ENGLISH Q4 – RESEARCH PAPER: TECHNICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH

PROBLEM An issue or difficulty that

needs to be solved or
TECHNICAL TERMS IN RESEARCH addressed.
QUALITATIVE Pertaining to
Lesson Objectives: descriptions or
distinctions based on
At the end of the session, with at least 75% qualities or
achievement, the learners must be able to: characteristics rather
than on quantity or
● Identify the technical terms used in research. measurement.
QUANTITATIVE Pertaining to data or
● Appreciate the importance of research information that can be
through familiarizing its technical terms; and measured and
expressed numerically.
● Apply the understanding of technical terms INTRODUCTION The initial section of a
learned for future research work. document that sets the
context, outlines the
purpose, and gives an
overview of the content.
Let’s do it! FIND ME! SAMPLING The process of selecting
a subset of individuals
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY from a statistical
population to estimate
PROBLEM RESEARCH characteristics of the
whole population.
QUALITATIVE SAMPLING SCOPE The extent or range of a
subject matter, area of
QUANTITATIVE SCOPE study, or activity.
THEORY A system of ideas
THEORY VARIABLE intended to explain
something, based on
general principles
independent of the thing
to be explained.
VARIABLE An element, feature, or
factor that is liable to
vary or change.

DISCUSSION:

