General

Physics 1 12
Quarter 2

Self-Learning Module 11

Pascal, Archimedes and Bernoulli’s

Principle
 EXPECTATIONS
The module is designed for you to have a clear understanding of Pascal’s
Principle in analyzing fluids in various systems, apply the concept of buoyancy and
the Archimedes Principle and explain the limitations of and the assumptions of the
underlying Bernoulli’s Principle and the continuity of the equation.

At the end of this module, the student must be able to:

a. state Pascal’s Principle, Archimedes Principle, and Bernoulli’s Principle;
b. give some applications of Pascal’s Principle, Archimedes Principle, and
Bernoulli’s Principle; and
c. perform activity involving Pascal’s Principle, Archimedes Principle, and Bernoulli’s
Principle.

PRETEST
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Any change in pressure in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted completely to
all parts of the fluid. This statement is known as
A. Archimedes Principle C. Pascal’s Principle
B. Bernoulli’s Principle D. Torricelli's Theorem
2. States that the magnitude of the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to
the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object.
A. Archimedes Principle C. Pascal’s Principle
B. Bernoulli’s Principle D. Torricelli's Theorem
3. Which of the following is a practical application of the continuity equation?
A. Hot air balloon
B. Operations of submarine
C. Umbrella blew inside out by strong winds
D. Partially blocking the hose with a thumb when watering the plants
4. The diameter of the large and small cylinders of a hydraulic press is 2.4 cm and
48.0 cm, respectively. What force applied to the small cylinder will lift a 2500 N
object on the large cylinder?
A. 6000 N C. 120 000 N
B. 288 000 N D. 1 005 333 N
5. The fabric and gondola of a balloon has a mass of 225 kg. It is lifted with 500 m 3
of hydrogen. How much load can this balloon lift? (note: density of hydrogen =
0.09 kg/m3, density of air = 1.29 kg/m3)
A. 375 kg B. 400 kg C. 455 kg D. 500 kg

RECAP

Explain why the following sentences are INCORRECT.

1. Larger objects are denser, thus, they sink in water.
2. If I change the shape of the clay, its weight and volume also change.
3. Cutting wood in half will also make its density half of the original density.
4. Oil floats on water because oil weighs less than water.
5. Gases are densest because their molecules are farther apart compared to solids
and liquids.

LESSON
Pascal’s Principle
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of
hydraulic press who invented by Blaise Pascal,
which is used operating tables, dental chairs,
car jacks, and automotive repair stations in
raising cars. Pascal discovered that any change
in pressure in an enclosed fluid at rest is
Silverio,A.General Physics 1
transmitted completely to all parts of the fluid. Exploring Life Through Science
Series.Phoenix Publishing House,
This statement is known as Pascal’s Principle. 2017 p.251
Consider the hydraulic press in Figure 1.
Suppose F is applied to a piston having an area A1. The pressure resulting from
this force is transmitted without change throughout the confined fluid and acts on
the bottom of the large piston. Letting P1 and P2 be the pressure acting on the
small piston and big piston, respectively. Mathematically,

P 1 = P2
Since A2 is greater than A1, F2 is greater than F1.
F1 = F2 Thus, a hydraulic press is said to be a force
A1 A 2 multiplying machine. A small force applied on the
small piston can produce a great force that can be
Eq. 1 F2 = F 1 A 2 exerted by the big piston
A1
Sample Problem 1
A hydraulic press has a piston of area 0.006 m2 and 0.350 m2, respectively.
A force of 25 N is applied to the smaller piston. a.) what is the lifting force on the
bigger piston? b.) find the pressure exerted on the smaller piston and the big
piston.
Solution:

b.)
A.) Use equation1 to solve F
substitute their values P 1 = F1 = 25 N
A1 0.006 m2
F2 = F1 A2
A1 P1 = 4167 N/m2

P2 = P1 (Pascal’s Principle)
= (25 N) (0.350 m2) =
0.006 m2

ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
Watch and analyze the video on https://youtu.be/ijjj58xDfDI or
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/mark-salata-how-taking-a-bath-led-to-
archimedesprinciple

What factors determine whether an object will float or sink? When an object is
immersed in water or any fluid, the pressure exerted on the lower surface is greater
than the pressure on the upper surface. This difference in pressure leads to an
upward force acting on the object due to fluid pressure, this is called buoyant force.
The magnitude of the buoyant force FB on a submerged object is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object. This statement is called the
Archimedes Principle.

Forces F1 and F2 in the equation are considered to derive the formula for
Archimedes Principle.

FB = F2 - F1 = P2A2 - P1A1
Since F2 and F1 act on an equal magnitude of area, A2 = A1 = A

Therefore FB = (P2-P1)A

Since FB = (ρFgh2 - ρFgh1)A

FB = ρFg(h2 - h1)A

Since V = hA, FB = (ρFg)VF therefore FB = ρFVFg. (equation 2)

But m = ρV, thus FB = mFg. The equation then becomes FB = wF (equation3)
Where ρF is the density of the fluid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, VF is the
volume of the fluid displaced by the object, mF is the mass of the fluid displaced by
the object, and wF is the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Sample Problem 2
An aluminum ball of mass 54.0 g and density 2.70 g/cm3 is placed in a
beaker with water. A.) what is the volume of the ball? B.) what is the volume of
water that will spill out of the beaker? C.) what is the buoyant force of the water on
the ball?
Solution
A.V = m = 54.0 g = 20.0 cm3

Ρ 2.70 g/cm3

B. Since the density of the ball is greater than the density of water, the ball will
sink.
The volume of water that will spill out is equal to that of the ball, which is 20.0
cm3.

