Detailed Design of Composite Concrete Bridge Superstructures - BCA

DETAILED DESIGN
BQ7 OF COMPOSITE
CONCRETE BRIDGE
SUPERSTRUCTURES
A. KumarBE, PhD, CEng,MICE,MiStructE
E [ ab2 a2b(
1=
X "LiJ 1
+ 1
152
bending inertia ofthetop slab;

bending inertia ofthebottomslab;
bending inertia oftheequivalent
length ollongitudinal beam about
theZaxis;
spacing ofthe longitudinal beams
distance between the neutral
axesolthetop andbottomslabs.
Acknowledgements
am most gratefulto Mr E. Jonesof
I M. Cleveland CountyCouncil (formerly ofStaffordshireCountyCouncil) and
MrJ. F. WhiteofStaffordshireCountyCouncilforcheckingthe designcalculationsandmaking many constructive
criticisms.
Iwould liketo thank many former colleaguesat the Cement and ConcreteAssociation* who have contributed
indirectly through their discussions with me, notably Mr Tony Threlfall. I am also grateful to Dr Tom Harrison
and Dr Bill Cranston for their interest and provision of the necessary facilities at the Cement and Concrete
Associationto carry outthiswork. Finally I would like to thankMr A. E. Brooks for his editorial contribution to
the text.
Arvind Kumar * Now called the

Kumar Associates British Cement Association
Beaconsfield
46.506 Published by
First published 1988 British CementAssociation
ISBN 0 7210 1362 7 WexhamSprings,Slough SD 6PL
PriceGroup L Telephone Fulmer (028 16) 2727
© British CementAssociation 1988 Fax (028 16) 2251 Telex 848352
All adviceor information from the British CementAssociationis intended for those who will evaluatethe significanceand
limitations of its contentsand take responsibilityfor its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence)for
any loss resultingfrom such adviceor information is accepted. Readers should note that all BCA publicationsare subject
to revision fromtime to time and should thereforeensure that they are in possession of the latest version.
IFC-
Amendments
This document incorporates the following amendments

Ref Amendment Date
'1 AM1 Wovi?°io

DETAILED DESIGN OF COMPOSITE CONCRETE BRIDGE
SUPERSTRUCTURES
(46.506. First published 1988)
The following amendments should be noted
1. Page4, Table 2, Section properties of composite M beams, beam spacing I m, modular ratio 1.0.
The sixth line down, 'MT. should read:
1250 570050 649.10 117.32 195.24 249.14 266.09 180.74
is reproducedbelow for readers to affix in position on page 4.

The amendedtable
Table 2 Section propertiesof composite M beams,beam spacing I m, modular ratio 1.0
Height Section moduli (mm3 x 10')

centroid Second Top fibre of Top fibre Bottom Bottom fibre
Total above moment composite of precast fibre of of precast
Precast depth Area bottom of area section section topslab section
section (mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm4 x 10) Z1 Z, Z.,, Zb
M2 850 467650 429.3 42.98 102.16 147.86 164.86 100.11

M3 930 499650 474.37 54.49 119.59 167.33 184.31 114.86
M4 1010 531650 517.98 67.69 137.57 186.98 203.87 130.68
M5 1090 506050 553.00 81.82 152.37 201.04 217.04 147.96
M6 1170 538050 601.21 98.80 173.70 225.16 241.69 164.34
M7 1250 570050 649.10 117.32 195.24 249.14 266.09 180.74
MB 1330 544450 675.84 135.31 206.84 258.14 273.81 200.20
M9 1410 576450 727.29 158.56 232.25 286.87 303.34 218.01
M10 1490 608450 777.92 183.41 257.57 315.09 332.22 235.77
2. There are two amendments to the handwrittencalculationson sheet 70/B and sheet71/B.
The lastlineof sheet 70/B should read:
ooo86 — 0 . 000016
In thefirst two lines on sheet 71/B, the calculation for i4 should read as follows:
3x55' X 0.000U
I . z(S5-3o.)/(fo-Z)
<
11190
Acknowledgements
ammost
I to Mr E. M. Jones ofClevelandCounty Council(formerly of StaffordshireCountyCouncil) and
grateful
MrJ.F.WhiteofStaffordshireCountyCouncilfor checkingthe designcalculationsand making manyconstructive
criticisms.
I would liketo thank manyformer colleaguesat the Cement and ConcreteAssociatlon* who have contributed
indirectly through their discussionswith me, notably Mr Tony Threlfall. I am also grateful to Dr Tom Harrison
and Dr Bill Cranston for their interest and provision of the necessary facilities at the Cement and Concrete
Associationto carry outthis work. Finally I would like to thankMr A. E. Brooks for his editorial contribution to
the text.
Arvind Kumar * Now called the

