LIÊN TỪ

1.Because/Because of/ Due to/Since => Bởi vì

Because/Since + mệnh đề ( S+V+O)

Because of / Due to + N/Ving
 Because it’s raining so hard, so I can not come back home now. (Bởi vì trời đang mưa rất
to, nên tôi không thể về nhà bây giờ.)
 Because today is Sunday and the weather is really nice, we decided to go picnic. (Bởi vì
hôm nay là chủ nhật và thời tiết thì rất đẹp, nên chúng tôi quyết định đi dã ngoại.)
 I pass the essay because of her help. (Tôi vượt qua bài luận vì sự giúp đỡ của cô ấy.)
2.Although/ Though/ Despite/ In spite of => Mặc dù

Although/ Though / Even though + mệnh đề

Despite/ In spite of + N/Ving
Eg: Although I don’t agree with him, I think he’s honest. (Mặc dù tôi không đồng ý với anh ta
nhưng tôi nghĩ anh ta rất thành thật.
Eg: Despite being ill, Mary still went to school. (Dù bị ốm nhưng Mary vẫn đi học.)

3.Cách chuyển từ because sang because of

 Cách tiếp cận thứ nhất
* Nhìn phía sau Because (câu đề), thấy có "there, to be" thì bỏ.
 Nếu thấy 2 chủ ngữ giống nhau thì bỏ chủ ngữ gần Because, động từ thêm "ing".
Ví dụ: Because Nam is tall, he can reach the book on the shelf.
=> Because of being tall, Nam can reach the book on the shelf.
 Nếu thấy chỉ còn lại danh từ thì chỉ việc giữ lại danh từ mà dùng.
Ví dụ: Because there was a storm, ... => Because of the storm, ...
Sau khi bỏ "there", bỏ "to be" (was) chỉ còn lại danh từ => chỉ việc lấy mà dùng.
 Nếu thấy có danh từ và tính từ thì đưa tính từ lên trước danh từ, còn lại bỏ hết.
Ví dụ: Because the wind is strong, ... => Because of the strong wind, ...
Sau khi bỏ "to be" (is) thấy có danh từ và tính từ nên ta chỉ việc đưa tính từ lên trước danh từ.
 Nếu thấy chỉ có mình tính từ => đổi nó thành danh từ
Ví dụ: Because it is windy, ... => Because of the wind, ...
 Nếu thấy có sở hữu lẫn nhau => Dùng danh từ dạng sở hữu
Ví dụ: Because I was sad, .... => Because of my sadness, ...
Ví dụ: Because he acted badly, ... => Because of his bad action, ... (trạng từ đổi thành tính từ)

Cách tiếp cận thứ hai

1. Because + S (pronoun) + be + adj …..
Because of + Possessive + Noun
Eg: Because she was ill, she couldn’t go to school
Because of her illness, she couldn’t go to school.
2. Because + S (noun) + be + adj …..
Because of + the + adj + Noun
Eg: Because the weather was hot, I couldn’t sleep well.
Because of the hot weather, I couldn’t sleep well.
3. Because + S (pronoun) + VERB + adv …..
Because of + Possessive + adj + Noun
Eg: Because she behaves well, everyone loves her.
Because of her good behavior, everyone loves her.
4. Because + (S+ have) THERE + BE + (a /an) + ADJ + NOUN
Because of + (a/an) + ADJ + Noun
5. Because + S (Pronoun) + TO BE + ADVERB + ADJ
Because of + Possessive + ADJ + Noun
Eg: Because she is extremely beautiful, everyone admires her.
Because of her extreme beauty, everyone admire her.
6. Because + S (Noun) + TO BE + V3
Because of + the Noun (V3) + of + Noun
7. Because + S (Noun) + VERB + (ADVERB)
Because of + a/ an/ the (ADJ) + NOUN + of + Noun (Noun)
Eg: Because this boy behaved kindly, I love him so much.
Because of the kind behavior of this boy, I love him so much.
8. Because + S1 (Noun/ Pronoun) + VERB+ O …., S2 +V2 +… (S1 # S2)
Because of + possessive + (not) Ving + O …., S2 +V2 +… (S1 # S2)

II.Bài tập
Bài tập 1 : Điền because/because of vào chỗ trống:
1. We stopped playing tennis ....... the rain
2. It was all ........ her that we got into trouble
3. We had to hurry indoors ...... it was raining
4. I am late ....... the traffic
5. We didn't arrive until seven o'clock ........ the traffic was terrible
6. She found the exam easy ........ she had worked hard during the course
7. He can't drive ........ his illness
8. The restaurant closed down ........ the recession
9. He found working in Japan very difficult ......... the language problem
10. He's very difficult to understand ......... his accent
Bài tập 2: Viết lại câu với cấu trúc because of
1. Because it is rain, we stopped the match

2. Because Tom was ill, he is absent today

3. Because she is kind, everyone loves her

4. Because I was too tired, I will have a long trip

5. Because he passed the exam, his parent very proud of him

 6. The house is dirty so I can’t feel comfortable

7. She is a beautiful girl so her husband very loves her

8. It’s hot so we will travel to the beach this weekend

9. This problem is difficult so I can’t understand

10. I got a mark of 10 on the Math exam so I am very happy today

Bài 3 :
1. We arrived late because of the bad traffic.
………………………………………………………………………
2. She didn’t buy the house because the price was very high.
………………………………………………………………………
3. She only accepted the job because of the high salary.
………………………………………………………………………
4. We couldn’t sleep because the weather was hot.
………………………………………………………………………
5. Because of the World War II, women took over business for their absent husbands.
………………………………………………………………………
6. We didn’t go fishing because the water was rough.
………………………………………………………………………
7. She was very angry because he behaved very badly.
………………………………………………………………………
8. He couldn’t sleep because of his worries.
………………………………………………………………………
9. Because of driving too fast, he caused a serious accident.
………………………………………………………………………
10. I lost my way because the fog was thick.
………………………………………………………………………
11. He is tired because of staying up late last night.
……………………………………………………………………
12. We couldn’t read the sign on the building because the distance was so great.
……………………………………………………………………
13. She’ll never get success because she is impatient.
…………………………………………………………………
14. He’ll be sacked because he is often late for work.
…………………………………………………………………
15. Governments advise giving up smoking because of its harm for health.
…………………………………………………………………
16. They haven’t bought the house because its rooms are small.
……………………………………………………………………
17. He got bad marks because his answers were incomplete.
…………………………………………………………………
18. Maria couldn’t return home because of losing all her money.
……………………………………………………………………
19. Because of my friend’s absence, I have to copy the lesson for him.
………………………………………………………………………
20. A lot of people learn English because it is very important.
………………………………………………………………………
21. Tom is often punished because he is very lazy.
…………………………………………………………………
22. I was late because it rained heavily.
…………………………………………………………………
23. They turned the heating on because the weather was very cold.
…………………………………………………………………
24. She has to stay at home because of her sick mother.
………………………………………………………………………
25. Kevin has failed many times, so he disappointed.
………………………………………………………………………
26. I had not eaten for 24 hours. I was very hungry.
………………………………………………………………………
27. He ate all the fruits. The fruits were ripe.
………………………………………………………………………
28. He hadn't finished the letter. He didn't go to sleep.
………………………………………………………………………
29. He is dismissed. He was late for the work very often.
………………………………………………………………………
30. He drove too fast. He caused a serious accident.
………………………………………………………………………
III.Các công thức biến đổi câu với Although sang câu với Despite
*Nếu chủ ngữ của 2 mệnh đề giống nhau thì ta bỏ chủ ngữ rồi lấy động từ thêm –ing:
Although + S + V → In spite of/ Despite + V_ing
Ví dụ: Although he was ill, he still went to school.
⇒ Despite being ill, he still went to school.
*Nếu chủ ngữ là danh từ + be + tính từ thì ta đem tính từ đặt trước danh từ, bỏ to be:
Although + The + N + Be + Adj → In spite of/Despite + The + Adj + N
Ví dụ: Although the car was dirty, he didn’t wash it.
⇒ Despite / in spite of the dirty car, he didn’t wash it.
*Nếu chủ ngữ là đại từ + be + tính từ thì ta đổi đại từ thành sở hữu, đổi tính từ thành danh từ, bỏ
be
Although + S + Be + Adj → In spite of/ Despite + His /her/ their + N
Ví dụ: Although he was ill, he still went to school.
⇒ Despite his illness, he still went to school.
IV. Bài tập
Bài 1: Rewrite the following sentences that keep the same meaning
1. Although Tom was a poor student, he studied very well.
In spite of ______________________________________
2. Although the weather was bad, she went to school on time.
Despite ________________________________________
3. My mother told me to go to school although I was sick.
In spite of ______________________________________
4. Tom was admitted to the university although his grades were bad.
Despite ________________________________________
5. In spite of his good salary, Tom gave up his job.
Although _______________________________________
6. He didn’t win an Oscar for Best Actor although he performed excellently.
Despite ________________________________________
7. The plot wasn’t very interesting, but the special effects were spectacular.
Although _______________________________________
8. Despite his English-sounding name, James Martin is in fact German.
Although _______________________________________
Bài 2 :
1. He broke his leg. He went to work. (Although)
_________________________________________________
1. There was a long queue. But we enjoyed seeing Eifffel. (Although)
_________________________________________________
2. He didn’t get the job. But he had all neccessary qualifications. (Despite)
_________________________________________________
3. The weather was bad. But we went to out. (In spite of)
_________________________________________________
4. There was a lot of noise in the house. But the children slept well. (Despite)
_________________________________________________
5. Paul and Mark live in the same town. But they rarely see each other. (Although)
_________________________________________________
Bài 3 . Complete the sentences with although or in spite of
1. ………………. we are a small country, we sell almost a hundred machines a month.
2. ………………. all the difficulties, the project started on time and was a success.
3. ………………. we were warned against doing so, we went ahead with the project.
4. ………………. his lack of experience, he became a successful businessman.
5. ………………. being by far the oldest player, he scored three goals.
6. ………………. he’s millionaire, he drives a second-hand car.
7. ………………. all my careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
8. ………………. I had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
9. I love music ………………. I can’t play a musical instrument.
10. ………………. being very tired, we carried on walking.
11. The heating was on, but ………………. this the house was still cold.
12. Keith decided to give up his job ………………. I advised him not to.