Professional Documents
Culture Documents
David M. Newman
Test Bank
Chapter 4
a. subculture.
b. counterculture.
*c. nonmaterial culture.
d. nomenclature.
David M. Newman
*c. material
d. nonenvironmental
5. The shared knowledge, beliefs, customs, and symbols of a society are called its
a. subculture.
b. material culture.
*c. nonmaterial culture.
d. counterculture.
9. In the United States, behaviors such as burping or spitting in public are considered violations of
a. sanctions.
b. mores.
*c. folkways.
d. laws.
10. Excommunicating a man who has violated the moral doctrine of his church is an example of a
*a. sanction.
b. more.
c. folkway.
d. norm.
David M. Newman
12. What was Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo’s ethnocentric assumption in their study of poor families
in 13 different countries?
*a. Poor families should spend their money on food, clothing and other basic necessities.
b. Poor families should not be seen with any signs of wealth.
c. Rich families should do more to help poorer families.
d. Rich families are more intelligent than poor families.
13. Which term most accurately describes the American approach to medicine?
a. spiritual
b. anecdotal
c. subdued
*d. aggressive
14. The expectation that you should place your napkin in your lap before you begin eating is an example
of a _________ in the United States.
*a. folkway
b. sanction
c. codification
d. emulsifier
15. Saying the Pledge of Allegiance at the beginning of the school day and observing the Fourth of July
are displays of
*a. cultural loyalty.
b. anglocentrism.
c. material culture.
d. subculture affiliation.
17. Anthropologist Susan Blum’s research on cheating at colleges and universities found that cheating
often resulted from
a. the cesspool of immorality.
b. a rampant cheating subculture.
*c. the clash of two distinct age-specific subcultures.
d. parental pressure placed on children to succeed.
18. Habits such as whether one squats or stands when waiting for the bus, or whether one sits in a chair
or on the floor when eating, are usually defined by one's
a. lifestyle.
*b. culture.
c. wealth.
d. status.
Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life, 11th edition
David M. Newman
19. Transnational media, global communications, and international migration have all contributed to
a. an increase in cultural purity.
b. global support of U.S. cultural traditions.
c. a reduction in the use of English as a second language.
*d. the global exchange of cultural elements.
22. Where would you be most likely to find people who are more comfortable sitting on the floor than in
a chair?
a. Canada
b. United States
*c. the Middle East
d. Mexico
23. When a pattern of behavior becomes widely accepted within a social institution and becomes taken
for granted in society, it is referred to as a(n) _____ norm.
a. cultural
*b. institutionalized
c. social
d. behavioral
24. The tendency to evaluate other cultures according to the standards of one's own culture is referred
to as
a. bias.
b. prejudice.
*c. ethnocentrism.
d. multiculturalism.
25. A sociologist studying child-rearing in a small religious group observes that many parents often
withhold food and water from their children who have misbehaved. Though the sociologist personally
disapproves of this practice, she maintains that it must be understood within the context of the culture
in which it occurs. This orientation to practices is an example of
a. ethnocentrism.
Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life, 11th edition
David M. Newman
26. Tamra is a food service worker in Michigan who has been bedbound with the flu for several days.
Which of the following behaviors would NOT be acceptable as she assumes the sick role?
*a. She tells her friend that she is grateful for a day off at home.
b. She calls in sick to work
c. She cancels her hair appointment.
d. She is in a bad mood.
28. Prior to the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee made what
important decision about the games?
a. It mandated body cavity searches for all spectators and participants.
b. It implemented gender neutral bathrooms in all Olympic arenas.
*c. It allowed transsexuals who had undergone sex reassignment surgery and who had also been legally
recognized as a member of the “new” sex to compete in the games.
d. It approved the sanctioning of culturally inappropriate behavior.
30. Which culture listed below only recognizes two distinct sexes?
a. Navajo
b. Samoa
c. India
*d. America
31. Which of the following examples illustrates the heteronormative culture of American society?
a. the passing of laws allowing same-sex marriage
b. the increase in women seeking women options on many online dating services
c. increased education about gender stereotypes in schools
*d. the flood of advertising depicting men and women romantically linked
32. According to the text, why was opium use outlawed in the United States in the early 20th century?
a. because middle-class housewives were addicted
b. because the Surgeon General found that it had harmful effects
Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life, 11th edition
David M. Newman
33. These social responses are intended to punish or otherwise discourage violations of social norms:
a. folkways
*b. sanctions
c. rudiments
d. dichotomies
34. Americans often refer to the United States as the “greatest country on earth,” while Germans tout
the superiority of “German engineering.” Both are examples of
a. xenophobia.
b. globalization.
*c. ethnocentrism.
d. subculture loyalty.
35. In which situation would an American sociologist find it most difficult to maintain cultural relativism?
*a. studying genital mutilation of young girls in Africa and the Middle East
b. studying cooking techniques in Latin America
c. studying death rituals in Kansas
d. studying aggressive behavior in a first-grade classroom
36. Why are 90% of sexually ambiguous newborns assigned to the category of “female” in societies with
advanced medical technology?
a. Compared to males, females are more respected and appreciated.
b. Males do not adjust as well to the surgery.
c. The parents choose to have a female rather than a male child.
*d. Creating a vagina is surgically easier than creating a penis.
37. In Western culture, sadness at funerals and happiness at weddings are examples of
*a. rules for emotional display.
b. natural human behavior.
c. inappropriate emotional displays.
d. subcultural behavior.
38. The transcontinental railroad that extends from coast to coast is an example of American
*a. material culture.
b. cultural values.
c. nonmaterial culture.
d. a subculture.
39. Sitting still, raising a hand for permission to speak, and coming to class on time are __________ that
govern classroom behavior in our culture.
a. values
*b. norms
c. sanctions
Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life, 11th edition
David M. Newman
d. laws
40. The principle that beliefs and activities should be interpreted within the context of the culture in
which they occur is called
a. dominant culture.
b. counterculture.
c. ethnocentrism.
*d. cultural relativism.
43. A pattern of conduct that has wide social acceptance and has become so commonplace that it is
taken for granted, is called
a. a preemptive norm.
b. a subcultural norm.
*c. an institutionalized norm.
d. a presumptive norm.
44. Children should receive at least 12 years of formal education is a _____ in the United States.
a. a preemptive norm
b. a subcultural norm
*c. an institutionalized norm
d. a presumptive norm
45. The invention and development of cellular technology was the result of our demand for constant
access.
a. True
*b. False
46. The distinction between mores and folkways is not always clear.
*a. True
b. False
David M. Newman
b. False
48. The majority of sexually ambiguous newborns would die without immediate sex assignment surgery.
a. True
*b. False
49. Compared to Britons, Americans have higher rates of obesity, heart disease, and drug-related
deaths.
*a. True
b. False
55. In the United States, laws prohibit minors who wish to transition to another sex from receiving
hormonal therapies and undergoing sexual reconstruction surgery.
a. True
*b. False
56. In 2014, the Indian Supreme Court officially recognized hijras as an official—and legal—third gender
category.
*a. True
b. False
57. Giving someone a dirty look after she has made an inappropriate joke is an example of a sanction.
*a. True
b. False
David M. Newman
*a. True
b. False
Type: E
60. Provide definitions for material culture and nonmaterial culture. Give two examples of each.
*a. Answer varies
Type: E
61. Explain the author’s statement “Culture is doing its job most effectively when it is unnoticed.” Under
what circumstances do we become aware of culture?
*a. Answer varies
Type: E
62. How do transsexuals challenge the sexual dichotomy?
*a. Answer varies
Type: E
63. Describe the subculture of your campus. What are some ways in which this subculture differs from
that at other institutions in the area? How does it differ from the larger community in which it is
located?
*a. Answer varies
Type: E
64. Define ethnocentrism and discuss the reasons for its existence. What are some possible
consequences of ethnocentrism?
*a. Answer varies
Type: E
65. Describe the rights and obligations associated with the “sick role” in American culture. What are
some sanctions associated with failure to fulfill this role?
*a. Answer varies
Type: E
66. List at least five norms that you are expected to follow in your sociology class.
*a. Answer varies
67. Define cultural relativism. Why is cultural relativism so important to sociological research? What
problems may arise when this concept is not understood?
*a. Answer varies
Type: E
Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life, 11th edition
David M. Newman
Type: E
69. In what ways are heterosexuals socially privileged in heteronormative cultures? Give three examples
to support your answer.
*a. Answer varies
Type: E
70. What are some of the ways in which communications technologies (tablet computers, e-readers,
smart phones, laptops) have changed both material and nonmaterial culture?
*a. Answer varies
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