Kumar Associates British Cement Association
Beaconsfield
46.506 Publishedby
First published1988 British Cement Association
ISBN0 7210 13627 WexhamSprings,SloughSL3 6PL
Price Group L TelephoneFulmer (028 16) 2727
© British CementAssociation 1988 Fax (028 16) 2251 Telex 848352
All advice or information from the British CementAssociationis intended for those who will evaluatethe significanceand
limitations of its contentsand take responsibilityfor its use and application. No liability (includingthat for negligence)for
any loss resultingfrom such adviceor information is accepted. Readers should note that all BCA publicationsare subject
to revision fromtimeto timeand should therefQre ensurethat they are in possession ofthe latest version.
DETAILED DESIGN OF COMPOSITE
CONCRETE BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES
A. Kumar BE, PhD, CEng,MICE,MiStructE
Contents
Introduction 2
Extent of design effort 2
Simply supportedand continuous T-beam superstructuresusingM beams 2
Inverted T-beam, solid infill superstructures 4
Pseudo-box superstructureswith M beams 5
U-beam superstructures 6
Box-beam superstructures 6
I-beam superstructures 7
References 7
Example A : Simply supportedcomposite concretesuperstructure 8
Example B: Continuous compositeconcretebridge superstructure 49
t
Introduction Code, engineers will be able to discern the critical
loading conditions morereadily and take short cuts, as
The purpose of this publication is to extendthe broad they have done in the past, to arrive at satisfactory
design intentions and considerations discussed in designs.
reference I in order to obtain the detailed design of
various parts and componentsof composite concrete
bridge superstructures. For obvious reasons, it is not
possible to cover the detailed design of all types of
beam and their possible applications. However, two Simply supported and
examples, representative of practical bridging
situations and utilizing the most popular of the beam continuous T-beam
types, have been chosen for detailed design here and
arediscussedon thispage. superstructures using
Since the various types of precastbeam and various
requirements of the Code2'3 have many structural
M beams
similarities, only the essential ways in which other To illustrate the design procedure and compliance with
types of superstructurediffer from M-beamsuperstruc- theCode, two representativeexamplesofthedesignof
ture design are outlined on pages 4 to 7. Full details a composite concrete superstructure have been in-
about the standardized sections, manufacture of cluded at the end of this publication. Both examples
beamsand preliminarysuperstructuredesign are con- utilize M beamsintheformofaT-beam superstructure
tained in reference1. construction (there is no bottom-flange in situ con-
crete). Example A deals with the design of a single-
span simply supported superstructure using (a) fully
bonded,(b) part debondedor (c) partdeflectedtendon
Extent of design effort configurations in the precastbeams. ExampleB deals
with the designof a two-span live load continuity-type
Since the initial publication of the limit state Code in superstructure(as describedin reference1) using part
1978(24),manyengineershaveexpressed the viewthat deflectedtendonsin theprecastbeams.
the five new load combinationsand thetwo basic limit Example B has been extended to deal with the
states would considerably increase the analysis and design of the continuity moments over the middle
designwork requiredfor bridge design. Experiencehas supportinthedesignofthe middle diaphragm. Theend
not, however, supported this view. Combination I diaphragms,the links in the precast beamsand the top
remains essentially the same as in the previous ap- slab are also designed for thissecond case (design for
proach, i.e. onlypermanent forcesand live loads need the simply supported case will be broadly similar).
be consideredin the design. Combinations2 to 5 in the References to various parts of BS 5400 and clause
new Cod&3 clearly define how the various transient numbers are indicated in the left-hand margin of the
forces are to be combined. This contrasts with the examplesfor thebenefit ofthereader.
previousCombination2, inwhich all compatible forces For both these examples, substantial diaphragm
hadtobe considered,and yetno guidancewasgiven on members exist at the support positions which are
howthiswasto be done, thusengenderinginconsisten- shownto possess sufficient strengthfor separatebear-
cies in bridge design practice. ings to be providedunderalternatebeamsonly. During
Additionally, separatecalculations were previously the construction period, each beam will obviously be
required for reinforcedconcrete and prestressed con- provided with a separate temporary bearing until the
crete, to check againstthepermissibleoverstresses56> diaphragmsare cast.
in the materials of up to 30% of the basic values when The Department of Transport have issued imple-
HB load was present on the bridge deck. In the new mentation documents for the Code'78 and these have
Code3this is no longer thecase, although somecom- also been taken into account in the detaileddesign cal-
plication is caused by therequirementto check crack- culations of Examples A and B. Table I indicates the
ing in reinforced concrete and tensile stresses in values of 1IL to be used in the calculations for these
prestressed concreteunder serviceabilityCombination examples. The section properties for the precast M
I for 25 units of HB, comparedwith 45 or 37.5 units of I
beams are given in references and 9. The section
HB (dependingupontheclassoftheroad) forthe rest of properties for the composite section using M beams
thedesign. with 160 mmtopslab are given in Table 2.
The two detailed design examples included in this In the context of live load continuity in composite
publication are intended to illustrate that an adequate construction, the Code gives some guidance (Part 4,
design complying with the Codecan be obtainedwith- Clause 7.4.3.5.) and formulae (Part4, equations33 to
outeither an excessive amountofcomputeranalysis of 35) for estimating continuity moments. It should be
thesuperstructureorlengthy hand designcalculations. noted that thehogging restraintmoment due to differ-
If more precision is desired or the behaviour of the ential shrinkage, given by equation 33, is only
superstructure is not well known, additional loading correct for a large number of spans made continuous
cases forthe computer analysisare recommended. In by this method. For onlytwospans, thisrestraint mo-
time, with the accumulationof experiencewith thenew ment should be increased by 50%.
2
Table 1 Loadsto be taken in each combination with appropriate tL
CJLS: ultimate limit state Reproduced with slight amendments from BS 5400 with permission from B S I
SLS: serviceability limit state
Clause No. Load Limit 'fLt0 be consideredin
in BS 5400 state combination ______________
__________
2 3 4 5
5.1 Dead: steel (JLS* T.os 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
concrete ULS* 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
5.2 Superimposeddead:
deck surfacing ULSt 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
SLSt 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
other loads ULS 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
SLS 1.00 1.00. 1.00 1.00 1.00
5.1.2.2 & Reduced load factorfor dead and superimposed (JLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
5.2.2.2 dead load where this has a more severe total effect —ULS 1.10
5.3 Wind: during erection
SLS 1.00
withdead plus superimposeddead load only ULS 1.40
SLS 1 .00
withdead plus superimposeddead plus other ULS 1.10

