DATA COLLECTION

MALAVIKA UDAY I S10 I TKM SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

 WHAT IS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL OFFICE SPACE?

An office building is a commercial structure designed to accommodate various businesses,

typically featuring workspaces, meeting rooms, and amenities for professional activities.A
multifunctional office building is a mixed use type which include commercial
space,residential space and recreational spaces.

WHAT IS STARTUP AND ITS RELEVANCE ?

A startup is a newly established business that aims to develop a unique product or service to
meet a market need. Startup offices in Kerala, India, are significant because Kerala has been
fostering a supportive ecosystem for startups in recent years. These offices provide
infrastructure, resources, mentoring, and networking opportunities for entrepreneurs,
contributing to the growth of the startup ecosystem in the region. They often offer co-working
spaces, access to funding, incubation programs, and connections to industry experts, helping
startups to thrive and succeed in their ventures.

EVOLUTION OF OFFICE DESIGN ?

1800s

Typical layout: Employees concentrated into large work areas, senior staff in separate
T

.rooms
Work models: Heavy supervision with a stratified structure based on seniority and
.status
Furniture: Hinged bureau desks, fixed wooden chairs, typewriter cabinets,
.bookbinders, inkstands
Technology: Gaslamps, manual typewriters, mimeograph machines

1900S
Typical layout: Primitive office layouts were straight, linear and heavily
influenced by the manufacturing industry.
Work models: Standardised, repetitive work activities with heavy monitoring
from management (such as counting the number of letters opened per hour or
counting the typists’ strokes).
Furniture: Steel swivel chairs and carpentered wooden desks, ornate and
comfortable furniture (such as armchairs) and roll-top desks reserved for senior
staff.
1950S

Typical layout: Prominent open-plan spaces with partitioned breakrooms.

Work models: Single function tasks completed in isolated departmental groups.
Furniture: Steel-tube swivel chairs, ergonomic executive chairs, office plants, G-Plan
and mid-century modern desks, Rolodexes.
Technology: Typewriters, filing cabinets, rotary telephones, air conditioning,
fluorescent lighting.

STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
 1960s
Typical layout: Central bullpen workspace with formal boardrooms and break rooms
lining the perimeter of the office.
Work models: Labour and time-based approaches, fixed desk policies.
Furniture: Modular furniture, wooden desks, sofas, plastic and steel chairs, moveable
partitioning and walls.
Technology: Handheld calculators, pocket dictation machines, fax machines, laser
printers, photocopiers.

1980s

Office layout: Cubicle farms and interior design dictated by technology and space
densities.
Work models: Decentralised workspaces with flatter organisational structures.
Furniture: Ergonomic chairs with lumbar supports, whiteboards, steel workstations.
Technology: Car phones, CDs, Email, bulky desktop computers, pagers.

2000s
Office layout: Communal areas, quiet zones and interactive environments, touchdown
spaces with extraneous coworking spaces.
Work models: Neighbourhood work environments, flexible working.
Furniture: Meeting pods, shared sofas, modular seating, pool and ping pong tables,
environmentally friendly furniture.
Technology: 3G, WiFi, laptops, smartphones, Google, social media, teleconferencing
software, acoustic planning.

2010
Office layout: Variety of workspace environments, focused around
formal/informal, collaborative/concentration, virtual/physical spaces.
Work models: Coworking, virtual collaboration, delegated management,
activity-based working.
Furniture: Standing desks, private booths, bookable meeting rooms.
Technology: 4G, artificial intelligence, cloud storage, software as service,
occupancy sensors, digital signage.

2020

Office layout: Highly adaptable and modular spaces.

Work models: Self-managing teams, agile and hybrid working.
Furniture: Sit/Stand desks, responsive seating, adjustable lighting.
Technology: Internet of Things, 5G, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality,
wearable tech.

STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
 ROOM TYPOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL/CELLULAR OFFICES
Private enclosed workspaces for
individuals, offering
privacy, customization, and quiet
environments, balancing focus and
collaboration in office settings.
Approx 1–4 persons, approx25 Sq.m
OPEN-PLAN OFFICE
A Type of office layout where all
employees work on the same floor
and in the same open space
CIRCULATION
SINGLE-LOADED CIRCULATION
Single-loaded circulation where a corridor is
situated along one side of the building,
typically along the facade, with offices
arranged along the opposite side.This
configuration allows the corridors to benefit
from natural daylight, as they are positioned
adjacent to the building’s exterior.it offer
well-lit corridors and can be beneficial in
certain contexts, they tend to have an
inefficient proportion of usable floor area to
circulation area
STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
COMBI-OFFICES
GROUP OFFICES
Group offices are shared
workspaces for 5-25 Combi offices blend individual and
employees, combining privacy shared spaces, combining private
with collaboration, using offices with communal zones for
compact layouts for efficiency flexible and collaborative work
and comfort. environments.Variable depending
Approx. 5–25 persons,approx on requirements.
125 sq.m
REVERSIBLE OFFICE
Reversible workspace adapts to varying needs, offering flexible
configurations that can be easily adjusted or reversed to optimize
functionality.
DOUBLE-LOADED CIRCULATION TRIPLE LOADED CIRCULATION
Double-loaded circulation where a Triple-loaded circulation where two
internal corridors provide access to
central corridor provides access to
offices on both sides In this offices located along the exterior
configuration, offices are arranged along of the building.In this configuration, the
the corridor on either side, maximizing middle zone between the two corridors,
the use of space and creating an known as the combi-zone,
efficient circulation system..it optimize accommodates vertical circulation
space utilization, they may require elements such as staircases and
ancillary functions to be located along elevators, as well as ancillary rooms.
the more valuable facade areas. this layout allows for a clear separation
Additionally, since the corridor is internal,between circulation paths and office
it does not receive natural light unless areas, enhancing the flow
there are zones without offices or of movement within the building. The
transparent walls separating the offices. combi-zone in the middle serves as a
multifunctional space that supports
various activities and services required
in an office environment
STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
 MEETINGS AND COMMUNICATION

MEETING ROOMS INTERGRATED COMMUNICATION

AREAS

Meeting rooms are dedicated spaces for Integrated communication areas are multifunctional
discussions, presentations, and team gatherings, spaces within offices for meetings, discussions, and
providing privacy and functionality for effective collaboration, enhancing interaction and productivity.
communication and collaboration

WORKSPACE AND PARKING

Group E- Office Building 90 sq. metres of built-up area

for buildings having total built up area upto 1260 sq.
Space requirement for one person ≥ 8 m². metres and 60 sq. metres of built-up area for the total
Each additional workplace + ≥ 5 m built up area in excess of 1260 sq. metre.Information
Technology Buildings under Group E occupancy, one
parking space for every 120 sq. metres of built-up area
ANCILLARY ROOMS
or fraction thereof.
• Staff kitchens and dining areas; canteens
if appropriate
• Staff rooms if appropriate Storage Rooms:Hold materials; centralized or
• Sanitary facilities decentralized based on need.Archives:Store rarely
• First-aid room used files; centralized or decen-
• Stores and archives tralized, as required.
• Logistics and utility rooms such as server Server Rooms:Host servers; inside/outside
rooms and janitorial rooms buildings,often in basements; manage networks.
Plant/Utility Rooms:Larger buildings; house
ventilation, heating, utilities; basement or attic.
Janitorial Rooms:On every floor; slop sink;
maintenance within leased units

A roughguide for the floor space required for a

canteen is approx. 1.00–1.5m2 of dining room space
and approx. 1.2–1.6m2 of kitchen area per seat.
Canteens enhance office buildings, providing
employee satisfaction. Roughly 1-1.5m² for dining
and 1.2-1.6m² for kitchen per seat. Sanitary rooms in
office buildings are grouped together near vertical
pipes, featuring separate facilities for men and
women, including wheelchair-accessible restrooms.

STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
 TOILET

Number of toilets, urinals, and hand lavatories

required in accordance with KMBR
WC:1 for every 25 males or part thereof and 1 for
every 15 females or part thereof wc.
URINALS: 1 for every 25 persons or part thereof
urinals
WASHBASIN: Preferably one on each floor wash
base

BUILDING TYPES
RIBBON BUILDINGS

Ribbon building, is a common building shape in office design that allows daylight
to enter from the long sides of the structure. This design is well-suited for linear
office arrangements. Ribbon buildings typically feature a central corridor
(double-loaded) or two corridors with a combi-zone between them (triple-loaded)

POINT-BLOCK BUILDING

A point-block building is a type of office building characterized by having a

single central circulation core.These buildings are known for their efficiency in
terms of space utilization because they minimize the corridor area.

BLOCK-EDGE BUILDING
Block-edge buildings are a type of office building design that typically enclose
protected, quiet inner courtyards. These buildings consist of ribbon-type tracts
that enclose the courtyard. Block-edge buildings offer the opportunity for
high-quality interiors, but the lighting situation on lower floors can be restricted
in the case of smaller courtyards. The internal court yards of block-edge
buildings can also serve as communication areas or even canteens, enhancing
the overall quality of the building
SPINE-AND-FINGERS BUILDING

Spine-and-fingers buildings are a type of office building structure that is similar

to courtyard buildings, but with courtyards that are open to the surroundings
on one side. These buildings typically have a central spine-like structure with
“fingers” extending outwards. The courtyards in spine-and-fingers buildings are
open on one side, allowing for a connection to the surrounding environment

FREE FORM BUILDING

Free-form buildings offer a creative and innovative approach to office design,
allowing for flexibility and originality in workspace planning feature unique and
irregular shapes that respond to specific urban contexts or stand out as
freestanding structures.n freeform buildings, functional layouts with open-plan
designs or combi-zones can be used to create different building depths and
provide opportunities for designing interesting circulation and communication
areas
STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
 The various spaces and amenities included in the project are listed below.
▪ Fully facilitated coworking space
▪ Library
▪ Café
▪ Gym
▪ Yoga space
▪ Football turf
▪ Indoor sports and games
▪ Open recreational space

library

Area required for a workstation and its

clearance can be derived by the equation F=b
·e · (1+N/100), where F1 is the floor area
required for an open workstation for library
user, b is the width of table, e is the distance
between center-lines of tables arranged one
behind the other and N% is the percentage of
area allowed for adjacent aisles providing
access to individual workstations Under the
conditions listed above, the floor area
required for an individual workstation is
approx. 2.50 m2

GYM

Room size for 40-45 people min. 200 m2 with a clear ceiling
height of 3.0 m for all rooms. Conditioning and fitness rooms
should generally be 6 m wide for an optimal arrangement of
machines in two rows and the room length should be at least
15 m approximate, otherwise there is no overview while
training. The smallest room unit of 40 m2 is suitable for 12
users.

STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
RESTAURNT

To be able to eat in comfort, one person requires a table area around 60 cm wide and 30-40 cm deep. This
provides sufficient distance between adjacent diners. Although an additional 20 cm space in the center for dishes
and large bowls is sometimes desirable, an overall width of 80-85 cm is suitable for a dining table. If the food is
served on plates, then 70 cm is sufficient, and for fast food 60 cm table depth. Distance between table and wall
75 cm -70, because the chair alone requires a space of 50 cm. If the space between table and wall is also used for
access, the distance should be 100 cm. Round tables need a little more space, a difference of up to 50 cm

SPORTS

The main sports provided are table tennis and snooker as

indoor sports and football and basketball as outdoor games.
Data regarding dimension and clearance are shown in the
following figures.

STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
 OFFICE

BUILDING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

Building performance analysis involves a comprehensive evaluation of a structure’s functionality,
efficiency, and sustainability. It encompasses aspects such as energy consumption, thermal
comfort, indoor air quality, water management, and structural integrity. By employing various
tools, simulations, and assessments, building performance analysis aids in optimizing design and
operation to create more sustainable, resilient, and comfortable built environments. By evaluating
factors like energy consumption, materials, and systems, it enables the creation of
environmentally responsible and cost-effective buildings.This process ensures compliance with
regulations and sustainability standards, promoting resilience to climate change and reducing
long-term environmental impact. Moreover, building performance analysis supports informed
decision-making during the design phase, identifying potential issues, optimizing systems, and
enhancing overall efficiency. Ultimately, it contributes to the construction of structures that
prioritize resource conservation, occupant comfort, and long-term sustainability.

1. Site Planning
2. Day Lighting
3. Temperature
4. Natural Ventilation
5. Materials
6. Water
Site Planning
Optimizing building orientation to maximize natural daylighting and minimize solar heat gain,
considering the path of the sun throughout the day.

Site Planning Building Orientation

Solar Orientation
Optimizing building orientation to maximize natural daylighting
and minimize solar heat gain, considering the path of the sun
throughout the day.

STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
 Wind Analysis

Understanding prevailing wind patterns and mitigating potential

wind effects on pedestrian comfort and building performance
through appropriate site layout and building form.

Building Height & Massing

Determining appropriate building heights and massing to

optimize views, minimize overshadowing, and enhance urban
design coherence.

DAYLIGHT

Daylighting is the illumination of a space by sunlight. The access to natural light increases our well
being, comfort, and productivity. Large areas of poorly oriented and unshaded glazing expose
building interiors to direct sun- light and affectand productivity. Large areas of poorly oriented and
unshaded glazing expose building interiors to direct sun- light and affect building-user
comfort-blinds are dropped to reduce glare through windows, and arti- ficial lights are switched on
to make up for building-user comfort-blinds are dropped to reduce glare through windows, and
arti- ficial lights are switched on to make up for blocked daylight, all at the expense of energy
consumption.blocked daylight, all at the expense of energy consumption

Day Lighting Day Lighting Design Strategy External Shading Devices

Window To Wall Ratio
Window-wall ratio as
measured on external
elevations is between 20% and
60%.between 20% and 60%.
Percentages greater than
40%greater than 40% require
external shading or adjustable
opacity glazing to control
unwanted heat gain and glare.
STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
(SHGC) measures the amount of
solar radiation entering a building
through its windows. It typically
ranges from .20 to .70, with
values around 0.40 to 0.550.40 to
0.55 in moderate climates.in
moderate climates
To reduce solar heat gain, use
shading elements like overhangs or
awnings, install windows with low
SHGC ratings, incorporate
materials that absorb heat slowly,
and choose reflective or green
roofing materials. Solar-oriented,
vertically glazed vertically glazed
openingsopenings may be
particularly effective at collecting
gains inmay be particularly effective
at collecting gains in the winter,
while horizontal openings will collect
more gains the winter, while
horizontal openings will collect more
gains
 TEMPERATURE

In hot humid climates, indoor air temperatures can vary depending on factors such as insulation, air
conditioning, ventilation, and external weather conditions. Typically, indoor temperatures are maintained at
around 24-26 degrees Celsius

Solar Shading Wall & Roof Air Movement

Solar gain efficiently manages
solar heat entry, reducing
energy use, optimizing HVAC
operation, enhancing
occupant comfort, and
improving overall building
performance. This meticulous
control ensures a comfortable
indoor environment while
minimizing energy
expenditure, maximizing
efficiency, and promoting
sustainable practices for
long-term benefits.
Integrating green roofs, cavity wall
insulation, and vegetated walls
improves a building’s insulation,
absorbs heat, and enhances thermal
comfort. Green roofs act as natural
insulators, cavity wall insulation
prevents heat loss, and vegetated
walls provide additional insulation and
absorb heat, resulting in increased
energy efficiency and comfort indoors.
Air movement through cross
ventilation and stack effect,
channels cooler air in and
expels warmer air out, curbing
heat
gain. Shading strategies and
night purging further optimize
temperature control. Thoughtful
ventilation design and thermal
mass integration enhance
efficiency, maintaining
comfortable
indoor conditions while
minimizing energy consumption

NATURAL VENTILATION

Cross-Ventilation

Cross ventilation is a natural ventilation strategy that can

significantly improve building performance by enhancing indoor air
quality, reducing the need for mechanical cooling, and promoting
occupant comfort. It works by allowing fresh outdoor air to flow
through a building, carrying away indoor pollutants, excess heat, and
moisture. This can lead to energy savings, improved occupant
productivity, and a healthier
indoor environment

STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
 Stack effect

Stack ventilation utilizes the principle of buoyancy to draw warm air out
through high openings, while cooler air enters through lower openings,
creating natural airflow. This process removes pollutants and excess
heat, improving indoor air quality and reducing the need for mechanical
cooling. Particularly effective in tall buildings, stack ventilation enhances
building performance by promoting occupant comfort and energy
efficiency

Wind Catchers

Wind catchers are designed to harness natural airflow for ventilation. By

capturing prevailing winds and directing them into buildings, wind catchers
can improve indoor air quality, reduce reliance on mechanical cooling, and
enhance occupant comfort. They work by creating a pressure difference
between the exterior and interior, facilitating airflow. Windm catchers are
especially effective in hot and arid climates, contributing to sustainable
building performance

BIOPHILA

Biophilic office design as a concept is derived from the theory of ‘Biophilia’. The biophilia hypothesis suggests that there is an intrinsic human nature
connection with the natural world.

‘Biophilia’ originates from Greek, literally meaning a love of life or living things, and this is the idea that the human fascination and need to interact
with nature stems from a biological drive to interact with other living things such as plants and animals.

In a nutshell, biophilic design is about supporting our innate need to connect with nature in the modern urban environment.

When upgraded to a biophilic space, the office building boosts human health and improves cognitive function. It’s no wonder that businesses are
investing in biophilic design trends for the workplace at an increasing rate!

BENEFITS

● Help People Recover Faster From Illness

● Increase Businesses’ Profit Margins
● Reduce Sickness And Sick Leave For
Employees
● Increase Employees’ Productivity

STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
 Six Principles Of Biophilic Design
At its core, biophilic design is about the overall environment and space, and less about a single
or non-correlated occurrence of natural elements. The biophilic elements should tie together the
entire home or office environment, integrating it together into an interconnected ecosystem. It is
through the continuous engagement with natural elements that the benefits of biophilic spaces
come through.

With this in mind, we look at the 6 biophilic elements that allow for its positive impact to come
through.

1. Environmental Features
In biophilic design, nature and natural features such as water
features, plant life, and fresh air are integral. One of the most
successful strategies for making the indoors seem like an
outdoor space is the simple presence of plants.Constant
contact with greenery has a calming and peaceful effect on the
office space, having plants coherently integrated into interior
design can reduce stress, enhance mood, and improve
cognitive performance and well-being. It allows for the urban
environment to be a space of respite by connecting building
occupants to natural materials.

2. Light And Space

Light is the crucial element behind many chemical, biological, and

psychological processes in our bodies. It controls our circadian cycle as well
as affects our mood and energy levels.

Biophilic design spaces are those designed to amplify natural light or to

mimic the rhythmic changes of light and shadow during the day helping to
regulate our mental health, mood, and sense of wellness.

3. Natural Shapes And Forms

Variable natural environments are something biophilic design seeks to
bring into the indoors. Biophilic interior designers have their work cut out
for them as biomorphic forms and organic shapes are as complex and
varied as they come. This includes the grand openness of the steppes
and the intricate details of a snowflake.

To integrate this design in the workplace or home, natural materials or

symbolic textural or pattern references from nature can be used to create
natural analogs. A perfect example of this is zen gardens.

STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
 4. Restorative Patterns And Processes

This fourth principle looks at our sensory systems and

how our senses of sight, sound, smell, and touch change
and flow with nature. Humankind has long required
managing highly sensuous as the natural world around
us is in constant motion.

The built environment, however, tends to be one of

sameness and stability. Biophilic office design in the
workplace needs to create this flow of constant changes,
be it the inclusion of outdoor areas, or different types of
textures and colors indoors.

5. Place-Based Relationships
Here we look at design as contextualizing the interior
space within the wider area’s historical, cultural,
ecological, or even spiritual context in mind.

Good biophilic design incorporates elements of the

above. This could be in the form of provoking artwork
that harmonizes well with the company culture.
Incorporate plants to soften such sentiments and
induce feelings of vitality. The point of this principle is to
promote identity, break monotony, and gain some
comfort and encouragmement along the way.

Evolved Human-Nature Relationships

This last biophilic design principle focuses on the

relationship between humans and nature. The idea
is to restore our responsibility to care for the
environment. It is also about nature being a place of
refuge for us, and biophilic design aims to recreate
this sense of perceived safety.

STARTUP VILLAGE : A STUDY ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE FOR WORK SETTING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT