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INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS:

INTRODUCTION :-

Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the
learning process as a whole, until the teacher understands the relationship between audio visual
material and teaching learning process. Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used
as planned components of educational programs. It helps the process of learning that is
motivation, classification and stimulation. A.V. aids are multisensory materials which motivate
and stimulate the individual. It makes dynamic learning experience more concrete realistic and
clarity. It provides significant gains in thinking and reasoning.

Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of educational
programs. It helps the process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation. It
makes dynamic learning experience more concrete realistic and clarity.

DEFINITIONS:

 According to kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used
to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.

 According to Burton: Audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which
initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.
 According to Edger Dale: Audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which
communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training

situations is helped. These are also termed as multi sensory materials.

TYPES OF AV AIDS:

D. Activity
A. Audio aids
B. Visual aids C. Audio- aids
visual aids

A. Audio Aids:
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1. Radio.
2. Tape recorder.
3. Gramophone.
4. Compact discs.
B. Visual Aids:

a) NON PROJECTED b) PROJECTED

AIDS AIDS:-Slides, Films,
television, OHP, VCR,
camera, microscope.
1) GRAPHIC 2) THREE 3) PRINTED
AIDS:-Chalk DIMENSIONAL AIDS:-
board, Charts, AIDS:-Models Pamphlets,
Graph, Posters, puppets, Specimen, leaflets.
flash card, mock-ups.
bulletin board,
Cartoon.

C. Audio-visual aids:

1. Television.

2. Films.

3. Computer floppies.

D. Activity Aids:

Museum, exhibition, field trip, role play, drama, mono acting and storytelling.

SELECTION, PREPARATION, UTILIZATIONS OF INSTRUCTIONAL

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AIDS:

Factors Influencing In Selection Of AV Aids:

 The nature of subjects matters being taught.

 The nature of audience which include number age, educational status, interest,
experience, knowledge if the subjects.
 The availability, functioning or working condition of aids.
 For flash cards used for small audience, for motion picture for larger audience.

Guidelines for selecting and prepare AV aids:

Easy to see
Easy to Up to date
handle ideas

Guidelines for selecting

and prepare AV aids

Avoid Accurate
overwriting

Understandable

A) Audio Aids :
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1) Radio:

Radio is the most common form of public

education and entertainment is radio receiver. It can be seen in the remotest villages even. The
radio transmission serves as a vital agency of mass education if used effectively.

These days transistorized radio-receivers are cheaply available, which can be run with be dry
cells batteries and these are easily portable.

Advantages of radio: Radio has a smaller, more clearly defined audience and appreciably
lower production costs. Some other characters are:-

 It increase student’s interest and develop positive attitudes.

 It is comfortable to carry with us.
 It covers huge population.
 It is easy way to spreading the news and information.

Disadvantages of radio:

 Only audio media and no visuals are available.

 Sometimes it is difficult to get proper signals from a radio station.
 It is limited in activity.
 It is a one way communication only.

2) Tape Recorder:
Tape recorder is portable electronic gadget to record, reproduce,
erase and re record sound on a magnetic tape. Also there are some
functional controls in a tape recorder such as volume and tone to
control the loudness level of the sound and quality of sound
respectively.
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Uses of tape recorder:

o It is used to record and play back the audio.

o It helps in dictating of study materials.
o It can help students to improve their reading & listening skills.
o It helps to improve pronunciation by listening again & again.

Advantages of tape recorder:

 Tape recorders are not easily damaged and can be replayed many more times.
 Language learning is facilitated by the use of tapes.

 The tape recorder is the most commonly available electronic gadget.

Disadvantages of tape recorder:

 In tape recorder there is no personal contact with the speaker.

 It is costly so all cannot afford it.
 There is a great deal of background noise known as tape hiss.

3) Gramophone:
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It is a medium by which inculcate a love of good music, to teach songs, famous speech,
languages & good pronunciation.

Uses:

 It plays recorded music of any form.

 It helps to teach good pronunciation in a foreign language.

 The primary used of the gramophone is to provide pleasure.

Advantages:

o It helps to relax mind by hearing song.

o Without power or current we can use it.
o It is easily portable.

Disadvantages:

o It is big in size.
o In this limited choice of records.
o It is costly so all are not afford it.
o In this volume is always at one volume we can’t change the volume (louder-quieter).