C. FB = ρFVFg = (1.0 g/cm3) ( 20.0 cm3) (980 cm/s2) = 19 600 dynes = 0.196 N

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
Bernoulli’s equation relates velocity, pressure, and elevation at points in aline of
flow. This can be derived using the work-energy theorem. Consider Figure. the flow
is considered to take place from section1 to section2 under the action of pressure
difference of (P1-P2) and the action of gravity due to an elevation difference of (h 1-h2).
Using the work-energy theorem,
Work done due to pressure difference + work done by gravity = change in kinetic energy

(F1∆x1 - F2∆x2) + (mgh1 - mgh2) = mv12 - mv12

But F = PA, therefore , (P1A1∆x1 - P2A2∆x2) + (mgh1 - mgh2) = mv12 - mv12

m m m 1 1
2
But A(∆x)=V= , thus, (P1 - P2 ) + (mgh1 - mgh2) = mv 1 -
mv22 p p p 2 2

m 1 m 1
Equation 4 P1 + mgh1 + mv12 = P2 + mgh2 + mv22
p 2 p 2

Each term in equation 4 has a unit of energy. The first term in each side of
the equation is the pressure energy, the second term is the potential energy, and
the last term is the kinetic energy. Daniel Bernoulli discovered that the sum of the
pressure energy, potential energy, and kinetic energy for two points in an ideal flow
is constant. Thus, Bernoulli’s equation is simply conservation of energy applied to
ideal flow fluid. Dividing all terms by mg

P 1
v 12 P2 v22
Equation 5 + h1 + = + h2 + pg
2g pg 2g

Each term in equation 5 has a dimension of height. In the language of

hydraulics, each term is referred to as the head. The first term is called pressure
head, the second term the velocity head, and the third term the elevation head. Note
that if the elevation of the flowing fluid does change then an increase in speed
means a decrease in pressure.

CONTINUITY EQUATION
The continuity equation is an expression of the conservation of mass. The
mass of the fluid passing through one section of a pipe at a given time interval ∆t
must pass through any section of the pipe at the same time interval.
Consider two sections of a pipe. Call these sections A and B. the continuity
equation states that the mass of the fluid passing through section A (m A) is equal to
the mass of the fluid passing through section B (mB). In symbols,

mA = mB

Using the relationship in equation 1(module 10) ρAVA = ρBVB

Where ρA and ρB is the density and VA is the volume of the fluid passing through
section A and VB is the volume of the fluid passing through section B.

However, VA = AA∆XA = AAvA∆t and VB = AB∆XB = ABvB∆t

Where AA and AB are a cross-sectional area of the pipe at sections A and B,
respectively; ∆XA and ∆XB are the distances traveled by the fluid at sections A and B
respectively, and VA and VB are the speeds of the flow of the fluid at sections A and
B, respectively. Density ρ and time interval ∆t are the same at both sections,

Equation 6 AAVA = ABVB

This relationship is called the continuity equation. The product of area and velocity
is called the volumetric flow rate and has a unit of m3/s, and represented by Q.
The speed of the fluid and the are inverse proportion. When the area of the tube is
large, the speed of the fluid is less. The velocity of the fluid is the greatest where the
area is least.
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Problem Solving

Solve the following:
1. The plunger and the needle of a hypodermic syringe have areas 0.5 cm2 and
0.0006 cm2, respectively. To inject a vaccine, a nurse pushes the plunger with a
force of 5.5 N.what pressure is transmitted to the vaccine?
2. Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by the thickening of the arterial wall.
In this condition a deposit forms on the arterial wall, reducing the opening
through which the blood flows. Suppose that because of this disease, the area of
the clogged artery is 0.8 of the area of the normal artery. If the blood is moving
at
0.40 m/s in the normal artery, find its speed at the clogged portion of the artery.
3. An ideal fluid is flowing at a rate of 1.8 m3/s through a pipe with a radius of 2.0
cm. A.)What is the speed of the fluid through the pipe? Suppose that in one
portion, the pipe is clogged and the radius decreased to 1.7 cm. What is the b?)
volumetric flow rate? C.) speed through the clogged area?

WRAP-UP
Identify how the following principles related to pressure

Archimedes
Principle
Pascal's Bernoulli's
Principle Principle

Pressure
 VALUING
Using the principles learned in this module, briefly discuss the following.
1. Why a roof can be lifted and an umbrella be blown inside out by strong winds?
2. Why do you need to partially cover the hose with the thumb when watering the
plants?

POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Consider a block of wood that floats with 60 percent of its volume above water?
(the volume of the block is 0.5 m3) What volume of water did the block of wood
displace?
A. 0.1 m3 B. 0.2 m3 C. 0.3m3 D. 0.5 m3
2. What is the buoyant force of the water on the block of wood in problem 1?
A. 1960 N B. 2940 N C. 3920 N D. 4900 N
3. Suppose this block of wood is placed in a liquid of density of 500 kg/m3. What
will happen to the block of wood?
A. It will sink
B. It will be partially submerged.
C. It will float with no part of it above the surface of the water.
D. All of these are possible
4. Which term is Bernoulli’s Principle is referred to as pressure head? m v2 p
A. Mgh B. ρ C. D. p 2g pg
5. Which of the following can be derived using the work-energy theorem?
A. Archimedes’ Principle C. Continuity Equation
B. Bernoulli’s Principle D. Pascal’s Principle
 References
Silverio, A. General Physics 1 Exploring Life Through Science Series. Phoenix Publishing
House, 2017
Baltazar, et.al General Physics 1 Exploring Life Through Science Series. Teachers Wraparound
Edition, Phoenix Publishing House 2017

Carreon, et.al PHYSICS IV. Neo Asia Publishing, Inc. 2008

http://www.phoenix.net.ph:9000/PDF2/web/index.php?datya=ELTS_GP1_TWE_Ch09_QR_
Contents_REV5_Kenneth_072917_11

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