OZF]FOAK HEYZGAK ZITEZ]

TAGBLA_ MI_AFG
ME_IG TIGBACTY8
MFAG CAVA _AZF, _.Tm, C.Tm
CIV AK_F@ _F@ECJFGB, _.Tm, C.Tm

MF_Y_YG EKI@8

OAGFA RFHAVA

(916?1==449)

TIGMFMFLAG ]A]A ZFA_ ZIBYKIZ A

HYZY_AG TIGMFMFLAG LI_IHA@]IZAAG LIKYAZBA

NALYK]A_ ]ILGFL

YGF^IZ_F]A_ GIBIZF CIMAG

:4:4
LA]A TIGBAG]AZ

Tuhf mag syulur atas larugfa ]u`ag Vagb Ca`a Isa si`fgbba saya
mapat
map at cig
cigyik
yikisa
isafla
flag
g tub
tubas
as cal
calaka
aka`
` yag
yagb
b ji
jirhu
rhumuk
muk Orf
Orftfo
tfoak
ak Heu
Heurga
rgakk
Zipert fgf tipat pama waltugya. Amapug tuhuag marf pigukfsag calaka`
fg
fgff am
amak
aka`
a` ug
ugtu
tul
l ci
cici
cigu
gu`f
`f tuba
tubass me
mesi
sig
g pa
pama
ma ca
cata
ta lu
lukf
kfa`
a` Ta
Tagb
gbla
lass
Misafg. _ikafg ftu, calaka` fgf huba jirtuhuag ugtul cigacja` wawasag
tigtagb jabafcaga cikalulag picagblasag misafg jabf para picjaoa
mag huba jabf pigukfs.

_aya cigbuoaplag tirfca lasf` lipama Fju Mfag Caya _arf, _.Tm,
C.Tm mag Fju Ciy Aksf` _f`ecjfgb, _.Tm, C.Tm, sikalu mesig cata
lukfa`
lukfa` Tagbl
Tagblas
as Misa
Misafg
fg yagb tika` cicji
cicjirflag
rflag tubas fgf si`fgbba mapat
cigacja` pigbita`uag mag wawasag sisuaf migbag jfmagb stumf yagb
saya tilugf fgf.

_aya huba cigbuoaplag tirfca lasf` lipama sicua pf`al yagb

ti
tika
ka`
` ci
cicj
cjaabf sisij
jab
abffag pi
pig
gbi
bita
ta`
`ua
uag
ggy
gyaa si`f
si`fgb
gbbba sayayaa map
apat
at
cigyikisaflag calaka` fgf. _aya cigyamarf, calaka` yagb saya tukfs fgf
casf` hau` marf lata sicpurga. Eki` lariga ftu, lrftfl mag sarag yagb
cicjagbug alag saya gagtflag micf lisicpurgaag calaka` fgf.

Cimag, :9 Eltejir :4:4

Tigukfs
MAN]AZ F_F

LA]A TIGBAG]AZ.......................
TIGBAG]AZ......................................
..............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
..................................ff
....................ff
MAN]AZ F_F...........................
F_F.........................................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
...........................
............ fff

JAJ F............
F..........................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.......................
........11

TIGMA@YKYAG.....................
TIGMA@YKYAG....................................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
........................................1
..........................1

JAJ FF...........
FF.........................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
.......................
........??

TICJA@A_AG......................
TICJA@A_AG....................................
.............................
..............................
.............................
.............................
..........................................?
...........................?

1. Hurgak Tirtaca............................
Tirtaca..........................................
.............................
.............................
.............................
..................................
.......................
....?
?

:. hurgak limua. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1=

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1=

JAJ FFF………………………………………………………………………………………
FFF…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….:1
…………………………………..…….:1

TIGY]YT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………:1

1. Lisfcpukag…………………………………………………
Lisfcpukag………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..:1
……………………………………………………………..:1

:. _arag…...........................................................................................................................:1
 JAJ F

TIGMA@YKYAG

1.1 Katar Ji
Jikalagb
Cigblrftfl sijua` Hurgak amaka` saka` satu libfatag yagb `arus mfluasaf eki`
sfswaa caupug ca`asfswa.
sfsw ca`asfswa. ]irkijf`
]irkijf` kabf ugtul lfta
lfta oakeg pigmfmfl jagbsa.
jagbsa. Jagyal
hurgak-hurgak yagb jirimar silaragb fgf yagb jfsa mflrftfl. Jafl marf sibf pigukfsag,
oeoel
oeoel tfmalgy
tfmalgyaa ja`ag catir
catirff mig
migbag
bag picjao
picjaoa,
a, caupug
caupug marf
marf sibf liki
likigbl
gblapag
apag
catirf.
Amapug
Amapug tuhuag
tuhuag pigukf
pigukfss mf makac
makac calaka
calaka`
` fgf amaka`
amaka` ugtul
ugtul cigbur
cigburafl
aflag
ag

tigt
tigtag
agb
b li
liki
kijf
jf`a
`ag
g ma
mag
g lilur
lilurag
agba
bag
g ma
marf
rf si
siju
jua`
a` hu
hurg
rgak
ak `ak fg
fgff mf
mfka
kalul
lulag
ag mi
micf
cf
cicigu`f
cicigu`f tubas Cata lukfa`
lukfa` Tagblas Misafg yaftu tigtagb
tigtagb Orftfoak
Orftfoak Heurgak Zipert
mfcagaa tuhuaggya amaka`
mfcag amaka` tfmal kafg ugtul cigfgblatla
cigfgblatlag
g licacpuag
licacpuag ca`asfswa
ca`asfswa mf
makac cigfkaf sijua` hurgak.
Mf makac
makac calaka
calaka`
` fgf huba tfmal
tfmal ama calsum
calsum ugtul
ugtul cigyumu
cigyumutla
tlag
g pf`al
pf`al
tirtig
tirtigtu.
tu. Tama calaka
calaka`
` fgf mf sirtal
sirtalag
ag liugbbu
liugbbukag
kag mag lilura
liluragba
gbag
g marf
marf hurgak
hurgak
tirsijut. Jafl ftu marf sibf pigukfsag mag picalafag ja`asa, ja`ag catirf yagb
mfsacpaflag, caupug marf sibf likigblapag catirf. Lariga pama masargya tfmal ama
hurgak yagb sicpurga. Migbag micflfag, mf`araplag tfmal ama pf`al-pf`al yagb
tirsfgbbugb atas pigyahfag calaka` fgf. Lariga calaka` fgf mfjuat marf sumut epfgf
picjaoa.

1.: Zucusag Cas

Casak
aka
a`
Vagb cighamf rucusag casaka` mf makac calaka` fgf amaka` 8
A. Jabafc
Jabafcaga
aga fmigtf
fmigtftas
tas hurga
hurgakk 5
J. Jabafc
Jabafcaga
aga `asfk
`asfk rivfi
rivfiw
w hurgak
hurgak55

1
1.?
1.? ]uhua
]uhuag
g
Amapug tuhuag yagb marf pigukfsag calaka` fgf amaka` 8

A. Cigbi
Cigbita
ta`uf
`uf fmig
fmigtf
tfta
tass hurg
hurgak
ak..
J. Cigbi
Cigbita
ta`uf
`uf `a
`asf
sfkk rrivf
ivfiw
iw hurg
hurgak
ak..

1.=
1.= Cagna
Cagnaat
at
Marf lahfag yagb tika` mfkalulag fgf mf`araplag mapat cicjirflag cagnaat
jabf sicua picjaoa l`usugya ca`asfswa Hurusag Tigmfmflag ]ata Zfas ugtul
cigbita`uf tigtagb sijua` lahfag makac Ticagblasag Misafg.

:
 JAJ FF

TICJA@A_AG

1. Hurg
Hurgak
ak Ti
Tirt
rtac
aca
a

Fmigtftas hurgak
TIKA]F@AG TAGBLA_ ZACJY] _EKFM YG]YL
Humuk TICJILAKAG LI]IZACTFKAG JABF FJYFJY TLL TY]A]
HAVA _YZAJAVA
Hurgak Tigmfmflag ]ata Zfas, Naluktas ]ilgfl, Ygfvirsftas Gibirf
Hurgak
_urajaya
^ekuci
^ekuci mag
mag `akac
`akacag
ag ^eku
^ekuci
ci 4> Gec
Gecerer ? mag
mag `aka
`akaca
cag
g 12-:?
12-:?
]a`ug :412
Tigukfs @istf ]rf Hukfawatf mag Mr. Cutfccatuk Nafma`, _.Ab.C.Ab
F__G ]fmal mflita`uf
Zivfiwir Oagfa Rfhaya
]agbbak :9 Eltejir :4:4

@asfk Hurgak
Ajstral pigikftfag Litiragbag
]uhu
]uhuag
ag pi
pigi
gikf
kftf
tfag
ag Ti
Tika
katf
tf`a
`ag
g fgf
fgf jirt
jirtuh
uhua
uag
g 8 (1)
(1) Cigb
Cigbit
ita`
a`uf
uf pig
pigbi
bike
keka
kaag
ag pik
pikat
atf`
f`ag
ag
litira
litiracpf
cpfkag
kag pagblas
pagblas racjut
racjut sekfm
sekfm mf Tutat
Tutat Haya
Haya _uraja
_urajaya,
ya,
(:)Cig
(:)Cigbit
bita`uf
a`uf altfn
altfnfta
ftass pisirt
pisirtaa makac
makac cigbfl
cigbflutf
utf pikatf
pikatf`ag
`ag

litiracpfka
litiracpfkagg pagblas rcjut sekm, (?)Cigbita`uf
(?)Cigbita`uf `asfk
`asfk praltil
praltil
pisirta litiracpfkag pagblas
p agblas racjut sekfm mag (=) Cigbita`uf
rispeg pisirta tir`amap pikatf`ag litiracpfkag pagblas racjut
sekfm yagb tika` mfkalsagalag.
_ujh
_ujhil
il pi
pigi
gikf
kftf
tfag
ag _ujy
_ujyil
il pi
pigi
gikf
kftf
tfag
ag fgf
fgf am
amak
aka`
a` fj
fju-
u-fj
fju
u TLL
TLL Tuta
Tutatt Ha
Haya
ya ji
jirh
rhuc
ucka
ka`
`
1= pisirta.
Assiscigt mata Tikatf`ag cirupalag suatu presis picjikaharag yagb kijf`
cigi
cigilag
lagla
lag
g pama
pama li
libf
bfat
atag
ag pr
pral
alti
til
l ma
marf
rf pama
pama ti
tier
erff yagb
yagb
mfkalul
mfkalulag
ag eki`
eki` sisier
sisieragb
agb atau
atau silike
silikecpe
cpel
l eragb.
eragb. Tikatf
Tikatf`ag
`ag
mfam
mfamal
alag
ag abar
abar pisi
pisirrta pik
pikat
atff`ag
`ag cigm
cigmap
apat
at ta
tac
cja`a
ja`ag
g

?
 litiracpfkag mag pigbita`uag jaru makac waltu yagb sfgblat
si`fgbba pisirta pikatf`ag mapat jirsafgb makac mugfa lirha.
Tikatf`ag jirtuhuag ugtul cgfgblatlag lriatfvftas litiracpfkag
sirta jilak litiracpfkag sisieragb ugtul jilirha mf casa yagb

al
alag
ag ma
mata
tagb
gb.. Migb
Migbag
ag am
amag
agya
ya pi
pika
katf
tf`a
`ag
g si
sisi
sier
erag
agb
b ma
mapa
patt
cigfgblatlag
cigfgblatlag litiracpfk
litiracpfkaggya.
aggya. Tikatf`ag
Tikatf`ag cirupalag
cirupalag libfatag
libfatag
jikahar mag paltil ugtul sisuatu tuhuag jafl, mfkalulag sioara
jirukagb-ukagb mag tirus-cigirus ugtul cigfgblatlag
licacpuag atau litiracpfkag cagusfa (Xurgakf, :442). Jilak
litiracpfkag yagb mfmapat mflicjagblag makac jigtul usa`a
yagb
yagb cigb`
cigb`as
asfk
fkla
lag
g ua
uagb
gb ugtul
ugtul cigf
cigfgb
gblat
latla
lag
g pi
pigma
gmapa
pata
tag
g
fgmfvf
fgmfvfmu
mu atau
atau likuar
likuarba.
ba. ]irmapa
]irmapatt jirjaba
jirjabaff caoac
caoac libfat
libfatag
ag
pikatf`ag ugtul cicjilakf litiracpfkag sisieragb, tircasul
litira
litiracpf
cpfkag
kag jfmagb
jfmagb lioagt
lioagtfla
flag.
g. Mak
Makac
ac jfmagb
jfmagb lioagtf
lioagtflag
lag
tirmapa
tirmapatt mua caoac,
caoac, yaftu
yaftu lioagt
lioagtfla
flag
g lukft
lukft mag lioagt
lioagtfla
flag
g
racjut.
Lata lugof Tikatf`ag, Tagblas Zacjut _ekfm, Fju-fju TLL, Litiracpfkag.

Tigma`ukuag Litiragbag
Lahfag ti
tierf _aka` s aattu h ig
igfs l ioioagtflag r ac acjut a mamaka` p agagblas r ac acjut.
]irmapat
]irmap at jirjabaf
jirjabaf caoac higfs picagblasagpicagblasag racjut, agtara
ka
kafg
fg papagbl
gblas
as raracj
cjut ut br
bramu
amuat
atfe
feg,
g, ka
kayi
yirr mag se sekf
kfm.
m. TaTagbl
gblasas
ra
racj
cjutut bram
bramuauatf
tfeg
eg cicfcicfkf kflf
lf la lara
ralt
ltir
irfs
fstf
tfl
l ki kita
tal
l sumusumutt
pigbagblatag racjut cukaf marf 4E `fgbba >4E, pagblas
racjut kayir amaka` kital sumut sumut pigbagblatag 4E `fgbba 104E
si`fgb
si` fgbba
ba cicjig
cicjigtul tul tr
trap
ap pigu`
pigu` simagb
simagblag
lag pagblas
pagblas racjut
racjut
se
sekf
kfm
m am
amak
aka`
a` tatarf
rfla
lagg ba
barf
rfss ku
kuru
russ ya
yagb
gb ciru
cirupalpalag
ag papatetelag
lag..
]i
]ilgf
lgfl
l peka
peka masar
masar marf
marf picagb
picagbla lasa
sagg raracj
cjutut ciru
cirupa pala
lagg
kagbla` awak yagb `arus mfticpu` eki` sieragb picuka yagb
fgbf
fgbfg g ji
jika
kaha
harr pi
picacagb
gbla
lasasag
g abar
abar mamapa
patt cigb
cigbua uasa
saff sisirt
rtaa
cigbicjagblag cighamf suatu cemik petegbag racjut yagb
simagb
sim agb trig
trig pama saat saat fgf.
fgf. Litira
Litiracpf
cpfkag
kag pagblas
pagblas racjut fgf
mapat mfjirflag lipama fju-fju TLL (Tigbbiral Lisiha`tiraag
Likuarba)
Likuar ba) mag casyaralat
casyaralat abar mapat cicjirf cicjirf litiracpfka
litiracpfkag g
si
sija
jabaf
baf jijila
lakk jirwf
jirwfraraus
usa`
a`a.
a. TiTica
cagb
gblalasa
sag
g ra racj
cjutut ma masa
sarr
cirupalag suatu tfgmalag cigburagbf ulurag paghagb racjut

si
sicu
cuka
ka mi
migba
gbag
g ja
jagt
gtua
uag
g sf
sfsf
sfr,
r, bugtf
bugtfgb
gb ma
mag
g ha
harf
rf-h
-har
arff ta
tagb
gbag
ag

=
migbag kital harf cigbflutf ara` barfs misafg kfgi atau barfs
mi
misa
safg
fg peka
peka pa pagb
gbla
lasa
sag
g buga
buga cigu cigugtgtug
ug ar ara`
a` bubugt
gtfg
fgba
bagg
jirmasarlag peka pagblasag, abar cigb`asfklag jigtul
bugtfgbag picagblasag racjut yagb sifcjagb, jirstrultur mag
tipat. ]irmapat jirjabaf caoac pagblas racjut, titapf yagb
mfbugal
mfb ugalagag makac
makac pikatf
pikatf`ag
`ag fgf amaka`
amaka` pagblas
pagblas racjut
racjut sekfm
sekfm
lariga
lar iga cirupa
cirupalag lag higfs
higfs pagblas
pagblas racjut
racjut yagb pakfgb
pakfgb masar
masar
si`fgbba para pisirta pikatf`ag mf`araplag kijf` cuma` ugtul
cica`acf mag cigbflutf
kagbla`-kagbla` pagblas racjut yagb mfjirflag eki` fgstrultur
ma
magg cigham amff peg egmmasf par araa pispisirta ma makkac cigb gbu uasaf
litira
lit iracpf
cpfkag
kag pagblas
pagblas racjut
racjut yagb kaf kafg.
g. Tikatf
Tikatf`ag
`ag pagblas
pagblas
racjut fgf mfjirflag lipama fjufju TLL mf Likura`ag Tutat
Haya. Likura`ag Tutat Haya cirupalag ils wfkaya` yagb pirga`
mfmfrflag kelakfsasf tirjisar mf Asfa ]igbbara yaftu Mekky mag
Haral. Tigutupag kelakfsasf cicjirf macpal `fkagbgya cata
pigoa`arfag warba silftar yagb cigbbagtugblag li`fmupag
ilegecf marf jfsgfsjfsgfs prestftus
prestftusf.
f. Jijirapa
Jijirapa marf pisirta pikatf`ag
pikatf`ag
sijikucgya jirhuakag ataupug jilirha mf lawasag ils kelakfsasf
tirsijut, titapf sicighal kelakfsasf tirsijut mftutup jagyal yagb
bukugb
buk ugb tfla
tflarr mag tf tfma
mall cigi
cigiru rusl
slag
ag ususa`
a`agy
agyaa mfmfla
lari
rigal
galag ag
la
lawwasag tirsijut sipf si` i`ffgbb
bbaa cigacja` hucka`
pigbagbburag. _ijabfag warba ama yagb suma` jiliha titapf
casf
ca sf`
` jagya
jagyal l yayagb
gb casf
casf`` jijiku
kucc cigm
cigmapa
apatltlag
ag pipili
lirh
rhaa
aagg
licjak
lic jakff mflari
mflarigalgalag
ag cfgfcg
cfgfcgya ya litira
litiracpf
cpfkag
kag yagb
yagb cirila
cirila
cfkflf
cfk flf.. _uma`
_uma` ama jijirap
jijirapaa upaya
upaya picirf
picirfgta
gta`` mag Kicjaba
Kicjaba
_wama
_wa mayaya Casy
Casyar aral
alat
at makac
makac cicjcicjir irfl
flag
ag pipika
katf
tf`a
`ag,
g, titita
tapf
pf
pikatf`ag yagb suma` ama kijf` jirnelus pama pikatf`ag mf
jfmagb Jeba simagblag pikatf`ag mf jfmagb lioagtflag `agya
tirjatas
tirjat as pama picjuatag
picjuatag alsiserfs
alsiserfs (Lartege,
(Lartege, picfkfl
picfkfl Zuca`
Jaoa Lawag Lfta). Eki` lariga ftu, pigikftf alag cicjirflag
pikatf`ag pagblas racjut sekfm migbag tuhuag abar warba
cicpugyaf pigbita`uag tigtagb pagblas racjut sekfm mag jfsa
mfhamflag jilak cirila ugtul cicjula usa`a sakeg. Mfpfkf`gya
pagblas racjut sekfm lariga pagblas
pagb las racjut sekfm amaka` masar
marf tilgfl picagblasag racjut, hamf pisirta pikatf`ag kijf`
cuma` ugtul cica`acf mag cigbflutf. Tirakatag mag ja`ag
yagb mfbugalag pama pikatf`ag fgf cigbbugalag akat mag ja`ag
yagb stagmar mfbugalag pama sakeg. _ijabaf upaya cigughagb
presis pikatf`ag pagblas racjut sekfm pama warba Tutat Haya
pirku mfsusug piragblat pikatf`ag, si`fgbba presis pikatf`ag
mapat
map at jirha
jirhaka
kag
g ki
kijf
jf`
` in
inil
iltf
tfn.
n. TiTira
ragb
gblat
lat pipika
katf
tf`ag
`ag amaka
amaka`
`
sihucka` ja`ag, akat, cimfa, pitughul mag pimecag yagb alag
mfbu
mfbuga
gala
lag
g mamaka
kac
c prpres
esis
is pi
pikakatf
tf`a
`ag
g (_(_u`
u`am
amf,
f, :4:442
4288 :=
:=).
).

9
 Tiragblat pikatf`ag cikfputf `agm eut, hej s`iit mag Kicjar
]is Lfgirha. Tiragblat pikatf`ag yagb utaca amaka` `agm eut,
lariga migbag cigbbugalag `agm eut para pisirta pikatf`ag
alag
ala g cicp
cicpugy ugyaf
af pi
pibag
bagbabagg cati
catirf
rf si
sigmf
gmfrf
rf,, si
si`f`fgb
gbba
ba para
para
pisirta kijf` cuma` mag oipat cica`acf catirf tirsijut
(Geteamcehe
(Getea mcehe,, :446). Amapug pigyacpafag
pigyacpafag catirfcatirf pikatf`ag
pikatf`ag
alag
ala g cigir
cigirap aplag
lag cemi
cemikk pi picj
cjik
ikah
ahar
arag
ag ka kagbs
gbsugb
ugb mi migb
gbag
ag
micegstrasf mag praltil. Citemi micegstrasf mag praltil alac
cicpir
cic pircuma
cuma` ` pisirt
pisirtaa cica`a
cica`acf cf mag cikalu
cikalulaglag pagblas
pagblas
ra
racj
cjutut sesekf
kfm.
m. Cimf
Cimfaa yayagbgb mf mfbug
bugal
alag
ag ma maka
kacc pi picacagbl
gblas
asag
ag
racjut sekfm fgf amaka` cagiqufg tfmal cigbbugalag racjut
askf cagusfa. @ak fgf mflarigalag para pisirta pikatf`agcasf`
jaru pirtaca lakf jikahar pagblas racjut. Tigbbugaag cimfa
jegila lipaka cagiqufg
cagiq ufg huba jirtuhuag cigb`fgmarf lisaka`ag
pama picagblasag pama picagblasag racjut. Lisaka`ag
picagblasag pama pagblas racjut jfsa mfpirjaflf. Cagiqufg
amaka
ama ka`
` je jegil
gilaa yayagb
gb pa
pamama jabfa
jabfagg lipak
lipakaa ti tirm
rmapapat
at ra
racj
cjut
ut
askf/sfgti
askf/sfgtisfs,
sfs, yagb jfasagya
jfasagya mfbugalag
mfbugalag ugtul pagblas racjut racjut
atau sagbbuk.
Citemi
Cite mi pig
pigik
ikft
ftfa
fag
g Ti
Tigi
gikf
kftf
tfag
ag fgf
fgf cig
cigbb
bbug
ugal
alagag cit
citem
emii picj
picjik ikah
ahar
arag
ag kag
kagbs
bsug
ugb.
b.
@assfk pigi
@a pigikf
kfttfa
fag
g Mat
Mata `as
`asfk
fk ris
ispe
peg
g pis
pisir
irtta tir
tir`a
`ama
map
p lib
libfa
fattag pik
pikat
atff`ag
`ag pagb
pagbla
lass
racjut sekfm pama fju-fju TLL sijagyal 1= pisirta migbag 14
aspil pirtagyaag yagb cigbaou pama
hawajag ‛ya– atau ‛tfmal– migbag migb ag pir`ftugbag pirsigtasi mapat
mfkf`at pama mfabrac jirflut 8

Mfabrac
Mfabrac =.= Zispeg
Zispeg Tisirt
Tisirtaa Tikatf
Tikatf`ag
`ag _ucjir
_ucjir 8 Meluci
Melucig
g
Trfjamf

Tama mfabrac =.= mata `asfk pigbikekaag pikatf`ag cigughullag

ja`wa 8 a. Tirtagyaag 1 apala` pisirta tirtarfl cigbflutf
pikatf`ag pagblas racjut sekfm5, pirtagyaag ? apala` pikatf`ag
pagblas racjut fgf jircagnaat5, pirtagyaag = apala` pikatf`agp ikatf`ag
fgf mapat
mapat cigfgb
cigfgblat
latlag
lag litira
litiracpf
cpfkag5
kag5,, pirtag
pirtagyaa
yaagg 9 apala`
apala`
micegs
mic egstr
tras
asff cuma`
cuma` mf mfpa
pa`a
`acfcf5,
5, pi
pirt
rtag
agyaa
yaagg 6 apapala
ala`` agma
agma
cica
ci ca`ac`acff kakagbl
gbla`
a`-k
-kag
agbl
bla`
a` pi pica
cagbl
gblas
asag
ag ra
racj
cjutut makac
makac
pikatf`ag fgf5, pirtagyaag 14 apala` pirku mfamalag pikatf`ag
pagblas racjut kaghutag5. Marf > aspil fgf yagb cicfkflf gfkaf
tirtfgbbf
tirtfgbbf migbag cicpireki`
cicpireki` rata-rata
rata-rata 144% si`fgbba
si`fgbba mapat
mfla
mflatitibe
berf
rfla
lagg sa
sagb
gbat
at ja
jafl
fl.. j. TiTirt
rtag
agya
yaag
ag : apapal
ala`
a` agagma
ma
cica`ac
cic a`acff catirf
catirf tigtag
tigtagb
b pikatf
pikatf`ag
`ag pagblas
pagblas racjut
racjut sekfm5
sekfm5,,
pirtagyaag > apala` hejs`iit cuma` agma pa`acf5, p a`acf5, pirtagyaag
2 apapal
ala`
a` `a `agme
gmeut
ut cicu
cicumama`la
`lagg mamaka
ka cica
cica`ac
`acff cati
catirfrf5,
5,
pirtagyaag 0 apala` pighikasag catirf cuma` mfpa`acf5

>
 Cickflff gfkaf
Cickfl gfkaf tirigm
tirigma`
a` migbag
migbag cicpir
cicpirekieki`` rata-r
rata-rata
ata 04%
si`fgbba mapat mflatiberflag sagbat jafl.
Mfsl
Mfslus
usff pig
pigik
ikft
ftfa
fag
g Jirm
Jirmas
asar
arla
lag
g `asfk
`asfk pig
pigya
yahf
hfag
ag mata
mata mapa
mapatt mfli
mflita
ta`u
`uff `asf
`asf ejsi
ejsirv
rvas
asff
pigbikekaag pikatf`ag, altfvftas pisirta, `asfk pikatf`ag mag
rispg pisirta pikatf`ag pagblas racjut sekfm sijabaf jirflut 8
1. Ti
Tigbi
gbike
keka
kaag
ag Ti
Tika
katf
tf`ag
`ag @asf
@asfkk ejisi
ejisirv
rvas
asff pigbi
pigbike
keka
kaag
ag
litiracpfkag pagblas racjut sekfm pama fju-fju TLL mf Tutat
Haya tirmfrf marf 2 aspil. Tigbikekaag pikatf`ag fgf cicpireki`
gfkaf
gfkaf ratara
ratarata
ta ?,9 migbag
migbag lrftir
lrftirfa
fa sagbat
sagbat jafl.
jafl. Gfk
Gfkaf
af tir
tirtfg
tfgbbf
bbf
ti
tirm
rmap
apat
at pa
pama
ma tfba
tfba as
aspi
pil
l ya
yaft
ftu
u pi
pigy
gyac
acpa
pafa
fag
g tu
tuhu
huag
ag ma
mag
g
cicpirsfaplag pisirta pikatf`ag migbag cicpireki` gfkaf =,
pisirta cicpugyaf pagmagbag makac jikahar mag mapat tirara`
migbag jafl, cigurut ]rfyege (:41: 8 2?) prebrac pikatf`ag

(trafgfgb)
(trafgfgb) jirtuhuag
jirtuhuag ugtul cicpirjaflf
cicpirjaflf pigbuasaag jirjabaf
jirjabaf
litira
litiracpf
cpfkag
kag mag tilgfl
tilgfl pikals
pikalsagaa
agaag
g lirha
lirha tir
tirtig
tigtu.
tu. Tikatf
Tikatf`
`
cikkalul
ci alulag
agmi
mice
cegs
gsttra
rassf mag
mag cicji
icjirf
rfla
lag
g lisf
lisfcp
cpuk
ukag
ag
cicpir
cicpireki`
eki` gfkaf
gfkaf = migbag
migbag lrftir
lrftirfa
fa sagbat
sagbat jafl
jafl mflari
mflarigala
galag
g
pisirta pikatf`ag kijf` sula saat micegstrasf cirila sagbat
agtusfas ugtul cikf`at jabafcaga cikalulag ta`apag atau oara
pagblas racjut migbag ta`apag yagb jigar, sipirtf `akgya
cigbbug
cigbbugalaa
alaag
g citemi
citemi oiraca
oiraca`
` makac
makac citemi
citemi micegs
micegstra
trasf
sf
yagb cicugblfglag tirhamfgya pigfgblatag slfkk pama pisirta
(]rfyege, :41: 8 22)

:. Altfvf
Altfvftas
tas Tisirt
Tisirtaa Tikatf
Tikatf`ag
`ag Tagblas
Tagblas Zacjut
Zacjut _ekfm
_ekfm @asfk
@asfk
ejsirvasf
ejsirvasf altfvftas pisirta makac libfatag pikatf`ag pagblas
ra
racj
cjut
ut fgf
fgf ti
tirm
rmap
apat
at > as
aspi
pil,
l, yaf
yaftu
tu pisir
pisirta
ta cicp
cicpir
ir`a
`atf
tfla
lag
g
pighikasag tuhuag mag pirsfapag mfrf cicpireki` gfkaf = pisirta
cicp
cicpir
ir`a
`atf
tfla
lag
g tuhu
tuhuag
ag mi
migb
gbag
ag ja
jafl
fl,, ti
tirt
rtfj
fj ma
mag
g am
amag
agya
ya
ta
tagb
gbbap
bapag
ag mfrf
mfrf pi
pisi
sirt
rtaa
aa pa
pama
ma pighi
pighika
kasa
sag
g pikat
pikatf`
f` ap
apaj
ajfk
fkaa

2
pigyacpafag catirf luragb hikas. Migbag pigmapat eki`
_r
_rfm
fmag
agaa (:44
(:44>
> 8 :?) ug
ugtu
tul
l cigf
cigfgb
gblat
latla
lag
g pi
pigb
gbit
ita`
a`ua
uag
g mag
litir
litirac
acpf
pfka
kag
g si
sisi
sier
erag
agb
b ab
abar
ar pi
pisi
sirt
rtaa mf
mfmf
mfl
l cigm
cigmapa
apatl
tlag
ag
pigbita`uag mag litiracpfkag makac catirf yagb mfsacpaflag.

Tisirt
Tisirtaa cicpir
cicpir`at
`atflag
flag saat
saat pikatf
pikatf`
` cikalul
cikalulag
ag micegs
micegstra
trasf
sf
cicpireki` gfkaf =. Tisirta cikalulag praltil pagblas racjut
sekfm cicpireki` gfkaf =, pisirta cikf`at mag cigmigbarlag
pikatf` saat cigmicegstrasflag kagbla`-kagbla` pagblas
racjut sekfm lariga sagbat sigagb fgbfg cigbita`uf jabafcaga
oara pagblas racjut migbag jigar. Tisirta cicjaoa catirf
`agme
`agmeut
ut mag cigy
cigyfa
fapl
plag
ag he
hejs
js`i
`iit
it cicp
cicpir
irek
eki`
i` gf
gfka
kaff ?,9.
?,9.
Tisirtaa jirtagyaa
Tisirt jirtagyaa apajfka
apajfka tirmapat
tirmapat catirf
catirf `agmeut mag hejs`iit
hejs`iit
yagb jikuc
jikuc hikas
hikas mag jikuc
jikuc mfpa`ac
mfpa`acf,
f, ugtul
ugtul cigmapa
cigmapatla
tlag
g
pigbita`uag mag litiracpfkag picjikaharag si`fgbba cirila
alag mapat cigbbugalaggya makac pilirhaag (Rfjewe, :411 8
==:). Tisirta cigyfapalag akat mag ja`ag yagb alag mfbugalag
ugtul praltil cicpireki` gfak ?,9 pisirta suma` cica`acf
akat mag ja`ag yagb mfbugalag ugtul pagblasa racjut sitika`
cigmigbarlag
cigmigbarlag pighikasag marf pikatf`
pikatf` pama saat cicjirflag
cicjirflag
catirf. _i`fgbba sagbat cuma` jabf pisirta makac cigyfaplag
akat.

?. @asfk Traltil
Traltil Tagblas
Tagblas Zacjut
Zacjut _ekfm Mata `asfk
`asfk pikatf`ag
pikatf`ag
pagblas racjut sekfm mfmapat marf `asfk pest
pe st tist marf 1= pisirta
pikatf`ag cigughullag rata-rata 02,1%
02,1 % tirsijut tirmapat icpat
aspil, yaftu 8 Aspil satu cikalulag pigataag akat mag ja`ag,
ama 14 pisirta yagb cigmapatlag gfkaf calsfcak (:4), pisirta
suma` cica`acf akat mag ja`ag yagb mfbugalag ugtul pagblas
ra
racj
cjut
ut se
sekf
kfm
m si
si`f
`fgbb
gbbaa sa
sagba
gbatt cuma`
cuma` jabf
jabf pi
pisi
sirt
rtaa ugtul
ugtul
cigyfa
cigyfapla
plag
g akat
akat mag ja`ag
ja`ag tir
tirsij
sijut.
ut. Aspil
Aspil mua cikalu
cikalulag
lag

0
partfgb racjut mag cicjasa`f racjut migbag pisirta casf`
jikuc cica`acf oara cicartfgb racjut mag cicjasa`f
racjut migbag jigar, si`fgbba
pisirta lisukftag ugtul cikalulag migbag jigar, ama 9 pisirta

yagb cigmapatlag gfkaf calsfcak (:4). Aspil tfba cikalulag

praltil pagblas racjut sekfm, ama 9 pisirta yagb pisirta casf`
lisukftag ugtul cikalulag pagblas racjut, `ak fgf mflarigalag
pisirta casf` jaru cikalulag praltil pagblas racjut tirsijut,
cigmapatlag gfkaf calsfcak gfkaf :4 marf 6 pisirta mflarigalag
`ak fgf
fgf yagb
yagb si
sirf
rfgb
gb mf
mfka
kalu
lulag
lag ek
eki`
i` fj
fju-
u-fj
fju
u si
si`f
`fgb
gbba
ba su
suma`
ma`
ti
tirj
rjfa
fasa
sa cika
cikalul
lulag
aggya
gya.. Tigbb
Tigbbuga
ugaag
ag cite
citemi
mi mi
mice
cegs
gstr
tras
asff
migbag pagmuag `agm eut sagbat cicjagtu pisirta pikatf`ag
makac
makac cikalul
cikalulag
ag pralti
praltil
l pagblas
pagblas racjut
racjut sekfm,
sekfm, lariga
lariga mf
makac
makac `agm
`agm eut tir
tirmapa
mapatt bacjar
bacjar mag pighik
pighikasa
asag
g jabafc
jabafcaga
aga
oara-
oara-oar
oaraa cica
cicagbl
gblas
as ra
racj
cjut
ut,, si
si`f
`fgb
gbba
ba pi
pisi
sirt
rtaa pi
pika
katf
tf`a
`ag
g
cirasa tirjfcjfgb makac cikalulag praltil pagblas racjut
sekf
sekfm.
m. Migb
Migbag
ag pi
pigm
gmap
apat
at Cagb
Cagblu
lugi
giba
bara
ra (:
(:41
414)
4).. Cite
Citemi
mi
mi
mice
cegs
gstr
tras
asff ciru
cirupa
pala
lag
g cite
citemi
mi cigb
cigbah
ahar
ar mi
migb
gbag
ag oa
oara
ra
cicpirabalag jaragb, lihamfag, aturag mag urutag cikalulag
libfata
libfatag,
g, jafl
jafl sioara
sioara kagbsu
kagbsugb
gb caupug
caupug pigbbug
pigbbugaaag
aaag cimfa
cimfa
pigbaharag yagb rikivag migbag pelel ja`asag/catirf yagb
simagb mfsahflag.

=. Zispeg
Zispeg Tisirt
Tisirtaa Agblit
Agblit rispeg
rispeg pisirt
pisirtaa mfbugal
mfbugalagag ugtul
ugtul
cigbita`uf rispeg pisirta tir`amap libfatag pikatf`ag pagblas
racjut sekfm. @asfk rispeg pisirta tir`amap pikatf`ag pagblas
ra
racj
cjutut se
sekf
kfm
m pama
pama fjfju-
u-fj
fju
u TLL
TLL mf TuTuta
tatt Ha
Haya
ya _uraa
_uraajay
jayaa
mfpi
mfpire
reki
ki`
` cika
cikaku
kuff ag
agbli
blitt ya
yagb
gb mf
mfji
jirf
rfla
lagg li
lipa
pama
ma pisir
pisirta
ta
pikatf`ag migbag mfjirflag mua pfkf`ag hawajag ‛VA– mag
‛]FMAL–. Agblit rispeg fgf mfjirflag pama 1= pisirta, mfcaga
agblit fgf tirmapat 14 pirtagyaag. Tirtagyaag 1 apala` agma
tirtar
tirtarfl
fl cig
cigbfl
bflutf
utf pikatf
pikatf`ag
`ag pagblas
pagblas racjut
racjut sekfm5
sekfm5 Tisirt
Tisirtaa

cighawaj
cighawaj ‛VA– migbag cicpireki`
cicpireki` presigtasi
presigtasi 144% migbag

6
lrftirfa sagbat jafl. Lariga pisirta tirkf`at sigagb mag agtusfas
si
sika
kaca
ca cigb
cigbfl flut
utff pi
pikakatf
tf`ag
`ag fgfgff pi
pirt
rtag
agyaa
yaagg : apapal
ala`
a` ag
agma
ma
cica
ci ca`ac
`acff cati
catirfrf ti tigt
gtagb
agb papagbl
gblasas raracj
cjut
ut se
sekf
kfm5
m5 Ti
Tisi
sirt
rtaa
cighawaj ‛VA– migbag cicpireki` presigtasi 0>% migbag
lrftirfa sagbat jafl. Lariga ama jijirapa pisirta yagb jikuc
cica`acf tigtagb pagblas racjut sekfm tirisijut. Tirtagyaag
? apala` pikatf`a
pikatf`ag g pagblas racjut sekfm sagbaaatasagbaaata jircagnaat
jircagnaat
ugtul
ugt ul agma5
agma5 Ti Tisi
sirtrtaa cigh
cighawawaj
aj ‛VA–
‛VA– mi migba
gbagg cicp
cicpir irek
eki`
i`
presigtasi 144% migbag lrftirfa sagbat jafl. Lariga pikatf`ag
fgf cicjirflag litiracpfkag yagb jirbuga abar pisirta likal
mapat cikalulag praltil tirsijut pama eragb kafg. Tirtagyaag =
apala` pikatf`ag fgf mapat cigfgblatlag litiracpfkag agma5
Tisirta cighawaj ‛VA– migbag cicpireki` presigtasi 144%
migbag lrftirfa sagbat jafl. Lariga pikatf`ag fgf cicjirflag
litira
lit iracpf
cpfkag
kag tacja`a
tacja`ag g ugtul
ugtul pisirt
pisirtaa yagb
yagb jfsa
jfsa mfbugal
mfbugalag
ag
ugtul cigoarf pilirhaag. Tirtagyaag 9 apala` micegstrasfyagb
mfka
mfkalu
lula
lagg eki`
eki` fgstfgstru
rult
ltur
ur cuma
cuma` ` ag agma
ma pa
pa`a
`acf
cf55 TiTisi
sirt
rtaa
cighawaj
cighaw aj ‛VA– migbag cicpireki`cicpireki` presigtasi
presigtasi 144% migbag
lrft
lrftir
irfa
fa sasagb
gbat
at jafl.
jafl. Lari Larigaga fg fgst
stru
rult
ltur
ur ma
maka
kac
c cika
cikalul
lulag
ag
micegs
mic egstra
trasf
sf sioara
sioara jirta`
jirta`apap si`fgb
si`fgbba ba pisirt
pisirtaa
aa kijf`
kijf` cuma`
cuma`
cica`acf. _yafnuk (:440 8 :14) citemi micegstrasf amaka`
pirtughullag tigtagb presis tirhamfgya suatu pirfstfwa / jigma
sacpaf pama pigacpfkag tfgbla` kalu yagb mfoegte`lag abar
mapat mflita`uf mag mfpa`acf eki` pisiarta mfmfl sioara gyata /
tfruag
tfruaggya.
gya. Tirtag
Tirtagyaa
yaag g > apala`
apala` hejs`i
hejs`iitit cuma`
cuma` mfpa`ac
mfpa`acf5f5
Tisirta cighawaj ‛VA– migbag cicpireki` presigtasi 26%
migbag lrftirfa jafl. Lariga jijirapa pisirta ama yagb jikuc
cica`acf calsum marf hejs`iit tirsijut. Hejs`iit jirnugbsf
sijabaf pimecag pikalsagaag libfatag pikatf`ag praltil mag
kicjarag lirha sijabaf akat ivakuasf pigoapafag / pigbuasaag
`asfk katf`ag pisirta pikatf`ag (_arf, :41= 8 19). Tirtagyaag 2
apala`
apal a` `agmeut
`agmeut cicuma
cicuma`lag
`lag agma makac
makac cica`a
cica`ac c catirf
catirf
ti
tirs
rsij
ijut
ut55 TiTisisirt
rtaa cigh
cighaw
awj j ‛VA–
‛VA– mi migb
gbag
ag cicp
cicpir irek
eki`
i`
presigtasi 21% migbag lrftirfa jafl. Lariga ama jijirapa
pisirta yagb luragb cigyfcal litfla cighikaslag catirf
migbag cigbbugalag `agmeut. @agmeut cirupalag ja`ag ahar
yagb mftuagblag sioara rfgblas yagb jirbuga sijabaf pibagbag
ma
maka
kac
c pi pika
katf
tf`a
`ag
g (_(_fr
fraw
awat
atf,
f, :414
:414).
). Ti
Tirt
rtag
agya
yaagag 0 ap apal
ala`
a`
pighikasag catirf eki` pikatf` cuma` agma pa`acf5 Tisirta
cighawaj ‛VA– migbag cicpireki` presigtasi 26% migbag
lrft
lrftir
irfa
fa ja jafl
fl.. Lari
Lariga
ga am
amaa jijiji
jira
rapa
pa pipisi
sirt
rtaa ya
yagb
gb lura
luragb
gb
cicpir
cic pir`atf
`atflag
lag litfla
litfla pikatf
pikatf`` cighik
cighikasl
aslag
ag catirf
catirf tir
tirsij
sijut.
ut.
Ti
Tirt
rtag
agya
yaagag 6 ap apal
ala`
a` ag agma
ma cica
cica`a `acf
cf ka kagb
gbla
la`k
`kag
agbl
bla`
a`
picagblasag makac pikatf`ag makac pikatf`ag pagblas racjut

14
 sekfm5 Tisirta cighawaj ‛VA– migbag cicpireki` presigtasi
144% migbag
migbag lrftir
lrftirfa
fa sagbat
sagbat jafl.
jafl. Lar
Lariga
iga pikatf
pikatf`` pama
pama saat
saat
cigmic
cig micegs
egstra
trasfl
sflag
ag kagbla
kagbla`-k
`-kagbl
agbla`
a` picagbl
picagblasaasagg sioara
sioara
jirta`ap mag pirka`ag si`fgbba para pisirta mapat cica`acf.
Tirtagyaag 14 apala` pirku mfamalag pikatf`ag pagblas racjut
cemik yagb kafg5 Tisirta cighawaj ‛VA– migbag cicpireki`
presigtasi 144% migbag lrftirfa sagbat jafl. Lariga jagyal
pisirta yagb jircfgat makac pikatf`ag pagblas racjut tirsijut
si`fgb
si` fgbba
ba pisirt
pisirtaa jagyal
jagyal yagb
yagb cigbfg
cigbfgbfg
bfglag
lag mfamal
mfamalaggy
aggyaa
pikatf`ag pagblas racjut kaghutag. Jirmasarlag urafag `asfk
mata mfatas, cala cigughullag ja`wa rispeg pisirta tir`amap
pikatf`ag pagblas racjut sekfm fgf pesftfn. _isuaf migbag
pigmapat Frfagf Fscafk (:414 8 1?2) ja`wa pikatf`ag cicfkflf
cagnaatt jabf pisirta yaftu mapat cigfgblatlag
cagnaa cigfgblatlag pigbita`uag
pigbita`uag
mag litiracpfkag.
Mantar pustala Arf
Arflu
lug
gte, _u
_u`arsfcf. :4 :444>. Tr
Tresimur Ti
Tigikftfag
ag.. Ha
Halarta 8 T]
Zfgila Ofpta. Fscafk, Frfagf. :414. Cagahicig _ucjir Maya

Cagusfa
Cagusfa.. Cakagb
Cakagb 8 Kicjab
Kicjabaa Tigirjf
Tigirjftag
tag Ygfvir
Ygfvirsf
sftas
tas Gibirf
Gibirf
Cakagb. Lustagtf, @irgf, mll. :440. ]ata Lioagtflag Zacjut.
Halarta 8 Mfrilterat Ticjfgaag _ileka` Cigigba` Lihuruag.
]f
]fc
c na
naluk
lukta
tass ti
tilgf
lgfl
l Ygfv
Ygfvir
irsf
sfta
tass Gibi
Gibirf
rf _u
_ura
raja
jaya
ya.. Cemuk
Cemuk
cicagblas racjut jirtrap (bramuatfeg). ]fmal mftirjftlag. ]fc
na
nalu
lukt
ktas
as ti
tilg
lgffl Ygfv
Ygfvir
irssfta
tass Gibi
Gibirrf _ura
_uraja
jaya
ya.. Cemu
Cemukk
cicagblas
cicagblas racjut
racjut jirtrap
jirtrap pigu` (kayir). ]fmal mftirjftla
mftirjftlag.
g.
]f
]fc
c na
naluk
lukta
tass ti
tilgf
lgfl
l Ygfv
Ygfvir
irsf
sfta
tass Gibi
Gibirf
rf _u
_ura
raja
jaya
ya.. Cemuk
Cemuk
cicagb
cicagblas
las racjut
racjut masar
masar (sekfm
(sekfm nerc).
nerc). ]fmal
]fmal mftirj
mftirjftl
ftlag.
ag.
Geteamcehe, _eilfmhe. :446. Tiragblat Tikatf`ag. Halarta 8
Zfgila
Zfgila Ofpta
Ofpta ]fc Tigyus
Tigyusug.
ug. :44>.
:44>. Tagmuag
Tagmuag mag Tigukf
Tigukfsag
sag
_lrfpsf. _urajaya 8 Ygfvirsftas Gibirf _urajaya. ]rfagte. :411.
Cemik picjikaharag kagbsugb. Halarta 8 Tristasf Tustala. Gflte.
166>.
166>. Ti
Tira
ragb
gbla
latt Ti
Ticj
cjik
ikah
ahar
arag
ag.. Gf
Gflt
lte.
e. 16
166>.
6>. Tiragbl
Tiragblat
at
Ticjikaharag
(`ttp8//hurgaksmc.oec/:414/11/piragblatpicjikaharagU11.`
tck)) mfalsi
tck mfalsiss tagbba
tagbbakk 14 Cif :41> Zuskag
Zuskag.. :44?8:=
:44?8:=.. Cit
Citemi
emi

Tikat
Tikatf`
f`ag
ag (`tt
(`ttp8
p8//
//si
sipt
ptfa
fag6
g66.
6.wer
wermpr
mpris
iss.
s.oec
oec/:
/:44
446/
6/1:/
1:/:2/
:2/c
c

11
 igbigak-higf
igbigak-higfs-hig
s-higfs-ci
fs-citemi-p
temi-pikatf
ikatf`agtra
`agtrafgfgb)
fgfgb) mfalsis
mfalsis tagbbak
tagbbak
:= Hu
Hugf
gf :4
:41>
1> _fca
_fcace
cera
ra.. :44=,
:44=, @art
@artat
atfl
fl.. :4
:41=
1=.. Ti
Tika
katf
tf`ag
`ag
(`ttp8//ilegecf.lecpasfaga.oec/:411/49/:>/pikatf`ag?>>?>>.`
tck). _fluka, agmriw. :44:. Citemi pikatf`ag
(`ttp8//caticatflara`ca.jkebspet.oec/:41:/4:/citemipikatf`a
g-cigu
g-cigurut
rut-par
-para-a
a-a`kf
`kf.`t
.`tck)
ck).. Mfalsi
Mfalsiss tagbba
tagbbakk 14 Cif :41>.
:41>.
_u`amf. :442 8 :=. Tiragblat Tikatf`ag
(`ttp8//agruscat`.wermpriss.oec/:440/46/:6/piragblatp
icjika
icjikahar
harag/
ag/)) mfalsi
mfalsiss tagbba
tagbbakk 12 abustus
abustus :41> puluk
puluk 16.44
16.44
_uprfamf. 1662. Tiragblat Ticjikaharag.
(`ttp8//hurgaksmc.jkebspet.oec/:414/11/piragblatpicjikah
ar
arag
agU11
U11.`
.`tc
tck)
k) mfal
mfalsi
siss ta
tagbb
gbbak
ak 14 Ci
Ciff :4
:41>
1> _y
_ya`
a`.. :444.
:444.

Tigbirtfag Citemi Micegstrasf

(`ttp8//s
(`ttp8//skfmis
kfmis`ari.g
`ari.git/Ar
it/ArucTala
ucTalar5cite
r5citemimice
mimicegstras
gstrasf)
f) mfalsis
mfalsis
ta
tagb
gbbak
bak :9 Cif
Cif :4
:41>
1> ]`er
]`erte
teg.
g. 160?
160? 8 =. ]uhu
]uhuag
ag Ti
Tika
katf
tf`a
`ag
g
(`ttp8//gegercakimuoatfegugfcim.wermpriss.oec/:41?/4
9/:1/c
9/:1/cighi
ighiruc
rucusl
uslag-
ag-tuh
tuhuagp
uagpika
ikatf`
tf`ag<
ag<mak
makac<
ac<pks
pks/)
/) mfalsi
mfalsiss
tagbbak := Hugf :41>
Agakfsfs hurgak
Lilu
Liluat
atag
ag Ti
Tigi
gikf
kftf
tfag
ag _fst
_fstic
icat
atfl
flaa pi
pigu
gukf
kfsa
sag
g ti
tirs
rsus
usug
ug migba
migbag
g jafl
jafl ma
mag
g hi
hika
kass cu
cuka
kaff
marf humuk pigikftfag, gaca pigukfs,
pigukfs, ajstral makac jigtul
ja`asa Fgbbrfs. Fsf marf
m arf hurgak sfgblat, pamat mag hikas. Hurgak fgf
suma` cigoagtuclag tierf para a`kf mag suma` cicjirflag
lahfag
lahfag cigbig
cigbigaf
af rucusa
rucusag
g casaka
casaka`
` mfk
mfkalul
alulagg
aggya
ya pigikf
pigikftfa
tfag
g
migbag hikas mag rfgof.
Likica`ag
Likica`ag Tigikf
Tigikftfa
tfag
g ]fmal
]fmal ama oevir,
oevir, vekuci
vekuci mag F__G.
F__G.
Lisfcpukag Tama jabfag fgf suma` oulup hikas ugtul lisfcpukag mag
suma`
suma` mf hikasl
hikaslag
ag sioara
sioara tir
tirpir
pirfgo
fgoff mag ja`asa
ja`asa yagb
yagb
mfbugalag jabus mag cuma` mfpa`acf picjaoa.
_arag Migbag am
amagya hu
hurgak ri
ripert fg
fgf lf
lfta lf
lfragya jf
jfsa ci
cigacja`
fkcu pigbita`uag
pigbita`uag picjaoa
picjaoa kijf` kaghut
kaghut kabf.
kabf. Hurgak
Hurgak ripert fgf

1:
 huba jfsa mfhamflag ja`ag oegte` ugtul cigblrftfl hurgak
kafggya.
kafggya. _iceba hurgak
hurgak ripert fgf jircagnaat
jircagnaat jabf lfta
lfta sicua
mag para picjaoa yagb ama mflakagbag tirpikahar.
Zinirigsf
@is ]rf Hukfawa mag Mr. Cuccatuk Nafma`, _. (:412). TIKA]F@AG
TAGBLA_
TAGBLA _ ZACJY
ZACJY] ] _EKFM YG]YL
YG]YL TICJI
TICJILAKAG
LAKAG LI]IZACTFKAG
LI]IZACTFKAG
JABF FJYFJY
FJYFJY TLL TY]A] HAVA _YZAJAVA
_YZAJAVA . Hurgak Tigmfmflag ]ata
Zfas, Naluktas ]ilgfl, Ygfvirsftas Gibirf _urajaya , 12-:?.

1?
1=