi n e 69
-
. .

k e e p s th e m fr om e s c api ng a r oun d i t T h e
s te a .

sm all ri ng that h o ld s th e p a cki ng i n c an b e c u t

Th e P i s ton —
o u t of a pi e c e o f S h e e t br a s s

Sa w o u t a di s k o f w o o d
.

i n ch
thick an d I V i n ch e s i n di am et e r fo r a p atte r n
i s

for th e p i s ton .

Th e S teamC h es t T hi s i s s imply a b ox o p e n
— .

a t th e b ott o m It i s
. i n ch thick i nch high , ,

i n ch wide and 1 % i n ches l ong o uts id e m e as ,

u r e m e n t as s h o w n a t E
, .

Glu e a s tr ip i n ch thick % i nch wide a n d 1 %

d

, s

i nch e s l ong o n e ach s ide Of th e b ox al ong th e

b ott om ; this will m ak e i t j us t th e wid th Of th e
to p o f th e cyli n d e r b u t V a n i n ch s h o r t e r i n l e n gth
2 .

Now glu e a di s k i n ch thick a n d V i n ch i n 2

di am et e r i n th e c e nte r an d o n to p o f th e s te am
ch e s t and th e n glu e a ri ng i n ch l ong wi th a % s

i n ch b o r e an d an o uts id e di am e te r o f % i n ch o n s

o n e e n d o f th e ch e s t T hi s i s fo r th e s tuffi ng
.

b ox .

Th e Sli de Valv e —S aw ou t a bl o ck V
i e i nch
thick V i n ch wide an d i n ch l ong ; c u t ou t on e
, 2

sid e with a chi s e l o r yo ur kn if e ; s o th at i t will

,

b e % i n ch d e ep V i n ch wid e an d % i n ch l o ng
s ,
i s .

Cu t ou t a bl o ck V i n ch s qu ar e a n d glu e it to th e
i
 Th e B oy s B o ok E ng i n e B u i l d i ng
’

7 0 f
o -

c e nte r o f th e top o f th e s lid e v alve as s h ow n at F

t o th i s i s f as te n e d th e s lid e v a lve r o d
Th e Cr os s H ea d Gu i de
- — Y o u o nly n e e d on e
p atter n fo r th e s upp o rt s s e e G and h ave tw o , ,

c as ti ngs m a de o f i t Saw ou t a s tri p o f w oo d

.

/ i nc h th i ck
3
i s
s

i n ch wid e a n d 2 i n ch e s l ong
,

an d glu e a bl o c k V i n ch thic k V i n ch wid e a n d

s ,
i

‘
i n ch l ong to o n e e dge at e a ch e n d for fe et s o '

th a t th e c a s t i n gs ca n b e s cr e w e d d o w n to th e

b e d pl a t e
-
.

Th e Cr an k — Fr om a pi e c e o f w oo d V i n ch 2

thic k an d 1 i n ch l o ng )cu t o u t a cr ank a s s h o w n

at H M ake o n e e n d V i n ch wid e th e o th e r e n d
. 2 ,

i nch wide a n d r ou n d o ff b oth e n d s T h e fin .

i s h e d m e t a l cr ank i s u s e d t o c o nn e c t th e con
me e ti n g r o d to th e cr a nks h a ft .

Th e E c ce n tr i c — For thi s p a tte r n c u t o u t a di s k

.

i nch thick and i nch in di am e te r a s s how n

at I .

Th e F ly w h ee l — Y o u c an buy an ir on flywh e e l
i n th e r ou gh wi th a in ch f a c e a n d 5 i n ch e s in
-

di ame te r fo r 2 5 c e nts .

If y ou w ant to m ake a p atte r n a n d h a v e i t

c ast SO much th e b ette r b u t y ou must exp e ct to
, ,
 A V
24 H P
-
. . H o r i z o nta l Ste a m E ngi n e 7 1

s p e n d a l o t of tim e o n i t M ake i t wi th s ix .

s p oke s a n d s aw i t o u t wi th y o ur s cr o ll s a w .

Th e P i l l ow B l o cks — T h e s e a r e to s upp o r t th e
cr an ks h a f t and to pr ovid e th e b ea ri n gs fo r i t .

E a ch bl oc k h a s a c o v e r a s s h o w n at J .

‘
T O m ak e a p a tte r n s a w o u t a bl o ck o f w oo d V 2
.

i nch wide 1 i n ch hi gh a n d 1 % i n ch es l o ng to th e
,

Fig 3 3 A T op Vi w
e of th e Eng i n w i th Cylind e r
e an d St
e am
S
. .

Ch est in C ros s e c ti o n

sh ap e s h own at J H av e th e b as e i n ch thick
.

a n d th e b e a ri ng % i nch thick V i nch wide and

s ,
2

i nch l ong and m ake th e c o v e r th e s am e s iz e and

c as t th e m s ep a r ate ly .

Th e B e d P l a te — T hi s is th e pl ate to which th e
cylind e r an d oth e r p a r ts o f th e e ngi ne ar e b ol te d
a n d it s h o uld b e c a s t i n ir o n .

M ake a fr am e o f i nch s tu ff 1 i nch d e ep 3

-
, ,

i n ch e s wid e an d 9% i n ch e s l ong and p ut a top on

it i nch thick Cut out six blocks i nch thick
.
7 2 .
T h e B oy s
’
B ook o f E ng i n e -
B u i l di ng

and i n ch s qu a r e an d glu e o n e to e a ch c o r n e r
o f t h e b e d pl a t e a t th e e n d s a n d o n e t o e a ch s id e

i n th e middl e T h e s e a r e to p e rmit th e b e d pl ate

.

t o b e b o l t e d t o th e b e d
.

—
M o u ldi n g t h e P a r t s i n M e t a l Wh e n a ll o f .

th e p a tt e r n s a r e fi n i s h e d t a ke th e m to a f o un dry
,

a n d h a v e th e m c a s t i n i r o n o r b e tt e r i n br a s s
, , ,
.

A s th e a m o u nt o f m e ta l i n th e c as ti n gs i s s m all
th e c os t will b e a b o u t th e s a m e fo r e i th e r On .

t h e wh o l e br a s s c a s ti n gs a r e th e b e s t b e c a u s e th e y

a r e fi n e r gr a i n e d e a s i e r to w o r k an d m
,
ak e a

h an d s om e r e ngi n e .

Fi n i s h i ng th e C as ti n gs — Wh e n y ou get th e
.

c a s ti ngs fr om th e fou n dry th ey will b e a littl e

r ough a l l ov e r an d th e w o rki ng p a rt s an d th o s e
t h at fi t to ge th e r mu s t b e s m o oth e d a n d t ru e d up

e i th e r wi th a fi l e o r in a l a th e If y ou o w n a .

l a th e fitte d wi th a s li de r es t y ou c an do a l l th e ,

w o rk your s e lf b u t if y ou h av e n t o n e th e n ge t
,
’

s om e ge n i a l m a chi n i s t t o h e lp y o u o u t .

Th e Cy li n d er — T hi s mu s t b e b o r e d o u t wi th a
.

I i n ch drill t o m a k e i t s m oo th a nd o f th e ri h t
-
g
s iz e . If yo u h av e a m achi n i s t do thi s fo r y ou ,

y o u mi g h t a s w e ll l e t him drill t h e p o r t s a n d
‘
Scr e w h o l e s thr o u gh th e fl a n ge s a n d cyli n d e r
 24 H
A V P H o r i z o n ta l S te a m E ngi n e
-
. .
73

h e a d s a s w e ll a s th e s team ch e s t an d th e s t e am
ch e s t pl ate .

If y ou d rill th e p o r ts your s elf u s e a V i n ch, i e -

drill a n d s ta r t it i n ch fr om th e c ente r o f th e
cyli n d e r o n th e pl a te th e s te a m ch e s t s e ts o n ;
drill th e h ol e at an angl e o f n e a rly 4 0 de
g r e e s ,u n t il i t go e s t hr o u gh a n d m e e t s t h e b o r e

a t a p o i n t ju s t i n s id e th e fl a n e a s s h o w n i n th e
g
top vi e w Fi g 3 3 T h e n drill a n oth e r h o l e o f
‘
, . .

t h e s a m e s iz e fo r th e o th e r i n ta ke p o r t a n d at

th e s am e a n gl e o n th e o pp o s i te s id e o f th e

pl ate .

For th e e xh a u s t p o r t drill a i n ch h ol e
-

s t r a i gh t d o w n thr o u gh t h e c e nt e r o f th e s t e am

ch e s t pl ate to a d e pth Of V i n ch ; n ow drill th e

4

s a m e s iz e d h o l e o n th e o th e r s id e o f th e cyli n d e r

fr om th at on which th e f o ot i s c a s t a n d thr ough

th e cyli n d e r u n t il i t m e e t s th e fir s t h o l e
,
T hi s .

m ake s a p a s s age cl ea r thr ough fr om th e s team

ch e s t to th e op e n a i r fo r th e e xh au s t s te am to
/

e s c ap e .

Drill f our h ol e s i n th e s team ch e s t pl ate at th e

p o i nts s h ow n i n th e s id e vi e w i n Fig 3 4 a nd .

—
thr e a d th e m wi th a n 8 3 2 tap s o th a t th e s te am
ch e s t c an b e s cr e w e d to th e cyli nd e r Drill a .
 24 H
A V P-
. . H o r i z o n ta l Ste a m E ngi n e 75

%s i n ch h ol e thr o ugh th e c e nte r o f th e cyli nde r

-

h e a d wi th th e s tuffi ng b ox o n i t . 3

N e xt m ake a ri ng o f V i nch thick s h ee t br as s

i e -

—
i n ch in d i am e te r and wi th a % i n ch h ol e i n s

i ts c e nt e r . Drill tw o % i n ch hol e s thr ough th e

-
2

ri ng on oppos ite s id e o f i t drill tw o V i n ch hol e s

,
i e
-

i n th e f a c e o f th e s tu ffi ng b o x a n d th r e a d th e s e
’

hol e s s o th at th e ri ng c an b e s cr ew e d to i t al l ,

Of which i s s h o w n a t D i n Fi g 3 1 . .

Drill four % i n ch h ol e s at e qu al distan c e s

2 -

a p a r t thr o u gh b o th o f th e cyli n d e r h e a d s a n d i n to

th e e n d s o f th e cyli nd e r ; th e n thr e a d th e l att e r

h ol e s s o th at th e h ea d s can b e scr e w e d to th e m .

Th e S team C h e s t — Drill a % i n ch h ol e
. s -

thr ough th e top o f th e s te am ch e st fo r th e i nl et

pip e an d thr e a d i t to take a V i n ch pip e Drill a i -
.

1
4 i n ch ho l e thr o ugh th e e nd wi th th e s tuffi n g
3-

b ox o n i t for th e s lid e v a lv e s te m a n d drill tw o

V i n ch h o l e s i n th e s tuffi ng b o x a n d thr e a d th e m
i e -
.

M ake a ri ng % i n ch i n di am e te r cu t a h o l e
o ,

i n i t % i n ch i n di a m e t er and drill tw o h ol e s n ea r
2

th e o u te r e dge s o th at i t c a n b e scr e w e d to th e

s t u ffi n g b ox Drill o u t tw o h ol e s on on e s ide o f
.

th e s tea m ch e s t a n d thr e a d th e m s o th at th e
,

ch e st c an b e scr e w e d dow n to th e b e d pl ate .

 6 T h e B oy s B o ok E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’

7 f
o -

Fil e th e i n s id e e dge s o f th e ch e s t t ru e a nd
sm o oth a n d fi ni s h up th e outs id e o f i t with a fil e .

T w o vi ew s o f th e s t e am ch e st a r e s h o w n a t E i n

Th e P i s ton an d P i s ton R od — T h e pi s ton c as t

i ng c a n b e fil e d d o w n o r i t c a n b e p u t i n a l ath e
a n d th e n t ur n e d d o w n s o t h a t it fi t s th e cyli n d e r

cl o s ely an d ye t will s lip thr ough i t wi th ou t bi n d

‘
i ng a h a lf r o u n d gr o ov e s h o uld b e fil e d o r tur n e d
i n i ts f a c e
. Drill a 1 nCh h ol e thr ough th e ce n
-

t er o f th e pi s ton fo r th e pi s to n r o d .

A go o d s tr a i ght pi e c e o f s o f t s t e e l r o d V i n ch ,
s

i n di a m e te r a n d 3 % i n ch e s l o ng will m ak e a goo d
,

pi s ton r o d ; thr e a d b oth e n ds Of i t s cr e w a n ut ,

o n o n e e n d s lip th e pi s to n o n a n d s cr e w a n oth e r
,

n u t o n t i gh t Wr ap s om e s o ft c otton co rd on
.

th e pi s to n u n t il th e gr oo v e i s full a n d s oak i t i n

s e wi ng m a chi n e o i l ; w o r k i t b a ck a n d f o r th i n

th e cyli n d e r u ntil i t s lid e s e as ily .

No w s lip th e pi s t o n r o d thr o ugh th e cyli n de r

h e a d with th e s tuffi ng b o x o n i t an d s cr e w th e
l att e r to th e fl a nge o f th e cyli nd e r ; like w i s e s cr e w
th e pl a i n cyli n d e r h ea d on to th e o th e r e n d o f

th e cyli n d e r .

Soak s om e c ot ton c o rd i n Oil an d p a ck i t a r ou n d

 24 H
A V -
P H o r i z o nta l S t e a m E ng i n e
. .
77

th e
'

pi s ton r o d i n th e s tuffi ng b ox until i t i s full ,

a n d th e n s cr e w th e ri n t t h l t t r t h ld i t
g o e a e o o

in .

Th e Slide Valv e an d Valve S te m.

— Fil e th e

s ide s of lid e valv e until i t fi ts th e i n s ide o f

th e s

th e s t e a m ch es t t o a n ic e ty a n d fi l e th e b o tto m o f

i t u ntil i t s lid e s on th e cyli n d e r pl at e a ccur at e ly .

Drill a V i n ch h ol e in th e b os s o f th e valv e
i e -
,

i nch fr om i ts l ow e r e dge a n d thr ead i t to ,

take th e v a lv e s t e m M ake th e s te m o f a pi e c e
.

o f s o f t St ee l r o d % i n ch i n di am ete r and 3 %
2

i nch e s l ong and thr e a d b oth e n d s Of i t P u t th e

"
.

s lid e v a l ve i n th e s te a m ch e s t s lip th e s t e m ,

t hr o u gh th e h o l e i n th e ch e s t a n d s cr e w i t i n to

th e s lid e v a lve ; n ow p ack th e stu ffi n g b o x with

o il e d c o rd a s d es crib e d ab ov e a n d scr e w o n th e

ri ng .

Fi n ally scr e w th e s team ch e s t to th e s lide v alv e

,

pl ate o f th e cyli n d e r a nd th e h a rd e s t p a r t o f your

e ngi n e i s d o n e .

—
T h e Cr os s H e a d Gu i de J Fil e th e to p an d b o t
-

tom f a c e s O f th e guid e supp o rt s tru e an d sm o oth

’

—
a n d drill tw o V i n ch h o l e s i n th e to p f a c e o f
i e

e a ch o n e V i n ch fr o m th e e n ds a n d thr e a d th e m
i .

A l s o drill a i nch h ol e i n e ach foot and a i nch

- -
 8 T h e B oy s B ook E ngi n e B u i l di ng
’

7 f
o -

h ole in th e middl e o f o ne o f th e support s fo r th e

r oc ke r a r m .

Cu t O ff f our
rip s o f br as s V i n ch thick V
st s , 4

i nch wide an d 2 i n ch e s l ong fo r th e guid e s Drill .

t w o % i n ch h ol e s thr o u gh e a ch s t rip %
2
-
i n ch 2

fr om On e e dge s o th at wh e n i t i s scr ew e d to th e ;

s upp o r t i t w i l l l a p o v e r h i n ch T hi s don e s a w
'
i s .
,

o f f o u r pi e c e s o f % —i n ch br a s s tubi ng % i n ch
2 , 6

l o ng to ke e p th e guid es a p a r t
.

, .

—
Now p u t a 4 3 6 s cr e w thr o ugh e a ch h o l e i n
o n e o f th e guid e s t rip s s lip a t ub e o v e r e a ch,

Scr e w s lip a n o th e r guid e s t rip o v e r th e s cr e ws

,

an d s cr e w t h e m to th e s upp o r t a s S h o w n a t G

i n Fi g 3 1 . D O th e s a m e thi ng wi th th e o th e r
.

g uid e s t rip s a n d supp o rt a n d y o ur cr o ss h ea d -

g uid e is d o n e .

T h e Cr os s H e a d Gu i de B l o ck
- — T hi s i s a bl o c k
o f m e ta l to which th e pi s to n r o d is s e cur e d a nd

which s lid e s i n th e cro s s h e a d guid e T O m ake -

.

i t t ak e a b a r o f br a s s i n ch s qu a r e an d fi l e out
'

th e c o r n e r s o n o pp o s i te s id e s to a d e p th o f i nch
a n d o n th e o th e r s id e s t o a d e p th o f V i nch as 1 6

s h o w n at "i n Fi 1
g 3 . .

It mu s t s lid e to a n d fr o th e l e ngth o f th e guid e

e as ily a n d y e t wi th o u t th e s li gh t e s t p l ay A .
 24 H
A V -
. P . H or i z o n ta l S te a m E ngi n e 79

cr o ss s e cti on vi e w o f th e uid e a n d —
cr os s h e a d
g
th e guid e bl o ck i s s h o w n i n Fi g 3 5 Drill a . .

V i n ch h o l e thr ou gh i t thr e a d i t wi th a n 8 3 2
s - — ,

ta p a n d s cr e w i t to th e fr e e e n d o f th e pi s ton r o d .

Th e R o cke r A r m —T hi s i s to c onn e ct th e s lid e

.

va lv e s t e m wi th th e e cc e n t ric r o d Cu t O ff a .

'
pi e c e o f br as s % i nch thick i nch w i de a nd
2 ,

Fi g 3 5 . . Th e R k oc er A rm an d C ros s h d G ui d e
- ea

i nch l ong ; down u ntil it i s V i n ch wid e at

fil e i t 4

on e e n d ; fi l e th e e n d s r o u n d a n d drill tw o V i n ch s
-

hol e s / i nch ap a rt as shown i n Figs G 3 1 3 4

,
9
1 s ,
.
,

an d 35 .

M ak e br as s w a s h e r V i nch thick an d V i nch

a s i

i n di a m e t e r wi th a i n ch h ol e i n i t ; s lip a -

—
i nch l ong 8 3 2 s cr e w thro ugh th e h ol e i n th e
l a rge e n d o f th e r oc ke r a r m pu t on th e w a sh e r , ,
80 Th e B oy s B ook E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’
o f -
'

s et th ecr e w thr ough th e h ol e i n th e guid e s u p

s

p o rt and s cr e w a c oupl e o f nuts on it .

‘
Cut o ff a pi e c e o f s te e l r o d % i nch i n di am ete r
an d i n ch l ong for th e r ocker ar m pi n and
thr e a d b oth e n d s o f i t ; s cr e w a nut on on e end ,

/ i nch do w n p u t this e nd thr ou gh th e e n d i n

5
1 s ,
.

t h e upp e r e n d o f th e r o c ke r a r m a n d scr e w a n u t

o n i t as s h o w n a t G i n F i g 3 1 a n d i n Fi g . .

Th e Val v e S tem a n d B ea r i ng — T h e v alv e

stem s e e Figs 3 2 a n d 3 4 i s a s tee l r od % in ch i n
, .
,
2

di am ete r an d 3 % i n ch e s l ong thr e a de d on b oth

“

ends M a ke a b e a ri n g to c o nn e ct th e v a lv e s te m
.

to th e r o c ke r a r m by fili ng d o w n a pi e c e Of br as s

r od V i nch i n di a m e te r a n d % i n ch l o ng on
,
4 6 ,

b oth s id e s u ntil i t i s % i nch thick fo r 3 o f an

i n ch o f its l e ngth .

Drill a % i n ch hol e i n th e l a rge end and thr e a d

-
2

it to fi t th e en d o f th e v a lv e s te m ; drill a h inch 1 e

h ol e thr ough th e fl at e n d an d fi l e i t o ut wi th a
h alf r ou n d j ew el l e r s fil e s o that wh e n i t i s on th e
-
’

p i n o f t h e r o c k e r a r m i t c a n m o v e t o a n d fr o i n

a s t r a i ght li n e wi th o u t bi n di n g a n d a t th e s am e

t im e wi th o u t a n y l o s t m o ti on It i s s h ow n at L
.
:

i n Fi g 3 1 . .

Th e —
C onn ecti ng R od This c an be m ad e of a
 A V
24
-
H
. P . H o r i z o n ta l Ste a m E ngi ne 81
st a r i ght s trip o f b r as s V i n ch thick % i n ch s , s

wid e a n d 4 % i n ch e s l ong Drill a % i n ch h ol e

. 2 -

i n o n e e n d a n d a f i n ch h o l e i n th e o th e r e n d
1 -
i s .

T h e c e n te r s Of th e h o l e s s h ould b e e x a c tly
i n ch e s ap a r t T h e c onn e c ti ng r o d i s s h own
.

c oupl e d to th e cr os s h e a d guid e blo ck a nd to th e

-

cr ank i n th e sid e vi e w Fig 3 6 . .

Th e C onn e cti ng R od B e a r i ng — Th e c o nn e c t
i ng r o d i s c o upl e d t o th e cr o s s h e a d guid e bl o ck -

by a b e ar i ng m a d e o f a pi e c e o f br a s s r o d
i n ch s qu are an d V i n ch l ong Fil e d o wn on e
2 .

e n d u n t il i t i s V i n ch i n di a m e te r fo r %
s i n ch o f s

i t s l e ngth a n d thr e a d i t .

Drill a % i n ch h ol e thr ou gh th e oth e r e n d and

2
-

s aw an d fi le a s l ot % i n ch wid e an d V i n ch de e p
2 i

a s s h o w n at M i n F i t h t t h t hi n n d f
g 3 1 s o . a e e o

th e c o n n e c ti n g r o d will fi t i n i t P ut a p in .

thr ou gh th e b e a ri n g a n d th e c o nn e c ti n g r o d a n d ,

whil e i t mu s t fi t th e b e a ri ng ti ght th e c o nn e cti ng ,

r o d mu s t s wi n e a s ily o n i t
g .

Th e C r an k an d C r a n ks h aft — Drill a V i nch . a

se
-

ho l e thr ou gh th e l a r ge e nd o f th e cr ank c a s ti ng
a n d a A i n ch h o l e thr o u gh th e s m a ll e n d a n d
1 -
s

h av e th e s e hol e s e x a c tly i nch ap a r t b e tw e e n

th e ir c e n te r s as s h o w n a t M i n Fi g 3 1 . .
 24 H
A V -
. P . H o r i z o n ta l Ste a m E ngi n e 83

Drill a V i n ch hol e thr ough th e l a rge e nd o f

i e -

th e cr a n k a t ri gh t a ngl es to a n d thr o u gh i t u n t il ,

i t m e e ts th e h o l e drill e d for th e cr a n k s h a ft ;
thr e a d th e h o l e a n d p u t i n a s cr e w p o i n te d a t th e

e n d fo r th e s e t s cr e w No w p u t a . i n ch thick -

b ol t thr ough th e c onne c ti ng r o d and th e cr ank

a n d s cr e wo n a n u t .

Fo r th e cr a nks h a ft ge t a pi e ce o f s o f t s te e l
ro d % i n ch i n di a m e te r a n d 2 % i n ch e s l on g
2 .

Sta r t a drill h o l e V i n ch fr om o n e e n d an o th e r
s ,

% i nch fr o m th e o th e r e n d an d a third h ol e
s

i n ch fr om th e fir s t e n d o f th e cr anks h a f t b u t o n
th e o th e r s id e o f i t— th at i s th e fir s t an d s e c ond

h ol e s will b e 1 0 d e gr e e s a p a r t a s s h ow n a t N .

Drill the s e ho l e s ab out V o f a n i n ch de e p to 9

. 2

fo rm c aviti e s fo r th e p o i nte d s et s cr e ws .

Fi t th e cr a n k o n th e e n d o f th e cr a nks h a f t th a t

y o u drill e d fir s t an d s cr e w i n t h e s cr e w u n t il t h e

p o i nte d e n d o f th e l atte r s e ts in th e c avity i n th e

s h a f t a n d t hi s will h o ld t h e m s e cur e ly to ge th e r .

Th e E cce n tr i c — T ur n o n a l ath e o r fi l e ou t by
.
,

h and a gr oov e V i nch de e p and V i nch wid e i n

, 1 6 i

th e rim o f th e e cc e nt ric a s sh ow n at I ; drill a

% i n ch h o l e e x a c tly V i n ch fr o m th e c e nte r o f
s
-
i

—
th e di s k a nd drill a V i n ch h o l e th rough th e i e
84 T h e B oy s
’
B o ok f
o E ngi ne B u i l d i ng
-

g r oo v e a t t h e p io
(
n t wh e r e i t i s n e a r e s t t h e s h a f t

ho l e u ntil th ey m e e t .

C o u n te r s i nk th e s m all h ol e thr e a d i t an d put ,

i n a fl a t h e a d m a chi n e scr e w wi th a p o i n te d e n d .

Slip th e e cc e n t ric o v e r th e s h a f t s o th a t th e
p oi nte d s cr e w i s dir e c tly o v e r th e c avi ty ne a r e s t
th e middl e o f th e s h a f t a n d f o rc e th e Scr e w i n

u ntil th e e cc e n tr i c i s firmly fixe d to th e s h a ft an d

th e h e a d o f th e s cr e w i s flu s h wi th th e f a c e o f

th e gr o ov e .

T o m ake th e s tr ap fo r th e e cc e n t ric t ak e a s t rip

o f br a s s V 1 6i n ch thick V i n ch wide a n d 3 %
,
i

i n ch es l ong ; drill a % i n ch h o l e i n e a ch e n d th e n
2 -
,

b en d th e s trip o f br a s s o n an ir on r o d ab out V 2

in ch i n di a m e te r h amm e ri ng i t i nto a ri ng wi th
,

a w o o d e n m a ll e t a n d b e n d o u t th e e n d s a s s h o w n
,

at I . Now s lip th e s tr a p i nto th e gr o o v e d e c

c e ntric an d y ou ar e r ea dy to m ake
Th e E cce n tr i c R od — T hi s i s s imply a s trip o f
br as s % i n ch thick V i nch wid e an d 3 % i n ch e s
2 , I

.
—
l ong Drill a xi i nch h ol e i n on e e n d to fi t th e
1
i

r ocke r a r m p in a n d s aw a s l ot % i n ch wid e a n d 2

V i n ch d e e p i n th e o th e r e n d
i .

‘
C u t ou t a pi e c e o f br as s % é i n ch thic k V i n ch ,
i

wide an d i nch l ong ; drill a % i nch h ol e i n one 2 -

 24 H
A V -
. P . H o r i z o n ta l Ste a m E ngi n e 85

e nd o f hi s pi e c e a n d s a w a s l o t % i n ch wid e and
t 2

V i n ch d e e p i n th e o th e r e n d No w s lip th e
i .

s l ott e d e n d s o f th e tw o pi e c e s o f m e ta l toge th e r

a s s h o wn a t P a n d s o ld e r th e m .

P l a c e th e e n d b e tw e e n th e e n d s o f th e e cc e n
t ric s t r a p p u t a s cr e w thr o u gh th e h ol e s o f a l l
,

Of th em and scr e w on a n ut al l Of which is ,

s h o w n i n Fi g 3 4 .T h e s t r a p mu s t fi t i nt o th e
.

g r oo v e o f th e e cc e n tric t o pr e v e n t a n y pl a y b u t

i t mu s t n ot bi n d Slip th e oth e r e n d Of th e ec
.

c e ntric r o d ov e r th e r ocke r a r m p i n an d scr e w

o n a nu t .

T h e F ly w h e e l — Sh ould y o u h av e th e flywh e e l
c a st o r buy it i n th e r ough y ou mu s t face it o r
, , ,

—
h av e i t f a c e d i n a l ath e th at is th e r ough sur
,

f a c e mu s t b e cu t O ff with a tur n i ng to ol .

T h e n b o r e a % i n ch h o l e thr o u gh th e e x a ct
o -

c e nte r o f i t s o th at it i s p e rf e ctly b al an c e d Drill .

a % i n ch h o l e thr o u h th e hub o f t h e wh e e l
-
2
g ,

thr e a d i t an d p u t i n a p o i n te d m a chi n e s cr e w .

A dju s t th e flywh e e l on th e e n d o f th e s h a f t and

s cr e w up th e s e t s cr e w .

A n i r on flywh e e l c as ti ng c an b e b ought fo r
2 5 c e n ts a s I h a v e s a id b e f o r e a n d a br a s s o ne
, ,

ca n b e h a d fo r ab o u t c t It will c t
75 e n s . o s a n
86 Th e B oys B ook B u i l di ng
’
o f E ng i n e -

addi ti ona l 5 0 or75 c e n t s t o h a v e a h o l e b o r e d i n

th e wh e e l fo r th e s h a f t a nd to f a c e it .

Th e P i l l ow B l oc ks — If th e s e a r e c a s t i n br a s s ,

th e y will m ake v e ry go o d b e a r i ngs

: Drill a V . 8

i n ch h ol e i n e ach f oo t a nd drill a % i n ch h ol e i n s -

e a ch e n d Of th e c o v e r a n d o n t hr o u gh i n to th e

bl o c k to a d ep th o f i n ch ; thr ea d th e l att e r h ol e s
i n th e bl o ck a n d r e a m o u t th e h o l e s i n th e c o v e r .

t o a di a m e t e r Of V i n ch fo r t h e scr e ws
s .

Now scr e w th e c ov e rs to th e blo cks ti ght a nd ,

drill a % i n ch h ol e thr ough e a ch c ov e r and bl ock

s -

t o f o rm b e a ri ngs as sh o w n at J T h e c e n te r s o f
.

th e s e h o l e s mu s t b e pr eci s e ly i n ch f r om th e
b a s e o f th e bl ock a n d th e y mu s t b e drill e d tru e
fo r if th e h o l e s a r e th e s li ght e st b i t ou t o f li ne
,

th e s h a ft will bi n d .

T o k e e p th e s h a f t i n pl a c e wh e n it is s e t i n
th e pill o w bl o c ks ge t o r m ake t w o br a s s c oll a rs
, , ,

o r w a s h e r s will do V i n ch thick
,
s i n ch i n di am
,

e t e r a n d wi th a % i n ch h ol e i n e a ch o n e T h e s e
s -
.

c oll a r s mu s t b e put on ove r th e e n d s o f th e cr ank

s h a ft b e f o r e th e cr a nk a n d th e fly wh e e l a r e fix e d

to i t .

—
M ou nt i n g t h e E n gi ne o n t h e B e d P l at e T h e
 24 H
A V - . P . H or i z o n ta l Ste a m E ngi n e 87

to p of th e ir on b e d pl a te s h ould b e p l an e d O ff b u t ,

if thi s m e ans an ou tl ay o f too much m oney th e n ,

fi l e d o wn th os e p a rt s o f i t wh e r e th e cyli n d e r
a n d s te a m ch e s t th e cr o s s h e a d guid e a n d t h e pil
-
,

l o w blo cks a r e to r e s t o n i t wi th a mill fi l e .

—
No w c om e s a t ickli s h job th e drilli ng o f th e
b e d pl ate to c o rr e s p o n d to th e h o l e s i n th e p a r ts
ab ov e n a m e d s o th a t th e y c a n b e b o lt e d d ow n t o

it T h e s a fe s t w ay to do thi s i s to m ark out a

.

s h ee t o f t i n th e e x a c t s iz e o f th e b e d pl at e s e t ,

th e p a r ts on it i n th e p o s i ti on s s h o w n i n th e top

an d s id e vi e ws Fi gs 33 34
,
a n d 3.6 a
,
n d s c r i b e ,

th e p o siti on s o f th e h o l e s on it
.
.

P u n ch h o l e s thr o u gh th e te mpl dte a s a t i n p at ,

t e r n i s c a ll e d wi th a c e nte r punch l ay i t on top

, ,

o f th e b e d a n d m a k e c o rr e s p o n di n d e n t s i n t h e
g
l atte r by hitti ng th e c ent e r pu nch wi th a h am
mer .