appropriateCombination 2 test loads SLS 1.00
relieving effect of wind (JLS 1.00
1.00
SLS ____________________________________
5.4 Temperature: restraint due to range ULS 1.30
SLS 1.00
frictional bearing restraint ULS 1.30
SLS
effect of temperaturedifference ULS 1.00
SLS ___________________0.80 ______________
5.6 Differential settlement ULS 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
(Part IV) Shrinkage and creep SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
5.8 Earth pressure: retained fill and/or live load surcharge ULS 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
relieving effect 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
ULS ____________________________________________
5.9 Erection: temporary loads (JLS 1.15 1.15
SLS 1.00 1.00 ______________
6.2 Highway bridges live loading: HA alone (JLS 1.50 1.25 1.25
SLS 1.20 1.00 1.00
6.3 HA withHB or HB alone (JLS 1.30 1.10 1.10
SLS 1.10 1.00 1.00
6.5 Centrifugal loadand associated primary live load (JLS 1.50
SLS ,.. 1.00
6.6 Longitudinal load: HA and associatedprimary live load ULS 1.25
SLS 1.00
HB and associated primary live load (JLS 1.10
SLS . 1.00
6.7 Accidental skidding load and associatedprimary live load ULS 1.25
SLS g 1.00
6.8.1 Vehicle collision load with bridge parapets and associated
primary live load: for local effects ULS 1.50
1.20
6.8.2 for global effects with containmentparapets:
HA only ULS 1.25
SLS 1,00
HA withHB or HB alone ULS 1.10
SLS 1.00
6.9 Vehicle collision load with highwayand foot/cycle track
bridge supports (IS 9 1.50
SLS ______ _____________________________
7 Foot/cycle track bridges: live load and effects due to parapet load ULS 1.50 1.25 1 .25
SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 ______________
8 Railway bridges:type RU and RL primary and secondary live ULS 1.40 1.20 1.20
loading SLS 1.10 1.00 1.00
(Part IV) Prestress: shear & torsion ULS 1.15/0.87
secondary effects ULS 1.00
all purposes SLS 1.00
I
shall be increased to at least I .10 and I.20 forsteel and concreterespectivelyto compensate forinaccuracies whendead loads are not accuratelyassessed.
may be reducedto 1.2 and 1.0 forthe (JLS and SLS respectively subjectto approvalof theappropriateauthority(see Clause 5.2.2.1 of BS 5400 Part2)
Thisis the only secondarylive load to be consideredfor foot/cyde track bridges
NOTE. For loadsarising from creepand shrinkage,or horn welding and lack ol fit. seeParts 3,4 and 5ol BS 5400, as appropriate.
3
Table 2 Section propertiesof composite M beams, beam spacing I m, modular ratio 1.0
Height of Section moduli (mm3xiO6)

centroid Second Top fibre of Top fibre Bottom Bottom fibre
Total above moment composite of precast fibre of of precast
Precast depth Area bottom of area section section top slab section
section (mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm4xIO9) Z 2, ZbS Zb
M2 850 467 650 429.3 42.98 102.16 147.84 164.86 100.11

M3 930 499650 474.37 54.49 119.59 167.33 184.31 114.86
M4 1010 531 650 517.98 67.69 137.57 186.98 203.87 130.68
M5 1090 506050 553.00 81.82 152.37 201.04 217.04 147.96
M6 1170 538050 601.21 98.80 173.70 225.16 241.69 164.34
M7 1250 570050 649.10 135.79 225.97 288.36 307.98 209.20
M8 1330 544450 675.84 135.31 206.84 258.14 273.81 200.20
M9 1410 576450 727.29 158.56 232.25 286.87 303.34 218.01
M10 1490 608450 777.92 183.41 257.57 315.09 332.22 235.77
1000
t
I
"0
To
—to
Restraintmoments due to prestress and its profile, checked at a nominal cover away from the surface of
and dead load, both modified by creep, should also be these bars. Longitudinal steel, if required at this posi-
calculated (no expressions are given in theCode). The tion, should be placed on either side of, not directly
creep modification factor for these latter effects sug- above, the gap between the bottom flanges. This will
gested in the Codeis given by equation35 but assumes avoid contravening the crack-width limitations of the
that continuity is establishedat thetime ofprestressing Codeforthesebars (see Figure 1).
the beams. This could result in serious!yoverestimat- As indicated elsewhere >, lightweight-aggregate
ing the support sagging moments, since much of the concrete is sometimes used as an in situ infill medium
prestress and dead-loadcreep would havetaken place with this form of construction in order to reduce the
prior totheestablishmentofcontinuity. For thisreason, dead load ofthestructure. The Codedoesnotdealwith
the approach used in Example B is based on first the use of such concrete as prestressed members in
principles' and only involvesthe residual creep due to highway structures. However, as an in situ infill me-
prestress and dead loadat the time ofestablishingcon- dium, this concrete is onlyreinforcedin thetransverse
tinuity. Some information on the background of the direction and can be dealt with under theprovisions of
Codeequationscan be found in reference 10. theCode. In the longitudinal direction, the lightweight-
aggregate concrete acts compositely with the
prestressed member.
Inverted T-beam, solid

infill superstructures
The live loading on an invertedT-beam superstructure
with solid infill concretewill beresistedby therectangu-
lar composite sectionand thisshould be reflectedboth
in theanalysisand in thedesign ofthe superstructure.
Thedesign ofdiaphragmsarid topslab will be replaced
by thedesign of transversereinforcementthrough The
web holes for the whole length of the span. If no
longitudinal bars (parallel to the beams)are placed at
the bottom of the in situ concrete between the beams, Figure 1 Preferred position oflongitudinal steelnearthe
the crack width for the transversebars onlyneeds to be bottom flange
4
For stress analysisof the composite section for the
serviceability limit state, the lightweight part of the
S
sectioncan be transformedon thebasis ofthemodular

ratio of thetwoconcretes. According to theCode, the _________________ Transverse
modulus ofelasticity oflightweight-aggregateconcrete .j.-section
of top slab
is relatedtothat of normal-weightconcreteofthesame
grade by the square of the ratio of their dry densities.
Fortheflexural strengthofthecompositesectionatthe d
Transversesection
ultimate limit state, the modular ratio will notbe appli- ofequivalent bottom slab
cable, and the grades of two concretes will determine
their contribution to the compressiveforce in the sec-
_________ o :1 2.50
tion. Shear strength of composite sections can be
determined as for normal concrete superstructures,
albeit that the reduced Code values apply for the
lightweight component. Alternatively,as for all forms
of composite construction, the precast units them-
selvescan be designed to resist theentire shear force Figure3 Sectionfor transverse stiffnessevaluation
onthecompositesections,as indicatedin theCode. consideringhalfthethicknessofthe beam websincon-
For the analysisof the superstructure,the stiffness junction with the top slab and the bottom in situ
valuescalculated fortheindividualmembersshouldbe concrete taken uniform of its maximum thickness,
basedon the transformedconcrete section in both di- which occurs mid-way between the bottom flanges as
rections,to reflectthe lowermodulus of elasticity ofthe shownin Figure4('2):
lightweight-aggregateconcrete. 4A2
Torsionalinertia, C =
Pseudo-box
j
where A = areainsidethemedian line ofthe
concrete;and
superstructures with ds/t = sum ofthe lengths ofthesidesaround
themedianlineeach divided by the
M beams appropriate wall thickness.
Forpseudo-boxsuperstructureswith Mbeams,thelive The transversetorsional inertia can be calculated by
load on the deck will be resisted by the pseudo-box first replacing the longitudinal beam webs by an
section,thepropertiesofwhich shouldbeconsideredin
thegrillage analysisand may be calculated as follows.
The longitudinal flexural inertia of the composite
section may include full contribution from the in situ
concreteon the bottom flanges, as shown in Figure2'
The transverseflexural inertiaofeachstrip equalto the
.
spacing oftheweb holes may be calculated by replac-
ingthewholeofthebottom in situ concreteand therein-
forcement by an area of concretewhich is 4D horizon-
tally and 2.5D vertically, where D is the diameter of a
single equivalent bar equal in area to that of the
transverse reinforcing bars through the hole. This is
indicated in Figure 3( '). (a) actual
The longitudinal torsional inertia for a single cell
should be calculated using the thin-wall formula by
In situ
top slab 200
- 80
In situ +
bottom slab I.'
920
(b) idealized
Figure2 Sectionfor longitudinal stiffnessevaluation Figure4 Longitudinal torsion in a pseudo-box

5
equivalent closed box section and then applying the ignoredin any design calculationsof longitudinal flex-
thin wall formula. ural stresses and strength provision. Transverse rein-
The thickness t of the equivalent continuous side forcement passing through the bottom web holes
wall fortheidealization shownin Figure5is given by the should be appropriately consideredto be acting with
formula 2): the top slab in resisting the transverse bending mo-
ments. Crackcontrol forthisbottom flangesteelcanbe
handled in the same way as for the inverted T-beam
E [ db2 a2b( I I
superstructures, except that the simplified equationfor
flange in over all tension,given in the Code, should be
utilized.
where ISI = bending inertiaof the topslab;
= bending inertiaof the bottom slab;
= bending inertiaof the equivalent
lengthoflongitudinal beam about
theZaxis; U-beam
a = spacingofthelongitudinalbeams
b = distaricebetweentheneutral
axesof the topand bottom slabs.
superstructures39 of
As discussedelsewhere(see page reference 1),
The method of calculating torsional inertias in the two each CI beam should be represented by a longitudinal
directionsfor a pseudo-box,M -beamsuperstructureis grillage member and the properties of the transverse
illustrated with the help of a numerical example in grillage members should reflect the fact that the slab
Appendix I of reference 12. lengthbetween the beamsis shorterthan thecentre-to-
The superstructureis acting both ways simultane- centre spacing of thebeams.The torsional stiffness of
the Cl beams, when acting compositely with the top
ously and the longitudinal torsional inertia calculation
is more likely to be an accurateassessment of the total slab, will be very substantial. Also, unlike the T-beam
torsion stiffness ofthesuperstructure.The longitudinal superstructureusing M beams, thetorsional links in the
value should therefore be split into longitudinal and webs can be spacedfurther apart because of the good
transversecomponents in proportion to originally cal- proportionsof the sides ofthesesectionsand the Code
culated values in thetwodirections,for in-putting into a requirementsin this respect.
Thesectionpropertiesforthe compositesectionwith
grillage analysisprogram. This procedureis discussed
Ci beamsand 160mm topslab are given inTable3. The
by West in reference 12. The contributionto transverse
stiffness from the diaphragmsshould be included in the unsupported webs of these beams are vulnerable to
supportedge membersofthegrillage. mishandling and shock loads; therefore, during the
The presence ofthe bottom insituconcreteis usually manufacture, lifting and transport of these beams,
sometemporaly bracingofthewebsisoften necessary
to avoid overstressingthe junction of the webs with the
bottom flange.
Box-beam
superstructures
Box-beam superstructuresare only provided with a
nominal thickness of levelling screed with mesh rein-
forcement; their transverse distribution properties
emanatefrom post-tensioningthrough transversedia-
phragms. The precast box beams thereforecarry the
entire longitudinal effectsthemselves,while in situ infill
concrete (between the beams) combined with post-
tensioning,handlestheloaddistribution and theresult-
ing transverseeffects. Thus, any structural contribu-
tion from thescreedor topping which may be provided
is ignored,both in the analysisand in the design ofthis
typeof superstructure. Vertical shear due to live loads
and longitudinal shear due to a component of trans-
verseprestressin skew bridges (if prestress is applied
parallel to the supportededges) should be checked at
the vertical interface of the precast and the in situ
Figure 5 Transverse torsion in a pseudo-box concretes.
6
Table 3 Section propertiesof composite U beams; beam spacing 2 m, modular ratio 1 .0
Height of Section moduli (mm3xlO6)

centroid Second Top fibre of Top fibre of Bottom Bottom
Total above moment composite precast fibre of fibre of
Precast depth Area bottom of area section section top slab precast section
section (mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm4xlO9) Z Z1 Zb Zb
(11 960 786450 568.62 82.87 211.75 358.17 145.75

(13 1060 819450 627.71 107.40 248.45 394.44 171.10
(J5 1160 852 450 685.87 136.31 287.49 433.91 198.73
(17 1260 885450 743.83 169.29 327.98 475.32 227.59
(18 1360 918450 800.43 206.42 368.89 516.61 Z 257.89
(19 1460 951 450 857.03 248.12 411.49 560.11 289.51
(110 1560 984450 913.72 294.22 455.25 605.04 322.00
all 1660 1017450 969.23 345.59 500.29 651.10 356.56
(112 1760 1050450 1024.62 401.49 545.95 697.77 391.84
2000
0
t
•
-I
\UJ
I-beam 5. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT. Reinforcedconcrete
forhighwaystructures.London, 1973. BS 1/73.
superstructures 6. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT. Prestressedconcrete
forhighway structures.London, 1973. BS 2/73.
This type of superstructureis essentially similar to the
T-beam construction usingM beams,except that there 7. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT. Loadsfor highway
are in situ transverse diaphragms acting compositely bridges:useofBS5400:Part2: 1978. London.
with the top slab, which must be consideredboth in the BD 14/82:1982and its Amendment No.1:
1983.
analysisand in thedesign ofthistypeof superstructure.
8. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT. Design ofconcrete
bridges:useofBS5400: Part4: 1984. London.
References 9.
BD24/84: 1984.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ASSOCIATION.
1. KUMAR, A. Compositeconcretebridge Prestressedconcretebridge beams. Second
superstructures.WexhamSprings, British edition. Leicester, 1984.7pp. + folder.
Cement Association, 1988. 46 pp.Publication
46.505. 10. bridge design to BS5400.
CLARK, L.A. Concrete
London,ConstructionPress, 1983. 186 pp.
2. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Steel, concrete
and compositebridges. Part 2: Specificationfor 11. MANTON,B.H.and WILSON,C.B.MoT/C&A
loads. London.46 pp. BS 5400: Part 2 :1978. standard bridge beams: prestressed inverted
Tbeamsfor spansfrom I5mto29m. London,
3. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Steel, concrete Cement and ConcreteAssociation, 1975. 20 pp.
and compositebridges.Part 4: Codeofpractice for Publication46.012.
designofconcretebridges.London.68 pp.
BS 5400: Part 4:1984. 12. WEST, R. C&CA/CIRIARecommendationson the
useofgrillage analysis forslabandpseudo-slab
4. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Steel, concrete bridge decks. London,Cement and Concrete
and compositebridges.Part4: Codeofpractice for Association, 1973. 24 pp. Publication46.017.
design ofconcretebridges. London. 48 pp.
BS5400:Part4: 1978.
7
EXAMPLE A: Simply supported composite
concrete superstructure
Basic data I
End support and diaphragm section 2
Deck section and grillage idealization 3
Stiffnessesfor grillage analysis - ExamplesA and B 5
Live load patterns 7
Basic load cases for grillage analysis 10
Longitudinal moments in precast beams II
Sectionproperties 14
Allowable stresses in precast concrete 15
Stresses due to dead load and live load 16
Temperaturedifference stresses (PTD and NTD) 17
Differential shrinkage stresses (DSH) 20
(A) Precast beamswith straight fully bondedtendons 21
Differential creep stresses (DC) 25
Final stress checks 28
(B) Precast beams with straight part debondedtendons 29
(C) Precast beams with straight part deflected tendons 38
ULS checks 40
8
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EXAMPLE B:
Continuous composite concrete bridge
superstructure
Basic data 1
Grillage layout 2
Additional load patterns 3
Additional load cases for grillage analysis 4
SLS: Longitudinal design moments LC1 (comp) 5
Factorsfor SLS and ULS: other load combinations 6
Temperaturedifferences: continuity stresses 7
Differentialshrinkage: continuity stresses 8
Differentialsettlements:continuity stresses 9
SLS: dead load and live load stresses 10
Beam design: deflected tendon solution 11
Differentialcreep (DC) 18
Differentialcreep: continuity moments 21
Differential creep: total stresses 23
Final stress checks 25
Alternativesolutions 26
Longitudinal moments at the middle supportposition 27
Design of R.C. section at the middle support 28
Bending, shear and torsion of middle supportdiaphragm 32
Reinforcementdesign for middle supportdiaphragm 33
Shear and torsion design for middle supportdiaphragm 35
Reinforcementdetail for middle supportdiaphragm 36
Reinforcementdetail for end diaphragm 37
Shear and torsion design for end diaphragm 40
Reinforcementdetail for end diaphragm 41
Composite beams ULS: flexure at mid-span 42
Composite beams ULS: flexure at middle diaphragmface 45
Composite beams ULS: shear strength 48
ULS: longitudinal shear 53
Torsionaldesign for composite beams 55
Alternative torsion design (ignoring precasttop flange) 58
Transmissionzone: links 59
Precast beams: detail for secondaryreinforcement 61
Shear at precast - in situ vertical interface at support 62
Top slab: bending moments 63
Top slab: transversereinforcement 70
Top slab: longitudinal reinforcement 72
Top slab: longitudinal reinforcementnear middle diaphragm 73
Top slab: punching shear 76
Top slab: flexural shear 77
49
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iM'/( c ' ts±

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____________________________ 77! 'S /

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Detailed design of composite concrete bridgesuperstructures CI/StB
182 q4 I(J11)
A. Kumar
UDC
BRITISH CEMENT ASSOCIATION PUBLICATION 46.506 666.97

Detailed Design of Composite Concrete Bridge Superstructures - BCA

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Detailed Design of Composite Concrete Bridge Superstructures - BCA

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DETAILED DESIGN

bending inertia ofthetop slab;

Arvind Kumar * Now called the

This document incorporates the following amendments

'1 AM1 Wovi?°io

is reproducedbelow for readers to affix in position on page 4.

Table 2 Section propertiesof composite M beams,beam spacing I m, modular ratio 1.0

Height Section moduli (mm3 x 10')

M2 850 467650 429.3 42.98 102.16 147.86 164.86 100.11

Arvind Kumar * Now called the

withdead plus superimposeddead plus other ULS 1.10

Height of Section moduli (mm3xiO6)

M2 850 467 650 429.3 42.98 102.16 147.84 164.86 100.11

Inverted T-beam, solid

sectioncan be transformedon thebasis ofthemodular

Figure2 Sectionfor longitudinal stiffnessevaluation Figure4 Longitudinal torsion in a pseudo-box

Height of Section moduli (mm3xlO6)

(11 960 786450 568.62 82.87 211.75 358.17 145.75

Drawing ref Calc by Date Check by Date

Ref Calculations Output

k'te 13 .SVIVP%frf7P Jf/4YtC4Pc

ww?e4y &6QT4.4m .L714

Part ofstructure *JJ £t/PPORT 4wP Caicsheet no rev

Ref Calculations Output

2o3 x431 (iy)

Fij.3/4. Laric,s Qidgi!Ice /4youf

Part ofstructure CaIc sheet no rev

Ref Calculations Output

Ref Calculations Output

-i.- C29/ 'r 0i 00076 O.ocY7..4

Part of structure Caicsheet no rev

Drawing ref Caicby Date Check by Date

Ref Calculations Output

rfJv2.t 1 O2 ,& C77'

Ref C&cuations Output

Ref Calculations Output

C4-t e irtrv1 e#ce1-. .Tt

/4 jv4t A( AIo d 4/ 74f L.1

Ref Calculations Qutput

flA,(!2 itY)'1L ,4LAjodc. 4/, 6- /e/fri4. i 7/4

Part of structure 45/< L)Aj CaIc sheet no rev

Ref Calculations Output

77c Ao(r c6ck

1. JL b-TI 1Lrtt4-aP £L/-,' &/ 'Z3

2. Sti 2'4' eIwie—

CJL a-/ 'Z3

LJpt al '2 ktJ7 ,;- L4 2

6. kEL '2) k'I *L*%'L. t

7. kLL /20 ,\J ,. 2. a&

Part ofstructure LO,/4/T/j/AJ4L MOME.Jrs Caicsheet no rev

Ref Calculations Output

AIDd1e 3', o .4/wt1

Part of structure Caicsheet no

Drawing ref Caic by Date Check by Date

ie /AI.7A,(. h*M*JJ* J A/ô.I 31 kiJ /i%.

t4b0 9:L Nop.,€,.j L N0-

II2• 12 .1351 12 12 1•7 l7l /.7 iq7

f4 (2) 12OF ('I 132,•l I,, /3'Z•l Io /3 t5%/ 1.1 132'/

e$hpi rI)OP.14..1k /202 l'162. 2.O6 ______

7&/e 3//4 i&akd n',i Js S qtjik*... -M'. o/,ov.s

at -SvS4 ii!o m.vtd ll-f iee4 d

Drawing ref Caic by Date Check by

Ref Calculations Output

;,' Jw ci,w,6L ;(z

6. kEL '2) k'I L%'L. t

ie /AI.7A,(. hMJJ* J A/ô.I 31 kiJ /i%.