B. Visual Aids:
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A) NON PROJECTED AV AIDS:

1) GRAPHIC AIDS

 Charts:
Definition: - According to kinder “charts are the graphic aids deviating information in the
form of tables, pictures, graphic etc.
Purposes of Charts:-
 It is used to summarizing information.
 It is used to presenting material symbolically.
 It helps to show continuity in process.
 It is used to motivating the students.

Principals of preparing charts:-

 It should be self explanatory; it should be captioned in bold letters.

 It should be large enough to see the group.
 It should be high light contrasting features in different colors.
 It should be appropriate; least size should be 50x70 cm chart paper.

Types of chart:-

Tree
Types of
Flip
chart Charts chart
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Stream Pie
chart chart

Flow Pull
Tabula
chart chart
r chart

i) Tree charts:

Tree charts shows the development of specific phenomenon or organizations inform of a tree.

Ex- complication or types of specific disease.

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ii) Stream chart:

Stream charts showing the main thought tales, in the form of main River and its subparts in the
form of tributes coming out of it.

iii) Tabulation Chart:

In tabulation chart numerical data are presented. The chart should be (50x70) cm or more in size
and captioned are bold letters. It is normally used for comparisons or listening advantages and
disadvantages of an organization.

iv) Flow chart:

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A flowchart is a picture of the separate steps of a process in sequential order. It is usually is used
to show organization and hierarchical structures.

v)Pull chart:-

Pull chart consists of written messages through strips of thick paper. The messages shown to the

viewer one after by pulling out the concealing strips.

vi) Pie chart:-

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In pie chart a circle will be drawn and the division will make it into different sections. Each

section will be coded differently.

vii) Flip charts:-

Flip charts are series of charts containing visual information about some knowledge. Flip charts
are illustrations made on paper or charts, which are arrange in a sequential order and bound
together with rings. They flip over in sequence.

Preparation of flip charts:

 The size of the chart should be at least 21cm x 27cm. the picture as drawn on one side

(D.Elakkuvana Bhaskara Raj Nima Bhaskar, 5th edition 2019)

 The explanations are given on the back of the previous chart.

 It is arranged in an order so that it conveys the exact message that you intend to convey.
 The covers of the flip charts should be larger than the pages. They can be bound with
rings or spirals.

Criteria For Preparing A Good Chart: - Material for chart preparation should be
selected like news print sugar paper, thin card, bard board etc.
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Before painting or writing plan the layout of the chart is pencil, make good use of margins at the
top, bottom, and sider.

Process of making chart:-

 We should take a chart paper of 50x70 cm size (according to D. Elakkuvana Bhaskara

Raj, 5th edition) .
 For attractiveness we should draw boarders on all edges of chart paper.
 We have to decide prior the idea to be depicted on the chart.

Advantages:-

 It is helpful in attracting student’s attraction.

 It conveys information in conversed form.

 It is cheap and easily available.

Disadvantages:-

 It is fully understand only by a literates group of people.

 It can be used only for small group.
 POSTERS:-

Definition: - Posters are graphic aids with short, quick, and typical message with attention
capturing paintings. Posters are graphical presentation of simple ideas, which combine picture
and short headings.
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Rules to prepare poster:-

 To support local demonstration and local exhibits.

 It should be planned for specified people.
 We should use bold letters and pleasing colours.
 We should use simple, few words which conveys one idea.
 It should be placed, where people pass or gather together.

Uses of posters:-

 It is used to advertise an event or product.

 It is used to giving a directive and warning.
 It is used to popularizing a slogan.
 To conveys the message easily.

Types of posters: There are some types of posters:

1. Walk-past poster: -

-These will have simple clear message.

-it should be maximum seven words
-One simple message that can be understood in the time it takes someone to walk past.
-Posters must be positive in approach as it is the picture that will teach, the words of a
DO NOT poster will be misunderstood and the message will be misinterpreted. E.g.’ DO
NOT SPIT’ which shows a person spiting.
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2. Teaching poster:-

- these will have Simple, clear pictures,

-it should be maximum number of simple non-teaching words.

Material to be used: - The commonly used materials are drawing paper, poster board or
thick construction paper or chart.

- Thick wax crayons, water colors, felt-tip pens, bright color pencils materials are used to write
or draw.

- Posters vary in size, but those which are 55cm wide by 70 cm long 22”x28”, or 70 cm wide by
112cm. long 28”x45” are the most effective. Most of the lettering should be 5 cm length 2”high.
(according to D. Elakkuvana Bhaskara Raj Nima Bhaskar, 5th edition).

- Use colors to attract attention and for contrast.

Advantages of posters:

 It helps to permits correction of information.

 It helps to assists organization of material.
 It is easy to understand.

 It is easy to catalogue and retrieve.

Disadvantages of posters:

 It is used for small group only.

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 It’s life period very little.

 It may not convey the exact message.

 Flash cards:

Definition:

“Flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying size that are flashed one by one in a
logical sequence.”

“Flash cards can be self made or commercially prepared and are made up of chart or drawing

paper, plain paper using color or ink on them for drawings”.

Purposes:

 To teach the students.

 To give health education.
 Useful for small group.
 Use in group discussion.

Principles of preparing flash card:-

 The messages can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs, cartoons and the content
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will be written in few lines at the back of the each cards.

 10’’x12’’or 22”x28” is commonly used size(according to Shebeer P.Basheer, 2nd edition

2018)
 10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should not be less than 3 and more than 20.

Uses of flash cards:-

For class room instruction, the flash card is to be properly used. The following steps are used
while displaying flash cards.

 Give instruction to students about their actions while you flash the cards -
Flash the card is front of the class by holding it high with both yours hands so that all the
students can see it.
 Let the students respond as per instructions already given.

Advantages:

 Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics.

 It can be used to review a topic.
 It can be used for drill and practice in elementary classes.
 It can work as a useful supplementary aid.

Disadvantage:

 It cannot be used for a large group.

 It prone to get spoiled soon.
 It’s preparation is time consuming.
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 Bulletin board:

Definition: Bulletin board is a soft board, which will hold pins or tags almost suitable. Simple
device placed either indoor or outdoor. Items generally displayed are photographs, publications,
posters, etc.

Advantages:

 It explains important events.

 It reports special activities.

Disadvantages:

 It is not effectives for illiterate group.

 It takes lot of preplanning & preparation.
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 Magnetic boards:

Definition: Magnetic board is a framed iron sheet carrying porcelain coating in some dark
color generally black or green. It can used to display pictures, cutouts etc.

Advantages:

 By it movement of visual material is easy.

 It is more attractive to see.

Disadvantages:

 It is cost effective.

 It’s magnetic strength is limited to use.

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 Flannel board:

Fig : Weekly activity of a man shown in flannel board.

Definition: Flannel board is sometimes called a flannel graph. This teaching tool is called by
different names. It is usually painted to depict a background scene appropriate to the story being
told.

Advantages:

 It permits the development if a complete story.

 It permits numerous & varied arrangements of visual materials.
 Flannel graphs have the capacity to build up the story step-by-step.

Disadvantages:

 The time & cost of making material for presentation present a problem.
 The cost of broad themselves cannot be overlooked.
 Space in flannel board is usually limited.
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 Chalkboard:

It is slightly abrasive writing surface made of wood, ply, hard, cement, ground glass, slate,

plastic etc with black, green paint on it.

Types of chalkboard:

 paint coated pressed wood: Hard board or any plywood surface finished
with dull paint.

 Dull finished plastic surface: Any suitable Coloured plastic sheet- P.C.V
or limited Plastic sheet may find special use. This board may not be suitable for
general use, because of its high cost.

 Vitreous coated steel surface: Similar in Construction to the tin slate

available in small Size 2”x 3”.

 Ground glass board (mossy surface glass): It is ideal broad for

the modern classroom. It is very large size can easily be prepared and fixed to
wall.

Some hints for using chalkboard:

 We should make the material simple and brief.
 We should play our work on the chalkboard in advance.
 Check lighting conditions. Chalkboard glare should be avoided.
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 We should erase all unrelated materials.

 We should keep the chalkboard clean.

Advantages:
 It is simple to use with little practice.
 Electricity is not a must for using the blackboard.
 It is economic and reusable.
 It can be used indoor and outdoor.
Disadvantages:
 In chalkboard the written material cannot be stored and reused.
 In chalkboard eye to eye contact is lost while writing.

 Graphs:
Definition: graphs are the visual aids for presenting statistical information and
contrasting the trends or changes of certain attributes. Graphs make presentation of

specific quantitative data for analysis, interpretation or comparison.

Types: There are four main types of graph:

i) Line graphs

ii) Bar graphs

iii) Pie graphs

iv) Pictorial graphs

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i) LINE GRAPH (curve graph): It is use to show the trends and relationships, e.g. single line
shows the relation and the variation in quantity. Quantitative data are plotted or when the data is
continuous.

ii) BAR GRAPHS: A graphic presentation, which extends the scale horizontally along the
length of bars. Each bar must be of the same width, height of the bar over a period represents the
corresponding time of the variable.

TYPES OF BAR GHRAPHS:

i. Simple bar graph:- i. Multiple bar ii. Component bar

May be vertically or graph:- graphs :- the bar may be
horizontally arranged. Two or more bar can be divided into two or more
grouped together. parts
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iii) Pie Graph(distribution graph): This graph is usually shown ad a disc (resembling a pie) or
circle divided into sectors of different angles to represent the fractions or percentages of the
division of a distributive attribute.

FIG: favorite subject OF A STUDENT SHOWN IN pie chart.

The following points should be borne into mind while preparing a pie graph:

 We should find out the angles from the percentages of fractions.

 We should draw the circle on a chart paper of full size using a big compass carrying a
sketch or marker pen.
 We should divide the circle into appropriate sectors using the protector.

 Color each of the section and write the corresponding percentage it represents.

iv) Pictorial graph: A pictorial graph consists of pictures of the same type but of different
size, proportionate to the magnitudes of the attributes being represented. Pictures are used for the
expression of idea they are more attractive and easily understood.
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Limitation of graphs:

 It may be confusing for layman.

 It can be used for presenting only one thing or small information at one time.

Advantages:

 It arresting student’s attention.

 It conveying information in a condensed form.
 It presenting information efficiently.
 It Stimulating interest of student’s.

Disadvantages:

 It may be too small for group viewing.

 It is hard to store.

 It can be damaged easily with regular used.

 Maps :

Definition: A map is a graphic aid representing the proportionately as a diagram, the surface
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of the earth, world, and its parts. It conveys the message by lines, symbols, words and colors.

Types of maps: Political maps:

Political maps: Physical maps: Relief maps:

Weather maps:
These maps show Shows the physical It shows the actual
Shows the amount
political divisions of contour of a place, elevations and
of rains,
the world, a area, region. depression in a
temperature
continent a nation. place, area, region.
extremes.

Picture or tourist Railway maps:

Populations maps: Road maps:
maps:
Shows the railway
Shows the distribution Shows the roads of a
Shows historical links between
of population in various region connecting
spots monumental various points.
parts of region. various parts and
sites etc.
point together.

Advantages:

 It is easy to use.
 It is easy to carry around.
 It can show the earth's entire surface or just a small part.
 It can show more detail.

Disadvantages:
 Maps are difficult to understand because they require complicated translations.
 Maps are hard to find and update in the modern, technologically advanced world.
 Maps are produced on paper, which is often damaged by weather conditions or other natural
forces.

 Cartoon:
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Definition: A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives a subtle message. In a cartoon the
features of objects and people are exaggerated along with generally recognized symbols.
Advantages:
 A cartoon can be effectively used to initiate certain lesson.
 It can be used for making a lesson lively and interesting.
 Cartoons bring positive benefits to child development in variety cognitive, social-
emotional and physical levels.
 It helps children to improve their language.

Disadvantages:
 Too many hours of sitting in front of a screen watching cartoons can cause several health
issues due to inactivity and a sedentary lifestyle.
 It Might encourage children’s the use of foul language.
 It may possibly encourage lack of empathy.
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2) Dimensional aids:
i) MODELS:

Definition:
A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally, that is height,
width, and depth is felt as reality.

Types of models:

Scale models: Simplified Working models: Cross sectional

Correct idea of models: To demonstrate in models: Inside of an
an object can be simple way of an object is visible.
Gives an idea of an
displayed, operation or
external form of an Ex- cross sectional of
process, ex- fetal
Ex – many objects , blood vessel
circulation.
people like to
ex- 3D animation
build to scale
of animal used in
model of cars,
cartoon.
boats.
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Advantages:

 Models make learning direct and meaningful.

 Models illustrate application -principles and laws.
 Models are lasting and make subjects more interesting.

Disadvantages:

 Some models are difficult to make.

 Models need expertise to make.
 It need a lot of time to make.

ii) PUPPETS:

It is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and the performer is a person termed as puppeteer.
It can be used as an effective teaching aid for language and social sciences.

TYPES OF PUPPETS
HAND PUPPETS: These are puppets controlled by one hand which occupies the interior of
the puppet.
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GLOVE PUPPETS: This is like a fingered glove which fits on the hand and is operated from
below by fingers.

ROD PUPPET: These are operated from below the stage by a combination of rods and
strings.

FINGER PUPPET : An extremely simple puppet variant which fits onto a single finger .
Finger puppets normally have no moving parts.
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STRING PUPPETS:
It consists of puppets with hinged body parts which are controlled by nine strings produces
required movements in the puppet.

STICK PUPPETS:
Puppets are painted cardboard/paper cut-outs attached by sticks. These puppets are manipulated
by the teacher and students by hiding behind a screen so that only puppets are visible to the
audience or the class.

SHADOW PUPPETS:
Puppets Shadow puppets are made of cardboard which produce shadows on a white screen.
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HUMAN-ARM PUPPETS:
It is similar to hand puppets .larger and requires two puppeteers.

MAROTTE PUPPETS:
A simplified rod puppet that is just a head or body on a stick .

Principles:
 It should be accompanied by short dialogues.
 A puppet show should not have many characters.
 Put in short duration songs and dances to arouse emotions.
 Songs or speech from the back or recorded talk are used.
 The actual voices of men, women and children can be limited.
 There should be silent pauses in between the dialogues.
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Uses of puppetry •
 It develops effective listening and looking skills.
 It develops group co-operation, It promotes creative ability.
 It promotes developmental learning in language and fine arts.
 It promotes self expression.

Advantages of puppetry •
 It captures the attention of participants.
 It creates interest in learner for learning.
 In nursing puppetry used in health education programs.

 It provides opportunity for team work.

Disadvantages of puppetry •
 It needs group co-operation and co-ordination.
 It requires skills in preparation and in presentation.
 It’s preparation is very time consuming.

iii) Mock –ups:

A mockup is a static representation of a product, showing users and stakeholders how it may look and
be used. It contains elements such as the typography, logos, images, color schemes.
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Uses of mock-up:
 It is used in teaching as realistic things.
 It is used in demonstration for increasing the interest of people.

 Mock-ups are used in the consumer goods industry as a part of product development

process.

Advantages:
 Mockups are nice because they help the business representative.
 It is teamwork.
Disadvantages:
 They cannot show the functionality and viability of the project deliverables.
 They cannot simulate the behavior and performance of the product or system.

3) PRINTED AIDS:
i) Pamphlets:

A pamphlet is printed material consisting of any a few pages about specific topic.

Principles:
o It should center on a single concept.
o There should be a logical sequence.

o It should be attractive and interested.

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Advantages:
 It is individualized learning.
 It is easy to transport.

 It can be used at any age of people.

Disadvantages:
 It demands good typing.
 Some may throw it.
 No group dynamics is encouraged.

ii) Leaflets:

A leaflet is a written or pictorial message on a single sheet of paper, which may be folded in half,
in third or in fourths. It may be printed on both sides of paper.
Advantages:
 It is easy to understand for all.
 It is easy to create & also time saving.
Disadvantages:
 It does not provide detailed information.
 Success of a leaflet is not assured, proper distribution & attractiveness are essential.
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 High cost, especially for small businesses

iii)Newspaper :

Newspapers can furnish health messages in local languages, which can reach to the public easily .

Advantages:
 It is the best method to reach a large group.
 By newspaper information will be available in low cost.
Disadvantages:
 It useful for literates only.
 Detailed information cannot be produce.

B ) Projected aids
i)SLIDES:

Meaning: Slides is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image or
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graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise. A slide is a still transparency of
70 mm, 35mm, or 6 mm size which is optically enlarged and projected on a screen as a real
image. Molded slides range in size from 2x2 or 4.5x4 inches.( D.Elakkuvana bhaskara Raj Nima
Bhaskar, 5th edition 2019).

Advantages:
 In this work is simple.

 It is accessible from anywhere.

 It is highly Cost effective.

 In this wide Choice of Customization.

Disadvantages:
 In this variety of errors can occur.

 It can affect reputation if not used correctly.

ii) Overhead projector:

Definition:
The overhead projector is a versatile and popular device for projecting transparencies, with
brilliant screen images suitable for use in a lighted room.
Overhead projector permits day light projection and face to face interaction with the students.
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Parts of the OHP:

 Projection head lens and mirror.
 Focus wheel.
 Projection handle.
 Switch for cooling fan.
 Glass plate/transparency stage.
 Fresnel lens.
 Adjustment feet.
 Metal box with a 1000w/600w halogen lamp.

OHP transparencies:

Overhead transparencies are easy to operate with the projector and are very simple to prepare.

A standard size of acetate sheet measuring 18x22 cm is used to print, write or draw materials

relevant to subject matter. (according to R Sudha).

Preparation of OHP transparencies:

 Transparencies should be simple, preferably expressing a single concept on one sheet.

 Letters should not be less than 6mm in size.
 Figures and diagrams are to be relevant to the content.
 We should leave margin at each end of the acetate.
 We should using different colors may attract student’s attention.

Advantages:

 It is simplest & cheapest of all projected aids.

 It can be used in normal classroom light.
 Transparencies can be hand-made or machine made in advance.
 In this eye contact is maintained & learning makes easier & faster.
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Limitations

 It Dependence on power.
 It is mostly one way nature of communication.
 Motion can’t be shown as easily as on film.

c) Audio visual aids:

Films:

Films are use to teach nursing is a creative and underutilized way to engage students in learning
complex material. Films have been used to teach a variety of college subjects including biology,
communication, ethics history, philosophy, political science, psychology and religion.

Advantages:

 It increases the attention span.

 It stimulates critical thinking.
 It motivates the learner.

 It increases curiosity, it stimulates interest.

Disadvantages:-

 It is time consuming for the teacher.

 Selection, organization, displaying and relating to learning is very difficult.
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 Teacher should have control over the students learning.

Television: -

Television constitutes an important medium widely used to disseminate information to its

viewers. Television is being acknowledged as powerful medium of mass education.

Importance of television:-

 It is a versatile educational vehicle.

 It stimulates & reinforces ideas, beliefs & tendencies already possessed by the on
looker.
 It offers opportunities of seeing & listening to the scenes & events
 It can teach large no. of students at one time.

Limitations:-

 It’s dependence on power.

 It’s mostly one way nature of communication.
 Motion can’t be shown as easily as on film.

d) Activity aids :
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There are certain learning situations in which student participation through direct experiences
can be easily incorporated, these are called activity aids. They are:-

 Museum:

It is made up of materials used in classroom teaching which in many cases are collected,
classified & exhibited by students with or without the help of a teacher.

OBJECTIVES OF MUSEUM:-

 It permits visual instruction & experimentation with actual museum specimens.

 It stimulates enthusiasm for study & research among both teachers & students.
 It Stimulates interest co-operation & participation.
 Exhibition:
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Project generated images coupled with explanatory panels allow the staging of more dynamic
presentations to achieve a greater impact at events such as exhibitions.

Advantages:

 In this meeting face-to-face with potential customers is a great way to start building
relationships.
 It helps in trade shows are a great way to meet potential new customers, suppliers and to
learn more about your competitors.
 Meeting with potential customers at an exhibition helps you to start building your marketing
lists and generate qualified sales leads.

Disadvantages:

 It is Costs include; stand space, stand design and build, travel and accommodation for
staff.
 You may need to invest in staff training about your products and services .It is likely your
competitors will also be exhibiting at the event.
 You'll need to stand out to get the attention of potential customers.

Summary:-

Audio-visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the
learning process as a whole, until teacher understands the relationship between audio-visual
material and teaching process. An AV aids is an instructional device in which the message can
be heard as well as seen. The sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce
learning. It helps the process of learning i.e. motivation, classification and stimulation. It
provides significant gains in informational learning, retention, recall, thinking and reasoning,
activity interest, imagination, better assimilation and personal growth and development.
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Bibliography:-

1. D. Elakkuvana bhaskara Raj Nima Bhaskar, text book of Nursing Education, 2ndedition,
EMMESS medical publisher (195-216).

2. Shebeer P. Basheer, text book of nursing education,2 nd edition 2018, EMMESS medical
publishers,(191-213)
3. R Sudha, Nursing Education Principles and concept,1 st edition 2013, JAPYEE Brothers
medical publishers(p)LTD, page(119-154).

4. Veerabhadrappa Gm, the short textbook of NURSING EDUCATION, 1 st edition

2011,JAYPEE Brothers medical publishers (P) LTD, page(145-169).

5. Suresh k. sharma / reena Sharma, communication and educational technology, 1 st edition
2017,Elsevier publisher, page(340)

6. Preet kaur sodhi, comprehensive textbook of NURSING EDUCATION, JAYPEE

Brothers medical publishers(p)LTD.

Websites:

a. https://www.brainkart.com/article/Audiovisual-Aids_35533
b. https://www.google.com/mock-up
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