NCM 117: NURSING RESEARCH

(February 1 2024) Quantitative Research:

DATA COLLECTION 1. Reliability
2. Validity
DATA COLLECTION- the process of
gathering information in a systematic Qualitative Research:
way to obtain a high-quality data.
1. Trustworthiness
“Systematic way” = that is the design
to be clear, unbiased, reliable, and
valid, and that would answer the Types of Data Collection
question.
Primary Data Collection- collected
“high-quality data” = (qualities of a firsthand by the researchers.
statistical data)
Ex: interviews, physiologic measures,
Characteristics of high-quality data: questionnaires
1. Timeliness- refers to the Advantages of Primary Data Collection:
interval between the time of
occurrence of different events • Tailored to research needs.
and the time the data is ready to • Based on study specific tools
be used or disseminated. Common • Complete data
problem is the delay on submission
of forms being filled-up. Disadvantages of Primary Data
2. Completeness Collection:
a. Coverage- does it covers the
• Time consuming
entire population or the
graphical area as the • Reliance on patient’s recall and
target. communication skills
b. Completeness accomplishing • Introduction of bias from
of the forms (fill up the external factors
forms completely.
Types of Primary Data Collection
3. Accuracy- refers to how close the
measurement or the data to its 1. Physiological Measurement-
true value. (“Do the data reflect assignment of numbers or values
the true situation?”) to present biological function
4. Precision- refers to the extent (CBC, V/S,ABG)
to which similar information is 2. Psychometric- patient’s
obtained when a measurement is perception (pain scale)
performed, or an observation is 3. Survey – most common method
made more that once. It therefore a. Interview- researchers
refers to the repeatability or the wants the respondent to
consistency of the information answer on his own words
that was collected. i. “focus group” = w/ a
5. Relevance- importance or small group of people
significance of the data. It is usually 6-12 that are
because frequent complaint from specifically selected
users is that the data available to represent a target
are not what they need. population
6. Adequacy- the data provide all the b. Questionnaires-
basic information needed. i. Open-Ended Questions-
researchers does not

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 know all the possible • Collection is easier and quicker.
alternative answers.
ii. Closed-ended Question Disadvantages of Secondary Data
- fixed number of Collection:
alternative answers.
• The quality depends on the
Types of Closed-Ended Questions original researcher.
• Timeliness
1. Dichotomous- one
• Access on electronic data need
choice between
skills
the two
alternatives • Inaccuracy of retrieval
2. Forced-choice –
respondent is to
select a single RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
response from
several options.
4. Observation- studying observable SAMPLING
behavior and generally a non-
invasive method for gathering Sampling- the process of selecting a
information. portion of the population to represent
a. Direct- respondents agree to the entire population so that
be part of the research and inferences about the population can be
is aware that the researcher made.
will be watching them. Green- Population
i. Hawthorne effect –
deliberately changing Blue- sample/study
behavior due to being Population
observed.
b. Indirect- respondents are
unaware of the observation.
5. Scales- respondents are to rank
some trait on a continuum of • Who do you want to generalize
possible response. to?
a. Visual Analog Scale Theoretical Population
(VAS)- mark a location in • What population can you get
a scale. access to?
b. Likert scale- respondent Study population
are asked to agree or • How can you get access to them?
disagree on a 5 or 7 point Sampling Frame
scale
• Who is in your study?
Secondary Data Collection- obtained by Sample
other people for the purpose not
necessarily those of the researcher. Sampling Frame vs Population
- A sampling frame is a list of
Ex: patient’s medical record, logbook all the items in your
Advantages of Secondary Data population. It’s a complete list
Collection: of everyone or everything you
want to study.
• Routinely collected for other Note:
purposes a. population is general
• Electronic database is available. b. Sampling frame is specific

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Element- most basic unit about which - Involves random selection of
information is collected; aka “unit of elements.
analysis.” - The researcher can specify the
“Unit of analysis”- is the subject probability that an element will
that will be analyzed in the study. be included in the study.
- Each element in the population
Sample- is a subset of population has an equal, independent chance
elements. of being selected.
i. Simple Random
Representative sample- one whose key Sampling- most basic
characteristics closely approximate type of sampling
those of the population. design.
ii. Stratified Random
Strata- refers to two or more Sampling- the
subpopulation within a target population is first
population. divided into non-
overlapping groups
Purpose of Sampling called strata.
1. Qualitative- researchers are iii. Cluster Sampling-
more interested in ensuring that done when the
they can develop a rich, sampling frame is not
holistic understanding of the readily available.
phenomenon of interest. iv. Multi-Stage Sampling-
2. Quantitative- samples allow them when the sample
to achieve statistical survey to be
conclusion validity, and to conducted has a wide
generalize their results. coverage (ex.
Nationwide)
Advantages of Sampling 1. Stage 1: Countries
2. Stage 2: Segments
• Cheaper 3. Stage 3: Households
• Faster 4. Stage 4: Individuals
v. Systematic sampling-
• Better quality of information
variation of simple
• More comprehensive data may be random sampling. In
obtained doing this, a sample
interval(K), is first
Criteria of a Good Sampling Design determined where k
1. The sample to be obtained should ratio of the
be representative of the population size(N) to
population. the sample size(n).
2. The sample size should be
adequate. b. Non-probability sampling
3. Practicality and feasibility of - probability of each member of
the sampling procedure. It the population to be selected in
should be sufficiently simple the sample is difficult to
and straightforward. determine or cannot be
4. Economy and efficiency- it must specified.
give the most information at the 7. - Standard errors cannot be
smallest cost. computed, and methods of
statistical inference cannot be
Classification of Sampling applied.
a. Probability sampling

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 8. - best utilize only for specific characteristic. If
descriptive purposes rather that no estimate available set
for generalizing. at 50% (or 0.50)
9. - less likely to produce q= 1-p
accurate and representative d= absolute precision or
sample accuracy, normally set at
0.05
i. Convinience Sampling-
accidental or Cochran for Small
haphazard population
ii. Snowball sampling-
networking sampling
or chain sampling;
asked to refer to
other people.
iii. Quota sampling-
identify strata and
determines how many
sample.
iv. Purposive sampling-
judgmental; a
representative sample
of the population is
selected based on
expert’s subjective
judgement or on some
pre-specified
criteria.

Sampling Formulas
1. Slovin’s Formula
a. Used when nothing about the
behavior (e.g.,
distribution) of a
population is known at all.
b. It’s a random sampling
technique formula to
estimate sampling size.
c. Used to calculate the
sample size given the
population size and a
margin of error
i. n=N/(1+Ne2)
2. Cochran’s Formula
a. n=(z2pq)/(d2)
n= the desired sample size
z= the standard normal
deviate usually set at 1.96
(which corresponds to the
95% confidence level)
p= the proportion in the
target population to have a

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