N e xt drill h ol e s with a h i nch dr i l l an d al s o

a ll
l - e

drill a % i n ch h ol e thr ough e a ch foot Y ou can

s -
.

n ow b ol t th e p a r t s t o th e b e d pl a t e an d f e e l r e a

s o na b l y s ur e th a t e a ch o n e will b e i n e x a c tly th e

ri ght pl a c e .

Se tti ng th e E ngi n e on Its B e d — T O r a is e th e

88 Th e B oy s B o o k of E ngi n B u i l di ng
’
e -

i
e ng n e fr o m th e s urfa c e i t i s to s e t on high e nough
fo r th e flywh e e l t o cl e a r i t th e b e d pl a t e mu s t

be s et on a b ed .

T hi s can m ade o f a bl ock o f w oo d 1 i n ch

be
thic k 4 V i n ch e s wid e a n d ab o u t 1 2 i nch e s l ong
,
2 .

O n e c o r n e r mu s t b e cut ou t to all o w a fr e e s p a c e
fo r th e flywh e e l to r u n i n Fi nally scr e w th e
.
,

Fig 3 7 . . Th e E ngi ne C p l ete

om

b ed pl at e to th e b e d a n d your e ngi ne i s fin i s h e d
a n d a l l r e a dy t o r u n It i s s h own a s i t l ooks
.

whe n don e i n Fi g 37 . .

—
"

T h e A u xili ar y P a r ts T h e s t e a m pip e a n d
fitti ngs and th e gov er n or fo r th i s engi ne will b e '

d e s crib e d i n Cha pte r V II A u xi li ar y P ar ts for

,
“

"
t h e S te am E ngi n e Sp e cific at i on s fo r th e b o il e r
.

t o r u n i t will b e f o u n d i n Ch a p te r V
“
On M a ki ng ,

"
Sm a l l B oi l er s whil e th e s a f e ty v alv e s team
, ,
 fl H
-
. P . H or i z o nta l Ste a m E ngi n e 89

ga uge , ga uge cocks whi s tl e ; e tc will b e de

,
.
,

s crib e d a n d p ic tur e d i n Ch ap te r V II .

H ow t h e E n gi ne Wo r k s —T o u n d e r s ta n d
.

h o w a s lid e v a lv e e n gi n e w o r ks l ook a t th e cr o s s
s e c t i o n vi e w s h o w n i n Fi g 3 3 an d i m a gl n e th a t
.

th e s t e a m ch es t i s c on n e c te d to a b o i l e r o f th e

ri gh t s iz e to r u n i t .

Now as fa r a s th e m e ch an ic a l o p e r ati on o f th e
engi n e i s c o n c e r n e d i t W or ks li ke thi s : T h e s te am

fr om th e b o i l e r i s f o rc e d u n d e r pr e s s ur e i nto th e
s te am ch e s t an d th e n o n thr o u gh o n e o f th e i n l et

p or t s i nto th e cyli n de r .

S i n c e th e pi s to n i s a t thi s e n d th e s t eam pr e s s
,
"

i ng aga i n s t i t pu s h e s i t to th e opp os i te e n d o f th e
cyli nd e r ; a s th e p l s tOn m ov e s b a ck i t do e s tw o
thi ngs n am e ly : ( 1 ) i t pu s h e s th e u s e d s te a m up
,

thr o u gh th e o th e r p o r t a nd i nt o th e s lid e v alv e

which at thi s i n s tant al s o op e n s i nto th e e xh au s t ’

p or t and h e nc e th e s team p as s es o u t an d i nto th e

, ,
“

op e n ai r ,
2 ) i t pull s th e cr a n k h a lf w ay a r o u n d

an d thi s o f c ours e tur n s th e cr a nk s h a ft with it

, ,
.

T h e e cc e nt ric which is fi xe d t o th e cr anks h a ft

,

o f c o ur s e tur n s h a lf w ay a r o u n d t o o but i t i s
, ,

s o pl a c e d o n th e s h a f t — I 80 d e gr e e s fr o m th e

c r a nk — th at its o p e r at i o n m ov e s th e slid e v alv e ,

 C HA P T ER V

MA "IN G SM A LL B O I L ER S

A V12 H o r s e P o w e V e r
r t i c a l T u b e B o i l e r : A Si m p l e

I r on B o i l e r : T h e Sh e ll T h e Sm ok B ox T h e Fi r b ox
,
e ,
e

T h e G r ate ; G s an d Li q u id Fu l B u r ne r s ; A Go o d
a e

Copp e r Bo i l e r : T h e Sh ll T h e Sm o k e b ox T h e Fi e b ox
e r
—
,

—
, ,

Fi tti ngs fo r th e B o i l e r H o w to T e s t th e B o i l e r A Sa f e
Way to O p er ate a Sm all B oi l e r
'

In thi s ch ap te r I sh all te ll y ou h ow to m ake tw o

s m a ll b o il e r s .T h e fir s t is a v e r ti c al b oi l e r l a r ge
e n o u gh to r u n th e s t ea m turbi n e d e scrib e d i n
,

Ch apte r II o r th e h o riz onta l e ngi n e d e s crib e d

, ,

i n th e l a s t ch a p te r a t full s p e e d
, .

A b o il e r s h o uld b e a t l e as t twic e th e h o r s e
p ow e r o f th e e ngi n e i t i s to run Now y ou can .

m ake a b oil e r a cc o rdi ng to th e pl ans and sp e ci

fi cati on s I h a v e giv e n o r y o u ca n fi gur e o n e o u t
a cc o rdi n g to th e rul e s l a id d o w n at th e e n d o f

thi s ch a pt e r a n d d e s i gn an d c on s truct it t o sui t

your s e lf .

A Ho r s e P ow e r V e r t i c a l T u b e B o il e r
-
.

T h is b o il e r i s o f th e s i ngl e tub e typ e th at i s it ,

91
 T h e B oy s B ook f E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’
-
9 2 o

h as a kr e tu b e ,
-
runni ng up thr o ugh th e
or flu e,
middl e o f i t s o th at th e fi r e not o n ly a c ts on th e
fi r e b ox s h e e t a s th e e n d o f th e b o il e r n e xt to th e
-
,

fi r e i s c a ll e d b u t i t al s o h e a ts th e tub e a n d h e n c e
,
~
,

th e w a te r a r o u n d i t a s th e b u r n m g ga s e s p a ss
,

t hr o ugh i t to th e s m oke s t a c k .

It take s a s t e am pr e s s u re o f ab o ut 8 o r 1 0
-

'

p o u n d s t o r u n th e h p e ngin e a n d a boil e r.
,

6 i nch e s i n di a m e t e r an d n ot l e s s th a n 8 i n ch e s
high mu s t b e u s e d fo r i f i t i s any s m all e r i t
, , ,

W ill n ot m ake s t e am fa s t e nou gh B e tte r m ake .

i t a third o r a h a lf l a r ge r th an thi s s iz e an d b e
s ur e o f a c o n ti n u o u s p e rf o rm an c e .

T h e r e a r e a c o upl e o f s impl e w ays to m ake a

"

s m a ll b o il e r a n d I will e xpl a i n a n d pic tur e b o th

o f th e m a n d y ou c an ta k e y o ur ch o ic e

‘
.

A Si m p l e Ir o n B o il e r — Th e S h e l l — H av e a .

s te a m fi tte r cut a pi e c e o f ir on pip e fo r y o u 6 %

i n ch e s i n di am e te r outs id e m e as ur e m e nt and 9
, ,

i nch e s l ong and thr e a d b oth e nd s o f it

, .

A l s o h a v e him fi t a c a p t o e a ch e n d o f th e pip e
a n d b o r e a I i n ch h o l e t hr o u gh th e c e n t e r o f e a c h
“

on e . No w drill o r h a v e dr ill e d a A i n ch h o l e
, ,
1
r
-

o n e a ch s id e o f a n d 2 i n ch e s fr om th e c en te r h o l e

l n th e t o p c ap a s s h o w n i n th e cr os s s e c t i o n vi e w
Fi fi

.
.
"
6 l
Fig 3 8
. . C - i
r o s s s e c t on Vi w
e of th e C op p e r Boi l er
 M a ki ng S m a l l B o i l e r s 95

N e xt ge t a s e a m l e s s c o pp er tu b e
1
I i nch i n di
a m e te r and 9 % In ch e s l ong ; p u t it thr ou gh th e "

hol e s i n th e cap s , or fi r e b ox -
an d s m oke -
b ox
s h e e ts a s h ey a r e now c all e d s o th at i t pr oj e c ts
t ,

thr o u h e a ch o n e % i nch T h IS d on e t h e e n ds
g 3 .

,
—
o f th e fl u e a s a s i ngl e fi r e tub e i s u s u a lly c a ll e d ,

mu s t b e exp an de d th at i s s pr ea d out a ll a r oun d ,

to m ake it fit st e amti ght a s s h ow n i n Fi g 3 8 . .

T o do thi s ge t a pi e c e o f ir on ro d I i n ch i n
di am ete r and 3 i nch e s l ong and tur n i t down in
a l a th e or fi l e i t d ow n u ntil i t t ap e rs e n o u gh s o
,

th at th e sm a ll e n d will e a s ily go i n to th e tub e ;

n o w driv e thi s to o l o r s w age as it is c a ll e d s e e , , ,

A Fi g 4 0 1 nto a n d pull i t o u t o f an e n d o f th e
, .
,

t ub e u ntil th e l att e r i s m a d e l a r ge r o r e xp a n d e d , ,

wh en th e tube will cr owd up clo s e to th e s h e et ,

o r c ap a n d f o rm a s te a mti gh t j o i nt
,
It i s a go o d .

pl an to r u n s om e s olde r a r ou n d th e j o i nt to fur
th e r 1 n s u r e i ts b e i ng ti gh t .

M ake a p e e ni ng t oo l o f a b a r o f ir on s ay i f :

—
i nch squ ar e and 3 i nch e s l ong th e e xac t s i z e
—
do e s n t m atte r and fi le a notch i n one e nd a s
’

1
C b b gh t f V T H g f d B
an e ou od C pp . C . un er or r as s an o er o .
,

8 L f y tt S
0 a a e N w Y k e f P tt
t .

,
B th
e 7 Por k , or o a e r s on ro ers, 2 ar

R w N w Y k City
o , e or .
 6 Th e B oy s E ngi B u i l d i ng
’

9 B o ok f
o ne -

shown at B . Se t thi s tool

wi th th e notch on
th e r i m o f th e tub e a n d p o i nt e d o u tw a rd ; th e n

wi th th e a i d o f your h amm e r gen tly turn th e rim

down a ll a r ou nd u ntil it l aps ov e r th e s he et and
fi ts t i gh t u p to it
. Do th e s am e thi ng wi th th e
.
‘

o th e r e n d o f th e tub e and th e b o il e r s h e l l is d one .

P e e nmg T ool s
i

Sw age and

Drill 1 —
A i n ch hol e s i n th e bo il e r sh ell at th e
plac e s s h own i n th e cr o s s se c ti on vi e w Fi g 3 8
-
,
.
,

a n d thr ea d th e m to fit fl Ch 1 r on pipi ng h
% l k -
T en .
,

scr e w a p 1 e ce o f A i nch pip e I i nch l ong,

1 -
,

thr ea d e d at b oth e n ds an d s m ea r e d wi th r e d l e a d

into e a ch hol e T he m take w ate r pip e w ate r

.
,

a
g g u e a n d s t e a m a
g g u e p i p e a r e to b e c o
up l e d t o

th e s e pip e s .
 M a ki ng Sm a l l B o i l e r s 97

Th e Sm oke B ox — Ge t a ca p
-
. i nch e s i n di
a m e te r bo r e a hol e
,
i nch e s l n di am e t e r
thr ough its c e nte r and h av e it thr ead e d ; al s o get
a pip e 2 % i n ch e s i n di am e te r 3 o r 4 i n ch e s l o ng
, ,

fo r th e s m oke s t a c k a nd thr e a d e d o n o ne e nd to fit
th e h ol e i n th e cap .

Drill tw o i n ch h ol e s i n th e sm oke b ox cap 2

- -
,

i nch es fr om th e c e nte r o f th e l ar ge hol e whe n ,

t h e c ap will slip o v e r th e pip es s cr e w e d i n th e

s m ok e b ox s h e e t a s s h o w
-
n i n Fi g 3 8 Scr e w a
. .

n u t on th e e nd o f ea ch p i p e to h o ld th e c ap i n

pl a c e and th en scr ew th e e nd o f th e sm oke st ack

i nto th e cap
Y ou c an m ake a c on ic al sm oke b ox a fl ange d -
,

s m okes t a c k an d a fl a ri ng fi r e b ox by tur n i ng p a t
-

te r ns o f th e s e p a r ts i n woo d and h avi ng th e m

"

c a s t in br a s s o r ir on A b oil e r m a de i n this
.

w ay will l ook b e tt e r but it will n ot w o rk any b et

te r .

Th e Fi r e B ox -— .
—
T o m ake th e fi r e b ox t ake an
ir on br as s or c opp e r ri ng ju s t l a r ge e nough to fit
,

a r o u n d th e l o w e r ca p— I s h o uld s ay fi r e b ox s h e e t-

—an d i nches high ; drill thr e e o r m or e

i nch hol e s at e qu al di s tan c e s ap a rt a r ou nd one
e dge an d a li ke n umb e r o f % i nch h ol e s at th e
-
2
 M a ki ng Sm a l l B o i l e r s 99

she ll o f th e fi r e b ox a s sh own i n Fi g 4 1 n ow cu t
-
.

s e v e n s t rip s o f e ith e r s qu a r e ir o n b ar o r r o u n d

ir on r od % i n ch thick an d o f v a ryi ng l e ngth s to fi t

3

th e ri ng a n d dr o p th e s e i nt o th e s l ot s T h e gr at e .

thu s fo rm e d will fi t i n s ide th e fi r e b ox an d o n c e -

,

Fig 4 1
. . H ow th e G r ate is M de
a

i n, th e gr ate b a rs c a nn ot lip o ut A n eas i e r

s .

w ay to m ake a gr ate i s to m ake a w ood p att e r n

fir s t an d h av e c as t i n ir on
it .

—
G as a n d L i q u i d Fu e l B u r n e r s A n A l c oh ol
B nr n e r —.A bur n e r o f thi s k i n d i s s h ow n a t A
i n Fi g 4 2
. It will s e rv e th e purp o s e w e ll an d
.

i s th e n e xt b e s t thi ng to a B u n s e n bur n e r It .

c an b e b ou gh t fo r 2 5 c e nt s .

A Gas B u r n er — A B u n s e n fl am e bur n e r like

.

th e o ne sh ow n a t B i n Fi g 4 2 giv e s a br oa d h ot
.
, ,
 T h e B oy s B ook
’
1 00 o f E ng i n e B u i l d i ng
-

fl am e qui te e xp en s iv e c os ti ng as it doe s
an d is ,

i n th e n e i ghb o rh oo d o f
A " e r os e n e B a r n e r —
Y ou c an m ake a burne r
.
'

Fig; 4 2 A . An Al h l B
co o u r ne r

of t hi s kin d
with li ttl e tr oubl e and at a s m all
c o s t C u t ou t o f s h e et ir on a pl ate
. l l l Cl l
’ ’

thick an d 7 i n ch e s i n di ame te r a n d tur n up th e

Fig 4 2
. B AB
. u ns e n Fl am e St v o e

edges i n ch al l th e way r oun d to fo rm a p an ;

riv et thr ee l egs to i t s o th at i t c an b e s e t und e r
th e b o i l e r wi th th e pl ate a t ab ou t th e h e igh t o f
'

L E " tt Ap p
1 . . no t C B t M
ar a u s o .
,
o s o n, as s .
 M a kzng Sm a l l B oi l e rs 101

th e g r a te and il i
t t ng t o w a rd th e b ac k a li ttl e as

sh o w n a t C i n Fi g 4 2 .
*

T h e n ext th 1 ng to do i s to m ake a h o l e i n th e
b ottom o f a p i nt ke r os e ne oi l can and s olde r a c o ck

Fi g 42 C
. . A" e r o s ene B u rne r

to i t an d in turn
lde r to thi s a 5 i n ch pip e
so 4 -
,

i n ch e s l ong ; cu t a 5 i n ch hol e thr ough th e top o f

4 -

th e d o o r o f th e fi r e b ox p a s s th e pip e thr ough

-
,

th e h ol e an d o v e r th e p an a l l o f which is sh ow n ,

at C .

T ur n on th e o i l s o th at i t f alls dr op by dr op
o n th e p an an d l e t i t s pr ea d ov e r th e wh ol e sur
 M a ki ng Sm a l l B o i l e r s 1 03

Cu t out i nch hol e l n th e c ente r o f b oth

a I -

s h e e ts . N e xt h amm e r th e e dge o f th e s m a ll
,

s h e e t o v e r % i n ch a l l r o u n d thu s m ak i n
5
, g a p a n

o f it . L i ke wi s e b e n d th e e dge o f th e l a r ge s h e e t
o ve r i n th e s a m e w a
y 1 % i n ch e s W h e n .th e

e dge s o f th e s e s h e e t s a r e h a mm e r e d i n to s h a p e ,

e a ch p an mu s t fit s nu ly i nto th e en ds o f th e
g
tub e .

P u t th e s m ok e b ox sh e e t i n the b o il e r tub e
-

fir s t with th e b e nt e dge up as s h own i n Fig 3 8

,
.

a n d drill a h o l e thr ough th e tub e an d th e rim ;

-

s lip a riv e t t hr o u gh th e h o l e s fr o m th e i n s id e ,

h old a l a r ge h amm e r aga i n s t its h e a d and with a

m achi ni s t s b a ll p e e n i ng h amm e r p e e n th e e n d
’

o f th e riv e t t h a t i s h amm e r i t d o w n wi th th e
,

b a ll e nd until i t s pr e a d s ou t e v e nly all r oun d an d

dr aw s th e tw o pi e c e s o f m etal t ogeth e r a s ti ghtly
a s p o s s ibl e .

Drill an othe r h ol e thr o ugh th e rim o f th e s h e e t

a n d th e tub e o n th e o pp o s i t e s id e a n d ri v e t th e m
’

t oge th e r t o h o ld th e s h e e t i n pl a c e "e ep on .

drilli ng h ol e s wi th th e ir c e nte r s i n ch ap a r t
a l l th e W a y r ou n d th e n s lip a riv e t i n t o e a ch h o l e
’

a n d h a mm e r i t d o w n .

Now s et th e fi r e b ox s h ee t i n th e tub e wi th th e
-
 T h e B oy s B ook E ng i n eB u i l di ng
’
1 04 \
f
o -

e dge o f th e rim out and pr oj e cting i nch b eyo nd

th e e n d o f th e tub e th e purp o s e o f which i s to
,

a ll o w th e fi r e b o x ri ng to b e riv e t e d t o i t a s sh o w n
-

i n Fi g 3 2 T h e s e ri ve te d l a p s e am s s h ould n ot
. .

l e ak s tea m at a pr e s s ur e o f fifte en o r tw enty

p ou n ds b u t a s a pr e c auti ona ry measur e y ou can
r u n s o ld e r i n to th e m .

T h e n e xt thi ng to do is to put i n th e c e ntr a l

fl u e T his i s don e i n pr e ci s e ly th e s a m e w ay a s
.

i t is i n m ak i ng th e ir o n b o il e r p r e v 1 0 us l y de
s crib e d T h e tub e sh o uld b e I i n ch i n di am et e r
.

an d i n ch e s l ong B e s ur e th at th e e n d s o f
.

th e t ub e a r e w e ll e xp a n d e d a n d d o n t f o r ge t to
’

r u n s o ld e r a r o u n d th e j o i nt s b e f o r e y o u tur n o v e r

th e e d ge s o f th e tub e .

Th e Sm oke B ox — If y o u can ge t an ir on pip e

-
.

ca p i n ch es i n di am e te r m aki ng th e sm oke ,

b o x b e c om e s a v e ry s impl e m at te r H av e a .

s t e a m fi tte r b o r e a 2 % i n ch h o l e i n th e c e n te r o f
- -

i t thr e a d it an d s cr e w i n a pi e c e o f pip e 4 i n ch e s
,

l ong T h e w av th IS l s f a s tene d to th e sm oke b ox

.
-

s h e e t will b e e xp l a i n e d fu r th e r o n .

Sh ould y o u w a nt to m ak e th e sm oke b ox c u t -
,

o u t a di s k o f c opp e r 8 i n ch e s i n di a m e te r a n d

h a mm e r th e e dge o f i t o v e r al l r oun d m aki ng i t

 M a ki ng Sm a l l B o i l e r s 1 05

1 i n ch e s wid e Cu t a h ol e 2 i n ch e s i n di am ete r
% .

a s b e f o r e ge t a pi e c e o f br a s s o r c o pp e r t ubi n g
,

2 i n ch e s i n di a m e te r a n d 4 i n ch e s l o n g thr e a d o n e ,

e n d o f i t s cr e w o n a t hi n br a s s n u t s lip th e e nd
, ,

thr ou gh th e h o l e i n th e s m ok eb ox a n d s cr e w o n -

a n o th e r n u t o n th e o th e r s id e .

A c onic a l c a s t s m oke b ox wi th an o v e rh angi ng

-

fl ange will m ake th e b o il e r l ook like th e r e al th 1 ng ,

a n d if y o u m a ke a p a tt e r n o f i t a n d h a v e i t c a s t
, ,

m ake a p atte r n o f th e fi r e b ox at th e s am e tim e -

a n d h av e i t c a s t l n th e s a m e m e t a l
“

Th e B oi l er C onn e c ti ons — A l l o f th e fi tti ngs o f.

th e b o il e r n am e ly th e w a t e r i n tak e th e s t e a m
, ,

o u tl e t th e pr e s s ur e ga u ge th e w
, a t e r ga u ge a n d ,

th e s a f e ty v a lv e mu s t b e pr o vid e d fo r whil e th e
,

b o il e r i s u nd e r c o n s t ructi o n th at i s b e f o r e th e ,

s h e e ts a r e riv e t e d i n th e e n ds o f t h e b o il e r

tub e .

T h e w ay to do this is to drill t i n ch h ol e s i n é -

th e tub e a n d s m oke b ox s h e e t a t th e pl a c e s s h ow n
-

i n Fi gs 3 8 a n d 3 9 ; p u t a / 1 n ch pip e I i n ch l o ng
.
1
J.. -
,

a n d thr e a d e d a t b oth e n d s i n to e ach h o l e ; p u t a

l e ath e r w a s h e r on e a ch pip e on b oth s id e s o f th e

b oil e r an d s cr e w o n a nu t i n and o ut s id e .

Th e Fi r e B ox —T his is th e l ow e r p a rt o f a
-
.
 M a ki ng Sm a l l B o i l e r s . 1 07

a not h e r l e ngth o f pip e i nto th e e lb o w l ong e nough

to r e a ch to th e e ngi n e .

(
Y o u will n e e d a n e lb o w s cr e w e d to th e pip e
fo r th e pr e s s ur e ga u ge a n d fi n a lly if y o u h av e
, ,

a s t e a m whi s tl e s cr e w a c o upli n g o n th e pip e i n

,

th e s m oke b ox s h ee t P ip e 4 i n ch i n di a me t e r
-
1
.

c a n b e b ou gh t cut to a ny l e ngth up to 2 f e e t a n d

thr e a d e d o n b oth e n d s a n d th e e lb o w s an d c o up
,

li ngs a r e ta pp e d wi th right l e ft h and e d thr e a d s

- -

to fi t th e pip e . T h e b o il e r c o mpl e te with a c a st

smoke b ox an d fi r e b ox i s s h own i n Fi g 4 3
- -
. .

H ow t o T e s t t h e B o i l e r — B e f o r e y ou ge t up
.

st e am i n th e b o il e r a fte r y ou h ave c ompl et e d i t ,

th e s a f e s t w ay is to t e s t it by tryi n g i t wi th

w ate r pr e s s ur e T h e n y ou can fin d ou t whe r e i t

.

l e aks and why witho ut dange r e i th e r to yours elf

o r t o y o ur h a n diw o r k .

If y ou will tu r n to th e n e xt ch apt e r y ou will ,

fi n d th a t th e s t e a m ga u ge i s c on s t ruc t e d with a
b e nt tub e s o th at in s te a d o f th e s te am a cting di
r e c tl y o n th e m e ch a n i s m o f th e s t e a m ga u ge th e

tub e is fill e d wi th w ate r and th e s team pr e s s e s

o n th e w at e r i n s t e a d .

H e n c e a l l y o u h av e to do i s to c o nn e c t th e
i ntake wate r pip e to a fo rc e pump and to pump
Fig .
43 . Th e B il C
o er l
o mp ete

1 08
 M a ki ng S m a l l B o i l e r s 1 09

until th e pr e s s ur e gauge i n dic ate s twic e th e num

b e r o f p ou n d s pr e s s ur e th at y o u e v e r i nte n d to

g e t up i n s t e a m . T h e b o il e r s d e s crib e d i n th i s

chap te r s h ould b e te s te d to 4 0 o r 5 0 p oun d s pr e s

s ur e ; c o n s e qu e n tly y o u s h o uld n e v e r l e t th e s te a m

pr e s s ur e ri s e to m o r e th a n 2 0 p oun d s .

A Sa fe Wa y t o O p e r at e a Sm a ll B o il e r .

A ny e ngi n e th a t will r u n wi th s te am c a n b e r u n
wi th c ompr e s s e d a 1 r .

No w by pumpi ng ai r i nto th e b o il e r u n til i t i s

u n de r as much o r a littl e m o r e pr e s s u re th an
,

s te a m ,
if y ou u s e d i t y ou can r un your e ngi ne
,

wi th out st e am and natur ally with ou t fi r e a nd

, , ,
‘
th i s e l i m i n at e s b oth o f th es e e l e m e nt s o f d a nge r .

T o pump up th e b o il e r IS a s impl e m atte r ,

fo r y ou c an do i t wi th a bicycl e pump o r b e tte r , , ,

with a m oto r c ar pump If y ou u s e c ompr e s s e d

.

ai r, y o u d o n o t n e e d t h e w a t e r a
g gu e o n th e

b o il e r ; i n s te a d o f c oupli ng a s o urc e o f w at e r to
th e i n t ake pip e fi t a bicycl e v a lv e o r a n i nn e r t ub e
—
v a lve which i s o fte n thr own a w ay o r one c an
—
b e b ou ght a t a n a u to s upply h o u s e i n th e i n tak e
pipe and th en conne ct th e l att er with th e pump .
 F i tti ngs fo r M ode l E ngi n es 1 1 1

e l b ow s , \
T
’
s an d cr o s s e s th at
fit ar e t hr e ad e d to .

T h e We e d e n M fg Co o f Ne w B e df o rd . .
, ,

M a s s s e ll s " fit i sm ll iz s
8

,
MP G a n d t n gs i n a s e ,

thr e a d e d a n d rea dy to u s e ; y o u c an buy br as s o r

c opp e r tub i ng in ne a rly al l s iz e s fr om P atte r s on

B r oth e r s 2 7 P a r k R o w Ne w Yo rk Ci ty a n d
, , ,

ELB O W

44 . St
e am Pip Fitti g
e n s

e lbows ,
cr o s s e s m ad e o f br a ss
T
’
s an d i nch
and % 6 i nch i n di am e te r a r e s old un de r th e n am e
o f b r as s s o c ke ts by th e Id e a l A e r o pl a n e a n d Su p

.
—
ply C o 82 86 We s t B ro a dw ay Ne w Yo rk Ci ty
, , ,

a n d th e Wa di n g R iv e r Mfg C o Wa ding R ive r . .

, ,

Lo n g I s l a n d N Y , . .

R e gul a r s t e a m pip e a nd fi tti ngs li ke tho s e

s h ow n i n Fi g 4 4 c an b e b ou ght i n
. i nch and
 T h e B oy s
’
1 12 B o ok o f E ngi ne B -
u i l d i ng

% 6 in ch s iz e s ,
o utsid e
di am et e r o f Lu th e r H , .

Wigh tman and Co 1 3 2 M ilk Str e et Bo s ton .

, , ,

M a s s a n d th e Chic ago M o d e l Wo r ks 1 6 6 We s t
, ,

M a di s o n Str e e t Chic ago Ill , , .

T ap s an d St 0p co ck s — A sm all br as s ta p o r
- .

s to p c o c k h a lf siz e s h ow n a t A i n Fi
g 45 n b
-
c a e . _

b ough t fo r 5 0 c ents a l a rge r o n e fo r 6 5 c ents an d

,

a s t ill l a r ge r o n e fo r 7 5 c e n t s .

A goo d w ay to m ake a st op c o ck i s to c u t o ff -

Fi g .
45 . AB r as s St p
o -
c oc k .
( Full Siz e .
)

a pi e c e o f br a s s r od th e siz e y ou want it and drill

a h o l e thr o u gh i t fr o m e n d to e n d t h e di a m e t e r o f ,

w hich s h o uld b e a b out h alf th e di a m e t e r o f th e

r od .

N e xt drill a p l ug h ole fo r th e p l ug thr ough th e

middl e o f th e s top c ock b ody as s h ow n i n th e-

cro s s s e cti on dr awing at B i n Fig 4 5 r e am i t ou t .

,

t o m ake it sli gh tly c on ic al an d drill a h ol e

"

thr ough th e b o dy opposite th e plug h ol e fo r a \

 F i tti ngs f
or M o d e l E ngi n e s 1 1 3

s cr e w T h e plug which i s a con ic a l pi e c e o f

.
,

br as s mu s t fi t i nto th e plug h ol e n ic e ly an d hav e

,

a h o l e drill e d thr o u gh i t a s i s al s o s h o w n a t B .

Drill a A i nch hol e i n e ach e nd and thr e ad

1 -
ra

th e m .

T h e n ext o pe r a ti on i s to gri n d th e plu g to m ake

i t fi t th e plu g h o l e s te am t i gh t ; to do this m ake a

g ri n di n g p a s t e o f fi n e e m e ry mix e d wi t h a f e w
dr op s o f s ewing m a chine o i l and thinn e d do wn
wi th ke r o s e ne R ub th e mixtur e on th e c on ic al
.

e d ge o f th e plu g th e n s e t th e plu g i n th e plu g

,

h ol e an d tur n it a r oun d f orth and b ack b ut don t ’

pr e s s to o h a rd on i t .

Wh en th e plug i s s e a ted as it is c all e d pu s h a

, ,

s cr e w thr o u gh th e b o dy o f th e s t o p c o ck a n d -

s cr e w i t i n to t h e b o tt o m o f th e plu g No w m ak e.

a h a n dl e fo r i t a n d s cr e w i t to th e to p o f th e plu g

—
a n d y o ur s to p c o c k i s d o ne .

Th e S te a m Wh i s tl e — T h e k i n d o f a s t e am
whi s tl e u s e d on a l oc om otiv e i s c all e d a b e l l w h i s
tl e b e c au s e i t i s fi tte d wi th a h oll o w top cl o s e d

a t th e upp e r e n d a n d which s o m e wh at r e s e mbl e s

a b e ll .

T h e fir s t thi ng y ou n e e d to m ake a s t eam

whistl e with is a s top c o ck li ke th e one jus t de
-
 F i tti ngs f
or M o d e l E ngi n es 1 1 5

e i th e r w 1 th th e p o i nt o f a l a rge drill o r wi th a
c o unt e r s i nk Drill a % i n ch h o l e thr ough i t an d
. 2 -

thr e a d i t to fi t th e e n d o f th e s to p c o ck b o dy ; -

s cr e w th e cup o n th e e n d wi th th e con cav e th a t ,

i s th e holl o w p a r t up an d s cr e w i t d o w n fa r
/

e n o u gh s o th a t th e h o l e s i n th e e n d o f th e tub e

a r e ju s t ab o v e th e h o ll o w o f th e cup .

C u t o u t a di s k o f s h e e t br a s s inch thick and

71 i n ch i n di a m e t e r ; drill a i n ch h ol e thr ough
1 -
4 -

t h e c e n te r o f i t t hr e a d i t an d s cr e w i t to th e e n d
,

o f th e s to p c o ck bo dy s o th at i t s e ts flu s h wi th
-

th e e dge o f th e cup Now thr e a d th e i n s ide o f

.
x

t h e e n d o f th e b o dy a n d scr e w i n a br a s s r o d % 2

i nch thick a n d i n ch lo ng b u t not i n fa r e n ough

t o s top up th e o utl e t h ol e s i n th e e n d o f th e s top
t

c o ck .

Fo r th e b e ll o f th e whi s tle cut o ff a pi e c e o f

br a s s tub e i n ch i n di am ete r an d % i n ch l ong ; 5

m ake a plug e nd for i t o f a pi e c e o f br as s r o d

'

a n d e i th e r s cr e w o r s o ld e r it i n t o o n e e n d ; drill
, ,

a A i n ch ho l e thr o u gh i t a n d thr e a d i t ; th e n
1 -
ra

t hr e a d th e e n d o f th e br a s s r o d an d s cr e w th e

l atte r i n to i t and fi n ally p u t a nu t on th e end to

, ,

h o ld th e b e ll on tight T h e l o w e r e dge o f th e
.

b e ll sh o uld c om e withi n V6 i n ch o f th e e dge o f 1

 f E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’
1 1 6 Th e B oys B o ok o -

th e cup By s c r e w m g th e b e ll up o r do wn y ou
.

ca n a dju s t it s o th a t i t will whi s tl e th e l o ud e s t .

No w wh e n th e h an dl e o f th e s top c o ck i s -

tur n e d on th e s te am ru s h e s o u t o f th e h o l e s i n
,

th e e nd o f th e b o dy ; thi s fill s th e h o l l o w cup

u nde r th e di s k wh e n i t is fo rc e d o ut an d up
a ga i n s t th e e d ge o f th e b e ll ; o n s t ri k i ng i t th e

b e ll is s e t i nto vi ol e nt vibr ati on and a ch a r ac te r

i s ti c s te a m whi s tl e r e s ul ts .

Safe t y V a l v e s — T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l ki n d s o f
s a f e ty v a lv e s but I sh all d e scrib e o nly tw o o f
th e m a n d th e s e a r e ( )
I t h e l e v e r s af y
e t v a l v e

an d ( )
2 th e s p r i ng f
s a e ty v a lve

Th e L ev e r Saf e ty Va lv e — T h e tim e h ono r e d -

l e v e r s a f e ty v alv e i s l a r gely us e d o n s tati on a ry

bo il e r s T h e eas i e st w ay to m ake a s a f e ty Valve
.

o f thi s ki n d i s t o t ake a h i n ch pip e I i nch l o n

l -
g , ,

an d thr e a d b o th e n d s o f it .

Cu t o r s aw o u t tw o br a ss di s ks e ach % i n ch 6

th ick and i nch i n di am e te r ; drill a % i n ch h ol e -

a

thr o u gh on e o f th e m a n d thr e a d i t to fi t th e pip e ;

drill a % i nch h ol e thr ough th e c e nte r o f th e

6 -

o th e r di s k a n d m ak e it i nch i n di am et e r o n
th e o th e r s id e .

P u t th e tw o di s ks t oge th e r and drill a % i n ch 2 -

 F i tti ngs fo r M o d e l E ngi n es 1 1 7

h o l e on e a ch s id e o f th e h o l e s i n th e c ente r an d
thr e a d th e m ; s cr e w th e di s k s t oge th e r o n o n e

s i de a n d th e n m ak e a s t an d a rd o f a pi e c e o f br a s s

r od i n ch in di a m e t e r and i n ch l ong ; thr e a d

o n e e n d drill a V i n ch h o l e t hr ou gh th e oth e r
,
i e -

e n d an d s a w a s l o t i nch wide an d % 6 i nch

d e e p i n it ; th e s e things done scr ew th e standard
,

Fig .
47 . A Le v e S af
r e ty V lv a e

thr ough th e di s k s a s sh own at B i n Fi g 4 7 and .

s cr e w th e di s k s to ge th e r o n th e o th e r s id e .

M ak e a l e v e r in ch thick A i n ch wid e an d ,
I
;

2 % i n ch e s l on g ; drill a h o l e i n o n e e n d o f i t a n d

s e t th e e n d o f th e l e v e r i n th e s l o tte d e nd o f th e

s t a n d a rd a n d p 1 v ot it wi th a p i n .

T h e plu g can b e m a d e o f l ea d typ e m e t al o r ,

br as s ; i t mu s t b e a s h a d e l a r ge r th an 5 i n ch at 4

th e b o tto m an d a trifl e l a r ge r th an in ch at
th e to p . If it is m ad e o f l e ad o r type m etal , ,
 M o d e l E ngi n e s
'
F i tti ngs fo r 1 1 9

thr e ad i t to fi t th epip e Cu t out anoth e r di s k

.

o f t h e s a m e t hic kn e ss a n d s iz e drill a h i n ch 1 -
, s

h ole i n i ts c ente r and r ea m i t out u ntil it is 7 5

1 6

1 n eh i n di a m e te r o n th e o th e r Sl de M ak e a n d.

g ri n d a br a ss plu g t o fi t t his c o nic a l h o l e a s sh o w n

i n Fi g 4 8
. .

H OLE

Fig .
48 . A Sp i g
r n or P op Sf
a ety Va lv e

b oth o f th e s e disks i nt o one e nd o f a pipe

i nch in di am e te r an d i n ch l o ng wi th th e
v alv e di s k i n s id e an d s olde r b oth o f th e mi n th e
,

pip e P u t th e plug i n th e v alv e h ol e ; f o rm a

.

s pir a l spri ng o f br a ss wir e a n d put i t i n th e p 1 p e

o n t o p o f th e plu g ; thr e a d th e i n s id e e n d o f th e

pip e and thr ea d a r od 24 i n ch l ong to fit it ; drill

1
1 20 Th e B oy s B o o k of
’
E ng i n e B u i l di ng
-

a
1
xi i i n ch h ol e th r ough th e r o d fr om e nd to e nd
-

t o l e t th e s t ea m e s c ap e wh e n th e v a lv e i s o p e n e d ,

a nd cu t a s l ot a cr o s s o ne e n d o f thi s plu g a nd

th e n s cr e w i t i n to th e e nd o f th e pip e .

T h e a ct1 o n o f thi s s a f e ty v a lv e 1 8 S i mpl e

e n ough : Wh en th e pr e s sur e o f th e s team is
high e r th an i t sh ould b e it f orc e s th e plug up
a ga i n s t th e pr e s s ur e o f th e spri ng a n d th e s te a m

bl o w s o ff thr ough th e h ol e i n th e s cr e w plug at

th e top o f th e s a f e ty v a lv e .

T h e G o v e rn o r — A gov e r n or is u s e d on s ta
.

t i on a r y e ngi n e s wh e r e i t i s n e c e s s a ry fo r th e

s p e e d to b e c ons ta n t th a t i s p e rf e ctly st ea dy
,
.

T h e u s u a l k i n d o f go v e r n o r w o rk s o n th e pri n
c i pl e o f c e n tr i fu ga l f or c e th at i s tw o b a lls e a ch
, ,

o f whic h i s fi tt e d t o th e e n d o f a l e v e r a r e m a d e
,
,

t o r e v o lv e by th e e ngm e ; a s th e s p ee d o f th e e u

g i n e i n cr ea s e s th e b a lls fly ap a rt a n d r a i s e t h e

l ev e r s T h e l e v e r s ar e i n tur n c o nne c te d to th e
.

th r ottl e v alv e an d wh e n th e s p e e d i s gr e at e nou gh

th e r a i s i ng l e v ers cl os e th e v a lv e th e s t e am is
,

shut o ff an d th e s p ee d o f th e e ngin e is r e duce d .

T o m ake a c en tr i fu ga l gover n or o r b a ll gov ,

e r n or o r fl y b a l l gov er n or
,
a s i t i s v a ri ou
,
s ly

call e d ge t a s o f t s tee l r od % i n ch i n di am e t e r
,
3
 F i tti ngs f or .M o d e l E ngi n e s 1 21

and 2 % i n ch e s l ong fo r th e s p i n dl e ; file on e e nd

of it fl a t a n d drill a V i a -
i n ch ho l e thr ough it as

sh own at A , Fi g 4 9 . .

Cu t t w os trip s o f br a s s i n ch thick % i nch , 6

wide an d a n i n ch l ong fo r th e top b ar s ; l ay th e

b a r s toge th e r a n d drill a % i n ch h ol e thr ough e -

th em at b oth e n d s a n d i n th e middl e ; put a b a r

Fig 4 9
. . An Ea s ily M ad e Go v e rn o r

on e a ch s id e o f th e fl at e n d o f th e s pindl e and
drive a p i n thr ough al l o f th em tight , .

M ake tw o fly ar ms o f % i n ch br as s o r s te e l 2 -

r o d % i n ch l o ng ; thr e a d on e e n d o f e a ch o n e a n d
5
,

fi l e b oth o f th e m a li ttl e fl at i n th e middl e a n d a t

‘

—
th e pl a i n e n d s a n d th e n drill a V i n ch h ol e i e

thr o u gh th e mid dl e a n d e n d s .

N e x t cu t ou t f our fl at c on tr ol ar ms i n ch
thick ,
in ch wid e and i n ch l ong ; l ay al l o f
 F i tti ngs f
or M o d e l E ngi ne s 1 23

now b en d th e e nds ou t u ntil th ey fit i nto th e

g r oo v e o f t h e g uid e .

T h e fr e e e nd o f th e l e v e r is piv ot e d to a noth e r
a nd sh o r te r l ev e r a n d this i n t ur n i s p i y ote d to a n

o th e r a n d a s till sh o r te r l e v e r a n d t his l a t te r l e v e r

i s piv o t e d i n tur n to th e h an dl e o f th e s t op c o ck -
,

o r th r ottl e a s it i s c a ll e d wh e n i t i s u s e d to o p e n
,

an d cl o s e a s team pip e a l l o f which is sh ow n i n

,

Fig 4 9
. .

Fi nally ,
l o we r e nd o f th e spi n dl e must r e st
th e

i n a b ea r l ng a n d tur n e as ily an d th e gr o ov e d
,

whe e l is b elt e d to th e pull ey o n th e cr anks h a ft o f

th e e ngi ne .

Now wh e n y ou tur n on th e st e am th e b a lls a r e

down and th e thr ottl e is op en ; a s th e e ngin e ge ts
up sp ee d th e b all s fly ap a r t thi s pull s th e guide
,

up and s o r a is e s th e yoke d l e ve r ; thi s shut s o ff

th e s t eam u ntil th e s p e e d f all s o ff wh e n th e b alls

b egi n to dr op and m o r e st e am i s a dmitte d to th e

e ngi n e . A b ou gh t gov e r no r is s h own a t B .

A St e am Fo r c e P u m p — Fo r st at i onary b o il e rs
a s te am f or c e p u mp is ge ne r ally us e d t o pump

w at e r i nto it a s n e e d e d .

A simpl e f o rc e pump c an b e m ad e o f a c oupl e

o f ch e ck v alves a s sh ow n a t A i n Fi g 5 0 th at
,
.
,
 B ook E ng i n e B u i l d i ng
’
1 24 . T h e B oy s f
o -

is v a lv e s which l et th e w ate r fl o w thr o ugh th e m

l n one dir e ct i on on ly Y o u c a n make th e s e
.

ch e ck va lv e s o r buy th e m r e a dy ma d e -
.

,
—
If y ou m ake th em buy tw o i i nch e lb ow s E
l e ,

a nd t w o pi e c e s o f p 1 p e i nch l ong al l o f ,

ELB OW

8
5 0p m Y
Fi g 5 0
. . A St e am F or c e P mpu

which a r e thr e a d e d at b oth e n d s ; al s o ge t a pi e c e

o f pip e 2 i n ch e s l o n g a n d thr e a d i t o n o n e e nd
8

C u t o u t tw o di s ks i n ch thick a n d l e t th em
b e o f th e e x a c t di am e t e r o f th e i n s id e o f th e e l
bo w s ; drill a % inch h ol e i n th e middl e o f ea ch
l -

o n e a n d s o ld e r i t i n o n e e n d o f th e e lb o w ju s t

b e l o w th e thr e a d s ; thi s c a n b e d on e by putting

 F i tti ngs fo r M o d e l E ng i n e s
"

1 25

so m e s olde ri ng fluid a r ou n d th e e dge o f th e di s k

i n s ide th e e lb o w h e a ti ng i t i n th e fl am e o f a n
,

a lc o h o l l amp o r a B u n s e n bur n e r a n d t o uchi ng

i t wi th th e e n d o f s o m e wir e s o ld e r .

Dr op a br a s s b all 1
i n ch i n di am e te r i n e ach ,

e lbo w o n top o f th e h o l e ; scr e w o n e o f th e i n ch -

l e ngt hs o f p 1p e 1 nto on e o f th e e lb ow s ab ove th e

b all an d fa r en ough i n s o th at th e b all can t r oll ’

ou t . Scr e w th e e n d o f th e pipe th at go e s i nto

th e b o il e r i n to th e o th e r e lb o w a b o v e th e b a l l

whi ch will pr e ve nt i t fr o m c o min g ou t .

Scr e w th e o th e r i n ch l en gth o f p 1p e i nto

-

th e o th e r e n d o f th e e lb o w a n d th e n co upl e th e

e l b ow s t oge th e r by s cr e wi n g t h e T s t o th e e n ds
’

o f th e pip e s an d s cr e w th e 2 i n ch l e n gth o f pi p e
-

to th e third o p e n i ng o f th e T .

Fi nally m ake a cl o s e fitti ng br a s s pi s ton fo r

,

th e pip e o r r a th e r th e cyli n d e r as i t i s n o w c a ll e d
, , ,

a l l o f which i s cl e a rly s h o w n a t B In F i g 5 0 . .

T h e pi s ton c a n b e w o rke d by h an d i t c a n b e ,

c o upl e d to a s e p ar ate e cc e nt ric on th e cr anks h a ft

o r i t c a n b e c o n n e c t e d to a cr an k whi ch i s driv e n
’

by th e e ngi ne O f c our s e i t mu s t b e u s e d i n
.

1
C b b gh t f P tt
an e ou o a B th P k R ow N w Y k
ers on ro ers, ar , e or
 F i tti ngs f
or M od e l E ngi n e s 1 27

‘
its own pr e ssur e . H e nc e w e h av e wh at i s c all e d
a h y dr os ta ti c p ar ad ox .

Ge t a pi e c e pip e i n ch i n d i am et e r and 2
of

inc h e s l ong thr e a d b oth e n ds o f i t a nd drill a

,

‘
i n ch h ol e i n th e p ip e % i nch from on e e n d for
-

th e o ve rfl o w pip e Fit a c ap to e a ch e nd o f th e
.

pip e drill a i nch h ol e thr ough th e c e nt e r o f

,
-

e a ch o n e a n d thr e a d th e m t o fi t a i n ch pip e ; -

th e s e a r e fo r th e s t e a m n o zzl e an d th e v alv e

ch amb e r a s s h own i n Fl g 5 1 . .

N e xt y ou will ne e d an e lb o w th at will fit a
i nch pip e an d a pi e c e o f pip e i n ch i n di a m e te r
-

an d n o r I i n ch l o ng an d thr ea d e d a t b oth e n ds

for th e o v e rfl ow pip e .

Now m ake th e n o zzl e s an d thi s i s n o e a sy job

e ith e r w ay y ou do i t T h e fir s t w ay i s to t ake a
.

br a s s r od i nch in di am ete r and cut o ff thr e e

pi e c e s ; h av e on e o f th em I i n ch l ong th e s e con d ,

1 % i n ch e s l o ng an d th e l a s t 1 % i n ch e s l o ng .

D r ill a inch h ol e an i n ch dow n in th e e nd

-
,

o f e a ch pi e c e a n d a / i nch h ol e th e r e s t o f th e
1 -
, 1 e

w ays thr ough ; th en r eam out th e h ol e s to fo rm

c on ic al chamb e r s i n th e m Fil e o r b ette r tur n .
, , ,

do wn i n a l ath e th e e n ds o f th e noz zl e s to giv e

,

them a c onic al form .

FLO W

//V8 0/LE R
Fi g
.
51 .
C i
r o s s s e ct o n
- of a S team Inj ecto r
 F i tti ngs f or M o d e l E n gi n e s 1 29

A no th e r i r way i s to s h a p e up th e
and e as e

no zzl e s o f % i n ch s h e e t c o pp e r a n d h a r d s old er
1
-
e

th e s eam s Which e v e r w ay y ou m ake th em

.

thr e a d t h e l a r ge e n d s o f th e n o zzl e s T hi s d on e .
,

m ake a c onic a l plug th at will fi t i nto th e v alve

ch amb e r s cr e w a s te m i nto i t an d s et i t i nto th e
,

l ow e r e n d ; p u t in a ri ng wi th th e h o l e ove r th e
st em an d s old e r i t th e r e .

‘
‘
H a vi ng fi n i s h e d a l l th e p a rt s o f th e 1 nj e cto r
th e n e xt th 1 ng i s to as s e mbl e i t Scr e w th e f e e d .

w ate r nozzl e i nto th e c a p ; scr e w th e e lb o w on

th e e n d o f th e no zzl e a n d th e n s cr e w th e s te am

n o zzl e i nto th e e lb o w s o th at th e sm a ll h o l e i n i t

i s ju s t i n s id e th e l a r ge h ol e i n th e f e e d w ate r
no z zl e Scr e w th e v a lv e ch amb e r n ozzl e i nto
.

th e e nd o f th e o th e r c a p ; s cr e w b o th c ap s o n th e

l ar ge pip e s an d fina lly scr e w th e ov e rfl o w pipe

, ,

into th e s h e ll .

No w c o upl e th e s te am n o zzl e t o th e bo il e r
,

a b o v e th e w a t e r li n e c onne c t th e v a lv e ch a mb e r
,

t o th e b o il e r b e l o w th e w a te r li n e a n d j o i n th e

e lb o w to th e w a te r t a nk Wh en a l l th e s e thi ngs
.

a r e d o n e if y o u h a v e n o t l e s s th a n f o r ty p o u n d s
,

o f s t e a m i n th e b o il e r th e pr e s s ur e o f th e s t ea m
,

1
B x mix d w ith w t t th
or a e it y fp t
a er o e c o n s s e nc o as e .
 F i tti ngs for M od e l E ngi ne s 13 1

I shall t e ll you h ow to m ake one and cali b r ate

i t th at i s to m a r k th e s c a l e s o th at i t will s h o w
,

th e s t eam pr e ssur e o f th e o il e r i n p o u n d my
s ,

a dvic e i s t o buy o ne o f s om r e li abl e m ake r .

T hi s k i n d o f a s t e am kn o w n a s a
B ou r d on ga u ge fo r th e r e a s on th at it w as fir s t
m ad e by B ourdon a n in s tru m e nt m ake r o f P a ri s
, .

First fo rm a ri ng o f % i n ch thick s h ee t br ass

2 -
,

a n i n ch wid e a n d % i n ch i n di am e te r ; m ak e a
9

b u tt j oi n t a n d s old e r it an d drill a / n i nch h ol e

l ~-
1

thr ough th e ri ng cl o s e to th e j o int .

C u t ou t t w o di s ks o f sh ee t b r a s s % i n ch thick
2

a n d I i n ch i n di a m e t e r fo r th e fr ont an d b a ck
o f th e ga u g e. Drill t hr e e h o l e s t hr o u gh t h e m
wi th th e ir c e nt e r s i n ch fr om th e e dge s an d at
e qu a l di s t an c e s a p a rt ; i n th e o n e t o b e u s e d fo r

t h e b a ck drill tw o m o r e h o l e s l n a li n e fr o m th e

c e n t e r a n d h a v e e a ch o n e i n ch on e ach s ide
of th e c ente r ; drill a % i n ch h ol e i n th e c e nte r
e
-

o f th e oth e r di s k which i s th e fr o n t o n e .

M ake a p att e r n fo r th e s p r i ng b ox th at is th e
,

h oll o w b a s e which c onta i n s th e pr e s s ur e pl at e

a n d th e c o il e d s pri ng ,
a n d h av e it c a s t Th e .

p atte r n s h ould b e m a de i n tw o pi e c e s curv e th e ,

top p ar t to fi t th e ri ng a n d h oll o w out th e u n d e r

 ‘
Th e B oy s B ook E ng i ne B u i l d i ng
’
132 o f -

p a rt o f i t A l s o h oll ow out th e upp e r p art o f

.

t h e b ott o m o f th e b ox a n d y o u will o b s e rv e th at

b oth th e top and th e b ottom h ave lugs on th em .

Wh en y ou get th e c a sti ngs fi l e th e m up and ,

drill a % i nch h ol e thr ough th e curve d en ds o f

2 -

th e top ; th en dri ll a h ol e i n ea ch o f th e lu gs a n d

t hr e a d i t fo r a scr e w an d drill a l nCh h ol e

-

thr ou gh th e c ente r o f th e b ox for th e pr e ssur e

r o d t o p a s s thr o ugh
Drill a h ol e i n e a ch o f th e lugs o f th e b ottom
p a rt o f th e b ox b u t do n ot thr e a d th e m an d
, , ,

fi nally drill a h i n ch h ol e thr ough th e c e nt e r

,
E -
es

o f it an d thr e a d i t to fi t a i n ch pip e
-
.

No w fo r th e w o r ks : m ake a n a ngl e s upp o rt

’

o f a s t rip o f br a s s % 2 i n ch thic k l n ch wid e

,

a nd 1 % i n ch e s l o ng ; b e n d th e e dge s a s s h o w n a t

B i n Fi g 5 2 s o th a t i t s t a n d s
. i n ch hi gh ; drill
a h o l e i n e a ch e n d s o th a t i t c a n b e s cr e w e d to

th e b a c k ; drill a h o l e i n th e c e n t e r fo r th e p i n .
, ,

o r a r b or a s i t i s c a l l ed o n which th e p i n i o n th a t
, ,

i s a li ttl e c ogwh e e l i s fi xe d i n s id e th e c as e a n d
,

t o th e e n d o f which th e n e e dl e o r p o i n te r 1 5

s cr e w e d ou t s id e th e c a s e . Drill an oth e r h ol e % 2

1 n c h b e l o w th e c e nt e r a n d % i nch to th e le ft of i t
2

fo r th e p i n on which th e to oth e d wh ee l tur n s ;

 F i tti ngs for M o d e l E ngi n e s 1 33

a n d, l a stly drill
, hol e a t th e top and to th e l e ft
a ,

p u t i n a p i n a n d fix a fl a t s pri n g t o i t .

Ge t a pi e c e of p i ni on venr e th at i s a ribb e d
1
,

wir e u s e d by cl o ckm ake r s fo r m aki ng s m all p in

"

i on s o r to oth e d wh ee l s o f any l ength a n d cu t

, ,

it o ff i n ch long o r y ou can u s e a sm all pi n i on

,

OR 0 09 1 .

H ow a Ste am G g
au e is M ad e

t ake n fr o m a n o l d cl ock Set it on a s te el wir e .

% i n ch thick a nd / i n ch l o ng thr e a d bo th e n ds
6
7
1 e ,

o f th e wir e o r a rb o r p us h th e s h o r t e n d thr o u gh
, ,

th e s upp o rt a n d s cr e w on a n u t ; an d s e e to it th a t
,

i t ru n s v e ry tru e .

T ake a n o th e r cl oc k wh e e l o r buy a n e w t ooth e d ,

1 C an b e b gh t
ou of d leea rs in m o del ma k er s
’
pp li e s
su .
 F i tti ngs f
or M o d e l E ngi n e s 1 35

pl ate and s cr e w th e top and bo ttom o f th e s pri ng

b ox t oge th e r t i gh t .

Se t th e ri ng o n th e b a ck pl ate ; p u t th e fr o nt
pl ate on th e ring wi th th e a rbo r s ticking thr ough
th e h o l e an d th e n b o lt th e tw o pl at e s toge th e r .

M ake a n i nd e x n ee dl e o r h an d o f a b i t o f wir e
, ,

inch l ong fl atte n i t drill a h ol e 1 i n ch fr om

, ,
3
7 6

one e nd a n d fix i t o n th e e n d o f th e a rb o r A .

m i nut e h an d fr om a w atch m ak e s a go od n e e dl e .

T hr ea d th e e n ds o f a pi e c e o f br a ss pip e
i nch i n di am e t e r and 2 % i n ch e s l ong ; c o rk up
o n e e n d and fill it wi th m e l t e d l e a d ; wh e n i t i s

c old b end th e pip e i nt o th e s h ap e o f a U but wi th

,

o ne e nd l o nge r th an th e o th e r e n d by % i n ch ;
9

h e at th e b e nt pip e o r s i p h on as i t i s now c all e d

, ,

u ntil th e l e a d m e lts an d l e t i t r u n out Now .

scr ewth e l ong e nd o f th e s iphon i nto th e b o il e r

ab ov e th e w a t e r li ne o f c ours e ; fill th e s 1 ph on
,

wi th w ate r and s cr e w th e gauge to it .

—
Cali b r a ti ng th e D i a l T o c a libr ate th e gauge
y o u h a v e m a d e
,
t h a t is t o gr a du a t e th e f a c e o f it ,

o r di a l as it i s c a ll e d y o u mu s t b o r r o w a n a ccu
,

r at e gauge and fix it i n th e bo il e r t oge th e r wi th

y o ur o w n
.

A s th e pr e ssur e r l s e s l n th e b o il e r y ou simply
1 36 Th e B oy s B ook i
’
of E ng i n e B u l d i n-
g

m ark your di al a cc o rdi ng to wh at th e n e e dl e

s h o w s wh e n i t i s c o mp a r e d t o th e fi r s t r a t e a u e -
g g
a n d th a t i s a ll th e r e i s to it .

—
W at e r Gau ge T o ke e p th e bo il e r fr om

W
'
l OC/fl /l

Fi g 5 3
. . C ros s S ti
ec on of a W ate r Gauge

bl owing up fo r th e w ant o f w ate r y ou mu s t fi t ,

i t wi th a w a te r ga u ge T hi s i s a pi e c e o f gl as s
. .
:

tubi ng s et i nto tw o e lb ow s one o f wh i ch is ,

 F i tti ngs f
or M o d e l E ng i n e s 1 37

scr e w e d i nto th e b oil e r b e l ow th e l ow e s t l ev e l

th e w ate r o u gh t to b e a ll o w e d to ge t a n d th e ,

o th e r o n e i s s cr e w e d i n t o th e b o il e r ab o v e th e

high e s t l e ve l a t which th e w ate r ought to s tan d .

T o m ak e a w a te r ga u ge fo r th e b o il e r take tw o
-
i nch e lb ow s a nd fi t e ach on e wi th a l ock nu t
a s s h o w n i n Fi G t l t h f t hic k
g 53 . . e a e n g o

g l a s s t ubi n g f o r t h e w a t e r g l as s wi t h a n o u t s id e
‘
di am e te r ju s t l a rge e nough to fit th e i nside o f
th e l o ck n u ts a n d e lb o w s

N e xt fi t a thick rubb e r w a s h e r In to e a ch l o ck
n u t a n d s lip th e l o ck n u t s o n th e tub e .P u t th e
e n d s o f th e t ub e s i n to th e t op a n d b o tto m e lb o ws

a n d th e n s cr e w th e n u ts o n th e m t i gh t Th e
.

p r e s s ur e o f t h e l o c k n u t s o n t h e rubb e r w a s h e r s

will exp an d th e m th at i s s qu e e z e th em out and

, ,

pr e s s th e magai n s t th e tub e h a rd e nough to m ake

- - —
th e m s tea m an d w ate r t i gh t ; a t th e Sa m e t im e i t
'

i s e a s y t o r e pl a c e th e gl a ss tub e s h ould i t get

br oken .
 A M o de l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e 139

A s i n th e c as e o f th e h o riz ontal e ngi n e th e r e

a r e tw o c o ur s e s op e n to y ou i n buildi ng thi s l o c o

m otiv e and th es e a r e ( I ) to m ake th e p att e r ns

,

y our self and h av e th e m c ast an d ( 2 ) to buy a

,

c omplete s e t o f c a s ti ngs and fin i s h th e m up M y .

a dvic e i s to build th e l o c om o t iv e fr o m th e gr ou n d

up b e c aus e wh e n it i s al l done it i s r eally y ou r s ;

, ,

o n th e o th e r h an d it will b e much e a si e r t o buy a

s e t o f c a s ti ngs as e a ch pi e c e i s c a s t e x actly to si z e

and s h a p e .

T o pictur e an d d e scrib e e a ch p a r t i n d et a il as
I did th e ho riz ont a l e ngi n e w ould t ake a whol e
bo ok th e si z e of this one but a fte r y ou h av e m ade
,

th e h o riz ont al e ngi n e a nd th e c o pp e r b o il e r which

I told you ab out i n th e ch apt e rs that h av e gone

befo r e y ou will h av e sm all tr oubl e l n building
,

thi s m ode l l o c om otive .

So th at e v e rythi ng m ay b e cl e a r t o y ou I h av e
m ade s cal e dr awi ngs o f th e b oil e r and th e engi ne
a n d th e s e will e na bl e y ou to w o r k i n t e lli ge ntly ,

e s p e ci a lly if y ou will f o ll o w th e dir ecti on s t o th e

l ette r O n e m o r e thi ng i n r ea di ng th e dr awi ngs

.
,

ju s t r e m emb e r th at a d otte d li n e usu ally r ep r e

s ents a p art which i s b ack o f s om e oth e r p a rt
and h e n c e c anno t r e a lly b e s e e n .I h av e als o
 ’
140 T h e B oy s B ook o f E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
-

u s e d dotte d lin e s to i n dic ate th e limi ts o f m e as :

u r e m e n t s a n d s om e t im e s to sh o w wh e r e a pi ec e

o f m e t al is to b e b e nt
1
.

T h e P ar t s o f a L o c omot i ve — E v e ry l oc om o
t iv e h ow e v e r l a r ge o r sm all is m a d e up o f th e
, ,

fo ll o w m g m a i n p a rts

( ) I T h e b oi l er

( )
2 Th e e ngi n e

3) Th e pi l ot ,
or c owc atch e r a nd

(4 ) Th e ca b

T h e te nder i s tir e ly s ep a r ate th ough n one

an e n ,

th e l e s s n e c es s a ry a dju n c t fo r i t h a s a c o a l bu nke r
,

a n d a w a ter t a nk w hich suppli e s fu e l an d wate r

t o th e l o c om o tiv e .

T h e B o il e r
. —T hi s b o il e r i s o f th e h or i z on
.

ta l tu b u l ar typ e an d li ke e ve ry o th e r b o il e r 1 t
, ,

con s i s ts o f ( a ) th e b oi l er pr op e r ( b ) th e s m oke ,

b ox o n th e fr ont e n d a n d ( c ) th e fi r e b ox o n th e -

r ea r en d .

A m o d e r n l o c om otive b o il e r i s m a d e a li ttl e
di ffe r ently fr om th e o r di n ary h o r 1 ont al s tati on z

a r y b o il e r a n d thi s ma k e s i t n ec e s s a ry to put
,

t h e p a rt s t oge th e r i n th e o rd e r I h a v e giv e n .

1 I m
n en
g i g d
eer nw i g ly
ra t h li
n s on h t p m os e ne s t a re r e s e nt s o e

t h i g th t
n a t b
c ann o d tt d d l l th li
e s e e n ar e o e li d an a o er n es a r e s o .
 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e
'

1 4 1

Th e Sh e l l — Ge t ml e s s copp e r tub e with

a s ea

a w al l i n ch thick 3 % i n ch es i n di am ete r an d
1
,

1 6 % i nch e s l ong ; thi s f o rm s th e s h e l l a s th e ou t ,

s id e o f th e b o il e r is c a ll e d Saw o u t o n e e n d o f
.

th e tub e o r s h e ll 1 % i n ch e s d e e p a n d 5 % i n ch e s
, ,

l ong as shown at A i n Fi g 5 4 T his d one drill . .

,

thr e e r o w s o f h ol e s ar o u n d th e sh e ll s o th a t th e

s h ee ts ca n b e riv e t e d to it l a t e r Drill th e fir s t .

Fi g 5 4
. . Th e B il S h ll
o er e

r ow o f hol e s 3 % i n ch e s fr om th e fr ont e nd o f th e
b oil e r drill th e s e c on d r ow 5 % i nch e s fr om th e
,

b ack e n d an d drill th e l a s t r ow i n ch fr om th e
ba ck e nd Four h ol e s only ne e d b e drill e d
.

i nch fr om th e fr ont e n d a s th e s m oke b ox s h e et -

i s scr e w e d to i t i n s te a d o f riv e te d .

Drill a h ol e for e xh au s t s te am pip e an d

drill or cut ou t tw o h ol e s i n th e top o f th e
s h e ll fo r th e s m oke s ta ck a n d th e s te am d om e ;

1
T h e wal l i s th e th i c k n e s s o f th e m e ta l of wh i h
c th e t u e b is
mad e .
 T h e B oys E i B i l d i
’
1 44 B o ok o f ng n e u -
ng

di am e te r n e a r th e b ottom o f th e b ox c an be
drill e d i n th e c a s ti ng wh e n y ou ge t i t . T h es e
ar e fo r th e s an d p i p es .

It
’
ha rd job to m ake a p atte r n fo r th e b ell
s a

a nd h a v e i t c a s t but y o u ca n buy a b e ll a n d m ak e
,

a fr ame fo r i t T h e s t ea m d om e IS 1 % i n ch es
.

i n di a m e t e r a n d 1 % i n ch e s hi gh Drill tw o .

Fig 5 6
. . Th e S dd l P d
a e e e s ta l an d H g an er

i n ch h ol e s pp os i te s ide s o f th e do m e as sh own
on o

a t A i n Fi g 5 5 ; o n e o f th e s e is fo r th e st ea m
.

whi s tl e an d th e oth e r for th e s a f ety v alv e T h e .

dom e mu s t o f c our s e h av e a wid e fl ange s o th at

, ,
‘
it ca n b e rive te d s e cur ely to th e b o il e r s h ell .

Th e S a ddl e P e des ta l an d Hange r

,
— T h e n e xt .

t hi n g to do i s t o m ake th e p at t e r n s fo r th e ey li n
'

d er s a dd l e , th e dr i vi ng w h ee l p e des tal a nd th e

h ange r fo r th e t r a ili ng wh e e l s . T he s e sh own

ar e

at A, B an d C i n Fig 5 6 . a nd th e di mensi ons a r e

 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e I4 5

m a rke d on th em Drill tw o h ol e s thro ugh th e

.

s a ddl e f o ur thr o u gh th e pe d e s ta l a n d tw o thr o u gh

,

th e h a nge r s o th at t h e y c a n b e r 1 v e te d to th e

b o il e r sh e ll an d fi r e b ox a s sh own at A i n Fig
-
.

55 0

Drill four h ol e s thr ough th e h ange r s o f th e ,

p e de s tal to f o rm th e b e a ri ngs fo r th e a xl e fo r
th e drivi ng wh e e l s a n d drill tw o h o l e s i n th e

e n d s o f th e h a nge r o f th e tr a ili ng wh e e l s to f o rm

b e a ri ngs for its axl e .

Wh en yo u h av e don e al l the s e thi ngs s mooth ,

up th e c a s ti ngs a n d th e n b ol t th e s a ddl e to th e
u n d e r s ide o f th e b o il e r wi th i ts c e nte r 1 % i nch e s
fr o m th e fr on t e nd s e e A Fig 5 5 a gai n B o lt
, , . .

th e p e d e s ta l to th e b o il e r i n a li n e wi th th e s a ddl e

a n d wi th i t s c e n t e r 8 % i n ch e s fr o m th e fr o nt e n d .

Y o u mu s t s cr e w th e s e b o l ts up ti gh t o r e l s e th e
b o il e r will l e ak .

Th e Fr on t Tu b e S h e e t — .No w m ak e th e fr on t
tu b e s h e e t a s s h o w n at A i n Fi g 5 7
,
Cut out a
. .

di s k o f s h ee t c opp e r i n ch thick and 4 % i n ch e s

i n di a m e t e r a n d h amm e r th e e dge o f it o v e r al l
r ou n d to f orm a fl ange i nch wid e wh e n th e,

s h e e t will just fi t i n t o th e b o il e r .

T hi s don e drill e i ght

,
—i n ch hol es thr ough th e
 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e 1 47

and pivot a th r ottle r od % i n ch i n di am ete r and

2

7 i n ch es l o n g t o t h e v a lv e h a n dl e .

Scr e w a nu t on th e fr ee e n d o f th e pip e 1 i n ch ,

down pu s h th e e n d o f th e pip e through th e hol e

,

i n th e fr ont tub e s h e e t an d th e n scr e w a n oth e r

n u t on th e o th e r s id e o f th e sh e e t ; fi n a lly scr e w ,

a T o n th e e n d o f th e pip e T h e thr ottl e v a lv e

.

s h o uld n o w b e i n th e c e n t e r o f th e s t e a m d o m e

for i t i s h e r e th at th e h ott e st s t e a m ge ne r ate d by

th e boil e r ga th e rs .

Th e B a ck Tu b e Sh e e t — N e xt cut o ut th e b ack
.

tu b e s h e e t as s h o w n at B i n Fi g 5 7 a n d m ake .

i t th e s a m e s i ze a s th e fr ont t ub e s h ee t Drill .

th e s a m e n umb e r o f i n ch ho l es thr ough it fo r

-

th e b o il e r tub e s an d a ls o drill o r cut o u t a / i n ch

7 -
, ,
s

hol e wi th i ts c ent e r i n ch fr om th e fl ange .

T h e purp o s e o f thi s h o l e is to f o rm a c o nti n u a

ti o n o f th e b o il e r o n ba ck to th e s h e e t ; th e thr ottl e
.

r o d a l s o p a s s e s thr o u gh thi s h o l e ; but i t is p a rt

thr ough b e fo r e th e b ac k tub e s h e et i s riv et e d i n .

Th e C r ow n Sh ee t — .Cut o u t th e cr ow n s h e e t ,

s e e C i n Fi g 5 7 t h at i s th e fl a t h o riz on t a l s h e e t
.
,

th a t s e p a r at e s th e upp e r b a c k p a r t o f t h e b o il e r
—
fr om th e fi r e b ox Cu t thi s s h e et 4 % i n ch e s wid e
.

a nd 6 % i n ch e s l ong an d h a mm e r ove r th e e d ge
148 Th e B o ys
’
B o ok o f E ng i n e B u i l di ng
-

show n by th e dotte d line all ar oun d to m ake a

fl ange % i n ch wide wh en i t will b e th e right s iz e
5

to fit ; thi s i s quit e a p a r ticul a r j ob b e c au s e th e ,

co r ne r s mus t not b e cut and th ey m us t b e p e r

fe ctl y squ a r e .

R iv e t on e e nd o f th e cr o w n s h e e t t o th e b a ck
tub e s h e e t s o th at th e upp e r s urf a c e o f th e f o rm e r x

will b e fl u s h th at i s e ve n wi th th e l ow e r e dge of
, ,

th e l a r ge h o l e i n th e b a c k tub e s h ee t Go ah e ad .

n o w a n d riv e t th e b a c k tub e s h e e t t o th e s h e ll o f

th e b o il e r a t a di s ta n c e o f 5 % i n ch e s fr om th e

e x t r e m e b a c k e n d a s sh o w n a t A i n Fi g 55 . .

R iv e t th e sid e s o f th e cr o w n s h ee t to th e e dge s
o f th e s h e ll o n b ot h s id e s a s s h o w n i n F 1 g 5 4 . .

Th e B oi l er Tu b es — T h e bo il e r tub e s o f whi ch ,

th e r e a r e e i gh t a r e ,
i n ch i n di am ete r an d 8
i n ch e s l ong Se t th e s e in th e h ol e s i n th e fr ont
.

a n d b a c k tub e s h e e t s a n d e xp an d t h e m a n d tur n
e

o v e r th e 1 r e dge s i n e xa c tly t h e s a m e m a n n e r a s

l n th e v e r t ic a l b o il e r d e s crib e d i n Ch a pt e r V .

T h e s h e e t o u gh t t o c o m e n e xt b u t fo r this
littl e b o il e r i t and th e fr ont s h e e t o f th e fi r e b ox
,
-
,

c an b e m a d e i n o n e pi e c e s o w e ll ta ke up th e
’

m ak ing o f th e fi r e b o x n e xt-
.

T h e fi r e b ox 1 8 m a d e o f f our sh ee ts riv e t e d to
“
-
 A M o de l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o tiv e I4 9

g e th e r T h e b a ck s h e e t IS 5 1 n ch e s wide a n d
.

4 % i n ch e s l o n g S c r i b.e t h a t i s s cr a,
t ch wi t h a

p a ir o f comp as s es a s emi circl e havi ng a r a di u s

,
-
1

—
o f 1 i n ch a n d a n o th e r s e m 1 c 1 r c l e u s i n g th e s am e ,

c e nte r th e r adiu s o f which IS 1 % i n che s

, .

Divi de th e l a r ge s emi circl e i nto 8 e qu al p a rts

-

an d t h e n scrib e a li n e fr o m th e middl e o f th e

s e m I C 1 r cle t o e a ch p o i nt which s p a c e s i t o ff
-
Cut .

—
o u t th e s ma ll e r s e mi circl e a n d th e n cut th e s h ee t
"

thr ough th e scrib e d li n e s to th e l a rge s e mi circl e -

h a mm e r ea ch pi e c e o r s egm en t o v e r u ntil th e
, ,

e n d o f th e s h e e t fi t s a r o u n d th e b o il e r Th e .

wh ol e sch e m e i s s h own at A i n Fig 5 8 . .

B e nd o v e r e a ch e dge % i n ch m ak i ng th e width
3
,

o f th e s h ee t 3 % i n ch e s a s s h o w n by th e d otted

li ne and r 1v e t a b ar o r s trip o f br a s s o r ir on V
,
E
1 6

or i n ch thick i n ch wid e an d ab out 3 i n ch e s

,

l ong a cr o s s th e s h e et at a di s tan c e o f 1 % i n ch e s
from th e b ottom ; thi s f o rm s on e o f th e gr a te b ar -

r es ts Now drill a ho l e i n e a ch s egm e n t o f th e

.

s h e e t a n d a c o rr e s p o n di n g h o l e i n th e b a c k l o w e r

e n d o f th e b o il e r s h e ll a n d riv e t th e m t oge th e r .

Fo r th e fr o nt o f th e fi r e b o x s h e e t u s e a s h e e t-

1 Th di
e ra f i l i
us o t ight li
a c rc e s f m h
a s ra t f ne ro t e c en e r o a

circ el to i t s i f
c r c um e r e nc e ; h en ce th e ra di u s is h alf th e d iam e te r

o f a c rc e i l .
 Th e B oys B ook E ngi n e B u i l di ng
’
1 5 2 o f -

i nch ap a rt fr om th e ir c e nte r s o n th e l e ft h an d
side and h ave th e l ow e r o ne a s cl os e to th e cr ow n
sh ee t as p o s s ibl e P u t a pi e c e o f thr e ad e d pip e
.
,

% i nch l ong thr ough ea ch h ol e a n d s cr e w a nu t

3
,

o n b oth en d s o f e a ch pip e t i ght a ga i n s t th e s h e e t .

Fo r th e s te am ga uge drill o n e m o r e i nch h ol e -

i n th e middl e n e a r th e top o f th e sh e e t an d put

i n a thr e a d e d b e nt pip e 1 i n ch l o ng an d scr e w
n ut s o n b o th s id e s a s b e f o r e .

Fo r th e s tuffing b ox thr o u gh W hich th e thr ottl e

,

r o d p a ss e s drill a,
i nch h ol e i n th e s h e e t i nch
-

from th e middl e o f th e r ou nde d e dge T ake a '

.

pi e c e o f pip e 7 i nch i n di am et e r an d i nch l ong

16

an d thr ea d it th e e ntir e l e n gth ; scr e w a n u t o n

o ne e n d d o w n inch slip th e end o f th e pip e

,

thr ough th e h ol e an d s cr e w o n anoth e r nut .

Drill a % i n ch h ol e i n a c ap th at will fit th e pip e

e -

a nd y our stu ffi ng b ox i s d o n e T h e p o s i ti o n o f .

al l o f the s e h ol es i s s h o w n a t B i n F1 g 5 8
"
. .

M ake a n angl e p l a te to pivot th e thr ottl e l e v e r

,

to o f a s t rip o f br a s s % i n ch thick
,
i n ch wide
6 ,

an d i nch lo ng ; b en d o v e r one e n d i n ch and

d rill a % i n ch h ol e In 1t a nd a i n ch h ol e i n th e
2 - -

oth e r e n d ; riv e t i t to th e fi r e b o x s h e e t i n a li n e
,

with and i nch to th e l e ft o f th e stuffing b ox .

 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e 1 53

T h e th r o ttl e l ev e r m ad e o f a s trip o f
c an be
br a s s % i n ch thick % i n ch wide a n d 3 1 nch e s
6 , 6

l ong ; fil e on e e n d to m ake a h an dl e an d drill a

1 n c h h o l e i n t h e o th e r e n d ; i n ch fr o m thi s
'
-

h o l e d r ill a % i n ch hol e ; pivot th e e n d o f th e

-
2

t hr ottl e l e v e r to th e a n gl e pl a te .

Fi n a lly riv e t th e h a nger fo r th e tr aili ng

,

wh ee l s to th e fir eb ox s h e e t s o th at th e c e n te r of
'

th e h o l e thr o u gh which th e axl e p ass e s i s e xa c tly

1 i n ch fr o m th e rim o f th e wh e e l which r e s t s on

th e r a il .

No w s lip th e e nd o f th e thr ottl e r o d thr ough

t e s tuffi ng b ox a n d riv e t th e s e mi circul a r
h —
fl a nge o f th e fro nt fi r e b ox s h e e t to th e b a ck e dge
-

o f th e b o il e r s h e ll a n d th e n r 1 v e t th e b a ck fl a n e
g
o f th e cr o w n s h e e t to th e fr o nt fi r e b o x s h e e t
-
.

T hi s d o n e b e n d i n th e fr o n t fi r e b ox s h e e t at
,
-

th e li n e wh e r e th e cr o w n s h e e t i s riv e te d to i t ,

u ntil i ts l ow e r e n d i s 1 % i n ch e s fr om th e b ack
fi r e b ox s h e e t ; th e n piv o t th e thr ottl e l e v e r to
-

th e thr ottl e r o d .

Fo r th e s id e s o f th e fi r e b o x c u t o u t tw o s h e e ts
-

a nd m ak e the top s o f e a ch o n e 4 % i n ch e s wid e

a n d th e b ott o m s 3 % i nch e s wid e a n d h av e th e m

.

4 % i n ch e s hi g h as sh o w n a t C i n F i g 5 8 b e n
. d
 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e 1 55

b e n d th e m to s ha p e a nd glu e o r pas te th e m to
g e th e r u n til y o u h a v e th e wh o l e b o il e r built up
full s 1 e
z .

By m aki ng th e b o il e r o f c a rdbo ard fir s t y ou,

will s e e e xa ctly wh e r e an d h ow e ach s eam i s

l app e d and y ou will th en h av e a w o r king kn owl
e dge o f h ow th e b o il e r i s c o n s t ruct e d an d thi s

will pr e v e nt y ou fr om m aki ng a l ot o f mi s take s

wh e n you c om e to m aki ng i t up o f m et al A nd .

no w fo r th e e ngi ne .
 C HA P T E R V III

A M O DEL A TLA N T I C T Y P E LO CO M O T IVE '

( C o n t i n u e d )
P i i d
T h e a r ts o f th e Eng n e : Th e Cyl n e r s , Ste am Ch e s t s
an h d G id
d Cr os s e a u es T h e E ng ne i
r uc T k
Fr am e ; Se t
i
t n g th e Fr am e o n th e T
ru c k Wh
e e l s ; T h e D r v ng i i
Wh e els ; Th e S id
e , o r C ou p l ng i R d
o s ; T h e C o n n e c t ng i
R d
o s ; Th e Li k
n G
Va lv e e ar ; T h e r a l ng T ii Wh
e el s ; Th e

Pi w h H di h
l ot, o r C o c atc e r ; T h e e a l g t ; T h e C ab ; O t e r h
T hi ngs to Do ; T h e T d —
en er i i hi
F n s n g U p th e o co L
i T d — L i
m ot v e an d e n e r Ho w th e oc om ot v e o r s : Ho w W k
th e Li kn G
Valv e e ar W k
or s .

H avi ng c ompl e te d th e b o il e r th e n e xt thi ng to

do i s t o build th e e ngi n e an d th e ru nn i n g ge a r .

T h e r e i s n o s p e ci a l i n s t ruc ti o n y o u n e e d to
fi n i s h up th e c a s ti ngs s h ould y ou buy th e m r e a dy
m a d e b u t if y ou m ake th e p atte r n s an d h av e th e m
c a s t i t i s quite anot h e r m at te r .

T h e P a r t s o f t h e E n gi n e T h e e ngi n e o f a
.
-

l ocomo tiv e is r e ally f o rm e d o f t w o s ep a r a te a nd

di s ti n ct h o riz ontal e ngine s th at s e t on opp os it e
s id e s o f th e s m ok e b ox
\
.

E a ch e ngi n e c on s i s t s o f
cyli d r m ch e st w i h cr os s
( )
I A n e a n d s t e a t a

1 56
 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e Lo c o m o ti v e 1 57

h ea d an d cr o s s h e a d bl o ck a pi s to n a n d pi s ton
,

r o d, an d a s lid e v a lv e a n d v a lv e s t e m ; th e s e a r e
-

m o u n te d on,

( )
2 Th e e ngi n e tr u c k fr am e which ,
i n tur n , is
fix e d t o th e b o il e r by m e a ns o f th e s a ddl e ;
3) T w o p a ir s o f d r i v i ng w h e e l s wi t h ,

(4 ) T w o c o n n e c ti n g r o ds which c o nn e,
c t t h e

drivi ng wh e e l s with th e ir r e s pe ctiv e pi s ton r o d s ;

5) T w o s i d e r o d s t o c o upl e t h e
’

drivi n g
wh e e l s toge th e r a nd ,

A Ste ph e n s o n li n k v al v e ge ar fo r r e v e r s
'

i ng th e dir e c ti o n o f th e e ngi n e .

Th e Cy li n de r s S team C h es ts a n d C r os s h e ad
,
-

Gu i des .
— T h e cyli n d e r s an d s te am ch e s ts wi th
t h e ir pi s ton s a n d s lid e v a lv e s a r e c o n s t ruc t e d li ke

th e h o riz on t a l e n gi n e d e s crib e d i n Ch a p t e r IV ,

b u t th e cyli n d e r s a r e tur n e d a r ou n d s o th at th e
s t e a m ch e s t s a r e o n t o p i n s t e a d o f o n th e s id e .

T hi s bri ng s th e e cc e n t ric r o d o u t o f li n e wi th
th e s lid e v a lv e s t e m m o r e o v e r th e r e a r e tw o e c
,

c e n tr 1 c s c onn e cte d t o e a ch v alv e r o d thr ough

what i s c a ll e d a li n k; th e purp os e o f this a r
r ange m ent i s to e nabl e th e e ngi ne driv e r to r e
v e r s e th e dir e cti on o f th e l o c om otiv e at will .

Fur th e r th e cr o s s h ea d guid e fo r e a ch pi s t o n
,
-
 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e 1 59

be m a de i n th e d e s ign a nd c on s tructi on o f th e
e ngi n e a n d th e cyli n d e r s a n d t h e s t e a m ch e s t s

mus t b e m a d e a li ttl e s m a ll e r than th e h or l ontal z

e n gi n e pr e vi o u s ly d e s crib e d .

M ak e e ach cyli n d e r 1 i n ch i n di a m e t e r an d
1 % i nch e s l ong ; th e s t e am ch e s ts s h o uld b e

Fi g 60
. . Th e C r os s he d G id
-
a u e and Bl k
oc

i n ch wide i nch hi gh an d 1 % i n ch l ong an d

, ,

m ake th e pi s ton r o d s and s lide v alv e s to fi t a s

sh own at A i n Fi g 60 ; th e chi e f siz e s w e m a rke d
.

o n th e dr a wi n gs .

T h e cr os s h e a d guid e is al s o s h o w n a t A i n
:

Fi g 60 a s w ell as th e w ay i t i s s cr e w e d to th e
.
,

c li n d e r h ead T h e c r ossh e a d bl oc k th at fi t s
y ,
 60 T h e B oy s i
’
1 B o ok o f E ng ne B u i l d
-
i ng

b e tw e en th e gu l de s and to which th e pi s ton r o d

,

i s fixe d a n d th e c o nn e c t i ng r o d is piv o te d a s
s h o w n at B in Fig 6 0 . .

T h e fe e t on o n e o f th e cyli n d e r s a n d s t e am ,

ch e s ts mu s t b e r e v e r s e d b e fo r e th e p att e r n i s
c as t s o that th ey will f a ce e a ch oth e r as s h o wn
i n Fi g 5 9 . .

T h e E n gi n e T r u c k F r am e — A f te r
h av e y o u

th e cyli n d e r s a n d s te am ch e s t s wi th th e ir fi tti n gs
‘
m a de and i n w o r km g o rd e r y ou c an b egm w o rk
o n th e engi n e tr u c k th a t i s th e p a r t which s u p
,

p o r ts th e cyli n d e r s a n d s te am ch e s ts a nd on
which th e s m oke b ox o f th e b o il e r s et s on th e
-

fr ont o r tr u c k w h e e ls a s th e y a r e c all e d
, ,
.

M ake th e tr u ck fr a m e fir s t and bu ild i t up o f

s h e e t br a s s % or 2 i n ch thick m ake tw o cr os s ,

b a r s e ach 1 i n ch wid e an d 3 % i n ch e s l ong b e nd ,

up e a ch en d i n ch a nd drill a % i n ch h ol e 2 -

thr o u gh it Drill tw o h ol e s i n th e upp e r b a r s o

.

th a t th e s a ddl e c an b e b o lt e d to i t a n d to th e

s m o ke b ox a s s h o w n i n Fig 5 9 t h o u gh t his i s .
,

n o t d o n e u n t il th e fr a m e i s fi n i s h e d .

Drill a i n ch h o l e thr ough th e middl e o f th e

-

l ow e r cr o s s b a r fo r th e engi n e tr u ck cr adl e a s it
i s c a l l ed .Mak e tw o s i de b ar s s e e Fi gs 5 9 a nd ,
.
,
 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e I6 1

61 and h av e th e m 1 % i nch e s wide a nd 2 1 nc h e s

l ong and drill a h ol e i n e ach c o r n e r s o th at y ou
, ,

can b o lt th e cr o ss b a rs -
t h e s id e b a r s an d th e
,

cyli n de r and st eam ch e st supports togeth e r a s

sh own 1 n Fig 5 9 . .

B e f o r e b o l ti ng th e m t oge th e r cut out a sh e e t

o f br a s s i nch thic k 1 % i nch e s wide and 3 %
,

i nch es l ong an d b end ov e r o ne e nd i n ch Drill .

four % i nch hol e s i n thi s pl ate at one e nd i nch

2 -

a p a r t a n d tw o h o l e s thr o u gh t h e a ngl e pl ate

in ch a p a r t a s s ho wn in Fi g 6 1 Scr e w o r riv et
. .

thi s pl a te to th e l o w e r cr o ss b a r an d y o u h a v e th e

fr on t fr am e r e a dy fo r th e b u tter b e am .

T h e tr u c k h ange r which supp o r ts th e e ngi n e

,

t ruck fr a m e a nd f o rms th e b e a ri n gs fo r th e t ruc k

wh ee l s i s m ade o f tw o b r as s b a r s % i n ch thick
,
'
6 ,

i nch wide and 2 % i n ch e s l ong ; th e b a rs can

b e m a d e o f a s trip o f br a ss o r b e tt e r th e y can b e
, ,

c a s t i n br as s Whic h e ve r ki nd you us e th e e nd s
.

mu s t b e s e t at an angl e o f 90 degr e e s to th e cr oss

b a r to f o rm b e a ri ngs fo r th e wh e e l a xl e s .

Drill a i nc h ho l e thr ough th e e nd o f each

-

b a r a n d tw o % i n ch h ol e s
-
2 i nch fr om th e
,

middl e o f ea ch b a r Scr e w th e truck h ange r s ide

.

b ars to th e truck h ange r cr os s b ar and th en

 A M -
o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e 1 63

b a r t o th e truck h ange r cr o ss b a r wi th th e cr adl e

i n b e tw ee n th e m as s h o w n i n Fi g 5 9 . .

S e tti ng th e F r am e on th e T r u ck Wh e e ls —Th e.

s tan da rd ga uge o f a r a ilr oa d tr a ck i n th e U n ite d

Stat e s i s 4 f e e t 8 % i n ch e s b u t fo r y o ur m o d e l l o c o
m otive a tr a ck gauge o f i n ch e s 1 8 th e right
width T h e on ly ou ts tan di ng thi ng to do no w as
.

fa r a s th e e ngi n e t ruck fr a m e i s c o n c e r n e d i s to

p u t o n f o ur t ruc k ,th a t i s fr o
,
n t wh e e l s .

T h e s e wh e e l s mu s t b e r e gul a r ca r wh e e l s th at ,

i s fl an ge d, a s s h own i n Fi g 6 1 h a v e a f a c e A
r
.
,
5
s

i n ch wid e an d a di am ete r o f 1 % i n ch e s Ir on .

c a s ti ngs o f car wh e e l s o f thi s s iz e can b e b ough t

fo r 5 c e nt s e a ch a n d br a s s c a s ti ngs o f th e s am e
s ize c o s t s 3 0 c e n t s e a ch .

D rill a i n ch h ol e thr ough th e c e n te r o f e a ch

-

wh e e l an d tap i t that i s cu t thr e a d s on i t ; cut

,

o ff tw o a xl e s o f i n ch s o ft s te e l r o d an d m ake
-

e a ch on e 3 % i n ch e s l o n g ; t hr ea d th e e n d s s cr e w ,

a wh e e l o n o n e e n d o f e a ch o n e wi th th e fl an ge

o n th e i n s id e . N e xt s lip th e a xl e thr ough th e

,

h ol e s i n th e t ruck h ange r b a r an d s cr e w o n th e
o th e r wh e e l ; th e n do th e s am e t hi ng wi th th e

o th e r a xl e a n d wh e e l s .

R a i s e up th e fr ont e n d o f th e bo il e r a nd s et
16
’

4 T h e B oy s B ook o f E ng i n e B u i l d i ng
-

it on th e sa ddl e ; s e t th e s a ddl e o n th e upp e r

cr os s b a r ,
a n d t hi s c o mpl e t e s th e e n gi ne t ruc k

fr am e .

Th e D r i v i ng Wh e e ls .
—
T hes e
s h o uld b e 3 %

1 n c h e s l n di a m e t e r wi t h a i n ch f a c e and e a ch
-

o n e mu s t b e s p ok e d a n d h a v e a c o u n te r b a l an c e

w e i gh t c a s t o n o n e s id e t o b a l a n c e th e w e i gh t p f
th e c o nn e c t i n g r o d a n d s id e r od o pp o s i te i t A .

c a s t ir o n drivi ng wh e e l in th e r o ugh b u t s p oke d ,

a n d c o u n t e rb a l a n c e d c a n b e b o u gh t fo r 2 5 c e n t s
,

e a ch whil e br a s s o n e s c os t 5 0 c e n ts e a ch a n d y o u
,

will n e e d tw o p a ir s Drill a % l n ch h ol e th r ough

. e -

th e c e nt e r o f e a ch o n e a n d thr e a d it t o fi t a

i n ch thr e a d e d axl e .

Drill a n d t hr e ad e a ch wh e e l to fit a thr e ad e d
i n ch c r ank pi n o pp os i te th e c ounte rb al an c e
-

w e ight ; th e b e ari ngs o f th e c o nn e c ti ng r o d s fi t

o n th e cr a n k p m s o n th e r e a r wh e e l s a n d th e ,

b e a ri ngs o f th e s ide r o ds fi t on th e cr ank pin s

o n b o th th e fr o n t a n d b a ck wh e e l s a s s h o w n i n

Fig 6 2 . .

Cut pi e c e s o f s o f t s t e e l r od i nch 1n
o ff tw o

di am e te r an d i n ch l ong and thr e a d th e e n d s .

‘
Scr e w o n e o f th e s e pi n s i nto e a ch o f th e f r o n t
wh e el s ; cu t o ff two m or e pi ece s o f th e i nch -
 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e I 65

r od and ha v e the s e 1 % i nch e s lo ng a nd thr e a de d

at bo th e n ds . Scr e w on e e n d o f e a ch o f th e s e
pi n s which f o rm th e cr ank p 1 ns i nto th e hol e
, ,

opp o s i te th e c o u n t e rb a l an c e d w e i gh t .

ISJ ION BAR

Fi g 62 . . C p li g
ou n an d L i nk G e a r

The Si de , or C ou p li ng R ods .
—Y ou
c an e ith e r

m ake p att e r n s o f and h av e th e side r ods c a s t ,

th e r eby m ak i ng th em l ook li ke th os e on a r e gu
l a r l o c o m o tiv e o r y ou c an m ake th e m o u t o f a
,

s trip o f br a ss i n ch thick i nch wi de and

,
.

h ave e ach o f th e m 3 % i n ch e s l ong .

Drill a h ol e i n e ach e nd o f e a ch side r od

i nch i n d i am ete r and e xactly 2 i n ch e s ap a r t fr om
th e ir c e nt e r s an d h av e th e h ol e s fit th e cr ank

pi ns to a n ic ety .
 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m oti v e 1 67

en ds of xl e s thr o ugh th e b e a ri ngs o n on e

th e a

s i de o f th e p e d e s ta l a s sh ow n i n Fi g 63 ; b e
'

f o r e scr e wi ng th e driving wh eels ou th e oth e r

H o w th e D i ving W h l
r ee s Are M ounte d

side of p e de st al to th e axl e s th e li nk valve

th e

ge a r mu s t b e m a d e

—
.

T h e L i n k V a l v e Ge ar . T h e purp os e o f this

g ear is to r e v e rs e t h e e n gi n e . It mu s t b e m a d e
16 8 T h e B oys B o ok E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’

f
o -

a nd th e cc e ntric s which a r e c o nne c te d to i t

e , ,

mu s t b e key e d o r oth e rwi s e fixe d to th e a xl e o f

th e r e a r dr 1 v 1 ng wh ee l s b e f o r e th e a xl e i s p us h e d

o n thr o u gh th e f a rth e s t b e a ri ng o f th e p e d e s ta l .

T h e first thing t o do 1 8 to kn o w h o w th e li nk
v alve gea r is m ad e A sid e vi e w o f i t s howi ng
.
,

Fi g 64
. . S t ph
e e ns o n L i nk Rv igG
e ers n ea r ( Fo r w a r d )

th e p o s i ti on o f th e r ev er s e l ev er li nk an d eccen ,

tri e s wh e n th e ge a r h as b een s e t to go ah e a d
i s giv e n at A i n Fi g 64 T h e p os i t i on o f th e r e
. .

v e r s e l e v e r an d link wh e n th e en gine h as b e en
r ev e r s e d to b ack up i s s h own at B .

No w to m ake th e e ngi n e r u n s m ooth a nd e v en

th e pi s
to n s a r e s e t 9 0 d e gr e e s a p a rt which m e a n s ,
 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Typ e L o c o m o ti v e 1 69

th a t whil e on e pi s ton IS 1n o ne e nd o f th e cyli n d e r

th e o th e r p IStO Il i s i n th e middl e o f i ts cyli n d e r

a n d thi s bri ngs o n e o f th e cr a n k pi n s to th e e x

t r e m e fr o nt o r b a ck o f th e wh ee l whil e th e o th e r

cr a nk p i n i s at i ts hi gh e s t o r l o we s t p o i nt on i ts
wh ee l all of which i s s h own 1 n Fi g 6 2
, . .

Fi g 64
. . S t ph
e e ns on Li nk Rv igG
e er s n e ar ( B k)ac

Not on ly thi s b u t th e e cc entric s mu s t a ls o b e

,

s e t a t 90 d e gr e e s fr o m e a ch o th e r a n d o f c o urs e

e a ch o n e o f e a ch p a ir — th at is which ev e r one is
—
w o rki ng th e s lid e v alv e m us t b e s et 1 80 de
g r e e s
, o r o pp o s i t e t o i t s r e s p e ctiv e cr a n k p i n whe n

i t i s br o u ght i n to th e o p e r a ti ng p o s iti on by th e
r e v e rs e l e v e r .

T o m ake th e li nk v alv e ge a r i s n ot s o h ard a

 A M o de l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e 1 7 1

Thes e mu s t pr oj e c t o ut an d aw ay fr om th e
curv e d s l ot i n th e li nk fa r e nough to l e t th e li nk
b l ock s lid e b a ck a n d f o r th e a s ily ; thi s bl o ck i s
m ad e i n ex actly th e s am e f as hi on as th e cr oss
h e a d bl o ck s h o wn at B i n Fig 5 9 . .

No w m ake th e r oc ker o f a strip o f br a s s % 3

i n ch thick 4 i n ch wide an d
,
1
i n ch e s l ong ; drill
a h o l e i n ea ch e n d an d o n e l n t h e middl e ; piv o t

on e e n d to th e l i nk bl o ck o n o n e sid e a n d th e o th e r

e n d to th e s lid e v a lv e r o d by a tr ans m i s s i on b ar ,

which i s s i m p ly a c onti nu ati on o f th e s lide v alve

s tem T h e middl e pa rt o f th e r ocke r i s pivot e d
.

t o th e s i de o f th e p e d e s tal .

T hi s d o n e m ake th e h ange r o f a
, 1 n ch thic k
-

s t rip o f br a s s % i nch wide and 1 % i n ch e s l ong ;

, e

drill a h ol e thr ough e a ch end an d piv ot one e n d -

to th e h an ge r b a r b u t o n th e oth e r s id e o f th e

li nk to which th e r ocke r i s pivot e d T h e r eve r s e

.

s h af t a r m i s a pi e c e o f br as s 2% i n ch thic k 4 i n ch
1 ’
, 7

W id e an d 1 % i n ch e s l ong wi th a h ol e drill e d
through b oth e n ds ; i t is j oi nte d to th e r each r od
ar m which i s o f th e s am e siz e e xc e pt th a t it IS

i nc h e s l ong drill thr e e h ol e s i n it as sh own

,

at A i n F i g 64 a n d p u t a pm l n th e l ow e r e n d s o
.

th at i t c an b e p O t€ d to th e pe d e st al .
1 72 T h e B oy s
’
B o o k of E ng i n e B u i l di ng
-

T h e re ach l o ng b a r r e a chi ng fr o m th e
r od is a

upp e r e nd o f th e r e v e r s e s h a ft ar m to th e r e v e r s e
l e v e r i n th e cab It can b e m ad e o f ir on o r br as s
, ;

V i nch thick V i n ch wid e an d 4 % i n ch e s l ong

8 ,
E
1 6

an d IS p 1 v o te d to th e r eve r s e l eve r a t ab o u t th e

middl e o f th e l atte r T h e r ev e r s e l e v e r sh ould

.

b e 2 % i n ch e s l on g wi th a l a tc h h an dl e a nd its
)

l ow e r end i s piv ote d to o ne e n d o f a s h a ft V in ch .

i

i n di a m e te r a nd 1 i n ch l on g th e o th e r e n d o f ,

which i s fixe d t o th e s id e s h e et o f th e fi r e b ox -
.

T h e l at ch h an dl e w or ks i n a n o tc h e d q u a dr an t ,

t h e e n d s o f which a r e a l s o fixe d to th e s id e o f th e

fi r e b ox
-
.

Two c ompl e t e s ets o f al l th e s e p art s a r e n e e d e d ,

e xc e p t th e qu a dr a n t r e v e rs e l e v e r a n d r e a ch r o d

arm T h e l o w e r e n d s o f b o th r e a ch r o d a rm s a r e
.

f a s tene d to th e e nd s o f a s h a ft which i s h e ld i n
pl a c e and y et fr e e to turn i n a fix e d b e a ri ng .

No w wh e n th e r e v e rs e l e v e r i s pu s he d ah e a d
or pull e d b a ck b o th li nk v a lv e ge a r s will b e
"

o p e r a t e d by it .

Wh e n you h av e th e tw o c omple te se ts o f li nk
g e a r s m a d e s lip
,
t h e e cc e n t r i c s o v e r th e r e a r

a xl e pu sh th e l att e r thr o u gh t h e b e a ri n g i n th e
, .

p e d e s tal and s cr e w on th e oth e r drivi ng wh e el

,

.
.
 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e 1 73

T hi s d one ,
h e a d a nd c oupl e o n th e oth e r
go a

s id e r o d a n d th e o th e r c o n n e c t i n g r o d a n d fi na lly
‘
pivot th e conn e c tin g r o ds to th e cr os s h e a d bl ock
, ,

wi th a p in .

B e f o r e m aki ng th e e cc e nt ric s i t i s a goo d pl a n

to m ake a l a r ge w o r k i n g m o d e l o f th e wh o l e li n k

g e a r o u t o f t hi n w oo d a n d c a rdb o a rd a n d s e e

e x a c tly h o w th e l i n k m o ti on w o r ks a n d l e a r n h o w

i t a c ts o n th e s lid e v a lv e ; th e n wh e n y ou m ak e
th e li n k ge a r o u t o f m e ta l y ou will kn o w ju s t

wh at you ar e ab out .

Th e Tr ai li ng Wh e e ls — T h e s e wh e e l s a r e 1 %
.

i n c h e s i n di am e t e r a nd a l l y ou h av e to do to p u t
’

th e m o n i s to drill a % i n ch h o l e i n th e c e n t e r
e -

o f e a ch wh e e l an d thr e a d i t t h e n m ak e a n a xl e
,

o f 4 i n ch r o d a n d thr e a d i t a t b o th e n ds Scr e w
1 -
.

o n e e n d o f th e a xl e to a wh e e l pu s h th e axl e
,

thr o u gh th e b ea r i ngs i n th e h a nge r a s s h o w n at

A i n Fi g 5 5 a n d s cr e w o n th e oth e r wh ee l
.
, .

Th e P i l o t or C ow c a tch e r
,
— Whil e th e r e ar e
.

v e ry fe w an im al s th at a r e giv en th e ch an c e to
h o r n an e ngi n e o ff o f th e t r ack th e c owc atch e r
1 s s t ill t h e fr o n t a n d f o r e m o s t p a r t o f a l o co m o

t iv e i n thi s c ou n try .

Make a b u tl er b eam o f w ood a n i nch s u a r e

, q
 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Typ e L o c o m o ti v e 1 75

wide b ut l e t th e curv e d r oo f pr oj e ct 2 i n ch e s
, ,

m aki ng th e l ength o f th e cab 6 i n che s ov e r al l

‘

a n d p u t a v e n t il ato r i n th e t op o f i t.

O t h e r T h i n gs t o D o .
— T h e r e a r e a hu n dr e d
a n d o n e o th e r thi ngs to do if y ou i nt e n d t o put

o n a ll th e a tt a chm e n ts t h at a r e t o b e f o u n d on a

r e a l l oc om otiv e Y ou s h ould by all m e an s put

o n a h an d r ai l a n d a r u nni ng b oar d ; th e n th e r e
-

a r e th e spri n gs if y ou w a n t t o go t o th e t r o ubl e
,

o f m aki n g th e m ; th e ai r b r a ke s ,
which if you
,

m a d e th e com p r es s or right an d th e th r ee w ay -

c oc k t h a t c o n t r o l s th e a i r i n th e li n e p i p e ,
will
take yo u h a lf a s l on g a s it did to m ake th e e n

g i n e s .

T h e T e n de r .
— Ev e ry l o c om otiv e mu s t h av e a
t en de r to c a rry a s upply o f fu e l and w at e r .

M ake th e t en d e r o f h ea vy s h ee t t in 5 % i n ch e s
wid e 3 % i n ch e s high an d 9 1 n ch e s l ong T h e
, .

b o dy o f th e tend e r is m a d e d oubl e all r oun d ex

c e pt i n fr o nt s o th at w at e r can fill t h e sp ac e
be tw e en th e s id e s an d b a ck w all s o r t ank an d c o al ~
c a n fill th e middl e a n d o p en s p a c e o r bu nke r .

T h e t e n d e r h a s e i gh t wh ee l s an d a ll o f th e m
a r e th e s a m e s iz e as th e t ruc k wh e e l s o f th e l o c o

motiv e Th e Wh ee l s ar e mou nte d i n s ets o f tw o

.
 '

6 T h e B oy s Bo ok E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’
1 7 o f -

p air s to a fram e and th e b o dy r e s ts on th e fr ont

a n d b a c k fr am e s .

A p a ir o f b u tte r c as ti ngs is u s e d to c oupl e th e

te n d e r to th e l oc om otiv e a n d a pi e c e o f s h e e t

m e tal which i s fix e d to th e flo o r o f th e cab r e s ts

o n th e fl oo r o f th e t e n d e r s o t h at th e fir e m a n

w o n t f a ll thr ough b e tw e en th em wh en h e i s
’
'

s h o v e li ng c o al fr o m th e c oal b i n i nt o th e fi r e

b ox .

F i n i s h i n g Up t h e L oc o m o t i v e and T e nder .

Followi ng th e pr a ctic e o f r e al l o c om otiv e

buildi ng get a can o f bl ack e n am el an d p ai n t th e
,

b o il e r fr om th e fr ont to th e b ack tub e s h ee t with

it .

,
—
A ls o p ai nt th e c ab th e wh e e l s th e h ea d li ght ,

a n d th e pil ot wi th i t to m ak e th e m a s hi ny bl a ck .

T h e s te am d o m e s an d b ox s m ok e s ta ck sm oke
, , ,

b ox and th at p a r t o f th e f ur n a c e which s h o ws
b e l ow th e cab s h ould b e p ai nte d a dull bl a ck a n d
thi s can b e d one by s imply a dding turp enti ne to
t h e e n am el T h e l oc om o tiv e c o mpl et e IS s how n
.

i n Fi g 6 4 . .

H ow th e L o com o t i v e Wo r k s .
—O f c our s e ,

wh e n a fi r e i s buil t i n th e fi r e b ox th e w ate r 1 s -

heate d as i n any othe r type o f b oil er ; th e hotte s t

 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti ve 1 79

Now i c ch cylin de r e xh au s ts twic e duri ng

s n e ea

e v e ry r e v o lu t i o n o f th e d r 1 v 1 ng wh e e l s t o which

i ts pi s ton i s c onne c te d an d s i n c e th e pi s ton on th e

o th e r s id e IS s e t s o th a t i t i s midw a y i n i t s cyli n d e r

whil e th e o th e r pi s ton i s a t th e e n d o f i ts s tr oke

t h e r e a r e f o ur e xh a u s ts t o e v e ry r e v o lu ti on o f

th e drivi ng wh e e l s a s y ou h av e pr ob ably ob
,

s e rv e d n o t o n c e b u t m a n y t im e s ,
in r e al l o co
m otive s e s p e ci ally wh e n th ey a r e ju s t s ta r ti ng
, .

O ne thi ng m o r e a n d th at i s th e a c t i o n o f th e li nk
v alv e ge a r .

H ow t h e L i n k V a l v e Ge a r W o r k s — A f te r

y o u h a v e m a d e t h e li n k v a lv e g e a,
r o r e v e n a

m o de l o f i t y ou will h av e a cl ea r u n de r s tan di ng
,

o f th e h o w a n d th e W hy o f i t .

T h e purp os e o f th e li nk v alv e ge a r as y ou ,

kn ow i s t o r ev e rs e th e e ngi n e a n d to do i t th e
,

slid e v alv e mu s t b e pull e d or pu s h e d o v e r th e

i nl e t p o rt o f th e cyli n de r s o that th e fir s t fl ow
o f s t e a m i n to i t w ill f o rc e th e pi s ton i n th e di r e c
t i o n n e e d e d t o m ake th e e ngi n e go a h e a d
.
.

Supp o s e th at th e r e v e rs e l e v e r s e e Fi gs 62
,
.

a n d 64 ,
i s i n th e middl e o f i ts qu a dr ant th e li nk
,

i s th e n s e t i n s uch a p os i ti on th a t th e li nk bl o ck
a t th e l ow e r e nd o f th e r o c ke r is i n th e middl e o f
 80 B oys B u i l d i ng
’
1 Th e B ook f
o E ngi ne -

th e link a ndc on s e qu e ntly h alf w ay b e tw e e n th e

p air o f e cc entric r od s which c ontr ol i t .

Wh en th e link bl ock i s i n this p o s i ti on th e eu

g i n e c an n o t w o r k b e c a us e t h e s lid e v a lv e 1 8

br ought to th e middl e o f th e s te am ch e s t a n d th e
a cti o n o f th e e cc e n t ric r o d s o n i t i s s o s li gh t th at

i t c an n ot m ov e fa r e n ou gh i n e i th e r dir e c ti on to
c ov e r th e i nl e t p or ts a lt e r nate ly .

B u t wh e n y o u thr o w th e r e v e rs e l e v e r f o rw a rd
a s fa r a s i t will go i t will pu s h th e li n k d o w n
,

u ntil th e bl ock i s at th e top o f it and thi s will

thr o w th e s lid e v alv e to th e e n d o f th e s te a m ch e s t

s o th a t th e fir s t H o w o f s t e a m will b e t hr ou gh

th e p o r t which will f o rc e th e pi s t o n i n th e di r e c

ti on to m ake th e wh e e l s r e vo lve f orw a rd a nd

thu s c a rry th e l o c om ot iv e a h e a d .

Wh en th e r e v e r s e le v e r i s thr own f o rwa rd th e

e cc e nt ric r o d A which i s th e upp e r o n e i s i n a
, ,

li ne wi th th e li nk bl ock an d w o rks th e s lid e v alve

thr o u gh th e r o c ke r which i s piv o te d t o th e bl o ck ;

i n thi s c a s e th e e c ce ntric r od B dr op s d o w n a n d
th ou gh i t m o v e s t o a n d fr o i t d o e s n o t i n a ny

w ay a ffe c t th e m ov e m e n t o f th e s lid e v a lv e .

O n th e o th e r h a nd wh en th e r e v e r s e l e v e r is
,

thr ow n b ac k i t pulls th e li nk up and thi s bri ngs

,
 A M o d e l A tl a n ti c Ty p e L o c o m o ti v e 1 81

th e ecc e ntric r o d B which i s th e lo w e r one i nt o

, ,

li n e wi th th e li nk block ; wh en thi s take s pl a c e th e

e cc e nt ric r o d A is r a is e d ou t o f th e w ay an d

though i t m ov e s ba ck and fo rth it d oe s n ot i n

a ny w a y i n t e rf e r e wi th th e m o ti on o f th e slid e

v alve s e t up by th e e ccentric r od B .
 S te a m , t h e G i a n t P o w e r 1 83

be s ee n in it . Furth e r i t giv e s o ff 5 tim e s

,
as

much h e at ,
wh e n bur n e d as th e s am e w e ight
,
of

c oa l .

O xyge n is e v e n a m o r e imp o rt ant gas th an

hydr oge n and f o rtun ate ly th e r e is m o r e o f it i n
, ,

n a tur e th an a ny o th e r k i n d It is a gr eat ga s
.

to c o mbi n e wi t h o th e r ch e mi cal subst an c e s a n d

wh en any th l ng bur ns y ou m ay know that it is

th e ch e mic a l e l e m e n t s i n it th a t ar e c ombi n i ng

wi th th e oxygen .

If y ou fill e d a qu ar t mea sur e with hydr ogen

a n d an o th e r qu a r t m ea sur e with o xy gen a n d

w e i ghe d th e m y ou w oul d find th at th e oxyge n

,

w e ighs 1 6 tim e s a s much a s th e hydr ogen .

Ch emi s ts h av e fou n d th at if I p art o f hydr o

g e n by w e i gh t c o uld b e c o mbi n e d wi th 8 p a r t s
o f o xyge n a ls o by w e i gh t t oge th e r t h e y w ould
, ,

fo rm w ate r but th ey al s o f oun d th at n e ith e r h y

,

dr oge n nor any oth e r s ub s t an c e will c ombine with

l e s s th an 1 6 pa r ts o f o xyge n by w e ight .

B ut it is an e a sy m att e r to c o mbi ne 1 6 p a rts

o f o xyge n with 2 p a r ts o f hydr oge n c o n s e qu e ntly
,

y o u c an wri t e t h e f or m u l a fo r w a t e r thus : h y
dr oge n 2 p a r ts to oxyge n 1 6 p ar ts o r y ou c an ,

u s e if y ou li ke th e l e tt e rs H and O th at st an d for
, ,
1 84 Th e B oy s B o o k of
’
e
E ngi ne B u i l d i ng

hydr oge n a nd o xygen i n ch emis try o r s y m b ols ,

a s th e y a r e c a ll e d wh e r e H s ta n d s fo r 1 p a rt o f
, ,

hydr ogen an d O for 1 6 p ar ts o f o xygen and

th en wri te it H 0 2 .

—
H ow Wa t e r i s Fo r m e d T o simply put 2 .

p a rt s by w e i ght o f hydr ogen and 1 6 p a r ts b y

w e i ght o f oxygen i n a b ottl e and s h ake th em up
i s n ot e nough to m ake th e m f o rm w at e r ; i n st e a d
they will r em ai n s e par ate gas e s a s b e fo r e but , ,

b e i ng s o cl os e togeth e r if y ou light th e m wi th a
,

m atch o r by an e l e ctric s p a rk th ey w ill e xpl ode

, ,

vi ol ently and w ate r will r e s ult .

O ne w ay o f m aki ng th e s e ga s e s c ombi ne ch e m
i cal ly to f o rm w ate r i s to p as s hydr oge n o v e r a
c omp oun d th at h as oxygen i n i t such a s copp er ,

oxi de a n d h e a t i ng t h e m
,
A t o rdi n a ry t e mp e r a
.

tur e s hydr oge n will n o t a ct o n th e c opp e r o xid e ,

but if you h e at the m i n th e fl am e o f a B uns en

bur n e r th e hydr oge n will c ombi ne wi th th e oxy
g e n to f o rm w a t e r a n d l ea
,
v e th e c o pp e r b e hi nd ;

Wh at He at Do es t o Wat e r Whil e i t is — .

quite e asy to pr o duc e w at e r fr om hydr oge n and

.

o xyge n a s I h av e ju s t d e scrib e d i t is n o t a n e a s y
, ,

m att e r to m ake th e rul e w ork th e oth e r w ay

a b o ut f o
,
r to ch a n ge it b a c k a ga i n i n t o i t s two
 Ste a m, th e G i a nt P o w e r 1 85

c onstitu e nt gas e s o r de comp os e i t a s it is c alle d

, , ,

y o u mu s t r a i s e t h e t e mp e r a t ur e t o a t l e as t 2 000

d egr e e s Fa hr e nh e i t .

Y o u c a n h o w e v e r e a sily d e c omp o s e w at e r by
, ,

e l ec tr oly s i s t h a t i s by p as s i ng a curr e nt o f e l e c
,

t r i c i ty thr o u gh it pr o vid e d y o u u s e th e ri gh t k i n d
,

o f a pp a r a tu s
1
.

Whe n y ou i gni te that i s light an alc oh ol l amp

, ,

o r a B u n s e n bur n e r o r a ny k i nd o f a fi r e h e at
’

, ,

is de v e l op e d an d h e at i s a f o rm o f ener gy Now .

h e at is m a de up o f li ttl e to and fr o m ov e m e nts

o f th e p a rticl e s o f ga s e s th a t a r e bur n i ng o r o f
c

th e p a rticl e s o f m att e r o f a sub s tan c e th at is

wa rm o r h ot .

T h e s e vi b r a tor y m oti ons o f th e m ol e cu l es o f

.

m a tte r as th e y a r e ca ll e d o f th e fl a m e o r fi r e
, ,

s e t th e p a rticl e s o r m o l e cul e s o f m atte r o f which

,

th e b o il e r is f o rm e d i nt o r a pid v ibr ati on wh e n

\

, ,

th e e n e r gy o f th e h ot m ol e cul e s i s s oo n i m

p ar te d to th e m ol e cul e s o f w at e r i n s id e o f i t and
th e s e b egi n to vibr at e which w a rm s th e w at e r ,

fir s t then m ake s it h ot and finally caus e s it to

,

b oi l .

H ow —
Wat e r i s M ade t o B o i l E b u l li ti on an d .

1
Thi s ca n beb ght f th L E " tt A pp atu C B t
ou o e . . no ar s o .
, os on,
Mas s .
 S te a m , th e G i a nt P ow e r 1 87

is m ad e to do us e ful wo rk i n th e s team e ngin e

a s y o u will pr e s e ntly s e e .

H e at li ke e v e ry oth e r ki n d o f e ne r gy m ay b e
, ,

e i th e r ki n e ti c th at i s i n m ot i o n or p oten ti al th a t
, , ,

i s a t r e s t ; b u t wh e r e v e r e n e r gy is at r e s t i t i s
a lw ay s r e a dy t o get i nt o m oti on if i t is iv e n h a lf
g
a ch a n c e .

Now wh e n w at e r is b o il e d th e h eat t ears th e

m ol e cul e s fr om i t and fr om e ach oth e r and
thr o w s th e m i nto vi o l e nt m oti on a n d th e m o r e it

i s h eate d th e gr e at e r thi s m o l e cul a r m oti on b e

c om e s and this is what is c all e d th e s ens i b l e h eat
o f th e st ea m .

B u t n ot al l o f th e k i ne tic e ne r gy o f th e h eat
i s us e d i n this w ay fo r s om e o f i t i s s to r e d up i n
th e s t e am a n d thi s p o te n ti al e n er gy which i s ,

c all e d l a ten t h e a t ch a r ge s th e s t e am wi th e ne rgy

,

ju s t li ke e l e ct ricity ch a rge s a Leyd en jar .

A n d d o n t f o r ge t th a t e n e r gy o f m oti on c an
’

ch ange i nto e n e rgy at r e s t a nd th at ene r gy at

,

r e s t ca n ch ange i nt o e n e rgy o f m otion and m o r e ,

o v e r wh e th e r y o u a r e d e a li ng wi th e l e ctricity o r
,

s te a m th e s e ch a nge s a r e m a d e fo r th a n d b a c k

with am a zi ng fr ee dom a nd i n th e twi nkli ng o f

an e y e .
 88 B u i l d i ng
’
1 T h e B oy s B o ok o f E ngi n e -

A b o u t St e am P res s u r e —Whil e s tea m a c ts

like a gas it c all e d a vap or b e c a u s e i n p h y s ms
18

th e w o rd gas i s u s e d to m e a n a gas e o us f o rm o f

m att e r which can only b e m a d e i nt o a liquid by

a pplyi n g c o n s id e r a b l e c ol d a n d pr e s s ur e t o i t .

O n th e o th e r h an d a v ap o r is a ga s e o u s f o rm
o f m a tte r m a d e fr o m s o m e liquid o r s o lid s u b , ,

s t a n c e by h e a t i ng i t a n d which a s s o on a s t h e
,

v apo r cool s will c on d ens e an d r etur n to i ts liquid

, ,

o r s o lid s ta te a ga i n
,
B u t s t ea m i s a gas ju s t th e
.

s am e a n d i t c o n s i s t s o f th e tw o c o mbi n e d gas e s

th a t w e r e ch e mic a lly u n i te d t o f o rm w a te r .

L i ke hydr oge n o r o xyge n o r a ny o th e r ga s

, , ,

th e m o l e cul e s o f s t ea m a r e e l a s tic — fa r m o r e e l as ~

—
tic tha n s olid rubb e r b all s an d th ey a r e c onti nu
a lly s h o o t i n g i n an d o u t i n e v e ry dir e c t i on Th e .

sp e e d a t which a hydr oge n m ol e cul e tr a v e l s is

m o r e th an a mil e a s e c on d a nd th e s p e e d o f a
m ol e cul e o f ste am is v e ry n ea rly a s s wift .

Ea ch and e v e ry mo l e cul e s h o ots i n a s t r aig ht ,

li ne at th e s am e high s p e e d unti l i t e i th e r hi ts
a n o th e r m ol e cul e wh e n b o th a r e s to pp e d fo r a n
,

i n s tan t an d th e ir dir e cti on s ch anged o r u ntil i t ,

s t rik e s t h e s id e o f th e v e s s e l which h old s t h e m .

T h e b omb a rdm en t o f th e m ol e cul e s on th e con

 S te a m , th e G ia n t P o w e r 1 89

t ai n i ng v e s s e l wh ethe r i t i s a teap ot a b oil e r o r

, , ,

th e cyli n d e r o f an e ngi ne is s o f a s t an d furi o us

,

th at th e s u m o f al l th e s e lit tl e m o l e cul a r bl o ws

r e s ul t i n a p ow e rful f o rc e th at is able to do w o rk ,

an d thi s is wh a t w e c a ll s te am p r e s s ur e .

Th e pr e s s u r e o f s te am can b e m e a sur e d e ith e r

i n a tm os p h er es o r i n p ou nds . In Engl an d b oth
s c a l e s o f m e a sur e m e n t a r e u s e d but i n this c ou n
,

try only th e l att e r is e mpl oy e d .

T h e w o rd a tm os p h e r e o f c ours e m e an s th e
, ,

a i r w e br ea th e b u t it a l s o is u s e d to i n dic ate a
,

pr e s s ur e o f 1 5 p oun d s to th e s qu ar e i nch sinc e ,

th e w e i ght o f a c olum n o f ai r 1 i nch squ a r e

m e asur e d fr om th e upp e r limi ts o f th e atmosph e r e

to th e ea r th at s ea l e v e l is 1 5 p ou n ds A sc al e .

'

o f this k i n d is sh o w n a t A i n Fi g 66 . T o re ad .

i t y ou h av e to c onv e rt th e st e am pr e ssur e i n
atm os ph e r e s t o pr e ssur e i n p o u n ds th a t is 1 a t
,

m o s p h e r e m e an s 1 5 pou n d s 2 atm o sph e r e s 3 0

,

p ou nds an d s o on A s c al e gr a duate d s o that th e

.

pr es s ur e can b e r ead dir e ctly i n p ounds 1 8 shown

at B .

How St e am A c t s —
4 1 n th e B oi l e r
-
Si n c e th e .

s m a l l e s t a m o u n t o f s te a m will fill th e l a r ge s t

boile r and ke epi ng u p th e h eat will i ncr e as e th e

 S te a m , th e G i a n t P o w e r 1 9 1

u nde r th epr e s s ur e o f th e m d e v e l op e d by
s te a "

th e s e n s ibl e h eat a s it c om e s fr o m th e b o il e r but

a f t e r th e s te a m i n th e cyli n d e r is cut o fi
‘
,

by
.

th e s lid e v alv e its l at en t h e at which i s e n e r gy

,

a t re s t b egi n s to ch a nge 1 nto e n e r gy o f m o t i o n

, ,

a n d this m a ke s th e s t e a m k e e p o n e xp an di ng

a nd f o rci ng th e pi s to n a l o ng .

T o m ake st eam do a s much w o r k a s p o s s i bl e

it s hould n ot b e a ll ow e d to e xh au s t u ntil i ts e x
p a n s i o n h a s r e duc e d i t s pr e s s ur e a lm o s t t o t h at
o f th e pre s sur e o f th e o ut s id e a i r wh en i t will
,

e s c a p e sil en tl y ; b u t wh e n i t pu ffs o u t wi th a n oi s e

y o u will k n o w t h a t s o m e o f t h e e n e r g y o f it is
b e i ng w as te d .

It t ake s a h i gh pr es s u r e e ngi ne to e xh au s t di
r e ctl y i n to th e o p e n a i r b e c au s e th e p r e s s ur e o f
,

th e st ea m i n th e b o il e r mu s t b e m o r e th an 1 5

p ounds to th e squ ar e i nch th at is it mu s t b e

, ,

hi gh e r th an th e pr e ssur e o f th e ou ts id e ai r .

N e a rly all sm all e ngi ne s an d l oc om otiv e s a r e o f

th e hi gh pr e s s ur e ki n d;

It is m o r e e c onomical th ough to c onne ct th e

, ,

e xh au s t o f th e e n i n e wi th a v a cu u m c h a m b e r
g ,

that i s an air ti ght v e s s el i n which th e pr e s s ur e

,
 T h e B oys B o ok E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’
1 9 2 o f -

of th e a ir is l e ss th an 1 5 p ounds to th e Squ a r e
i nch .

T his is d one by m aki ng th e st e am e xh au s t i nto

th e ch amb e r a n d c on de ns i ng i t th e r e by a dmitti ng

a je t o f c o ld w a te r ; th e c o n d e n s e d s tea m a n d

wat e r and any a i r that m ay h av e l eake d i nto th e

ch amb e r a r e th e n pump e d out wi th a s m all pump .

Engi n e s fi tt e d wi th v a cuum ch amb e rs ar e

c all e d co ndens i ng e ngi nes and n e a rly a l l th e e u
g i n e s o f t h e d ay o f N e wc o m e n a n d Wa t t w e r e

o f this ki n d .

Wor k an d Hor s e p ow e r Now th at you h av e

- .
-

s e en h ow st e am is cha rge d wi th th e e ne rgy of .

h ea t an d h ow it h as th e p ow e r to do w o rk th e ,

n e xt thi n g is t o kno w h o w this e n e r gy c an b e

m easur e d .

T h e m o st c onv en i e nt w ay an d th e one ge ne r
a lly us e d i s to s imply ch an ge t h e h e a t e n e r gy i n to

m e ch an ic al ene rgy which is e a si e r to m e as ur e .

‘
In th e s te am e ngi n e th e h e a t e n e rgy o f th e ste am
a c t s on th e p i s to n wh e n it i s ch ange d i n t o m e

c h an i c a l e n e r gy a n d th i s IS l n tur n imp a rt e d to
‘
th e flywh e e l wh en it is c ap abl e o f d o i ng c o nt i nu

ou s w o rk .

If you h ave eve r s aw e d a stick of c ordwood

 S te a m , th e G i a nt P ow e r 1 93

or done a ny oth e r ki n d o f l ab o r with your h and s ,

y o u k n o w wh a t w or k i s a n d y o u a l s o kno w th a t

t o do w o r k t a ke s ti m e a n d e ffor t So if y ou .

wa nte d to m e as ur e th e w o rk y ou h a d done i n
ho e i ng tur n ip s y ou w ould h av e to take i nto a c
c ount th e tim e y ou h ad s p en t and th e e ffo r t you
h ad m a d e .

No w m e ch ani c al e ne rgy o r wo rk o r p ow e r i s , ,

m e as ur e d i n m uch th e s am e w ay and th at i s by
th e n umb e r o f p o u n d s th at a m a chi n e can r a i s e

a di s tan c e o f o n e f o o t i n o n e s e c o n d .

Fo r s till gr e a te r c onv e n i e n c e a u ni t of w or k
w a s i nt r o duc e d by J a m es Wa tt ; i t i s kn o wn a s
h or s e p ow er a n d i s wri tte n H P A cc o rdi n g
1

to W
. .

a t t a m a chi n e which d e v e l o p e d o n e h o r s e

p ow e r c ould r a i s e 5 5 0 pound s 1 foot i n 1 s e c on d

o r as i t is m o r e c o mm on ly writt e n

1 HP .
55 0 foot pou nds
-
p e r s e c on d .

Si n c eth e r e a r e 60 s e c on d s in a mi nute and

s i n c e n ea rly a l l m e a sure m e n t s o f t hi s k i n d a r e i n

mi nute s an oth e r w ay o f wri ti ng it is

1 Ah or s e p owh at i s w o k d on wh i h w ill lift
er , t r p o u n d s e c

I f oo t h i gh i n n m in t wo e bt i n d by W tt n d B o ult n
u e as o a e a a o ,

wh t ko oo th i
as t nd d th t ng d y h or s e th at w o ke d
e r s a ar e s ro ra s r

e i gh t h o s a day at th e L o n d on b e w e i e s
ur r r .
 S te a m , th e G i a n t P o w e r 1 95

u r em ent i s th e s am e as th e pi s ton s p e e d ,

a nd
‘

d s for th e numb e r o f foot p oun d s

s ta n -

which e qua l one h o r s e p ow e r .

No w i n y our h o riz o nta l e n gi n e which h as a

— —
1 i n ch cyli n d e r a n d a 1 % i n ch s t r ok e ( o r

s upp o s e th at P ( s e e ab ov e ) i s 4 0 p ounds to th e
s qu a r e 1 n c h a n d t h a t y o u h av e f o u n d R to b e 3 00

r evoluti ons p e r mi nute .

T he n : L

2 2
a 7rr
X 5 . X . 25

. 8
7 54 squ a r e i n ch .

2 R 2 X 3 00 6 00 r e v o lu t i o n s p e r mi nut e .

Now ub s tituti ng th e s e va lu e s
s fo r th e l e tte rs
of th e f o rmul a y ou h av e

HP . .

X 14 5 X 8
7 54 X 6 00

HP . .

HP . . . 08 h o rs e p ow er .
 6 T h e B oy s B o o k of E ng i n e B u i l d i ng
’
-
1 9

H ow to C a l c ul at e t h e Si z e of a B o il e r .

Wh e n I s ay th e f s ize o am b oi l er I
e a n t h e h e
, a t

i ng s u r fa c e o f a b o il e r n e c es s a ry fo r a s tat i onary
e ngi n e o f kn o w n h o r s e p o w e r .

T h e A m e ric an So ci e ty o f M e ch an ic al Engi
n e e r s h a ve f o u n d by e xp e rim e n t t h a t if 3 4 5

p ou nd s o f w a te r a r e e v ap o r ate d fr om an d a t 2 1 2
dg e r e e s F a hr e n h e i t— t h a t i s c h a n ge d i
,
n t o s t e a m ,

th a t 1 b oi l e r h o r s e p ow e r i s d e v e l o p e d
-
.

No w a b o il e r h o r s e p o w e r i s th e am ou nt o f
p o w e r which i s n e c e s s a ry to r u n an e ngi ne r ate d
a t 1 i n di c a te d h o r s e p ow e r It h a s al s ob een
1
.

d e t e rmi n e d th at i n o rd e r to e v a p o r at e
p oun d s o f w ate r fr o m and a t 2 1 2 F th e b o ile r °
.

mu s t h av e I O s qu a r e f e e t o f h e ati ng s urfa c e .

T h a t i s to s a y fo r e v e ry b o il e r h o r s e p o w e r a nd
,

like wi s e fo r e v e ry i n dic a t e d h o r s e p ow e r o f th e
e ngl n e y o u mu s t h av e 1 0 s qu a r e f e et o f h e ati ng

s urf a c e .

N ow th e h e a ti ng s urf ac e o f a b o il e r i s th e p a r t
th a t i s a c tu a lly h e ate d by th e fi r e T hi s i s n ot .

o n ly th e p a r t th a t th e fi r e s t ri k e s dir e c tly b u t
,

th e wh o l e s urf a c e o f th e fi r e b o x s h e e t plu s t w o
-

1
Th i s c an be f oun d by i
u s ng a s p eed i ndi ca tor . See App en

di x E .
 S te a m , th e G ia n t P ow e r 1 97

third s th e a r e a o f th e s m oke b ox s h e et plu s th e -

c ombi ne d a r e a o f all o f th e tub e s .

In th e l angu age o f a f o rmul a th e h e ati ng s u r

fa c e n e e de d i n a b o ile r s o th at i t will ge n e r ate
s t ea m t o r u n a n e ngi n e o f k n o w n h o r s e p o w e r i s

HS . IH P . . . X 10

wh e r e HS . . h e ati ng s urf a c e and is wh at

th e

y o u w a n t t o fi nd .

IH P
. . . th e i n dic at e d o r kn ow n h o rs e

p ow e r o f th e e ngin e and
10 :
th e n umb e r o f s qu a r e f e e t o f

h e ating s urf ac e r e quir e d to de

ve l op 1 b o il e r h o rs e p o w e r .

Si n c e ,
n ow , your engi ne d ev el ops V1 or 08 o f 2 .

a ho r s e powe r th e

HS . . 08 X 1 0 or . 8 of a squ ar e f oot
of h e ati ng s urf ac e to r u n th e

e ngi n e t o i t s full e s t p o w e r .

T o C al cu l at e t h e He at i n g Su r face o f a L oc o
m o t i ve B 0il e r — T h e a m ou n t
. h eating surf ac e of

ne e d e d for a m od e l l oc om otiv e b oil e r to d e v e l op

1 h o r s e p ow e r th a t is to e v ap o r at e p ou nds
o f w a te r fr om a nd at 2 1 2 F is only 3 squa r e °
.

f e et.
 C HA P T ER Xi

A HO T A IR , 0 R C A L O R I C, EN GINE
Th e P a r ts of th e E ng i n e : M a k i ng i
th e E n g n e ; T h e
i
Exp an s o n Cyl n e r , Th e i d r an s f e r T Pi s to n , T h e Pi
s to n

i
R o d , T h e C o nn e c t n g R o d, T h e o P w
e r C yl n e r , T h e . i d
P w
o er Pi
s to n , T h e C o n n e c t ng R o d, i
T h e C o nn e c t ng i
Pi d d
pe , T h e Stan ar s , T h e Cr an an d Cr an s a f t, T h e k kh
—
Fi r e b ox Ho w t o O p e r ate th e Eng ne H ow th e Eu
-
i —
gi n e W k
o r s .

T h e h ot i
a i r e ngl n e IS i
th e e a s es t o f a l l e ng n e s

to build ; i t is th e s impl e s t t o m ake if w e e xc e pt ,

th e s t ea m t urbi n e a n d i t is by al l o dd s th e s a f e s t
,

to us e .

It is c all e d a h ot ai r i
b e c au s e it is w o rke d
e ng n e

by th e exp ans i on and contr ac ti on o f h ot a 1 r th at —

is th e ai r i n th e cyli n d e r s 1 s fir s t h e ate d an d th en
c ool e d an d th e s am e a i r i s u s e d ov e r and o v e r
a ga i n A n d it is truly surpri s i ng h o w v e ry f a s t
.

th e t e mp e r a tur e o f th e a i r ca n ch a nge .

It is al s o c all e d a cal or i c e ngi n e i n virtu e o f th e

f a ct th at th e w o rd cal or i c m e an s h eat ; thi s c om e s
fr om th e r oot cal or which i s Lati n fo r h e at a n d
s o n atur ally th e t e rm c al o ric e ngi n e i s a m o r e

I99
200 Th e B oy s B oo k of E ng i ne B u i l di ng
’
-

s c 1 en t i fi c n a me fo r th a t which th e c o mm on p e opl e
call a h ot a i r e ng ne i .

T h e P ar t s of th e E n gi n e — T h er e . ar e s ix

pri n cipa l p a r ts to a h ot a i r e ng n e i ; na m e ly
, ( )
1

th e di s p l a ce m e n t, p
o r e x a n s i on cy li n de r i n which

th e a i r is h e at e d an d c ool e d ; ( 2 ) th e di s p l acement
o r tr ans fe r p i s ton wi th i t s p i s ton r od a n d c on

n e cti ng r o d ; 3) t h e p ow e r c y l i n d e r wh e r e t h e

wo r king fo rc e i s d e v e l op e d ; ( 4 ) th e pow er con

n e c ti ng r o d ; ( 5 ) the c r an ks h af t with i ts c r anks ,

p u ll ey a n d flyw h ee l a n d ( 6 ) th e b a s e whi ch h old s

,

th e l a mp o r f o rms th e fur n a c e fo r d e v e l opi ng th e

h eat .

M ak i n g t h e E n gi n e — Th e E xp ans i on Cy li n
.

de r —
. T h e e xp a ns i o n cyli n d e r a s s h o w n i n Fi g ,
.

6 7 i s th e l a r ge o n e ; i t i s m a d e o f a pi e c e o f ir on
,

pip e with a % i n ch thick w a ll 2 % i n ch e s in di am

-
,

e t e r o ut s id e m e a s ur e m e n t a n d 4 i n ch e s l ong and
, ,

i s thr e a d e d a t b oth e n d s .

Ge t tw o c ap s thr e a d e d to fit th e e n d s o f th e '

pip e an d drill a 1 i nch h ol e i n th e c e nte r o f one

-

o f th e m a n d thr e a d i t ; thi s c ap i s fo r th e top h e a d

o f th e cyli n de r A s tu ffi ng b ox c an b e fi tt e d to
th e h e a d an d it w i l l m ak e i t a li ttl e m o r e effi ci e nt

if y ou w ant to put one on .

 A H ot Ai r ,
or C a l o r i c , E ngi n e 20 1

Th e Tr ans fer P i s ton —B e f o r e s cr e wi ng th e

h e ad c aps on th e cyli nde r m ake th e tr ans fe r p i s
,

Fi g 67
. . C ros s - S ti
ec on o f Hot-A i r
Eng i n e

ton which m ove s i n i t T hi s c an b e a pi e c e o f

.

pip e 1 % i nche s i n di am ete r an d 2 % i n ch e s l ong .

 A H ot A ir, or C a l o r i c, E ngi n e 203

to m ake It i s a l s o ma de o f a pi e c e o f % i n ch
. e -

r o d ; h a v e it I i nch l o n g wi th a h o l e drill e d i n o n e

e n d fo r a b e a ri ng fo r th e cr a nk pi n ; drill a h o l e

i nto th e oth e r e nd and thr e ad it s o th at th e con

n e c ti n g f o r k c a n b e s cr e w e d i n to i t .

M ake th e c onne c ti ng f o r k o f api e c e o f l n Ch -

r o d ; drill a h o l e thr o u h th e f o r k fo r th e b o l t
g
which is to fo rm th e p in ; tur n o r fi l e down th e , ,

o th e r e n d thr e a d i t a n d scr e w i t i n to th e e n d o f
,

th e c onn e c ti ng r o d . T h e di s tan c e b e tw e e n th e
c ent e rs o f th e h ol e s i n th e c onne cti ng r od i s 1 .

i nch .

Th e P ow er Cy li n de r — T his cyli n d e r i s h alf a s

.

l a rge a s th e e xp an si on cyli n d e r an d its pi s t on

mu s t fit s nugly an d y et m ov e e as ily i n i t .

U s e a pi e c e o f ir on pip e o r br a s s tubi ng t h e —
—
l att e r is th e b e s t and thr e ad on e e nd o f it .

Drill a A i nch hol e thr ough a c ap which is

1 -
,

thr e a d e d to fit th e cyli n d e r pip e an d thr e a d it to

,

take a fi e i n ch pip e
-
.

Scr e w th e cap o n th e cyli n d e r pip e an d th e n

drill tw o % in ch h ol e s thr ough on e s ide o f th e
-
2

cylin d e r I i n ch a p a r t i n a lin e wi th e a ch oth e r

, ,

a n d thr e a d th e m s o th at o n e o f th e s t a n d a rd s

which s uppo rt s th e cr anks h a ft can b e s cr e w e d

 Th e B o y s B o ok E ngi ne B u i l d i ng
’
204 f
o -

to i t . Of c o ur s e th e s cr e w s mu s t not pr oj e c t
thr o u gh th e i n s id e o f th e cyli n d e r .

Th e P ow e r P i s ton — Wh ate v e r ki n d o f m et al
y o u us e fo r t h e p o w e r cyli n d e r m a k e t h e pi s t on

o f th e s a m e m e t a l s o th at th e e xp an si on o f e a ch

will b e ab out th e s am e .

T h e i n s id e o f th e cyli n d e r mu s t b e quit e tru e

a n d s m oo th a n d th e pi s t o n mu s t fi t i t pr e tty a c

c u r a te l y ,a s it i s n o t p a c k e d .M ake th e pi s t on
i nch e s l ong cut a gr oo v e by drilli ng a h ol e
,

i nch i n di am ete r ,
i n ch fr om one o f th e e n d s ;
s a w tw o cu t s i n ch ap a r t thr o ugh th e e nd u ntil
i t m e e ts th e h o l e a n d you will h a v e a gr oov e wid e
en o u gh to se t i n th e e n d o f th e c o nn e cti n g r o d .

Drill a % i n ch h ol e through th e pi s ton at ri ght

-
2

a ngl e s t o th e s l o t s o th a t a p i n c an b e drive n i n

to piv o t i t to th e c o nn e c t i n g r o d ,

T h e P ow e r C onn e c ti ng R od — T h e r e is n o pis
ton r o d u s e d t o li n k th e pi s to n o f th e p ow e r cyl

in d e r to th e cr ank o f th e cr anks h a ft but i nst ead ,

a c o nn e c t i ng r o d o n ly is u s e d .

Fo r th e c o nn e c t i ng r o d ge t a r o d % i n ch i n 6

di am e te r a n d 2 % i n ch e s l ong ; h amm e r b oth end s

fl a t fil e th e m u p s m o oth an d drill a h ol e i n ea ch
, ,
'

e n d wi th th e ir c e nt e r s 1 % i n ch e s a p a rt Se t one
.
 A H ot A ir, or C a l o r i c, E ngi n e 20 5

e nd o f c on ne cti ng r od i n th e gr oov e i n th e
th e

pi s t on a nd pivot th e m by drivi ng i n a p i n .

Th e C onn e c ti ng P i p e — A ll i s n ow r e a dy to
.

c onn e ct th e p o we r cyli nd e r to th e e xp ans i on cyl

i nde r T h e e as i e s t w ay i s to cu t o ff a pi e c e o f
.

A i n ch br a ss pip e 1 i n ch l ong an d thr e a d b oth

5
te
-

e nd s o f it .

T h e e nds o f a T a s y ou kno w a r e thr e a d e d

,
I
,

o n th e i n s id e b u t i n thi s c a s e y o u w a n t th e o u t
,

s id e o f th e l o w e r e n d o f th e T thr e a d e d Scr e w .

th e s te m o f th e T i nto th e h o l e i n th e h e a d o f th e

cyli nde r s cr e w a s cr e w i nto o ne e nd o f th e T

, ,

scr e w one e nd o f th e pip e i nto th e oth e r e nd o f

th e T an d scr e w th e o th e r e n d o f th e pip e i n to

th e h o l e n e a r th e top o f th e e xp a n s i on cyli n d e r .

Th e S tan dar ds — T h e s tan d a rd s which sup

.

p ort and fo rm th e b e a ri ngs fo r th e cr ank cr ank ,

s h a f t a n d flywh e e l a r e br as s b a r s 1 n ch thic k t

an d i nch wid e a n d one o f th e m i s 2 % i n ch e s

l ong an d th e oth e r one i s 3 % i n ch e s l ong .

Drill a % i nch hol e i n o n e e n d o f b oth s tand

2 -

a rd s fo r th e cr ank s h a f t ; i n th e oth e r e n d o f th e

sh o r t s t an da rd drill tw o bi i n ch ho l e s I 1 n ch g-
,

a p a rt a n d i n th e oth e r e n d o f th e l o ng s t and a rd
,

1
See Ch ap te r VI
. .
 A H ot A i r , or C a l o r i c , E ngi n e 207

tight en it up s o th at th e cr ank c an t p o s s ibly s lip ’

on th e s h a f t .

C0up1e th e c onn e cti ng r o d to th e cr ank an d

ke e p th e m a p a r t by m e an s o f a thic k w a s h e r o r ,

a co l l ar s o th a t th e r e will b e e n o u gh cl e a r a n c e
'

fo r th e r o d to p as s a cr o s s th e e n d o f th e cr ank
s h a f t with o u t d a nge r o f s tri ki n g i t .

Slip a c o ll a r wi th a s et s cr e w i n 1 t o v e r th e
e n d o f th e o th e r s h a f t put th e l a tt e r thr o u gh th e
,
‘
ho l e i n th e long s tanda rd an d s cr e w th e s tan da rd
to th e sid e o f th e e xp an si o n cyli n d e r .

P ut a —i nch scr e w thr ough on e o f th e w eb s

o f th e middl e cr a n k fo r th e cr a nk p in s cr e w on ,

a nu t slip a s l e e v e th at is a thi n pi e c e o f m e t a l
, ,

tubi n g ov e r th e scr e w t o f o rm a s m oo th b e a ri ng
,

an d p u t th e e n d o f th e c o n n e c t i n g r o d o v e r it .

Scr e w on anoth e r n u t th e n scr e w o n th e oth e r

,

w eb and fi n a lly scr e w a n u t on th e e n d o f th e

scr e w good an d tight s o th at th e tw o s h a fts a r e
i n a l i gnm e n t th a t is i n a s t r a igh t li n e a n d s o th a t
, ,

th e w eb s c an t slip an d a ri gid cr anks h a f t i s

’

fo rm e d .

No w slip anoth e r c oll a r wi th a scr e w l n i t o v e r

th e e n d o f t h e cr a n k s h a f t p u t th e e n d o f th e l on g
,

st anda rd ov e r i t s cr ew th e s tan d a rd to th e s ide

,
20 8 T h e B oys B ook
’
o f E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
-

of th e xp ans i on cyli n de r ; s cr e w th e c oll ar up

e

cl o s e to it an d th e n key o r o th e rwi s e fix to
,

e n d o f th e c r an k s h a ft a h e avy
'

5 o r 6 i n ch -

wh ee l .

—
Th e Pi r e B ox — T h e r e a r e f o ur p a rts to
.

fi r e b ox a n d th e s e a r e th e top th e b o dy an d th e
-
,

A B UMSE/V
’

BUR /YER
Fig 68 . . A B uns e n B ur ne r

bas e an d th e s upp o r t T h e top a n d bas e can b e

.

cu t o u t o f h ea vy s h e e t m e ta l a n d th e b o dy s h ap e d

up o f s h e e t ir on b u t i t i s e a s i e r to m ake a ca s t
,

ir on fi r e b ox an d i t i s b ette r b e cau s e i t i s mo r e
-

ri gid an d a s th e e ngi ne s ets on top o f it a fi r m

suppo r t i s n e c e s s a ry .

T h e to p s h o uld b e i nch thick 5 % i nch e s i n ,

di a m ete r an d h av e a h ol e in it 2 % i nch e s i n di am e
Fig 69
. . Th e H ot A i r E ngi ne C mp l
o e te
H ow th e Hot A i r E gi n W k
n e or s
21 2 T h e B oy s
’
B o ok of E ngi ne B u i l d i ng
-

h e ate d a nd y o u s ta rt th e e ngin e o ff by tur n ing

o v e r th e flywh e e l th e l o o s e fi tt i n g t r an s f e r p i s t on

tr av el s do wn an d di s pl a c e s o r t r an s fe r s th e h ot
, ,

a i r i n th e b o tto m o f th e cyli n d e r i nt o th e top p a rt

o f th e l a tte r . T hi s i s e a s ily d o ne a s th e r e is
pl e nty o f r oom b etw e e n th e pi s ton and th e cyl in
de r fo r th e a i r to m ov e i n .

Not o n ly i s th e h ot a i r f o rc e d up i n to th e top
o f th e e xp a n s i o n cyli n d e r b u t it is a ls o dr a w n
,

i nto th e p o w e r cyli n d e r , fo r whil e th e tr an sfe r

,

pi s toni s down th e p ow e r pi s ton i s go i ng up But

, .

th e m o m e nt th e e xp an di ng h ot a i r r e a ch e s th e

upp e r p ar t o f th e cyli n de r an d fill s th e p owe r

cyli n de r i t c ool s o ff ; thi s o f c our s e m ake s it con
t r a c t a n d h a vi n g l o s t i t s h e at e n e r gy th e p ow e r

pi s t on i s fo rc e d do wn by th e pr e s sur e o f th e a i r
o u ts id e o n i t which i s 1 5 p o u n d s t o th e squ a r e
,

i nch .

A s th e p o w e r pi s t on i s b e i ng f o rc e d dow n by
a tm o s ph e ric pr e s s ur e th e e xp a n s mn p i s to n is b e

i ng r a i s e d a n d t his pu s h e s th e c oo l e d o ff a i r i n
th e top p a r t o f th e e xp an s i on cyli n d e r i nt o th e

l ow e r p a r t o f i t wh en it i s h e at e d aga i n .

Ju s t r e m e mb e r th at th e only purp os e o f th e
tr an sf e r pi s ton i s to mov e th e ai r up and down
 A Hot A i r /
or C a l o r i c, E ngi n e 21 3

i n th e cyli n d e r fr om th e h o t to th e c o ld e n d a n d
b ack agai n A l s o b e a r i n mi n d th at th e s am e a i r
.

i s u s e d o v e r a n d o v e r a ga i n
. T h e purp o s e o f th e
sc r e w i n th e e n d o f th e T i s to cl e an ou t th e pip e
c onne c ti ng th e cylind e r s s h ould it ge t cl ogge d up .

A h ot a i r e ngi n e i s a Ve ry e ffici e nt m a chi n e fo r

ch anging th e e ne r gy o f h e at i nto m e ch an ic al m o
/

t i on a n d it i s a goo d o n e fo r y o u to build an d u s e .

T h e r e as o n l a r ge e ngi ne s o f thi s k i n d a r e n ot
u s e d is b e c a u s e th e y mu s t b e v e ry l a r ge wh e n

comp ar e d to othe r typ e s o f e ngi n e s d e v e lopi ng

th e s am e p ow e r an d b e s id e s th e h e at v e ry quick ly
, ,

burns out th e b ot tom s o f th e cyli n d e r s .

Y ou c an m ak e a h o t a i r e ngi n e much s m all e r

th an th e one I h ave given o r v e ry c on s ide r ably
l a rge r if y ou w ant it to do r eal w o rk pr ovidi ng
,

y o u h o ld t o ab o u t th e a b ov e pr o p o r t i o
. n s
 A H P
-
. . G as E ngi n e 21 5

v e l o p e d, a s y we ll know i n a s e p a r ate an d di s
o u ,

t i n c t a pp a r a tu s which w e c a ll th e b o il e r .

A gai n a ga s e ngi ne i s di ffe r e n t fr o m a s te am

e ngi n e i n th at i n th e f o rm e r th e r e i s o n ly o n e

p o w e r str oke to e v e ry f our m o v e m e nts o f th e pis

t on th e o th e r thr e e s t r oke s d e p e n di n g on th e
,

m om en tu m o f a h e a vy flywh e e l wh e r e o n ly o n e
cyli n de r i s us e d whil e i n th e l atte r e v e ry to and
,

fr o m o v em e nt o f th e pi s to n i s a p o w er s t r oke .

T h e third gr e at di ff e r e n c e b e tw e e n a gas e n
i m ngi n e is th a t a s y o u h a v e s ee n
‘

g n e a n d a s t ea e , ,

th e e xpl o s i on o f gas which d e v e l o p s th e p o w e r

s tr o ke is n e a rly i n s ta n tan e o u s wh e r e as th e l a t e n t
,

h eat in s te am c au s e s i t to e xp an d gr a du ally and

t o d e v e l op p o w e r c o n t i n u o u s ly

Fo r th e s e r e a s on s a gas e ngi ne o n ly r e a ch e s
its full w o rki ng p ow e r wh e n i t is ru n n i ng at i ts
highe s t sp e e d an d h e n c e a ny sudd e n attempt to
, ,

u s e i t will s ta l l i t wh e r e a s th e p o w e r o f a s t e a m
,

e ngi n e ca n b e us e d fr o m t h e m om e n t th e thr ottl e

i s o p en e d a nd s t e am e nte rs th e cyli n d e r .

O n e goo d f e atur e ab out a gas e ngi n e th ou gh , ,

i s th a t i t c a n b e built e a s i e r a n d ch e a p e r th an a

s team engine and b o il e r o f e qu al p ow e r ; anoth e r

po i nt i n its f av o r is th at it tak e s up l e ss r oom
 6 Th e B o y s B ook E n g i n eB u i l d i ng
’
21 f
o -

and w e igh s l e s s fo r th e p o we r de ve l op e d an d , ,

third i t r e quir e s fa r l e s s a tt e n ti o n a f te r it is
,

s t a r te d .

T h e P ar t s o f a G as E n gi n e —T h e r e a r e fi v e
m a in p art s to thi s ga s engi n e an d th e s e a r e ( 1 )
th e cy l i n de r ; ( 2 ) th e p i s ton wi th i ts c onn e cti ng

ro d; ( 3 ) th e c r a n ks h a ft; ( 4 ) th e fly w h e e l a nd

5) th e b a s e .

T hen th e r e a r e five a uxili a ry o r sm all e r p arts, , ,

b u t th e s e a r e ju s t a s imp o r ta n t a s th e m a i n p a r t s ,

i n f a ct th e y a r e th e v e ry V it a ls o f th e e ngi n e .

N am e d th es e p a rts a r e : ( I ) th e i n l e t valve ; ( 2 )
th e e xh a u s t v a l ve ; (3) th e c am s h a ft and c am ;

(4 ) th e ti m i ng ge a r s , and 5) th e i gni ter .

Th e Cy l i n d e r —
T hi s
c an b e m a d e o f a n ir on
.
~

p i p e b ut i t mu s t b e b o r e d o u t tru e an d sm ooth
.
.

G iv e i t a n i n s id e di a m e te r o f 1 i n ch m ake it 2 % ,

i nch e s l ong a nd thr e a d one e nd o f it a s sh o wn i n

Fi g 7 1
Ge t scr e w cap to fit it and drill a i nch h ol e
a -

t hr o u gh th e o pp o s 1 te S i d e s o f th e w all drill a n ,

o th e r i l l Ch h o l e thr ough th e cen t e r o f th e h e a d

-

o f t h e c ap a n d thr e a d a l l o f th e m t o fi t a % l n Ch G -

pip e T h e first tw o h ol e s a r e fo r th e i nl et and

.

th e e xh aust v alv e s which l e t i n th e fr e sh gas a n d

 A H P
-
. . G as E ngi n e 21 9

7 1 a n d s lip th e ot he r e nd t hr ough th e h ol e i n th e
e lbow .

Fig" 7 2 . C ros s- S ti
ec on Vi w e of Cyl i d
n er S h wi g Exh
o n au s t

M h a ni
ec sm

N e xt m ake p en s pi r al s p r i ng o f v e ry thi n
an o

b r as s wir e V i n ch i n d i a m e te r
i e P u t thi s on o v e r
.

th e Valv e s te m wi th on e o f i ts e n d s r e s t i ng aga i n s t
220 Th e B oy s
’
B ook f
o E ng i n e -
B u i l di ng
‘
th e e lb o w , s l ip o n a w as h e r and th e n s cr e w tw o
n u t s o n t h e e n d o f th e s t e m T h e purp o s e o f th e
.

s pri n g i s to ma k e th e v a lv e h e a d s e a t pr op e rly .

T h e i nl e t v a l v e i s th e l o w e r o n e a n d n o m e ch
a n i s m i s n e e d e d to w o r k i t fo r wh e n th e s u c ti on
,

s tr oke tak e s pl a c e th a t i s th e s t r ok e o f th e pi s t on
, ,

which pull s th e e xpl o s iv e mixtur e o f a i r an d gas

i nto th e cylin d e r th e s uc ti on i s s uffici e n t i n its el f
t o lif t th e v a lv e o u t o f i ts s e a t .

Th e E xh a u s t Va lv e M e c h a ni s m — T h e e lb o w
.
,

v a lv e a n d v alv e s te m o f th e e xh au s t v a lv e a r e
m a de e xa c tly li ke th e i nle t v a lv e b u t it mu s t b e,

m e ch an ic a lly op e n e d aga i ns t th e pr e s s ur e o f th e .

s pri n g t o l e t o u t th e bur n t ga s e s .

A pic tur e o f thi s d e vice t o o p e n th e v a lv e is

s h o w n i n th e cr o s s s e cti o n V i e w Fi d i
g 7 2 a n n .

th e to p vi e w o f th e e ngi n e i n F i g 7 2 whil e al l
‘

.
,

th e p a r ts dr aw n o u t i n p e r s p e c t iv e a r e sh o w n

a t A B C a n d D i n Fi g 7 3
, , . It is e as i e r to m ake
.

a p a tt e r n fo r t h e s u pp or t B a n d th e r oc ke r a r m

D a n d h a v e th e m c as t i n br a s s than to sh ap e
t h e m up by h a n d .

T h e s upp o r t i s f o rm e d o f a s tan dar d 1 % i n ch e s

high at th e b ack a n d 1 % i n ch e s high i n fr ont ;
h a lf o f th e top e nd i s cu t away as sh ow n a t B
‘
 A H
-
. P . G a s E ng i n e 221

a nd a h ol e i s drill e d thr ough th e r em a i ni ng pa rt .

T h e s ta n d a rd r e s ts o n a b as e curv e d to fi t th e
cy l i n de r a n d y o u mu s t drill a h o l e i n e a ch e n d
'

for th e scr e w s . P r oj e c t i ng o u t i n fr o n t o f th e

D
P art s of th e E xh au s t Va lv M ch ni
e e a sm

stand ard is an a r m with a hol e in th e e nd ju s t

l a r ge enough to l et th e v alve r od s e e C i n Fi g 7 3 ,
.
,

s lip thr ou gh it .

T h e ro ck e r a r m D is % i nch thick e xc e pt e ,

n ea r th e midd l e wh e r e i t bul ge s o ut to /i i nch ; 3

e
 A H P
-
. . G a s E ngi n e 223

s cr e w o n tw o n ut s s lip th e e nd o f th e r od thr ough

,

th e h o l e i n th e a r m o f th e s t a n d a rd a n d th e e n d

wi th th e nuts on i t thr ough th e h 01e i n th e r o cke r

a r m ; th e n scr e w o n tw o m o r e n u ts a s sh ow n i n

th e cr o s s s e ct i on Vi e w Fi g 7 2 , . .

Wh en y ou h av e a s s embl e d th e pa rt s scr e w th e ,

b as e o f th e s upp o r t to th e cyli n de r s o th at o n e e n d
o f th e b a s e which should b e r ou n de d out s ets
, ,

a ga i n s t t h e e lb o w a s i s a ls o sh o w n i n Fi g 7 2 .
,

whe n th e slotte d e n d o f th e r ocke r a r m will s et

o v e r th e e n d o f th e v a lv e st e m .

Th e Igu i ter — T h e r e a r e t w o w ays to fi r e th e

.

fue l mixtur e o f a sm all i nte r n al c o mbu s tion e n

g i n e : ( )
1 by a h o t m e ta l tu b e a n d ( )
2 by a n

e l e c tr i c s par k A s th e h o t tub e i gn i te r i s th e
.
’L

s impl es t to m ake a s w e ll a s to u s e I pr e f e r it fo r
, ,

this li ttl e e ngine .

T h e wh o l e i gn i te r must b e m a d e o f ir on e xc ept ,

th e h o t tub e which i s o f s t e e l a n d th e m i c a w a s h

e r s a n d ri n gs which i n s ul at e th e tub e wh e n h o t

from th e s h e ll o f th e i gn i te r to ke ep i t fr om l os
i ng too much o f i ts h e at .

1
Fo r v y f ll d ipti n f h w l t i p a k igniti
a er u es cr o o o e ec r c s r on

w k or s, " p i g p w i th Y M t C
s ee
“
ee n
"
u by th th ou r o or ar , e au or,

and p bli s h d b y D A pp l t n and C

u e N w Y k
. e o o .
,
e or .
 B o ok E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’
2 24 Th e B oy s o f -

Ge tp i e c e o f
a pip e 1 % i n ch e s o u t s id e di a m e t e r

a n d 1 % i n ch e s l o n g a n d thr e a d b o th e n ds o f it ;

drill a 1 n Ch h o l e t hr o u gh th e w a ll h a lf w a
-
y
b e twe en th e e n d s and thr e a d i t to fit a i n ch -

pip e Fi t tw o c ap s to th e e n d s o f th e l a rge pip e

.

a n d drill a i n ch h ol e i n th e c e n t e r o f on e o f
-

t h e m a n d als o dr ill f o ur scr e w h o le s a r oun d th e

ho l e i n th e c e nte r s o th at th e cap c an b e s cr e w e d
t o th e h e a d o f th e cyli n d e r a s s h ow n i n Fi g 7 5 , . .

Drill a % i n ch ho l e i n th e c e nte r o f th e oth e r c ap

-
2 ,

thr e a d i t a n d p u t i n a s cr e w wi th a n u t o n it .

N e xt get a l a r ge ir on w as h e r i n ch thick th at , ,

will fi t in s ide th e ir o n tub e s nugly and i t mu s t

h av e a i n ch h o l e i n i t ; al s o ge t a s m all ir on
-

di s k % in ch thick an d an i n ch i n di am et e r
6 .

Fo r th e i gn i t i o n tub e u s e a pi e c e o f s t e e l tub e
A i n ch i n di a m e te r a nd 1 i n ch l o n g an d l a s t o f
5
6 ,

a ll ge t a m i c a
,
w as h e r o r u s e e n ough o f th e m to
1
,

m ake a w a s h e r % i n ch thick ; tw o m i c a r i ngs to6

—
/

fi t o v e r th e s te e l tub e th e s e a r e s h o w n by th e
—
bl a ck p ar ts i n Fig 75 an d a m i ca di s k e a ch o f .

which i s % 6 i n ch thick an d i nch i n di am e te r i

.

1 Mi ca can be b gh t i h dw
ou n ar ar e s to r e s . Mi ca in e v y hp
er s a e

an d f orm is so l d by E g M u e ne un s e ll and Co .
,
68 Ch ur c h S t r e e t,

Ne w Y k Ci ty
or .
 A -
H P . . G as E ngi n e 22 5

To as s embl e th e i gnit e r s cr e w th e cap wi th th e

l a rge h ol e i n it to th e h e a d o f th e cyli nde r ; nex t
scr e w i n th e ir on pip e ; s et th e mica wash e r

Fi g 7 5
. . C r oss S ti Vi w
ec on e of g it
th e I n er

i t th e h ead o f th e cyli n d e r ; s lip th e mica

a ga n s

ri ng ov e r on e e n d o f th e s te e l tub e and s et th e
tub e up aga i n st th e w as he r .
 A -
H P . . G as E ngi n e 2 27

fit a tin or a br ass ri ng i n ch hi gh and which

, ,

a l s o h a s a p a ir o f h o l e s drill e d i n i t o v e r th e ,

pip e wh e r e th e a i r h ol es a r e By tur ni ng th e .

ri ng a r oun d th e ai r h ol e s a r e op en e d o r cl o s e d
,

an d h e n c e th e a m o u n t o f a i r c a n b e r e gul a t e d .

Scr e w th e Bu n s e n bur n e r pip e i n to th e ir o n

pipe o f th e ign i te r a nd al l o f y our fine w o rk on th e
e ngi ne i s d on e .

Fig 76
. . T h e Cam an d C am s h ft
a B ig
e ar n

Th e Cams h af t Bear i ngs — M ake tw o p at te r ns

a s sh o w n a t A i n Fi g 76 fo r th e b e a ri n gs fo r
.

th e c amsh a ft an d h a v e th e b as e o f o n e i nch
thick an d th e b a s e o f th e o th e r i n ch thick ; th e
r eas on on e mu s t b e m a d e thicke r th an th e oth e r
is b e c au s e o ne i s s cr e w e d to th e fr ont e nd o f
,

th e cyli n d e r which i s sm all e r al l a r ou n d by

2 28 T h e B oy s B o ok E ngi ne B u i l d i ng
’
o f -

i n ch th an th e c ap to which th e oth e r b ea ring i s

s cr e w e d T h e b a s e o f e a ch b e a ri ng i s
. i n ch
l ong an d ea ch mu s t b e curv e d to fi t th e cylin de r .

Glu e a l u g o n th e r o u n ded sid e o f e a ch b a s e

’

i n ch thick / i n ch wide an d
,
5
1 e i n c h l on g a n d
drill a % ln Ch ho l e thr ough th e e nd A f te r th e
-
G .

p atte r n s a r e c as t s cr e w th e on e wi th th e thi nn e s t
,

b a s e to th e e xtr e m e e n d o f th e c ap on th e cyli n d e r
a n d s cr e w th e o th e r b e a ri ng t o th e fr o n t e n d o f

th e cyli n d e r as s h o w n i n th e t o p vi e w Fi g 7 4 .

a n d i n th e p e r s p e c t iv e dr awi n g F i g 7 9 b e sur e .
,

t o h av e th e h ol e s i n a s tr a i gh t li n e wi th e a ch

o th e r .

Th e C am an d C am s h af t T o r a i s e th e c am .
-

r o d up s o th a t th e r o c k e r a r m w ill pu s h th e v alv e
ste m d ow n and thu s op e n th e e xh au s t v alv e wh e n
th e e xh a u s t s t r oke tak e s pl a c e a c am i s u s e d a n d ,

t hi s is driv e n fr o m th e cr a n k s h a f t by m e an s o f a

c am s h a ft and a p a ir o f timi ng ge a rs as s h own ’

i n th e top vi e w Fi g 7 4 a n d i n th e p e r s p e c tiv e
,
.
,

dr a wi ng Fi g 7 9
, . .

T h e c am i s an e lliptic sh a p e d pi e ce o f s t e e l wi th
-

a h o l e thr ou gh th e l a r ge e n d a s s h o w n a t B i n
‘
Fi g 7 6 a n d i t s purp o s e i s t o r a i s e th e ca m r o d
.
'

e v e r y t i m e it tur n s ar oun d onc e which it d oe s ,

 A H P
-
. . G as E ngi n e 2 29

sin c e th e l ow e r e n d o f th e r o d r e s ts o n it . It is
scr e w e d k e ye d o r o th e rwi s e fixe d on on e
, , e nd o f

th e c am s h a ft .

Th e c am s h a ft i s a st e e l r od i n ch i n di am et e r
an d 5 % i n ch e s l o n g Slip th e fr e e e n d thr ough
.

th e b ea ri n g o n th e c a p o f th e cyli n d e r p u t a c oll a r
,

o n i t a n d th e n pu s h i t o n thr o ugh th e b e a ri ng o n

th e fr on t e n d o f th e cyli n d e r a nd s cr e w up th e

c olla r s o th at th e s h a ft c an t s lide i n i ts b e a ri ngs

’
.

A ti mi ng ge a r i s fix e d to th e fr e e e nd o f th e s h a f t .

—
Th e Ti mi ng Ge ar s Now S i n c e th e r e i s only
o n e e xpl o s i o n to e v e ry f o ur s t r o k e s o f th e pi s to n

it mu s t b e cl e a r th at th e r e is only n e e d fo r th e
e xh a u s t v a lv e t o o e n on c e i n thi s n umb e r o f
p g

s tr oke s to ge t rid o f th e bur nt ga s e s .

T o do thi s th e c a m s h a f t mu s t m ak e o n ly o ne
r e voluti on whil e th e cr anks h a ft m ake s tw o com
p l e t e tur n s. T o g e t t h i s r e s ul t a p a ir o f b ev e l e d

g e a r s i s u s e d a n d t h e g ea r o n t h e c a m s h a f t mu s t

h av e tw i ce as m any te e th cu t on it a s th e one on
th e cr a n k s h a ft which driv e s i t .

A p a ir o f b e ve l e d gear s o n e o f which is
,
i nch
i n di am e te r a n d h a s 1 5 t e e th a n d th e o th e r I i n ch
i n di am e t e r and wi th 3 0 t e e th i s w e ll s ui te d to
,

thi s e ngi n e
,
.B e v e l ge a rs o f th e s e siz e s can b e
 A -
H P . . G as E ngi n e 23 1

e n d a nd tape r i t down to i n ch wide on th e oth e r

e n d ; l e t i t b e 3 % i n ch e s l ong a n d r o u n d o ff b o th

e n d s a s i s a l s o s h o w n i n Fi g 7 1 . .

In th e s m a ll e n d drill a i n ch h ol e for th e
-

wri s t p in an d in th e l a r ge e nd drill a in ch h ol e -

fo r th e p i n o f th e cr anks h a ft t o go thr o u gh Y ou
.

c a n m a k e th e c o n n e c t i n r d i n t w w y n d
g o o a s a

th e s e a r e ( I ) by h a vi n g i t c a s t i n br a s s a n d ( 2 )

by s hap i ng i t ou t o f a br as s b a r .

If you h av e i t c as t m ake th e p atte rn wi th

,

b o s s e s o n th e e nd s that i s pr oj e c ti ng di s ks ; b u t if
,

y o u s h a p e i t o u t o f a br a s s b a r m a k et w o c o ll a r s

V i n ch i n di a m e te r a n d
i e in ch l o ng ; drill a % 6

i n ch h ol e thr ough e a ch on e an d ro un d i t o ff s o
th a t i t fi t s th e curv e o f th e i n s id e o f th e pi s ton .

Ge t a pi e c e o f s te e l r od i n ch in di am e te r ,

1 i n ch l o n g fo r th e wri s t p i n
,
No w pu s h th e
.

e n d o f th e p i n thr o u gh th e w all o f th e pi s t o n o n ,

thr o ugh a c oll a r n e xt thr ough th e s m all e nd o f

,

th e c o n n e c t in g r o d th e n on t hr o u gh th e oth e r
,

c oll a r a n d fin ally thr ough th e w all o f th e pi s ton

, ,
.

T h e r e i s no n e e d to f a s t e n th e wri s t p i n i n ti h t
g
be c au s e wh e n th e pi s t on i s i n th e cylin d e r it is
, ,

th e r e t o s t a y .

M a ki ng th e C r an ks h af t T his can b e f o rge d

.
-
 ’
23 2 T h e B oy s B ook o f E ng i n e B u i l d i ng
-

of a si ngl e l e ngth l r o d b u t it will b e e a s i e r

o f s te e

fo r y o u to m ake i t o f thr e e pi e c e s o f s te e l a n d
con ne c t th e m to ge th e r wi th br a s s o r s t e e l w e bs , ,
.

T o m ake a e r a nk s h a ft a ft e r th e l a tt e r f a s hi o n

g e t a pi e c e o f i n ch
-
s t e e l r o d 1 % i n ch e s l o ng

fo r th e cr a nk p i n a n d tw o m or e pi e c e s o f th e
s ame di am e te r and e ach o f which a r e 2 %

Fig 77 . . Th e C k Wb
r an e

l ong fo r th e sh a f t T hr e ad b oth e n ds o f al l th e
.

pi e c e s and fi t th e m wi th n u ts .

C u t o ff tw o pi ec e s o f br as s b a r e a ch o f which
is i nch thick ,
a n i n ch wid e a n d 1 7 i n ch e s 1 6

lo ng fo r th e w eb s an d drill a % i n ch h ol e i n one 6 -

e n d o f e a ch w e b a n d thr e a d it to fi t th e s h a f t .

'
Drill a i nch ho l e in th e oth e r e nd o f th e w eb
- t
 A -
H P . . G a s E ngi n e 23 3

and h av e th e c e n te r s of th e h ol e s e x actly 1 nc h

a p a r t a s s h o w n i n Fi g 7 7 . .

—
A s s e m b li ng th e C r a nks h af t T h e cr ank s h a f t
c a n b e c o mpl e t e ly a s s e mbl e d a n d th e c o n n e c t i ng

r o d c o upl e d t o i t b e fo r e i t i s m o u n t e d i n th e j o ur

na l b e a ri n g a s th e l a tte r is h al v e d th at i s c u t i n
-
,

tw o as s h o w n i n Fi g 7 1 . .

T o a s s e mbl e th e cr a nks h a f t y ou will n e e d te n

n u ts thr e e w a s h e r s %
, i n ch thick an d thr e e col
, 2 ,

lars ,
i n ch t hic k ; th e w a s h e r s a n d th e c o ll a r s

mu s t fi t s nugly ov e r th e s h a fts an d a l l o f th e m
s h o uld b e i n ch i n di a m e te r .

B e gi n by s cr e wi n g o r o th e rwi s e fixi ng th e
, ,

sm all be v e l ge a r to one o f th e s h a fts in ch dow n

fr om th e e n d s e e Fig 74 n ow s cr e w o n a n u t
, .
, ,

n e xt scr e w o n th e w e b a n d l a s tly s cr e w o n a n , ,

o th e r n u t O u th e oth e r s h a f t scr e w a nu t 7
. 1 6

i n ch do wn on one e n d s cr e w on th e w eb th e n , ,

scr e w on anoth e r nu t an d s lip on a co ll a r T h e .

w eb s mu s t b e pu t on ti ght or th e y will twist

a r o u n d o n th e s h a fts .

Slip th e e n d o f th e c onn e c ti ng r o d o v e r th e
cr ank p i n put a co ll a r on e a ch s id e o f it s cr e w
, ,

th e e n d s o f th e w e b s d o w n o n th e p i n an d s cr e w

tw o n uts on e ach e n d o f i t T his c onstructi on .

 A H P
-
. . G a s E ngi n e 23 5

p l e t e d e ngi n e i n Fi g .
79 y o u will s ee pr e ci s e ly
h o w i t i s p u t to ge th e r .

If y ou h av e th e b e d c as t i n i r on th e j our nal
b ox e s s h ould b e fitte d with B a b bi tt m e ta l b e a r
i ngs fo r th e fricti on o f s te e l s lidi ng on ir on
1

o r br as s i s much r t e r t h t l B bbi tt
g e a a n s e e o n a

m e tal .

A s s e m b li ng t h e E n g i n e Drill f o ur i
. n ch
- -

h o l e s i n th e cr adl e o f th e b e d th at i s th e c on c av e ,

p a r t on which th e cylin d e r r e s ts ; drill f our c o r

r e s p on di ng h ol e s thr o ugh th e w all o f th e cyli n de r
n e a r th e o p e n e n d a n d s cr e w t h e b e d to th e c li n
y
de r .

pi s ton i n th e cyli n d e r a n d s et th e cr ank

P u t th e
s h a f t i n th e b e a ri n gs o f th e b e d wh e n th e s m a ll

t imi n g ge a r on th e cr a n k s h a f t will m e s h wi th

th e l a r ge timi n g ge a r on th e c am s h a f t a s s h o w n

i n Fi g 74 a n d thi s will br i n g th e c o ll a r o n th e
.

o the r e n d o f th e c a m s h a f t up aga i n s t th e j o ur n a l

b ox .

Wh e n y ou h av e th e c onn e ctin g r od th e timi ng ,

g e a r s a n d th e cr a n k s h a f t a dju s t e d s o th a t t h e y
a l l r u n s m oothly s cr e w o n th e to p s o f th e j o ur n a l
,

b oxe s Slip a w a s h e r on e ach en d o f th e cr ank

.

1
See App dix en .
23 6 Th e B oy s
’
B ook of E ng i n e B u i l di ng
-

‘
s h a f t o u t s id e of th e j o ur nal b o xe s a nd s c r e w a
n u t o n th e e nd o f th e sh a ft that c arri e s th e b e vel
ge a r .

Th e F ly w h e e l and P u l l ey .
—
Th e flyw h e el sh ould
be h e avy one with a t l e as t a in ch f ac e and it
a -

s h o uld b e 5 i n ch e s i n di a m e t e r A s p oke d wh ee l
.

o f thi s s i ze can b e b o u gh t r ea dy t o u s e .

It is a go o d sch e m e to fit a h an dl e to one o f
th e s p oke s to cr ank th e e ngin e with wh e n s ta r t i ng
it Fix th e flywh e e l on th e e nd o f th e cr ank
.

s h a f t o ut s id e o f th e j o ur n a l b ox a n d slip o n a

w as h e r .

T he pull e y can h a v e a fl a t f a c e i nch wide

an d a di a m e t e r o f a b o u t 1 i n ch ; fix i t to th e s h a ft

n e xt t o th e w a s h e r an d sc r e w o n a n u t a ll o f

which i s s h ow n i n Fi g 74 . .

A b ou t O i li ng th e E ngi n e — 0 ne o f the chi e f

.

thi n gs to do t o m ake an e n gi n e r u n an d toke e p

it ru nn i ng i s to supply al l th e w o r king p a rts

pl entifully wi th o il .

T eh pi t
s o n s h o uld b e w e ll lubric a t e d with a

d r d ut m bil il d
’

g o o g a e o f l i gh t a o o e e n gi n e o
,
a n

hi
t s c a n b e d o ne by r e m e mb e r i n g t o k e e p t h e o i l
cup fill e d with o i l al l th e t im e .

It i s a goo d sch em e to fi t an o il cup i n th e e nd

 A -
H P
. . G a s Engi n e 23 9

pl ac e th e e xh au s t v alv e i s kep t cl os e d by its

s pri ng .

Wh e n th e pi s t on h a s r ea ch e d th e e nd o f i ts
s uc t i o n s tr o k e a n d b e gi n s to m o v e b a ck i t c om

p r es s es th e fu e l m i xtur e o r c h ar ge a s i t i s n ow
,

c a ll e d a n d thi s i n c on s e qu en c e i s n am e d th e c om
,

p r es s i on s tr oke O f co ur s e th e i nl e t a n d th e e x
.

hau s t v alv e s a r e cl o s e d whil e th e c ompr e s s i on

s t r o ke i s b e i n m a d e n o t o n ly by t h e ir r e s p e c t iv e
g ,

s pri n gs b u t b e c au s e th e pr e s s ur e o f th e ga s i s o n

th e m .

T h e fu e l ch a r ge i s n ot fir e d by th e h ot tub e o f
th e i gn i te r u nt il th e ga s i s c o mpr es s e d fo r th e

r e as on th at it i s n ot h ot enough ; but wh en a gas

i s c ompr e s s e d i t d e v e l op s h e at an d thi s a dd e d ,

to th e h e a t o f th e h ot t ub e r a i s e s th e te mp e r a
,

tur e hi gh e n ou gh t o e xpl o d e th e ga s .

T h e i n s ta nt th e ga s i s fir e d i t e xpl o de s an d
th e f o rc e o f i t driv e s th e pi s to n o u t a n d s o m ake s

th e p ow e r s tr oke N atur ally th e f o rc e o f th e ex

.

pl o s i on a cti ng on th e v alv e s w ould h old th e m i n

th e ir s e a t s e v e n if th e s pri n gs did n o t k ee p th e m

cl o s e d .

No w whil e th e pi s ton w a s m aki ng th e s e thr ee

,

s t r oke s th e c am s h a f t m a d e o nly thr e e qu a r t e rs o f

-
 T h e B oy s B o ok E ngi n e B u i l d i ng
’
24 0 of -

a r e v olutio n b ut at th e end o f p ow e r s tr oke

th e

th e cam on th e c am s h a f t r e a ch e d a p o s i t i o n wh e r e

i t b e gan to l i ft th e e xh a u s t v a lv e r o d a n d thi s i n
tur n o p e n e d th e e xh a u s t v alv e ; th e n a s th e pi s to n

m ov e d b a ck it f o rc e d th e w a s t e ga s e s o ut o f th e
cyli n d e r thr ough th e e xh au s t p o r t .

Fr o m wh at h a s b e e n s a id ab o ve it will b e s e e n
th a t"th e r e a r e f our s e p a r at e o p e r at i o n s p e r

fo rm e d by th e pi s ton an d fo r thi s r e a s on a gas

e ngi n e o f thi s k i n d i s c a ll e d a f o u r cy c l e e ngi n e ;

i t i s a l s o c a ll e d a n O tto cycl e ga s e ngi n e fr o m

O tto a Ge rm a n e n gi n e e r w h o i n v e nte d i t
,
.

Si n c e th e r e i s o n ly o n e p o w e r s t r oke to e v e ry
tw o r e v o luti o n s o f th e cr an k s h a f t a h e a vy fl y
,

wh e e l mu s t b e u s e d to c a rry th e cr anks h a ft a r ou n d
duri ng th e oth e r thr e e s t r oke s In auto m obil e s
.
,

m oto r b o ats m oto r cycl e s and a irpl a n e s four o r

,

m o r e cyli n de r s a r e u s e d an d th e pi s ton s o f al l o f
t h e m a r e c on n e c te d t o o n e cr ank s h aft i n s uch a

w ay th a t th e p o w e r s t r oke s a r e pr a c t ic a lly c o n
t i n u o u s a n d s o th at a v e ry s m a ll flywh e e l c a n b e

us e d .
 C HA P T ER X II

U SEFUL IN FO RMA T I O N
M or e A b o ut P a tte r n —
M ak ing A lloys an d th e i r p r o p

e r ti e s : R e d B r a s s ; Stan d ar d B r a s s ; P
ew te r ; Fu s i bl e
A ll oy ; Mi t i s M e ta l — P r o p e r t i e s o f s om e U s e f u l M e tal s

Ca s t I r o n ; So f t Ste e l ; Copp e r ; B r a s s .

A b ou t P a t t e r n — —
M ak i n g 7 In Ch apte r
. IV I
to ld y ou a little ab out m aki ng p atte rn s b u t th e r e
a r e s o m e o th e r thi ngs y o u s h o uld kn o w i n o rd e r

t o ge t goo d c as t i n gs fr o m th e m .

P a tte r n m aki n g is a v e ry p a r ticul a r job a n d ,

if th e pa tte r n i s at all c omplic ate d i t r e quir e s a ,

g oo d d ea l o f kn o wi n g h ow i n o rd e r t o m a k e t h e

c a s ti ng dr aw fr o m th e m old T h e m a i n thi ng i n
.

m aki ng simpl e p atte r n s i s to h av e th e j oi nt s ne at

an d cl o s e fit t i n g .

If you s hould glu e p a r ts o f th e p atte r n to

g e t h e r o r
g e t a ny g r eas e o n i t cl e a
,
n it o ff w e ll
b e fo r e s h e ll acki ng or th e s an d will s tick to i t an d
a p oo r c as t i n g will r e s ul t A s I m e nt i on e d i n
.

Ch apte r IV th e p atte r n mu s t tap e r o ff s ligh tly to

p e rmit i t to b e e as ily dr aw n fr o m th e s an d .

24 1
 Us e f u l I nf or m a ti o n 24 3

m oulde r will know th ey ar e i nt e nd e d fo r a h ol e

a n d n o t s o lid e n d s .

A ll o y s a n d T h e i r P r op e r t i es — A n a ll oy is a
m e ta l m a de by m e l ti ng tw o o r m o r e m etal s a nd
mixi ng th e m togeth e r A ll oy s t ake on pr op e r
.

t i e s th a t a r e e n tir e ly di ffe r e nt fr o m th e m etal s

th ey a r e m a d e o f .

Gu n M e tal .
— T his a ll oy h a s a v e ry fi n e gr a i n ;
it i s ye ll ow gr ay i n c olo r an d in tim e p a s t w a s
us e d fo r gun c a s ti ngs It i s s om e tim e s u s e d no w
.

fo r hi gh s p e e d b e a ri ngs an d it m ak e s v e ry pr etty
m o de l engine c a s tings It i s c ompo s e d o f
.

9 0 p e r c e nt . of co pp er an d

10 p e r c e nt . of ti n .

R e d B r as s —T his all oy is v e ry t ou gh an d is
l arge ly us e d fo r e ng ne i work . It i s m ade of

9 0 p c e nt o f copp er and
er .

1 0 p e r c e nt o f z i n c . .

S tandar d B r as s — T hi s i s a br a s s a ll oy th at
make s goo d c astings and w o rks w ell It is .

f o rm e d o f
p e r c ent . of co pp er and

p e r c e nt . o f zin c .
 B o o k of E ngi n e B u i ld i ng
’
Th e B oys -

P ew te r .
—T hi s form e rly
old -
t im e a lloy w as
u s e d fo r m aki ng p l ate s te a s e ts e tc It i s e a s y
l , , .

to w o rk i s f a irly h a rd a n d h a s a l ow m e l ti ng
,

p o i nt It i s c omp o s e d o f
.

80 p e r c e nt . of ti n a n d

20 p e r c e nt . of l e ad .

Fu s i b l e A ll oy — It l c all e d R os e s m e tal
is a so
’

b e c au se i t w a s di s c o v e r e d by Val enti n e R os e ; it
d ate s ba ck to 1 7 72 It m e l ts b e l o w th e b oiling
.

p o i nt o f w ate r It i s f o rm e d o f
.

5 0 p e r cent . of b i s m u th
25 p e r ce n t . of ti n and

25 p e r c e nt . of l e ad .

M i ti s M e ta l .
'
—T hi s
ll oy m e lt s and fl ows a

e a s ily h a s a l l th e pr o p e rti e s o f th e b es t f o r ge d
,

ir o n an d m ak e s goo d c as ti ngs It i s m a de o f .

Sw e di s h i r on wi th to % p art by We i ght 000

o f al um i n u m .

P r o p er t i e s of So m e U s e fu l M e t al s — Cas t
Ir on — The re ar e tw o k n i ds of c a s t ir on and
th e s e a r e ( 1 ) w h i te an d ( 2 ) gr ay Y ou c an
, .

e a s ily t e ll th e m a p a r t fo r whi t e c a s t i r o n i s

s m ooth and w hit e whil e gr ay c as t ir on h a s a

,
 Us e f u l I nf o r m a ti o n

g r a yi s h r o u gh s urf a c e A.lw a y s h a v e y o ur c a s t

i ngs m a d e o f gr a y c a s t ir on b e c a u s e i t i s much
s o f t e r an d e a s i e r to w o r k th a n whi t e c a s t ir o n

—
.

S oft S te e l T h e b e s t k i n d o f mild o r s o f t ,

s te e l h a s a s o r t o f a fi n e blui s h whi t e c o l o r Th e .

k i n d th a t i s ge n e r a lly u s e d fo r m ak i n g m a chi n e
p ar ts is col d r ol l ed b r i gh t B es s em er s t e e l b u t ,

th e r e a r e s o ft e r gr a d e s on th e m a rk e t .

B e s s e m e r s te e l is e a sy w o rk i ng a n d c an b e
fil e d drill e d tur ne d an d thr ea de d ; i n w orking i t
, ,

a lw ay s u s e pl e nty o f m a chi n e o i l o n it It ca n
.

a l s o b e b e nt c o ld a n d m ak e s go o d f o r gi n gs .

C opp e r .
— Copp e r o f goo d gr a d e h as a s m ooth ,

fi n e gr ai n e d s urf a c e while th e p oo r e r gr a d e s a r e
-
,

usu ally pi tte d an d r ough .

It i s e xc e e di ngly m a l l ea b l e whi ch m e an s th a t
,

i t c a n b e h amm e r e d o r r o ll e d wi th ou t br e aki n g
o r cr a c k i n g a n d du c ti l e th a t i s i t ca n b e dr a w n
, ,

o u t i n t o wir e . It c an al s o b e f o rge d at a l ow
r e d h e at , b u t i t mu s t n ot b e h e ate d anywh e r e
ne a r i ts m e l ti ng p o i n t o r it b e c o m e s v e ry
bri ttl e .

Copp e r i s n ot a n e as y m etal to drill fil e o r turn, ,

but i t i s e a s i e r w o rke d if turp enti ne o r s oapy

w at e r is us e d to lubric ate i t Its toughn e s s and
.
 A P P E N DIC E S

A PP E N DI X A

Fl u xe s — If m e ta l s whi c h a r e to b e s o l d e r e d toge th e r
a r e n o t c l e an th e s ol d e r wi ll no t s t i c k .T o c l e a n m e tal s
fo r s o l d e r i ng a fl u x m u s t b e u s e d an d fl u xe s o f di ff e r
e nt k i n d s a r e n e e d e d fo r di ff e r e nt m e ta l s .

.
—
M u r i a ti c A ci d S ol u tion M u r i ati c ac i d o r h y d r o
,

c h l o r i c ac id to gi v e i t i ts r igh t n am e ,
m i xe d wi th t wi c e
i ts q u anti ty o f w ate r a n d i n whi c h zi n c c l i pp i ngs a r e
di s s olv e d m ake s a s o l d e r ing fl u id th at will s o l d e r ti n ,

b r as s co pp e r i r on an d s te e l and n e ar ly al l o th e r m etal s
, , ,

e xc e p t a l u m i n um .

Wh e n u s e d o n i r on an d s tee l w a s h it o ff v e r y cl e an
and d ry w e ll o r i t wi ll r u s t th e w o r k . Y o u c an m ak e t hi s
s o l d e r i ng fl uid by b u y i ng 5 c e n t s w o rt h o f z i n c c h l or i d e
’

whi c h y ou ca n ge t at any d r ug s to r e with an e q ual q u an

,

t i ty o f w at e r
—
.

S a l A m m oni ac . T he s e s alts ar e a good fl ux fo r s ol

d e r i ng c opp e r
—
.

Ta l l ow Ve ni c e Tu r pe n ti n e an d Gal l ipo li O i l
,
A ll o f
th e s e a r e u s e f u l a s fl u xe s fo r s o l d e r i ng l e a d an d p e w te r
a n d n e ar ly a l l m e t a l s th a t m e l t at a l o w t e m p e r a t ur e.

R es i n — Str i c tly s p e ak i ng t hi s i s n o t a fl u x s i n c e i t
d o e s n ot c l e a n o ff th e gr e a s e an d oxide s b u t fo r s ol de r
i ng n e w ti n w a r e i t can t b e b e at th ough y o u m u s t s c r ap e
’

th e ti n c l e an fi r s t .

A PPENDIX B

—
M o d e l E n gi n e C a s t i n gs H or i z ontal S team Engi ne .

C omp l e te s e ts o f ca s ti n gs fo r a h or iz ontal engi ne c an b e

b ough t i n b r as s an d i r on a s f o ll o w s
24 7
24 8 A pp e ndi c es

( )0 A h or i z ontal e ng n e i with a inch bo re

- and a 2

i nc h s tr o k e , al l b r as s ,
fo r
( )1 D i tto with a -
inc h b or e an d a 3 i nc h
-
s tr o k e,

a ll i r on ,
fo r o r al l b r as s fo r an d

3) D i t to with a 2 -
in c h b o r e an d a 4
-
i nch s tr o k e, al l

i r o n fo r

Fi g 8 1 . . A Cylind er an d Pi s t on R ea dy to W k or

P ar ts f thor A b v E ngi n se — Ii y ou w ant to b u y

o e e .

s om e o f t h p a t s fi n i s h e d a n d e a d y t o w o r k t h e s e c an
e r r

be ha d i n i o n n d t th e f o llowi ng p i ce s
r a a r

No 0 No 1 No 2
Eng i n Eng in Engine Engi n
.

P ar ts o f e . e . . e .

Cylind d er t m anh t fi ih d
s ea c es n s e
d i w ki g
an n d or h w in
n or er , as s o n
Fi g 7 9 .

C k h ft d
r an s a k an c r an
B i g f
e ar n th s h ftor e s a
W gh t i
rou ti g d
r o n c o nn e c n ro

E t i
cce n r c d t p an s ra s
Flywh l b d d f d ee , or e an a ce .

Cas ti ngs of Cy li n d er s — O r y o u c an ge t th e cas ti ngs .

fo r th e c yl i n d e r s i n th e r ou gh an d fi n i s h th em y ou r s e lf ;
th e y c o s t

Di am e te r o f Cyl i n d e r 1 i nc h IV 2 i n ch 2 .i n c h
P r ice bo r e d ,

Th e V " i nIc h c yl i n d e r s h ave th e p orts c as t i n

an d 2 -

h whi l e th e s m ll c yl in d e r whi h i s m ad e o f b r as s
t em a c

m us t h v e th e p o ts d ill ed i n it and an e xtr a ch ar ge o f

a r r

c e nts i s m ad e for do i n i t
75 g .
 A pp e ndi c es 24 9

Cas ti ngs for an O s ci ll a ti ng E ngi n e — A c om p l e te s e t .

o f c a s ti ngs fo r m a k i ng a n o s c i ll at i ng c yl i n d e r e ngi n e o f

f a i r ly d e c e nt s iz e can b e b ought o f m o d e l w or k s at th e s e
p r ice s
N o E g w h Mi h b0 n i ne d / i h it - nc o r e an I I
z
- l lC
’

s tr o k e
E g i hb
.

N o w h 1 n in e d i h
it I - nc o r e an 2 - nc s tr o k e
E g w h / i hb
.

N o . 2 n i ne d 3 i h
it I I
Z
-
nc o r e an - nc s tr o k e

Wh e n th e s e e ngi ne s a e fin i s h e d r e ady r to r un th e No .

0 se ll s fo r th e No . 1 ,
fo r an d th e NO . 2

i how n
'

fo r Th e e ng ne is s i n Fi g 8 0 . .

Fig 82 . . A n O s ci ll ti g Cylind E gi
a n er n ne

Cas ti ngs f
or th e C or l i s s Typ e of E ngi n e —An . up to
-

d at e h o r iz o n tal e ng n e i of th e C o r l i s s ty p e as s h own i n
Fi g 8 1 i s . b u i lt ju s t l i ke a l ar ge e ngi n e th e ,
d e s ign c on
,

s t r u ct i o n a n d m at e r i al b e i n g t h e s am e i n e v e r y p a r ti c u

l ar T h e c yl i n d e r h a s a 1 % i nc h b o r e an d a 2 i n c h
.
- -

s tr o k e M ak e r s f u r n i s h th e m i n th r ee w ay s o r c l a s s e s
.

a s t h e y c a ll th e m t o w i t
I

C l as s A — A c o m p l e te s e t o f c a s ti ngs wi th al l th e p o rt s
.
,

c o r e d in incl udi ng p i s ton r od and valve s tem P r i ce

, .
 A pp e n di c es 25 1

e ng n e o f I i
/z i n c h b o e a n dl
a 3 i
- n c h s tr o k e wi t h a ll t
r h -
e

fitt ings c an b e b o ugh t fo b o u t nd s iz l g r a a a e ar e

e n o u gh fo u nn i n g half h o r s e p o w e b o il e r fo
r r a r r

T h e m all e iz e b o i l e r i s 1 0 i nc h s i n di am e te an d
s r s e r

1 6 i n h e s high a n d h a s 2 0 b as s t ub
c
5
% i n h i n di a m e r es c

t e r an d inc he s l ong T h e s h e ll i s m a d o f i n c h . e -

w r ou ght i on with l ap w e l d e d s e am s whi l th e m ok e

r ,
e s
—
b ox a n d fi e b o x r e o f c a t i o n r T h e ou ts id c s ti ng
a s r . e a

a n d s m o k e s ta c k a e m d e o f R u s i
-
i on r a s a r .

T h e boil i s t t e d a t 1 6 0 p o u n d c o l d w at e r p e s s u e
er es s r r

an d it i s sa e f to r un it at a s te am pre s sur e of 75 to 1 00
p oun d s .

Di me ns i ons o f S m al l S te am B oi l er s .

M ate W at e r Sh p g
’

B ilo er La r g est l P No ria o un d L ins e W igh t e

H
.

or s e Ba s e T t l Fi
o a f f T re o o t d f
es e m ro in
P w o er Di a m e te r H i g ht B x T b T b
e o u es u es at Fl oo r P o un d s

A
I
Io -
i h nc 21 5 x7 20 B r as s 25 0 14 90
31 6 x 9% 3 2 Br a s s 25 0 22 2 50

41 9 x 13 5 1 S l te e 200 27 4 5
2
'

Th e s e bo i l e r s a e m a d e to b u r n g s gas o l in e k e r os e n e
r a , , ,

h a d c o al ch c oal al co h o l o w o o d I f y ou
r , ar , in r . ar e

t e s t d i n a b o i l e o f t hi s k i n d w i t e t o th
er e Lipp Ele c
r r e

tr i c an d M a c hi n e Co P ate r s o n N J .
, , . .

A PPE N DI X D

h r a n i
O t e C st gs for E n g n e s a n d B o l e r s — Gov e r n or s i i .

i
A s e t o f b r a s s c as t n gs fo r a s m a ll go v e r n o r c an b e p u r
c h as e d
fo r 60 c e nts an d a l a r ge r s iz e fo r
F or c e P u m ps — r ee s es Th iz of c as t n gs i fo r f or ce
p um p s ar e ob ta n abl e and t e s e i h ar e

No . I—M i n ch -
b o r e an d I % i nc h
- s tr o k e
No . 2 -i nc hb ore an d3
-
in c h s tr o k e
No .
3 -i n
c hb ore and 4 -i n
c h s tr o k e
f p p fi ni s h ed
,

T h e No . I or ce um , ,
co s t s
25 2 A pp e n di c e s

Th e No 2 f o rce p u mp fi n i h d s e c o s ts
N
.
,

f
,

Th e o .
3 o r ce p m p fin i h d
u , s e , c os t s

S afe ty Va l v e s — Th e c a s t ngs i fo r a sma ll f y v alv e

s a et

wi th a 4
1 —
i n c h p as s age an d a 5
s te am -
i nc h l e v e r c o s t s
2 5 c e nts whi l e a i nc h s a f e ty v alv e with a i nc h s te am
- -

—
p as s age an d a 6 i n c h l e ve r s e ll s fo r 3 5 c e nts .

N t o e Th p i -
li t d b v
e r ce s th q t d by
s e th m a o e are ose uo e e anu
b k w w i tt Si
.

f t
ac u r e r s t th ti m a thi e e th s oo as r en n ce e se ar e
bj t t h g b t I h g iv th m
.

w ar tim
-
th pi
es e r c es a re su ec o c an e u ere e e
so th t ya t l t j d g th
o u c an a l ti v v l f th e d i ff t
e as u e e re a e a ue o eren
p t
ar s .

—
Wh er e to B uy E ngi n e Fi tti ngs W r ite fo r c atalogu e s
an d p r i c e l i s ts to A r th u r H Wi ghtm a n
-
1 3 2 Mi l k St r e e t .
, ,

B o s ton M as s ; T h e C hi c ago M o d e l W o r k s M a di s o n
, ,

Str e e t C hi c ago Ill ; Sp o n a n d C h am b e r l in 1 2 3 Li b

, ,
.
,

e r ty Str e e t Ne w Y o r k Ci ty an d th e We e d en T oy En
, ,

g i n e C o m p a n y N e w B e d f o r d M,
a s s , .

A P P ENDIX E

Sp e e d In d i c at o r s —A
S i m pl e Way to F i n d th e S pe e d
of a C r a n ks h aft — T o fi n d th e s p e e d th at a s ha f t o r a
whe e l i s tu r n i ng i s s im p le i f y ou hav e a s pe e d i ndi ca tor .

It co n s i s ts o f a s p i n d l e o n whi c h th r e a d s a r e c u t f o r m i ng a
w o r m ge a r a n d thi s m e s h e s wit h a ge ar t o w hi c h th e
di al i s fi xe d .

A Sp d I d i t Fi g 84 . . ee n ca o r

By p r e s s i ng th e p o i nte d e n d o f th e s p e e d i n di cator
agai n s t th e c e nt e o f th e wh e l o r s h f t t h rs p indl e tu n s e a e r

th e di a l ou n d a n d th e n u m b e r o f
ar e v o l uti on s c an th e n r

b e r e ad off b y ti ming it with a w atch .

 IN DEX
Air p r e s s ure on p i s to n 6 B il
o — on ti n e d
er c u

A i p l n ng i n 3 B ktb h t
,

r a e e e, 2 ac u e s ee fo r l oc omo
Al oh l l mp e i ly m ad
c o a as e , 29 t iv e, 1 4 7
h e ating
,

All y 4 3
o s, 2 To l l
ca c u ate s ur f ace

App d i en 47 ce s , 2 o f a, 1 97

Atl ti typ f l m ti v
an c e o oco o e, C o nn e c ti o ns , 1 05
38 1 C w ro n s he et fo r a l o co m o
Atm ph d fi d 89
os er e e ne 1 v
ti e , 1 4 7
A g d pp
,

Atm ph os t m m d e res, s ea e as u r e oo co e r , 1 02

i 89n, 1 Fi b x f 97
re o o

Atm ph i gi 6
,

os e r c en ne , Fi b x h t f
re o s ee or, 95
A t m bi l g i
u o o3 e en n e, 2 Fi tti g f n 6 s or, 10

A t m bil t m 6
u o o e, s ea ,
1 F i tt i g f n l s or a oc o m o t i v e, 1 5 0

A xi l i y p t f h i z t l
u ar ar s o a or on a F ttb h t
r on u e s ee fo r l o c o m o
s te a m e n gi ne , 88 tiv 45 e, 1

F b
u r n ac e s , u r ne r s fo r , 99
B bb itt m t l 3 5 H
,

a e a 2 orse p w o er, 1 96

B ll g v
,

a o e r no r , 1 20 How to l l
ca c u ate th e si ze of

B i g
e ar n f h ft s or s a of mo dl e a , 1 96

b
tu r i n e , 4 0 H ow t o t e s t a , 1 07
Be d pl
at e fo r a h z
o r i o n ta l L v 4
o co m o ti e, 1 0
t
s ea m en gi ne , 70 S f wyt p t
a e a 9 o O era e a, 10

Be d Pl t a e, m o u n ti n g gi en ne o n S f ty v lv f
a e 6 a e or, 1 1

th e , 86 S mlea pp t b f 9 5
ess co er u e or,

g g
B e d, s e tti n e n i n e o n i t s , 86 S ee t m b il
s ea o er

Be i gh
to n , en r , 9 H y S h ll f l m ti v 4
e o oco o e, 1 1
B ll f
e l
r am e fo rv b ll
oc o m o ti e e , Sm k b x 97 4
o e o , ,
10

4 I 2 Sm k b x h t f 9 5
o e o s ee or,
B ll f l m ti v 4
e or a oc o o e, 1 2 Sm k t k f
o e s acl m or a oco o
B v l d g
e e e 9 e ar s , 22 tiv 4 e, 1 2
Bl d
a ti f t m
e s , ac t on o s ea on ur St m d m f
ea l m o e or a oc o o

b i wh l 4 3 ne ee ti v 4 e, I 2
Bl d m ki g t m t bi St m g g f 3
,

a es a n s ea ur ne , ea au e or, 1 0

33 S t m i th 89
ea n e, 1
l wat i m d t 85
B o i , h ow er s a e o, 1 St m i j t f
ea 6
n ec or or , 12
B il
o h p v ti l t b
er, a . . er ca u e, T b l
u 4
u ar , I O

A imp l i s9 e r o n, 2 T b f l m tiv 4 8
u es or oc o o e, I
 I nde x

De La vl
a
’
s s te am tu r bi ne —c td E gin —c
'
n e o n ti nu e d

g
.

hdo de h 3 0 C o n n e c ti n rod of a ga s , 23 0

Dvl p
e e o m e nt of th e s t e am b ilo Co n n e ct i n g r od o f a h ot ai r,

er, 12

Dra in wg pl f an s o r an e n gi ne , 64 C r an k h fts a and c r an k fo r a

Dr a i nwgt l oo s y o u n ee d 62 h ot ai r , 206
v g wh l l
,

D r i in ee s o c o m oti v e, 1 64 Cyl i d n er of a g a s 2 1 6
E xh
,

Duc t e il d fi d e ne , 24 5 au s t v lva e m ec h a ni s m of

a g a s 220
Eb lli ti n E xp
,

u o 1 85 a n s i on c yl i d n er of a h ot
E nt i
,

c ce r c fo r a or o nt a h iz l ai r , 200

s te am e n i n e , 70 g Fi bre ox fo r a h ot a i r , 2 08

E c c e n tr i c r o d fo r a s te am e n Th e fi r s t, 1

gi n e . 84 The fi r s t r ea l 10

E g F g wh t b
,

i
c c e n t r c fo r a s t eam e n i ne , i tt i n s, ere o uy , 25 2

83 Flywh l d p ll y ee
’

an u e of a gas ,
El ly
e c tr o s i s , 1 85 23 6

E gy h
ne r , e at a o r m o f, 1 85 f F yl
our c c e ga s , 23
O f m o ti on , 1 87 F l m i xt
ue ure fo r a ga s , 23 8
A t r e s t , 1 87 H er o s
’
r e ac t i o n , 18

E g
n i ne, ai r pl
a n e , 23 H er o v
i n e nt s th e s te am, 2
A s s em bl g
in a c r an s a t o f kh f G as an d a s o i n e , 2 1 g l
a 83 5, 23 3 H o t a i r , 20 , 1 99
A mbl i g
s se n a ga s 2 35 W ko r s , h o w a ga s , 2 3 8

W k
,

Atm ph i os er c, 6 o r s , h ow a h ot a i r , 2 1 0

A t m b il
u o o e, 23 g
I n i te r fo r a n , 223
A h p g . . as, 2 1 4 l
In e t an d ex a u s t a e s o f h v lv
Be d of a ga s , 23 5 a g as , 2 1 8

B r an c a s
’
im p l u s e, 18 M k
a in g
a c r a n s a t fo r , 23 1 kh f
B r an c a s s t e a m , 3
’
M ki
a n g
a h o t a i r , 2 00

Cla o r i c , 20 Ne w c o m e n s a n d
’
a
’
e s C wl y
C am and c am s a t h f of a a
g s, s te am , 7
228 l g
O i i n a g as 23 6
C h f b i g f g
,

am s a t e ar n s o a as , O tt o ga s 24 0 ,

7 22 P ap i n
’
s pi s to n s team , 5
C ti g yli d
.

as n 48
s, c n ers , 2 P t f g 216
ar s o a as,

C ti g fi i h i g 7
as n s, n s n 2 P t f h t i 200
ar s o a o a r,

C ti g h i z t l 4 7
.

as n s, or on a 2 P t m l d o f 72
ar s , ou

C ti g m d l 4 7
, ,

as n s, o e 2 P i t n f g 23 0
s o o a as ,

C ti g f ill ti g 4 9
,

as n s or os c a n 2 P i t n d f h t ai
s o ro o a o r , 202

C ti g f typ m t l 6 t i ng
,

as n s o e e a , 2 P w o nner d co ec ro fo r a
C mpo d i
res s e a r , 20 h ot a i r , 204

C ti ng p ip f
o nn e c h t i e or a o a r, P weo r c yli d n er of a h ot ai r ,
205 203
25 6 I n de x

En negi — co n ti nu e d F lt
u on s
’
C l er m o n t ,
pad dle
P we o r p i s to n for a h ot ai r , wh e l e s team o at 1 5 b ,

F l to n fi
u
’
s r s t s te a m oat b 15
S lf ti g 8 i ll ti g
,

e -a c n Fu r nac e f y li or osc a n c n
St d d f
,

an ar s or a h ot ai r , 205 d t m
er s ea gi b il 5 8 en ne o e r,
St m 4 ea 2 F i bl ll y 44
us e a o 2
S m i th
, ,

tea n e, 1 90
T im i g g n ear s o f a ga s , 2 29 G ll ip li il 4 7
a o o ,
2
T o o p e r a te a h ot ai r , 2 1 0 Gas bu 99 r ne r s ,

T r an s f pier s to n o f a h ot ai r , D fi d 88
e ne 1
E gi
,

201 Gas n ne , 2 1
T k f m
r uc ra e, 1 60 A h p 4 21
W l ki g b A mbl i g th 3 5
.
,
.

a n e am , 7 sse n e, 2

W a tt s
’
d o ble u act n i g , 11 A mbl i g th C k h ft
sse n e r an s a
Watt s ’
r o ta r y 9 o f a , 23 3

E l ip i l e H e o s 2
,
’
o r B e d o f a , 23 5
E l g d f th e w i nd 2
, ,

o u s, o o C am a n d c a m s h a ft o f a 22 8
E i on h ot i e ngin e 20 g
, ,

r cs s a r C am s h ft b ea
a r in s o f a, 227
E xh u t s t ke 23 8 g
,

a s ro C o n nec t i n r o d o f a, 2 3 0

E xp an i n o f te am i n tu r bine
,

s o s Th e c yli d n e r o f a, 2 1 6

no zz l e, 44 E xh a ust v lv a e m ec h ani s m of
a , 220

Fi re b o x for b il e
o r , 1 05 Flywh l d p ll y f ee an u e or a,
Of b il o e r, 97 36
2

G r ate o f, 98 F yl 3
ou r c c e, 2

Sh b il 95
e et o f o e r, F l mixt f 38
ue ur e or , 2

Fi t b 3
re u es, 1 H w it w k
o 38 or s, 2

Fi t b b il
re u l m tive o er oco o e, 16 Ig itn f 3er or a, 22

Fit h t mb t 4 I l t d xh t v lv e s, 21 8
’
c s s ea oa s , 1 n e an e au s a

St m p k t 4
ea ac e 1 I v ti
n f th
en on o e, 2 1

Fitti g f b il
,

Le b o n
’
n 6 s or o er , 10 s, 22
F l m tiv b il
or a o co o e o e r, 1 50 L e no i r s,
’
22
F m d l
or gi o e en n es , 1 1 0 M k in ga a c r an k h ft
s a for a,
Wh t b y g i 5 e re o u en ne , 2 2 23 1

Fl x 4 7
u es , 2 O inil g a , 23 6

Flyb ll g v
a o e r no r , 1 20
'
O tt o s 22 , 24 0
Flywh l f gi
,

ee o en ne , I I P t of a
ar s , 21 6

F h i z t l t am
or a or on a s e en Pi t n of
s o a , 23 0

gi ne, 70 T i m i ng g e ar s o f a, 229

M o m e ntu m o f, 21 5 G li
as o gine en ne, 21

Fo r a s te am en gi ne , 85 G d ti
e ar s , 8re uc o n, 1

F p mp
o rce u s, ca s ti n g s fo r 25 1 F tor bi d tiur ne re uc on , 41
gi t if g l
,

F l m i xt
ue ure fo r ga s en ne s , Gvo e r no r , c en r u a ,
12

F t m
or gi
s ea en ne , 1 20
 I nde x

G t
ra e of fi b re ox, 98 H o t ai r e ng i —c ne onti n u e d

G g
au e, s te a m , fo r b ilo e r, 1 30 To o p e r at e th e , 210

W a t e r , fo r b ilo er, I3 6 T r an s f er pi s to n of a, 20 1

Gu n m e ta l 24 3 H i l
o r z o nta m gi s te a en ne , 61
Gy r o s co p e,
,

t oy , 3 1 H yd g 8 ro en, 1 2

H y d t ti p d
ros a c ar a o x, 1 27

H g an e r, sa dd l e an d p ede s ta l Ig it f gi
fo r l o c o m o ti v e, 144
Imp l
n ger

gi f B
o a as en ne , 2 23

d H a ut e fe u i ll e ga s e n i n e ,
’
g 21
T bi
u se en ne o r an c a , 4 ,
1 7
H d l gh
’
of B r an c a
ea i t fo r o c o m o ti e , l v 1 74 ,
ur

I di t d h
n ca e
ne

ors e p w o er ,
s, 43
1 96
27 4
Ini t i l p o f s t e am ,
Of a l o c o m ot i v e, 1 54
a r es s u r e 44
H e at a f or m o f e ne r gy 1 85
Inj e c to r , s te am, 1 26
S w k
gy
,
tea m , h o w i t
As kin e ti c ene r 1 87
or s , 1 30

L ate nt, I 87
,
v i
In e nt o n o f t h e o c o m oti e , l v 1 6
As p o te nti a l e ne r y 1 87
Is o m e tr i c p e r s ec ti e 64 p v ,
g
Wh
,

H ti g f
at it d oes to w at er, 1 84
" pi g p
ee n u w ith y o ur m oto r
ea 3n s ur ac e , 1

H dl y l m iv
e e
’
s oc o ot e, 16
"
3
c ar ,

b
22

H f Al x d i
ero o e an r a, 1
e r o s e ne

"i ti h t
u r ne r , 1 00

87
H t m b il
ero s
’
s ea o er, 12
ne gyc e ne r ,
ea as , 1

R eac t i o n e n gi n e , 1 8 L mp f
a i ll t i g
or osc a n s t e am e n

b
R e ac ti on tu r i n e , 4 3 gi b i l 5 9
ne o er ,

H or se o p w b l
er oi er 1 96 L t t h t 87
a en ea 1

g
, , ,

l l
H o w to c a cu ate , 1 94 L b
e g on s
’
i as en n e , 22

Defi d 93 ne , 1 L n i g n g i n 22
e o r s
’
as e e,

I di t d
n 96 ca e 1 Lve f ety v lv 1 1 6
er sa a e,

Li nk v lv g
,

A d w k
n 9 or 1 2 h ow i t
a e e ar , is
gi
,

Ho t ai r en n e , 20, 1 99 m d 1 68
a e,

C on n e c ti g p i p
n fo r a, 205 e H w i t w o k 1 79
o r s,

C o nn ec ti gn rod o f a , 202 L o m otiv I 67

co e,

C r an kh fs a t an d c r an fo r k a, Liq i d f u l b u n s 99
u e r er ,

Lo m tiv A tl anti ty p e
co o e, c of,

Exp an s o n i cyli d n e r , 200 1 38

Fi b re ox fo r a , 2 08 B ll f e 4 o r a, 1 2
How it w k or s, 21 0 L m ti v b il
oc o o e o e r, 1 40
M ki ng 200
a a, B kt b h tf
ac u e s ee or, 1 4 7
P t f 200
ar s o F r o nt b h t 45
tu e s ee 1

l l t h ti g
, ,

P i t n o d f a 202
s o r o To c a cu a e ea n s u r ac ef
nne cti ng
,

P ow e d
r co ro fo r a, o f a, 1 97
204 C w h tf
ro n s ee or, 14 7
P w o er c yli d n e r of a , 203 Fitti g f 5
n s or , 1 0
P w o pi t n er s o fo r a , 2 04 St m d m f
ea o e or a, 142
Standa d s fo r r, 205 T b f
u 48
es or , 1
 I nd e x 25 9

P e w te 24 3 r, S l d w i g f l m iv ca e ra n s o oc o ot e,

P i ll w bl k s
o f h iz t l oc 39 or a or on a I
t m s eagi 7 S ml en pp t b f b i l
ne , 0 ea es s co er u e or o
F t m
or a s ea g i 86 95 en ne,

Pi l o t, w th f l or S lf ti g t m gi 8
co ca c er or oco e -ac n s ea en ne ,
m ti v 73 o S tti g th gi
e, 1 it b d e n e en ne on s e
d Fitti g f gi
,

P ip e an 87 n s or en ne s ,
1 10 S tti g l m tiv f m e n oco o e ra e on
Pi t s on gi P p i 5 en t k wh l 63
ne , a n s,
’
r uc ee s , I

Pi t f
s on h i z t l t m S h ll f i m p l i b il 9
or a or on a s ea e o a s e r on o er, 2
gi 69en Sh i k g l ; 4
ne , r n a e ru e 2 2

Pi t s on d pi t d f S id
an pli g d f l s on ro or e on co u n ro s or oc o

t m s eag i 76 m iven 65 ne , ot e, 1

P k t Fit h 4
ac e S li d v lv f
c
’
s,h iz t l
1 e a e or a or on a

gi 69
,

P p o f ty v lv
sa e 8 t m a e, 1 1 s ea en ne ,

P t i l
o e nt a gy h t 87 A de ne r l i d v lv t m f ea as , 1 n s e a e s e or

lf i g gi 8 g i 77
,

P tt
o er s
’
se t m -
a ct n en ne , s ea en ne ,

P d t m m
ou n s, d i S m k b f b il
s ea 4 e as u r e n, o e ox or o er, 1 0

89 1 O f b il 97 o er ,

P w t k 39
o er s r o Sh f b i l 95 e, 2 e et or o er,

P f t m i iti l 4 4
r e s sur e o S m k t k f l m ivs ea ,
n a ,
o e s ac o a oc o ot e

P p ll d iv t m b t 5
ro e er b il 4
r er s ea oa 1 o er, 1 2

S
,

P mp t m f
u , 3 s eap d f k h f t h w
or ce , 1 2t ee o a c r an s a ,
o o

fi nd , 25 2

Ra d iu s o f a c rc e i l dfi d e ne I4 9 S p d i di t
ee n 5 ca ors, 2 2

R gi H S p i g f ty v lv 8
,

e a c ti o n e n ne o f er o, 3, 18 r n sa e a e, 1 1

R eac ti o n tu r i n e o e ro, 4 3 b f H St d d b
an ar 43 r as s , 2

gl
R e c ta n u a r s t e am o i e r s 1 2 b l ,
S t m t m b il 6
ea au o o e, I

b
R e d r a s s , 24 3 S t m b t th fi t 4
ea oa s , e rs 1

g
,

d
R e u cti o n e ar s 1 8 F lt u fi t 5
on s
’
rs 1

d Sy m i g t
, ,

Fo r m o e s te am t u r n e , 4 1d l bi M ill e r an n
’
on s , 1 5

R e s i n 24 7 P p ll d i v
ro e 5 er r er, 1

R k gi St m b il 4
,

o c e r a r m fo r s te am e n ne , ea o er, 2

79 S t m i th b il 89
ea n e o er, 1

R o cke tS t ph , e ens o n s
’
l oc om o S t m b il
ea t l fl
o e r , ce n r a ue, 1 2

tiv 6 e, I D v l pm t f
e e o en o 12

R t y gi W i ll ti g
,

o ar en ne, att s ,
’
9 F f
u r nac e or o sc a n cy l i n

d g i
e r en58 ne ,

S dd l p d t l
a e, e es a an d h ang er H ero s,
’
12
f l m tiv
or o co o e, 1 44 M ki g t y 4
a n a o 2

S f ty v lv i ll ti g
,

a e 6 a es , 1 1 F or osc yli d a n c n er en
C ti g f 5
as n s or, 2 2 gi 5 ne ,
S l mm i
a a 47 o n ac , 2 R t gle c an u ar , 12
S db x f
an l o or a o com o t iv e, I4 2 T b l 4
u u ar , 1
260 I nde x

h
Ste am c e s t , c as t n a 7 5 i g S t m i th g i
ea n e en ne , 1 90

Exp i v p w
,

Fo r a or h iz
o n ta l s te am e u a ns e o er o f, II
g
i ne 69 St m f
ea p mp o rce u s, 1 23

S t m g tti g p
,

l
O f o co m o t e , 1 5 7 iv ea e n u 1 86
g g pw
, ,

Stea m , c on e n s i n , 8d T h e i a nt o e r , 1 82
S d
te am o m e fo r a o c om ot e l iv S te a m g g
a u e , 1 89

b l oi e r I4 2 Fo r b l
o i e r , I3 0

S g
,

te a m e n i n e , a p 6 1 h Bo u r on 1 3 1 d
bl g g S
. .
, ,

A s s em in an o s c i at i n ll te am h o w i t acts , 1 89
,
'
c yli nd e r , 5 3 H o w i t i s m e a s u r e , I89 d
St eam e n i n e g b l l p
oi er am fo r S te am i nj e c to r fo r o i e r , 1 26 b l
ill g yl d S
,

osc ati n c in e r 5 9 , l v
te am o c om o ti e s e e Lo c o m o
g g
,

S d
t e am e n i ne c o n e n s i n 1 90 v ti e
S
, ,

l
Co r i s s , 24 9 p w pl
t e am o per ant, a r ts o f a ,
d
De a c e nte r s o f a 90 5 2

g pl St m p
,

D w
ra in a n s fo r a , 64 ea b t r es s ur e , a o u , 1 88
F g
i tti n s fo r 1 1 0 , S t m h ip d iv by
ea s s r en s t e am
Gvo e r n o r fo r 1 20 t bi
ur 9 ne s , 1
H gh p St m t bi 5
,

i r e s sur e 1 90 ea ur ne ,

B ig mdl 4
,

H o w to c a c u at e l l of h p e ar n s, o e 0
Bl d h w t f m
. .
,

y ou r , I 94 a es, o o or mo del ,

How to r un os c ill ti g a n cy l 33
d
in er 59 , De a a s 1 8 Lv l ’

H o w i t o r s , 89 w k H o w t o r u n th e t o y 2 9
S g w k
,

te a m e n i n e o r s , h ow an M d l
o e De a a 3 0 Lv l
ll g yl d d ti n g
, ,

o s c i a ti n c in er , 5 9 M d el
o re uc o e ar s fo r ,
g
,

S te a m e n i n e o f l iv
oc o m o t e, 4 1

1 56 M d n 17
o er

S gi ill i g
,

te am en ne , an osc at n M lti p l 1 9
u e,

c yl d
in e r , 4 5 N zz l h w i t w k 44
o e, o or s,

P a r ts o f a n o s c at i n cy li n ill g N zz l m k i ng m d l 3 5
o e, a a o e ,

de r , 4 7 O f Pa n 18 r so s,

P ar t s fo r a p 65 h S i ngl wh l 1 8 e ee

E g
.
, .
,

Se e n i ne O n t m h ip s ea 19 s s,

pl p
A s i m e i s to n, 4 5 Sp d f m d l 4 1
ee o o e

S p k
,

p
t o c o c s an d ta s fo r , 1 1 2 Tw i m p l e 24
o s

Wh l
,

T l v lv
h r o tt e a e fo r , 1 20 ee m d l 37 cas e , o e

Wh l m nting th 4 1
,

T l d
o o s y ou n e e to m a e a k ee ou e,

Wh l m k ing m d l 3
, ,

62 ee a a o e 2

S t am t b i n w k h w
, ,

T l o o s ne e d d e to ma k e an o s e ur e or s, o

c i l l at i ng c yl i d n er, 46 m d l 43 o e

Wh
,

ere to b uy m at e r l a l s S t m wh i tl 1 1 3
ea s e,

fo r osc ill ti a ng c yli d n e r, S t m Wh t it i m ad o f 1 82

ea ,
a s e ,

5 0 Ste e l , so ft ,
24 5
 I ndex 26 1

S t ph
e e n son li k v i g g
n re ers n e ar , V ac u u m c h am e r , b 1 90

1 68 Va cu um ln cy li dn er en gi ne s ,
S t ph
e e ns on s
’
l m ti v 6
oco o e, I 6
S ti l i g h t i g i
r n o a r en n e , 20 V lv
a e, s p ri n g a nd lv
e er s a et f y ,

St p k d t p
o coc s an a s, 1 12 1 16

S ti t k 3 8
uc on s ro e, 2 V lv
a e s te m an d b e ar i n g fo r
Sw g d P i g t l
a e an een n oo s , 96 s t e am en gi ne , 80
Va lv e, t h ttl ro e, 1 1

T ll w 4 7
a o 2 Va p or, d fin d
e e 1 88

V i
, ,

Tp a d t p
s kan s o c oc s, 1 12 en ce 47 t p n ti
ur e ne , 2

T mp t
e f w t 86
era ure o a er, 1 V i l t b b il
e rt c a 9 u e o er, 1
T m pl t f t b i bl d 3 3
e a e or ur ne a es, V i l t b b il
e r t ca 5 u e o ers, 2 0

T d f l m ti v 7 5
en er o oc o o e, I Vib ti ra f m tt 85
on s o a er, 1

T ti g b i l
es n 7 a o er , 10

T h ttl l v f l m ti v
ro e e er or oco o e,

1 53 W lki g be m gi 7
a n a en ne ,

Th r o tt e l v lv a e, I I , 1 20 W t t d mp
a er , 85 o eco os e, 1
Fo r l m ti v b i l
oc o o e o er, 146 F m l f 83
or u a or, 1

T imin gg e ar s of a g s
a en gi ne , W g g f b il 3 6
ate r au e or o er, 1

229 W t h w i t i f m d 84
a er, o s or e ,
1

T l oo s y ou n e e d 62 H ow i t i s m ad e to boi l 1 85
gy
, ,

T oy p 3
r o sco e, 1 T mp t
e f e r a ure o 1 86

gi Wh t h t d t
,

T oy p dd l wh l
a e ee en ne , 24 a ea oe s o i t 1 84
Wh t i t i m d
,

T oy s te am b ilo e r , 24 a s a e o f, 1 82

T oy b
tu r i n e , h o w t o r un th e , 29 W tt 93
a 1
W tt d bl ti g gi
,

T oy tu r bi ne wh l ee 27 a
’
s ou e ac n en ne ,

T l i g wh l
,

r ai n ee s fo r l oc o m oti v e, 11
1 73 W tt J m 9
a a es,

W tt d N w m 9
,

T i th i k l m ti
J

’
rev 6 c s oc o o ce , 1 a an e co e n, 1 2
T k f m f l m tiv
ruc ra e o oc o o e, l 6o W tt t y gi 9
a
’
s r o ar en ne ,
T b l b il 4 4
u u ar o er, 1 ,
1 0 Wh l ee f m d l t cas e or o e s e am
T biur t m St m t
ne, s e a , s ee ea ur bi 3 7
tu r ne ,
bi ne Wh i l t m 3
st e, s ea 1 1

W d w k i g l 63
,

T b i wh l
ur ne ee fo r to y tu r bi ne, oo or n to o s,
27 W k dh pw 9
or an or s e o er , 1 2
T yp e m e ta c a s tl i g n s fo r an e n T im e and e ff o r t, 1 93
gi ne, 62 Un t i o f, 1 93