Research

• It is collecting data and information, learning,

TERMS MEANING
RESEARCH The systematic
investigation into and
study of materials and
sources to establish
facts and reach new
conclusions.
METHODOLOGY The system of methods
and principles used in a
particular discipline or
field of study.
and finding new things.
• It is also an advanced knowledge that follows
a systematic process of collecting and
analyzing information to understand the
phenomena under study.
• Action research, thesis, dissertation, and
case study are examples of research.
ENGLISH Q4 – RESEARCH PAPER: TECHNICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH
TECHNICAL TERMS IN RESEARCH
➢ Quantitative Research
• This is a method that focuses on numbers,
objective hard data. It proves hypotheses
by statistical analysis and scientific method.
It is called a formal, objective, systematic
process in which numerical data is used to
obtain information about the world.
• It is used to describe variables. It examines
relationships among variables.
EXAMPLE:
The impact of social media usage on
students' academic performance.
➢ Qualitative Research
• It uses words instead of numbers to display
data. It focuses on feelings, not numerical
data. A small number of participants were
involved in a qualitative research study.
• This kind of research method utilizes
interviews, archived written information,
and observations to measure the
significance of a relationship between
variables.
EXAMPLE:
Exploring students' perceptions and
experiences of social media usage in
relation to their academic performance.
➢ Theory
• It is an organized body of concepts and
principles intended to explain a particular
phenomenon.
EXAMPLE:
theory of Adaptation, theory of relativity,
theory of evolution.
➢ Variables
• Variables are any quality of a person,
group subject, event, condition or situation
that varies or takes on different values.
This can be divided into two (2),
dependent and independent variable.
2 Types of Variables
• Dependent Variable
- this is the variable that is tested and
measured in a scientific experiment. The
dependent variable is 'dependent' on the
independent variable.
Example: The impact of social media
usage on students' academic performance.
• Independent Variable
- This is the variable that is tested and
measured in a scientific experiment. The
dependent variable is 'dependent' on the
independent variable.
Example: The impact of social media
usage on students' academic performance.
➢ Hypothesis
• It is a logical supposition, a reasonable
guess, and an educated conjecture. It
provides a tentative explanation of a
phenomenon under investigation.
• Null Hypothesis (HO)
- This hypothesis assumes that there is no
statistical significance between the set of
observed and expected data. It suggests
that any difference or significance you see
is due to chance. The null hypothesis is
what we attempt to disprove or reject in
statistical hypothesis testing.
Example: "There is no significant difference
in the academic performance of students who
use social media heavily and those who do not."
ENGLISH Q4 – RESEARCH PAPER: TECHNICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH
• Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Ha)
- This is the hypothesis that the researcher
wants to prove. It is the opposite of the null
hypothesis and suggests that the observed
data is a result of a real effect. The
alternative hypothesis is what we accept if
we find enough evidence against the null
hypothesis.
Example: "Students who use social
media heavily have significantly lower
academic performance than those
who do not."
➢ Sampling
• It is the process of selecting participants
who are representatives of a larger
population – to gain an understanding of a
larger population.
Example:
A random sample may include choosing
the names of 25 employees out of a hat in
a company of 250 employees. The
population is all 250 employees, and the
sample is random because each
employee has an equal chance of being
chosen.
Fundamentals of Research Paper
Common ways to narrow down a research
topic:
➢ By demographic characteristics
- Narrow it down by age group, occupation,
ethnic group, gender, etc.
Example:
Challenges faced by international college
graduates entering the workforce.
➢ By relevant issues
- Try to identify key issues related to your
topic, especially ones that you have an
opinion on. You can turn your opinion into
your thesis statement or research question.
Example: Challenges faced by college
graduates who are unable to find meaningful
or relevant work.
➢ By location
- Focus on a specific country, province, city,
or type of environment (rural vs. urban).
Example:
Challenges faced by college graduates
entering the workforce in rural Calamba.
➢ By timeframe
- Decide whether you want to study recent
events or a historical period. This will also
help you decide how current the
information you use must be.
Example:
Challenges faced by college graduates
entering the workforce during the COVID-19
pandemic.
➢ By causes
- You can take the perspective of looking for
the causes of an issue you are
researching.
Example:
Why do employers hire fewer college
graduates?
ENGLISH Q4 – RESEARCH PAPER: TECHNICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH
LET’S BRAINSTORM!
• Students will be grouped into five (5) as
their permanent group for research writing.
• Collaborate with your group, think and
develop a topic, and draft at least three (3)
proposed titles.
QUIZ TIME!
Identify what is being asked. Choose the best
answer among the choices.
1. Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of research?
A. It follows a systematic process.
B. It involves the collection and analysis of data.
C. It is always conducted in a laboratory setting.
D. It seeks to understand a specific phenomenon.
2. What does it mean for a research topic to
be "specific"?
A. It is broad and covers a wide range of
subjects.
B. It is clearly defined and focused on a particular
issue.
C. It is unrealistic and unachievable.
D. It is not bound by any time constraints.
3. Which statement is NOT true about the
quantitative method?
A. It focuses on numbers and statistical data.
B. It proves hypotheses by statistical analysis.
C. It uses feelings and emotions as primary data.
D. It is a formal, objective, systematic process.
4. What does it mean to narrow down a
research topic by demographic
characteristics?
A. Focusing on a specific location.
B. Focusing on a specific time period.
C. Focusing on a specific group defined by age,
occupation, ethnicity, gender, etc.
D. Focusing on the causes of an issue.
5. Which of the following best describes
qualitative research?
A. It focuses on numerical data and statistics.
B. It focuses on feelings, experiences, and
interpretations.
C. It involves large-scale surveys and
experiments.
D. It is always conducted in a laboratory setting.
6. A study is conducted to understand the
lived experiences of homeless individuals in a
city. The researcher conducts in-depth
interviews with homeless individuals to
gather rich, detailed data. What type of
research is this?
A. Quantitative Research
B. Qualitative Research
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
7. A researcher wants to determine if there is
a significant difference in math test scores
between students who receive two different
types of instruction. The researcher collects
test scores and analyzes them statistically.
What type of research is this?
A. Quantitative Research
B. Qualitative Research
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
8. A researcher proposes that there is no
significant difference in the academic
performance of students who study alone
versus those who study in groups. What type
of hypothesis is this?
A. Null Hypothesis
B. Alternative Hypothesis
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
ENGLISH Q4 – RESEARCH PAPER: TECHNICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH
9. "The Relationship Between Reading
Duration and Vocabulary Size in Grade 10
Students." What is the independent variable?

A. Reading Duration
B. Vocabulary Size
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above

10. "The Relationship Between Reading

Duration and Vocabulary Size in Grade 10
Students." What is the dependent variable?

A. Reading Duration
B. Vocabulary Size
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
ENGLISH Q4 – RESEARCH PAPER: TECHNICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH