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INTRODUCTION TO page i

ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
The McGraw Hill Series in Civil and Environmental Engineering page ii

Engineering Economy

Blank and Tarquin: Engineering Economy

Engineering Math and Statistics

Navidi: Statistics for Engineers and Scientists

Reddy: Introduction to the Finite Element Method

Fluid Mechanics

Cengel and Cimbala: Fluid Mechanics

Çengel and Turner: Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

Finnemore and Franzini: Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications

White: Fluid Mechanics

Geotechnical Engineering

Bowles: Foundation Analysis and Design

Bowles: Engineering Properties of Soils and Their Measurement

Foundation Engineering

Salgado: The Engineering of Foundations

Numerical Methods

Chapra: Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB

Chapra and Canale: Numerical Methods for Engineers

Heath: Scientific Computing: An Introductory Survey

Structures

Leet, Uang, Gilbert: Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

Nilson, Darwin, and Dolan: Design of Concrete Structures

Surveying

Anderson and Mikhail: Surveying: Theory and Practice

Wolf and DeWitt: Elements of Photogrammetry (with Applications in GIS)

Statics, Dynamics, and Mechanics of Materials

Beer and Johnston: Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

Beer and Johnston: Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Beer and Johnston: Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics

Beer and Johnston: Mechanics of Materials

Costanzo, Plesha, Gray: Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics

Gray, Costanzo, Plesha: Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics

Plesha, Gray, Costanzo: Engineering Mechanics: Statics

Construction Engineering and Project Management

Raymond E. Levitt, Stanford University, Consulting Editor

Bockrath: Contracts and the Legal Environment for Engineers and

Architects

Hinze: Construction Contracts

Peurifoy and Oberlender: Estimating Construction Costs

Peurifoy, Schexnayder, and Shapira: Construction Planning, Equipment,
and Methods

Schexnayder and Mayo: Construction Management Fundamentals

Transportation Engineering

Edward K. Morlok, University of Pennsylvania, Consulting Editor

Banks: Introduction to Transportation Engineering

Meyer and Miller: Urban Transportation Planning

Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

George Tchobanoglous, University of California, Davis, Consulting

Editor

Benjamin: Water Chemistry

Chow, Maidment, Mays: Applied Hydrology

Davis: Water and Wastewater Engineering: Design Principles and

Practice

Davis and Cornwell: Introduction to Environmental Engineering

Davis and Masten: Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science

de Nevers: Air Pollution Control Engineering

LaGrega, Buckingham, Evans: Hazardous Waste Management

Linsley, Franzini, Freyberg, and Tchobanoglous: Water Resources

Engineering

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.,

Tchobanoglous, Burton, and Stensel: Wastewater Engineering: Treatment
and Reuse

Rittmann and McCarty: Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and

Applications

Sawyer, McCarty, Parkin: Chemistry for Environmental Engineering

Sturm: Open Channel Hydraulics

Tchobanoglous, Theisen, Vigil: Integrated Solid Waste Management:

Engineering Principles and Management Issues
Introduction to page iii

Environmental
Engineering
Sixth Edition

MACKENZIE L. DAVIS, PH.D., P.E.,

BCEE
Michigan State University

DAVID A. CORNWELL, PH.D., P.E.,

BCEE
Cornwell Engineering Group, Inc. University of Florida
 page iv

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York,
NY 10019. Copyright ©2023 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be
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Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be

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ISBN 978-1-260-59802-5
MHID 1-260-59802-0

Cover Image: Rudmer Zwerver/Shutterstock

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be
an extension of the copyright page.

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of
publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement
by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not
guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

mheducation.com/highered
 To Elaine, my critic, my cheerleader, page v
my wife . . . lo these 50 years, and my
love . . . forever
—Mackenzie L. Davis

To my wife Nancy, who not only puts up

with me in life, but has to put up with me
in business too . . . without you neither I
nor Cornwell Engineering Group would
be the same. Thank you for being my
wife, companion, and partner.
—David A. Cornwell
About The Authors page vi

Mackenzie L. Davis, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, is an Emeritus Professor of

Environmental Engineering at Michigan State University. He received all
his degrees from the University of Illinois. From 1968 to 1971 he served
as a Captain in the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps. During his military
service he conducted air pollution surveys at Army ammunition plants.
From 1971 to 1973 he was Branch Chief of the Environmental Engineering
Branch at the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory.
His responsibilities included supervision of research on air, noise, and
water pollution control and solid waste management for Army facilities.
In 1973 he joined the faculty at Michigan State University. He has taught
and conducted research in the areas of air pollution control and hazardous
waste management.
In 1987 and 1989–1992, under an intergovernmental personnel
assignment with the Office of Solid Waste of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Dr. Davis performed technology assessments of
treatment methods used to demonstrate the regulatory requirements for the
land disposal restrictions (“land ban”) promulgated under the Hazardous
and Solid Waste Amendments.
Dr. Davis is a member of the following professional organizations:
American Chemical Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
American Society for Engineering Education, American Meteorological
Society, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Water Works
Association, Air & Waste Management Association, Association of
Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, and the Water
Environment Federation.
His honors and awards include the State-of-the-Art Award from the
ASCE, Chapter Honor Member of Chi Epsilon, Sigma Xi, election as a
Fellow in the Air & Waste Management Association, and election as a
Diplomate in the American Academy of Environmental Engineers with
certification in hazardous waste management. He has received teaching
awards from the American Society of Civil Engineers Student Chapter,
Michigan State University College of Engineering, North Central Section
of the American Society for Engineering Education, Great Lakes Region
of Chi Epsilon, and the Amoco Corporation. In 1998, he received the
Lyman A. Ripperton Award for distinguished achievement as an educator
from the Air & Waste Management Association. In 2007, he was
recognized as the Educational Professional of the Year by the Michigan
Water Environment Association. He is a registered professional engineer
in Michigan.
Dr. Davis is the author of a student and professional edition of Water
and Wastewater Engineering and Co-author of Principles of
Environmental Engineering with Dr. Susan Masten.
In 2003, Dr. Davis retired from Michigan State University.

David A. Cornwell, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, is a registered page vii

professional engineer in over 20 states and is the founder and CEO
of the consulting firm Cornwell Engineering Group headquartered in
Newport News, VA. He attended the University of Florida in Gainesville,
FL, where he received his Ph.D. in civil/environmental engineering and
has remained a loyal Gator fan ever since, serving as a Bull Gator, Dean’s
Advisory Board, and on the President’s Council. He is also currently a Full
Adjunct Professor at UF. He was an associate professor in the Civil
Environmental Engineering Department at Michigan State University
prior to entering the consulting field. Many of Dr. Cornwell’s students now
are active members of the water profession.
During his career as a consultant, Dr. Cornwell has provided process,
design, and operational troubleshooting services to water utilities around
the world. He has lectured and written on many aspects of water treatment,
including over 75 peer-reviewed technical articles and reports. Much of
his work has included the development of new and optimized water
treatment processes. His non-profit corporation, Cornwell Research Group
is dedicated to safe water for all and is actively working to reduce lead
exposure to children. He has won three JAWWA Division best paper
awards and the overall JAWWA publication award. Dr. Cornwell has an
extensive record of service to the water profession. He has been an active
member of American Water Works Association (AWWA) since the early
1970s and has served on numerous committees in that organization. He
has chaired the Research Division and the Technical and Education
Council, and served on the board of directors and executive committee of
AWWA.
 In 2005, Dr. Cornwell was the recipient of the A.P. Black Research
Award given by AWWA to recognize excellence in water treatment
research, recognizing his contributions to bridging the gap between
research and application. He recently received the Water Research
Foundation Dr. Pankaj Parekh Research Innovation Award. Dr. Cornwell
has been a principal investigator on over 20 Water Research Foundation
research projects.
Preface page viii

Following the format of previous editions, the sixth edition of

Introduction to Environmental Engineering is designed for use in an
introductory sophomore-level environmental engineering course with
sufficient depth to allow its use in more advanced courses. We assume that
the book will be used in one of the first environmental engineering courses
encountered by the student. We have provided sufficient depth that it may
also be used for more advanced courses. It covers the basic, traditional
subject matter that forms the foundation of more advanced courses. As
such, it provides the fundamental science and engineering principles that
instructors in more advanced courses may assume are common knowledge
for an advanced undergraduate.
The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) examination for civil and
environmental engineering has been highlighted as a focal point in this
edition. Seventy percent of the topics included in the environmental
engineering specific Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) examination are
covered in Introduction to Environmental Engineering. These include the
following subject areas: ethics in Chapter 1, mass balance in Chapter 2,
hydrology and watershed processes in Chapter 4, water and wastewater
engineering in Chapters 6, 7, and 8, air quality engineering in Chapter 9,
the noise pollution aspects of occupational and health safety in Chapter 10,
solid and hazardous waste engineering in Chapters 11 and 12, and
radiological health, safety, and waste management in Chapter 13. To
highlight the Fundamental of Engineering connections, we have identified
over 112 equations, 12 tables, and 6 figures in Introduction to
Environmental Engineering that also appear in the Fundamentals of
Engineering Supplied-Reference Handbook.
Because the FE exam uses both SI units and U.S. Customary System
(USCS) units, USCS units are introduced in Chapter 1 and then utilized in
numerous example problems as well as the FE Exam Formatted Problems.
A conversion factor table is presented in Appendix C.
Specific examples of revisions that appear in the sixth edition include:
updated ASCE code of ethics in Chapter 1; updated discussion of risk
perception; annual risk of death; revised slope factors for inhalation risk
and revised slope factors for inhalation risk in Chapter 3; addition of a
discussion of nanoparticles in Chapter 7; update of NAAQS; update of
auto emission standards; discussion of the use of bromine to enhance
fabric filter’s removal of mercury; new global warming data; development
of new refrigerant gases to lower global warming potential; update of CO2
levels and new end of chapter problems in Chapter 9; addition of a
discussion of direct and indirect potable reuse and tables of communities
that have implemented direct and indirect reuse; examples of reuse
standards implemented by California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas;
graphs of coal use in recent years in Chapter 13.
Each chapter concludes with a list of review items, the traditional end of
chapter problems, and, perhaps less traditional, discussion questions and
FE formatted problems. The review items have been written in the
“objective” format of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and
Technology (ABET). Instructors will find this particularly helpful for
directing student review for exams, for assessing continuous quality
improvement for ABET and for preparing documentation for ABET
curriculum review. We have found the discussion questions useful as a
‘minute check’ or spot quiz item to see if the students understand concepts
as well as number crunching.

An instructor’s manual and set of PowerPoint® slides are page ix

available online for qualified instructors. Please inquire with your
McGraw Hill representative for the necessary access password. The
instructor’s manual includes sample course outlines, solved example
exams, and detailed solutions to the end-of-chapter problems. In addition,
there are suggestions for using the pedagogic aids in the text.
Numerous Michigan State University alumni have indicated that
Introduction to Environmental Engineering is an excellent text for review
and preparation for the Professional Engineers examination. It is both
readable for self-study as well as a good source of sufficient example
problems and data for practical application in the exam. Many have taken
it to the exam as one of their reference resources. And they have used it!
As always, we appreciate any comments, suggestions, corrections, and
contributions for future revisions.

Mackenzie L. Davis
David A. Cornwell
Acknowledgments

As with any other text, the number of individuals who have made it
possible far exceeds those whose names grace the cover. At the hazard of
leaving someone out, we would like to explicitly thank the following
individuals for their contribution.
Over the many years of the six editions, the following students helped to
solve problems, proofread text, prepare illustrations, raise embarrassing
questions, and generally make sure that other students could understand
the material: Shelley Agarwal, Stephanie Albert, Deb Allen, Mark Bishop,
Aimee Bolen, Kristen Brandt, Jeff Brown, Amber Buhl, Nicole Chernoby,
Rebecca Cline, Linda Clowater, Shauna Cohen, John Cooley, Ted Coyer,
Marcia Curran, Talia Dodak, Kimberly Doherty, Bobbie Dougherty, Lisa
Egleston, Karen Ellis, Craig Fricke, Elizabeth Fry, Beverly Hinds, Edith
Hooten, Brad Hoos, Kathy Hulley, Geneva Hulslander, Lisa Huntington,
Angela Ilieff, Alison Leach, Gary Lefko, Lynelle Marolf, Lisa
McClanahan, Tim McNamara, Becky Mursch, Cheryl Oliver, Kyle
Paulson, Marisa Patterson, Lynnette Payne, Jim Peters, Kristie Piner,
Christine Pomeroy, Susan Quiring, Erica Rayner, Bob Reynolds, Laurene
Rhyne, Sandra Risley, Carlos Sanlley, Lee Sawatzki, Stephanie Smith,
Mary Stewart, Rick Wirsing, Glenna Wood, and Ya-yun Wu. To them a
hearty thank you!
We would also like to thank the following individuals for their many
helpful comments and suggestions in bringing out the first five editions of
the book: Wayne Chudyk, Tufts University; John Cleasby, Iowa State
University; Michael J. Humenick, University of Wyoming; Tim C. Keener,
University of Cincinnati; Paul King, Northeastern University; Susan
Masten, Michigan State University; R. J. Murphy, University of South
Florida; Thomas G. Sanders, Colorado State University; and Ron
Wukasch, Purdue University. Myron Erickson, P. E., Clean Water Plant,
City of Wyoming, MI; Thomas Overcamp, Clemson University; James E.
Alleman, Iowa State University; Janet Baldwin, Roger Williams
University; Ernest R. Blatchley, III, Purdue University; Amy B. Chan
Hilton, Florida A&M University-Florida State University; Tim Ellis, Iowa
State University; Selma E. Guigard, University of Alberta; Nancy J.
Hayden, University of Vermont; Jin Li, University of Wisconsin-
Milwaukee; Mingming Lu, University of Cincinnati; Taha F. Marhaba,
New Jersey Institute of Technology; Alexander P. Mathews, Kansas State
University; William F. McTernan, Oklahoma State University; Eberhard
Morgenroth, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Richard J.
Schuhmann, The Pennsylvania State University; Michael S. Switzenbaum,
Marquette University; Derek G. Williamson, University of Alabama.

The following reviewers provided many helpful comments and page x

useful suggestions for the sixth edition: Gregory Boardman,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University; Shankar Chellam,
University of Houston; Cynthia Coles, Memorial University of New
Foundland; Timothy Ellis, Iowa State University; Enos Inniss, University
of Missouri-Columbia; Edward Kolodziej, University of Nevada, Reno;
Taha Marhaba, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Alexander Mathews,
Kansas State University.
To John Eastman, our now deceased esteemed friend and former
colleague, we offer our sincere appreciation. His contribution to the initial
work of Chapter 5 in the first edition, as well as constructive criticism and
“independent” testing of the material was exceptionally helpful. Kristin
Erickson, Radiation Safety Officer, Office of Radiation, Chemical and
Biological Safety, Michigan State University, contributed to the Chapter
11 revisions for the third edition. To her we offer our hearty thanks. We
especially want to thank Dave’s wife, Nancy McTigue, for all her work on
making revisions to the Solid Waste Management chapter and her help in
reviewing the Water Treatment chapter.
And last, but certainly not least, we wish to thank our families, who
have put up with the nonsense of book writing.
Contents page xi

Preface viii

1 Introduction 1

1-1 What Is Environmental Engineering? 2

1-2 Professional Code of Ethics 3

1-3 Environmental Ethics 4

1-4 Engineering Dimensions and Units 6

1-5 Environmental Systems Overview 7

1-6 Environmental Legislation and Regulation 16

1-7 Chapter Review 19

1-8 Problems 20

1-9 Discussion Questions 21

1-10 FE Exam Formatted Problems 23

1-11 References 24
2 Materials and Energy Balances 25

2-1 Introduction 26

2-2 Unifying Theories 26

2-3 Materials Balances 27

2-4 Energy Balances 57

2-5 Chapter Review 70

2-6 Problems 71

2-7 Discussion Questions 82

2-8 FE Exam Formatted Problems 82

2-9 References 83
3 Risk Assessment 85

3-1 Introduction 86

3-2 Probability and Risk 86

3-3 Risk Assessment 89

3-4 Risk Management 105

3-5 Chapter Review 105

3-6 Problems 106

3-7 Discussion Questions 107

3-8 FE Exam Formatted Problems 108

3-9 References 108

4 Water Resources Engineering 110 page xii

4-1 Introduction 111

4-2 Fundamentals 111

4-3 Rainfall Analysis 124

4-4 Runoff from Snowmelt 129

4-5 Runoff Analysis 131

4-6 Storage of Reservoirs 155

4-7 Groundwater and Wells 159

4-8 Chapter Review 184

4-9 Problems 185

4-10 Discussion Questions 211

4-11 FE Exam Formatted Problems 213

4-12 References 213

5 Water Chemistry 216

5-1 Introduction 217

5-2 Basic Water Properties and Units 218

5-3 Chemical Reactions 226

5-4 Buffer Solutions 232

5-5 Reaction Kinetics 237

5-6 Gas Transfer 238

5-7 Chemical Feed Rates 243

5-8 Chapter Review 246

5-9 Problems 247

5-10 Discussion Questions 253

5-11 FE Exam Formatted Problems 253

5-12 References 253

6 Water Treatment 254
6-1 Introduction 255

6-2 Coagulation 280

6-3 Softening 288

6-4 Mixing and Flocculation 309

6-5 Sedimentation 319

6-6 Filtration 334

6-7 Disinfection 348

6-8 Adsorption 361

6-9 Membranes 362

6-10 Water Plant Residuals Management 364

6-11 Chapter Review 378

6-12 Problems 380

6-13 Discussion Questions 396

6-14 FE Exam Formatted Problems 397

6-15 References 398

7 Water Pollution 401 page xiii

7-1 Introduction 402

7-2 Water Pollutants and Their Sources 403

7-3 Water Pollution in Rivers 409

7-4 Water Pollution in Lakes 438

7-5 Water Pollution in Estuaries 447

7-6 Groundwater Pollution 447

7-7 Chapter Review 452

7-8 Problems 454

7-9 Discussion Questions 462

7-10 FE Exam Formatted Problems 463

7-11 References 464

8 Wastewater Treatment 467

8-1 Introduction 468

8-2 Characteristics of Wastewater 469

8-3 Wastewater Treatment Standards 471

8-4 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems 476

8-5 Unit Operations of Pretreatment 478

8-6 Primary Treatment 485

8-7 Unit Processes of Secondary Treatment 488

8-8 Disinfection 533

8-9 Tertiary Wastewater Treatment 533

8-10 Land Treatment for Sustainability 538

8-11 Sludge Treatment 541

8-12 Alternative Sludge Disposal Techniques 562

8-13 Chapter Review 567

8-14 Problems 569

8-15 Discussion Questions 583

8-16 FE Exam Formatted Problems 584

8-17 References 584

9 Air Pollution 588

9-1 Air Pollution Perspective 589

9-2 Physical and Chemical Fundamentals 590

9-3 Air Pollution Standards 593

9-4 Effects of Air Pollutants 599

9-5 Origin and Fate of Air Pollutants 607

9-6 Micro and Macro Air Pollution 615

9-7 Air Pollution Meteorology 633

9-8 Atmospheric Dispersion 641

9-9 Indoor Air Quality Model 653

9-10 Air Pollution Control of Stationary Sources 657

9-11 Air Pollution Control of Mobile Sources 684

9-12 Chapter Review 691

9-13 Problems 693 page xiv

9-14 Discussion Questions 704

9-15 FE Exam Formatted Problems 705

9-16 References 705

10 Noise Pollution 711

10-1 Introduction 712

10-2 Effects of Noise on People 724

10-3 Rating Systems 738

10-4 Community Noise Sources and Criteria 741

10-5 Transmission of Sound Outdoors 748

10-6 Traffic Noise Prediction 757

10-7 Noise Control 767

10-8 Chapter Review 781

10-9 Problems 782

10-10 Discussion Questions 791

10-11 FE Exam Formatted Problems 792

10-12 References 792

11 Solid Waste Management 795

11-1 Perspective 796

11-2 Collection 803

11-3 Interroute Transfer 817

11-4 Disposal by Municipal Solid Waste Landfill 821

11-5 Waste to Energy 843

11-6 Resource Conservation and Recovery for Sustainability 847

11-7 Chapter Review 855

11-8 Problems 857

11-9 Discussion Questions 870

11-10 FE Exam Formatted Problems 871

11-11 References 871

12 Hazardous Waste Management 874

12-1 Introduction 875

12-2 Definition and Classification of Hazardous Waste 878

12-3 RCRA and HSWA 885

12-4 CERCLA and SARA 892

12-5 Hazardous Waste Management 896

12-6 Treatment Technologies 901

12-7 Land Disposal 927

12-8 Groundwater Contamination and Remediation 933

12-9 Chapter Review 942

12-10 Problems 945

12-11 Discussion Questions 957

12-12 FE Exam Formatted Problems 958 page xv

12-13 References 959

13 Sustainability and Green Engineering 961
13-1 Introduction 962

13-2 Water Resources 966

13-3 Direct and Indirect Potable Reuse 992

13-4 Energy Resources 998

13-5 Chapter Review 1015

13-6 Problems 1016

13-7 FE Exam Formatted Problems 1017

13-8 References 1017

14 Ionizing Radiation Available at the text website
www.mhhe.com/davis

14-1 Introduction

14-2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

14-3 Radiation Standards

14-4 Radiation Exposure

14-5 Radiation Protection

14-6 Radioactive Waste

14-7 Chapter Review

14-8 Problems

14-9 Discussion Questions

14-10 FE Exam Formatted Problems

14-11 References
Appendix A 1025

PROPERTIES OF AIR, WATER, AND SELECTED

CHEMICALS
Appendix B 1033

NOISE COMPUTATION TABLES AND NOMOGRAPHS

Appendix C 1036

U.S. CUSTOMARY SYSTEM UNITS CONVERSION

FACTORS
Index 1041

page xvi
page 1
1
INTRODUCTION
1-1 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING? 2

Professional Development 2

Professions 3

1-2 PROFESSIONAL CODES OF ETHICS 3

1-3 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 4

1-4 ENGINEERING DIMENSIONS AND UNITS 6

1-5 ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS OVERVIEW 7

Systems 7

Water Resource Management System 8

Air Resource Management System 14

Solid Waste Management System 14

Multimedia Systems 16

1-6 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATION 16

Acts and Laws 17

Regulations 17

1-7 CHAPTER REVIEW 19

1-8 PROBLEMS 20

1-9 DISCUSSION QUESTiONS 21

1-10 FE EXAM FORMATTED PROBLEMS 23

1-11 REFERENCES 24

1-1 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING? page 2

Environmental engineering is a profession that applies mathematics and science

to utilize the properties of matter and sources of energy in the solution of
problems of environmental sanitation. These include the provision of safe,
palatable, and ample public water supplies; the proper disposal of or recycle of
wastewater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for
proper sanitation; and the control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, and
the social and environmental impact of these solutions. Furthermore it is
concerned with engineering problems in the field of public health, such as
control of arthropod-borne diseases, the elimination of industrial health hazards,
and the provision of adequate sanitation in urban, rural, and recreational areas,
and the effect of technological advances on the environment (ASCE, 1973,
1977).
Environmental engineering is not concerned primarily with heating,
ventilating, or air conditioning (HVAC), nor is it concerned primarily with
landscape architecture. Neither should it be confused with the architectural and
structural engineering functions associated with built environments, such as
homes, offices, and other workplaces.
Historically, environmental engineering has been a specialty area of civil
engineering. Today it is still primarily associated with civil engineering in
academic curricula. However, especially at the graduate level, students may
come from a multitude of other disciplines, such as chemical, bio-systems,
electrical, and mechanical engineering as well as biochemistry, microbiology,
and soil science.

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The beginning of professional development for environmental engineers is the
successful attainment of the baccalaureate degree. For continued development, a
degree in engineering from a program accredited by the Accreditation Board for
Engineering and Technology (ABET) provides a firm foundation for
professional growth. Other steps in the progression of professional development
are:
• Achievement of the title “Engineer in Training” by successful completion
of the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) examination
 • Achievement of the title “Professional Engineer” by successful completion
of four years of applicable engineering experience and successful
completion of the Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) exam
• Achievement of the title “Board Certified Environmental Engineer”
(BCEE) by successful completion of 8 years of experience and successful
completion of a written certification examination or 16 years of experience
and successful completion of an oral examination
The FE exam and the PE exam are developed and administered by the National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES). The BCEE
exams are administered by the American Academy of Environmental
Engineering (AAEE). Typically, the FE examination is taken in the last semester
of undergraduate academic work.

It is noteworthy that this edition of Introduction to Environmental page 3

Engineering has been written by Board Certified Environmental
Engineers. In addition, we note that we have made a special effort to flag
equations that appear in the NCEES FE Fundamentals of Engineering Supplied-
Reference Handbook.

PROFESSIONS
Environmental engineers are professionals. Being a professional is more than
being in or of a profession. True professionals are those who pursue their
learned art in a spirit of public service (ASCE, 1973). True professionalism is
defined by the following characteristics:
1. Professional decisions are made by means of general principles, theories,
or propositions that are independent of the particular case under
consideration.
2. Professional decisions imply knowledge in a specific area in which the
person is expert. The professional is an expert only in his or her
profession and not an expert at everything.
3. The professional’s relations with his or her clients are objective and
independent of particular sentiments about them.
4. A professional achieves status and financial reward by accomplishment,
not by inherent qualities such as birth order, race, religion, sex, or age or
by membership in a union.
5. A professional’s decisions are assumed to be on behalf of the client and to
be independent of self-interest.
6. The professional relates to a voluntary association of professionals and
accepts only the authority of those colleagues as a sanction on his or her
 own behavior (Schein, 1968).

A professional’s superior knowledge is recognized. This puts the client into a

very vulnerable position. The client retains significant authority and
responsibility for decision making. The professional supplies ideas and
information and proposes courses of action. The client’s judgment and consent
are required. The client’s vulnerability has necessitated the development of a
strong professional code of ethics. The code of ethics serves to protect not only
the client but the public. Codes of ethics are enforced through the professional’s
peer group.

1-2 PROFESSIONAL CODES OF ETHICS

Civil engineering, from which environmental engineering is primarily, but not
exclusively, derived, has an established code of ethics that embodies these
principles. The code is summarized in Figure 1-1. The FE Fundamentals of
Engineering Supplied-Reference Handbook, published by the National Council
of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) includes Model Rules of
Professional Conduct. The NCEES amplifies the principles of the code of ethics
in the Handbook. It is available on line at
www.ncees.org/Exams/Study_materials/Download_FE_supplied-
Reference_Handbook.php
Figure 1-1 page 4

American Society of Civil Engineers code of ethics. (ASCE, 2018. Reprinted

with permission.)
1-3 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
The birth of environmental ethics as a force is partly a result of concern for our
own long-term survival, as well as our realization that humans are but one form
of life, and that we share our earth with other forms of life (Vesilind, 1975).
Although it seems a bit unrealistic for us to set a framework for a discussion
of environmental ethics in this short introduction, we have summarized a few
salient points in Table 1-1.

page 5

Table 1-1 An Environmental Code of Ethics

Although these few principles seem straightforward, real-world problems

offer distinct challenges. Here is an example for each of the principles listed:
• The first principle may be threatened when it comes into conflict with the
need for food for a starving population and the country is overrun with
locusts. Will the use of pesticides enhance and protect the environment?
• The EPA has stipulated that wastewater must be disinfected where people
come into contact with the water. However, the disinfectant may also kill
naturally occurring beneficial microorganisms. Is this consistent with the
second principle?
• Suppose your expertise is water and wastewater chemistry. Your company
has accepted a job to perform air pollution analysis and asks you to
perform the work in the absence of a colleague who is the company’s
expert. Do you decline and risk being fired?
• The public, your employers, and your client believe that dredging a lake to
remove weeds and sediment will enhance the lake. However, the dredging
will destroy the habitat for muskrats. How can you be impartial to all these
constituencies?
• You believe that a new regulation proposed by EPA is too expensive to
implement but you have no data to confirm that opinion. How do you
respond to a local newspaper reporter asking for your opinion? Do you
violate the fifth principle even though it is “your opinion” that is being
sought?

We think it is important to point out that many environmentally related

decisions such as those described above are much more difficult than the
problems presented in the remaining chapters of this book. Frequently these
problems are related more to ethics than to engineering. The problems arise
when there are several courses of action with no a priori certainty as to which is
best. Decisions related to safety, health, and welfare are easily resolved.
Decisions as to which course of action is in the best interest of the public are
much more difficult to resolve. Furthermore, decisions as to which course of
action is in the best interest of the environment are at times in conflict with
those that are in the best interest of the public. Whereas decisions made in the
public interest are based on professional ethics, decisions made in the best
interest of the environment are based on environmental ethics.
Ethos, the Greek word from which “ethic” is derived, means the character of a
person as described by his or her actions. This character was developed during
the evolutionary process and was influenced by the need for adapting to the
natural environment. Our ethic is our way of doing things. Our ethic is a direct
result of our natural environment. During the latter stages of the evolutionary
process, Homo sapiens began to modify the environment rather than submit to
what, millennia later, became known as Darwinian natural selection. As an
example, consider the cave dweller who, in the chilly dawn of prehistory,
realized the value of the saber-toothed tiger’s coat and appropriated it for
personal use. Inevitably a pattern of appropriation developed, and our ethic
became more self-modified than environmentally adapted. Thus, we are no
longer adapted to our natural environment but rather to our self-made
environment. In the ecological context, such maladaptation results in one of two
consequences: (1) the organism (Homo sapiens) dies out; or (2) the organism
evolves to a form and character that is once again compatible with the natural
environment (Vesilind, 1975). Assuming that we choose the latter course, how
can this change in character (ethic) be brought about? Each individual must
change his or her character or ethic, and the social system must change to
become compatible with the global ecology.

The acceptable system is one in which we learn to share our page 6

exhaustible resources—to regain a balance. This requires that we reduce
our needs and that the materials we use must be replenishable. We must treat all
of the earth as a sacred trust to be used so that its content is neither diminished
nor permanently changed; we must release no substances that cannot be
reincorporated without damage to the natural system. The recognition of the
need for such adaptation (as a means of survival) has developed into what we
now call the environmental ethic (Vesilind, 1975).

1-4 ENGINEERING DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

The FE Fundamentals of Engineering Supplied-Reference Handbook uses the
metric system of units. Ultimately, the FE examination will be entirely metric.
However, currently some of the FE examination problems use both metric and
U.S. Customary System (USCS) units. This text uses the metric system of units.
Because the FE examination has some problems in U.S. Customary units, we
have included some example problems and some FE formatted end-of-chapter
problems in U.S. Customary units.
Our experience is that U.S. students are very familiar with the metric system
of units and have an adequate knowledge of fundamental U.S. Customary
System (USCS) units such as feet per second (ft/s or fps), miles per hour (mph),
pounds mass (lbm), and gallons (gal) that we need not elaborate more than this
brief reminder. However, there are a small number of units and abbreviations
that are particular to environmental engineering that we feel should be
addressed here. They will be used without further elaboration in the following
chapters. At appropriate places, we will provide examples of the use of handy
equivalences.
The following are USCS definitions:

acre-ft (or ac-ft): a volume of water that has a surface area of one acre and a
depth of one foot or an equivalent volume by other measurements, for example,
an area of ½ acre and a depth of 2 feet or an area of 2 acres and a depth of ½
foot.

Btu: British thermal unit

cfs: cubic feet per second

gal: U.S. gallon(s)

gpm: U.S. gallon(s) per minute

gpcd: U.S. gallons per capita per day

hp: horsepower

mgd: million U.S. gallons per day

ppb: parts (mass) per billion parts of fluid; the fluid is understood to be page 7
water. Alternatively it may be parts (mass) per billion parts of soil. ppb is
equivalent to μg/kg or μg/L.

ppm: parts (mass) of substance per million parts of the fluid. Alternatively it
may be parts (mass) per billion parts of soil. ppm is equivalent to mg/kg or
mg/L.
ppm(v/v): volume of substance per million volumes of fluid

psi: a pressure; pounds force per square inch of surface area

sf: square feet

U.S. ton: 2,000 lbm

Conversion factors for the USCS are given in Table 1-2 and in Appendix C.
Conversions from SI units to USCS units are given inside the back cover of
this book.

Table 1-2 U.S. Customary System conversions factors

1-5 ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS OVERVIEW

SYSTEMS
Before we begin in earnest, we thought it worth taking a look at the problems to
be discussed in this text in a larger perspective. Engineers like to call this the
“systems approach,” that is, looking at all the interrelated parts and their effects
on one another. In environmental systems it is doubtful that mere mortals can
ever hope to identify all the interrelated parts, to say nothing of trying to
establish their effects on one another. The first thing the systems engineer does,
then, is to simplify the system to a tractable size that behaves in a fashion
similar to the real system. The simplified model does not behave in detail as the
system does, but it gives a fair approximation of what is going on.

We have followed this pattern of simplification in our description of page 8

three environmental systems: the water resource management system, the
air resource management system, and the solid waste management system.
Pollution problems that are confined to one of these systems are called single-
medium problems if the medium is either air, water, or soil. Many important
environmental problems are not confined to one of these simple systems but
cross the boundaries from one to the other. These problems are referred to as
multimedia pollution problems.

WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Water Supply Subsystem. The nature of the water source commonly
determines the planning, design, and operation of the collection, purification,
transmission, and distribution works.* The two major sources used to supply
community and industrial needs are referred to as surface water and
groundwater. Streams, lakes, and rivers are the surface water sources.
Groundwater sources are those pumped from wells.
Figure 1-2 depicts an extension of the water resource system to serve a small
community. The source in each case determines the type of collection works and
the type of treatment works. The pipe network in the city is called the
distribution system. The pipes themselves are often referred to as water mains.
Water in the mains generally is kept at a pressure between 200 and 860
kilopascals (kPa). Excess water produced by the treatment plant during periods
of low demand* (usually the nighttime hours) is held in a storage reservoir. The
storage reservoir may be elevated (the ubiquitous water tower), or it may be at
ground level. The stored water is used to meet high demand during the day.
Storage compensates for changes in demand and allows a smaller treatment
plant to be built. It also provides emergency backup in case of a fire.
Figure 1-2

An extension of the water supply resource system.

 Population and water-consumption patterns are the prime factors that page 9
govern the quantity of water required and hence the source and the whole
composition of the water resource system. One of the first steps in the selection
of a suitable water-supply source is determining the demand that will be placed
on it. The essential elements of water demand include average daily water
consumption and peak rate of demand. Average daily water consumption must
be estimated for two reasons: (1) to determine the ability of the water source to
meet continuing demands over critical periods when surface flows are low or
groundwater tables are at minimum elevations, and (2) for purposes of
estimating quantities of stored water that would satisfy demands during these
critical periods. The peak demand rates must be estimated in order to determine
plumbing and pipe sizing, pressure losses, and storage requirements necessary
to supply sufficient water during periods of peak water demand.
Many factors influence water use for a given system. For example, the mere
fact that water under pressure is available stimulates its use, often excessively,
for watering lawns and gardens, for washing automobiles, for operating air-
conditioning equipment, and for performing many other activities at home and
in industry. The following factors have been found to influence water
consumption in a major way:
1. Climate
2. Industrial activity
3. Meterage
4. System management
5. Standard of living
The following factors also influence water consumption but to a lesser degree:
extent of sewerage, system pressure, water price, and availability of private
wells.
If the demand for water is measured on a per capita † basis, climate is the
most important factor influencing demand. This is shown dramatically in Table
1-3. The average annual precipitation for the “wet” states is about 100 cm per
year while the average annual precipitation for the “dry” states is only about 25
cm per year. Of course, the dry states are also considerably warmer than the wet
states.

Table 1-3 Total fresh water withdrawals for public supplya

The influence of industry is to increase per capita water demand. Small page 10
rural and suburban communities will use less water per person than
industrialized communities.
The third most important factor in water use is whether individual consumers
have water meters. Meterage imposes a sense of responsibility not found in
unmetered residences and businesses. This sense of responsibility reduces per
capita water consumption because customers repair leaks and make more
conservative water-use decisions almost regardless of price. For residential
consumers, water is so inexpensive, price is not much of a factor in water use.
Water price is extremely important for industrial and farming operations that
use large volumes of water.
Following meterage closely is the aspect called system management. If the
water distribution system is well managed, per capita water consumption is less
than if it is not well managed. Well-managed systems are those in which the
managers know when and where leaks in the water main occur and have them
repaired promptly.
Climate, industrial activity, meterage, and system management are more
significant factors controlling water consumption than the standard of living.
The rationale for the last factor is straightforward. Per capita water use increases
with an increased standard of living. Highly developed countries use much more
water than the less developed nations. Likewise, higher socioeconomic status
implies greater per capita water use than lower socioeconomic status.
The total U.S. water withdrawal for all uses (agricultural, commercial,
domestic, mining, and thermoelectric power), including both fresh and saline
water, was estimated to be approximately 5,000 liters per capita per day (Lpcd)
in 2010. The amount for U.S. public supply (domestic, commercial, and
industrial use) was estimated to be 590 Lpcd in 2010 (Maupin et al., 2014). The
American Water Works Association estimated that the average daily household
water use in the United States was 1,000 liters per day in 2010 (AWWA, 2010).
For a family of three, this would amount to about 333 Lpcd. The variation in
demand is normally reported as a factor of the average day. For metered
dwellings the factors are as follows: maximum day = 2.2 × average day; peak
hour = 5.3 × average day (Linaweaver et al., 1967). Some mid-Michigan average
daily use figures and the contribution of various sectors to demand are shown in
Table 1-4.

page 11

Table 1-4 Examples of variation in per capita water

consumption
 International per capita domestic water use has been estimated by the United
Nations (www.DATA360.org). For example, they report the following (all in
Lpcd): Australia — 493; Bangladesh — 46; Canada — 3,300; China — 86;
Germany — 193; India — 135; Mexico — 366; Nigeria — 36.
Wastewater Disposal Subsystem. Safe disposal of all human wastes is
necessary to protect the health of the individual, the family, and the community
and also to prevent the occurrence of certain nuisances. To accomplish
satisfactory results, human wastes must be disposed of so that:
1. They will not contaminate any drinking water supply.
2. They will not give rise to a public health hazard by being accessible to
vectors (insects, rodents, or other possible carriers) that may come into
contact with food or drinking water.
3. They will not give rise to a public health hazard by being accessible to
children.
4. They will not cause violation of laws or regulations governing water
pollution or sewage disposal.
5. They will not pollute or contaminate the waters of any bathing beach,
shellfish-breeding ground, or stream used for public or domestic water-
supply purposes, or for recreational purposes.
6. They will not give rise to a nuisance due to odor or unsightly appearance.

These criteria can best be met by the discharge of domestic sewage to an

adequate public or community sewerage system (U.S. PHS, 1970). Where no
community sewer system exists, on-site disposal by an approved method is
mandatory.

In its simplest form the wastewater management subsystem is page 12

composed of six parts (Figure 1-3). The source of wastewater may be
either industrial wastewater or domestic sewage or both.* Industrial wastewater
may be subject to some pretreatment on site if it has the potential to upset the
municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Federal regulations refer to
municipal wastewater treatment systems as publicly owned treatment works, or
POTWs.
Figure 1-3

Wastewater management subsystem. (Linsley and Fanzini, 1979)

 The quantity of sewage flowing to the WWTP varies widely throughout the
day in response to water usage. A typical daily variation is shown in Figure 1-4.
Most of the water used in a community will end up in the sewer. Between 5 and
15 percent of the water is lost in lawn watering, car washing, and other
consumptive uses. In warm, dry climates, consumptive use out of doors may be
as high as 60 percent. Consumptive use may be thought of as the difference
between the average rate that water flows into the distribution system and the
average rate that wastewater flows into the WWTP (excepting the effects of
leaks in the pipes).
Figure 1-4

Typical variation in daily wastewater flow.

 The quantity of wastewater, with one exception, depends on the same factors
that determine the quantity of water required for supply. The major exception is
that underground water (groundwater) conditions may strongly affect the
quantity of water in the system because of leaks. Whereas the drinking water
distribution system is under pressure and is relatively tight, the sewer system is
gravity operated and is relatively open. Thus, groundwater may infiltrate, or
leak into, the system. When manholes lie in low spots, there is the additional
possibility of inflow through leaks in the manhole cover. Other sources of inflow
include direct connections from roof gutters and downspouts, as well as sump
pumps used to remove water from basement footing tiles. Infiltration and inflow
(I & I) are particularly important during rainstorms. The additional water from I
& I may hydraulically overload the sewer causing sewage to back up into houses
as well as to reduce the efficiency of the WWTP. New construction techniques
and materials have made it possible to reduce I & I to insignificant amounts.

Sewers are classified into three categories: sanitary, storm, and page 13
combined. Sanitary sewers are designed to carry municipal wastewater
from homes and commercial establishments. With proper pretreatment,
industrial wastes may also be discharged into these sewers. Storm sewers are
designed to handle excess rainwater to prevent flooding of low areas. While
sanitary sewers convey wastewater to treatment facilities, storm sewers
generally discharge into rivers and streams. Combined sewers are expected to
accommodate both municipal wastewater and stormwater. These systems were
designed so that during dry periods the wastewater is carried to a treatment
facility. During rain storms, the excess water is discharged directly into a river,
stream, or lake without treatment. Unfortunately, the storm water is mixed with
Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Go to sleep, my
darling
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Go to sleep, my darling

Author: Winston K. Marks

Release date: November 8, 2023 [eBook #72069]

Language: English

Original publication: New York, NY: Royal Publications, Inc, 1958

Credits: Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GO TO

SLEEP, MY DARLING ***
 Go to Sleep, My Darling

By WINSTON K. MARKS

If you're totally convinced

it's a man's world, don't
read this. But if in doubt....

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Infinity November 1958.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
At 46, Bertrand Baxter was a man's man, still struggling to adapt
himself to a smotheringly woman's world. His work, selling sporting
goods for Abernathy and Crisp Co., was his element. Not only was
he an ex-All American tackle, but his abiding love for sports had led
him into a business where he dealt almost exclusively with men.
Old Crisp had once told him, "Bert, if we had two more salesmen like
you we could fire the other twenty. You have a sixth sense dealing
with these coaches and school superintendents. They love you."
Yes, Bert Baxter could anticipate his male customer's requirements,
objections, moods and buying habits with an almost clairvoyant
insight. But give him a woman! He was licked before she opened his
catalog.
Women found him attractive enough. His six-foot-four, square-jawed
athletic prowess had given him the pick of the class of '29, including
the statuesque Rolanda. But to marry a woman and to understand
her were different matters: the former ridiculously easy, the latter
bewilderingly impossible.
The easy familiarity he enjoyed with men of the slightest
acquaintance was something he could never establish in his own
home with his own wife and his own daughters. Fate, as if to further
confound him, had presented Bertrand with four daughters.
Of all these females, Rolanda, Aileen, Grace, Norma and Annie, only
two month-old Annie was currently making sense to Bert Baxter.
That was because she was a baby, and not yet a female in the
baffling sense of the word. His other three daughters had had their
turns, but as they emerged from infanthood into childhood they
became unmistakable girl-children almost with their first mama-papa
lisps, and thereby removed themselves from Baxter's realm of
fathomable human beings.
He lay sleepless one November night beside the gently snoring
Rolanda, debating the wisdom of having induced her to try once
more to provide him with a son. Although Rolanda was forty at the
time, Annie had arrived without undue trouble, fitted immediately into
the Baxter feminine regime and established herself in Bert's heart
quite solidly, if only temporarily.
The misgivings that beset him were vague ones. Annie was the
apple of his eye, but in a few short months she would add to the
flooding tide of womanhood that swirled through his house,
squealing, giggling, moping, hair-curling, nylon-rinsing, plucking,
powdering, painting, primping, ironing, sweater-trading, lipstick-
snitching and man-baiting.
Too soon—much too soon—dear, understandable little Annie would
move off in her own miasma of perfume and verbal nonsense,
leaving Bertrand once again a lonely man in his crowded home.
The illuminated dial said precisely two o'clock when a tiny whimper
seeped through the adjacent wall from the nursery. Baxter was on
the verge of slipping into a doze, but it brought his eyes open.
The two o'clock feeding!
He loved Annie dearly, but it was high time she was omitting the late
feeding. It meant rousing Rolanda, who never heard the call. It
meant lights and commotion, short tempers, bottle-banging in the
kitchen. It meant disturbing the other girls, which occasioned a
slipper-shuffling parade to the bathroom with attendant flushing, tap-
turning, glass-rattling and ostentatious whispering that turned the hall
into a rustling snake-pit.
Don't wake daddy! He has to get up early.
Indeed daddy had to get up early if he hoped to enjoy his shower in
peace in the stocking-strewn bathroom.
"Go to sleep, Annie," Baxter said in the deep recesses of his mind.
"Go to sleep, my darling," he urged gently. "Please don't start the
circus! Let me rest. Go to sleep, my darling."
Annie's whimper faded. Stopped.
In the hazy realm between waking and slumber, it didn't seem
remarkable to Baxter. Not until he was stuffing his briefcase the
following morning did he recall that Annie had at last skipped her late
feeding. The memory of his urgent, silent pleading with her came
back, and he smiled to himself. If it were only that easy, he thought.
He had a strenuous day driving out to a rural school district and
rounding up five members of the athletic board to complete a nice
contract for basketball equipment. He dribbled an Abernathy & Crisp
basketball around the gym twelve times for the coach, lugged four
sample cases of uniforms up a flight of stairs, and made uncounted
round trips to his distantly-parked station wagon for afterthought
items to satisfy inquiries.
But he had energy enough to bowl all evening at the athletic club, of
which he was a board director. When he arrived home at ten o'clock,
a "bargain" in fireplace wood which Rolanda had purchased from a
late peddler was heaped across the short driveway and had to be
tossed into the basement before he could garage the car.
He had learned not to question Rolanda's bargains, regardless of the
time of day or night they occurred. She welcomed such criticisms as
occasions to strike for an increase in the household allowance. "Of
course, I wouldn't have to take advantage of these penny-savers that
you say cause more trouble than they're worth—if we could afford
another five dollars a week...."
So he changed clothes, threw in the wood, showered and sank
gratefully into bed. Rolanda was still wiping on cold cream. He
asked, "Would you please open the window before you jump in?"
"But it's cold out, dear."
"It's barely November," he pointed out. "We had that all out last year.
Closed windows only during blizzards and high winds."
"I know, dear, but summer's just over, and our blood's still thin.
Besides, we put on the electric blankets today."
Since, theoretically, expensive electric blankets were supposed to
add to one's security against chilling, the argument detracted not a
whit from Baxter's convictions, but he was too tired to pursue the
annual debate about chilling-versus-fresh air requirements.
He inhaled the dense mist of aromatic, warm, humid boudoir
essences and fell into exhausted slumber. His dream was a
recurrent one wherein he wandered barefoot through an echoing
chamber. He was a Lilliputian, searching the interior of Rolanda's
skull, a great, empty, reverberating dome. He had no notion for what
he was searching, but all he found were the roots of her yellow hair
sticking down through the pate.
The edge of his fatigue had just nicely worn off to that treacherous
point, where to be awakened would result in hours of wakeful
tossing, when the whimper came. It came again, and Baxter swam
up from the depths until he was half awake.
"Sleep, baby!" he urged. "Close your eyes and go to sleep, my
darling." His lips didn't move, and he was only dreamily aware of the
foolish hope that his good luck of last night might be repeated.
It worked. Annie quieted, went back to sleep and stayed asleep until
morning.

A week later Rolanda remarked about it at the breakfast table. It did,

indeed, seem that Annie had reformed her nocturnal habits; but
Baxter knew better. Each night, now, at the first whimper he sent his
silent, mental message winging through the plaster, lath and pink
wallpaper to the pink baby under the pink blanket in the pink crib.
Annie was still waking at two a.m. each night, but she was still
complying with his soothing thought-appeals.
That night, the whimper found him sleepless again. Starkly awake,
with eyes wide open, it seemed ridiculous to repeat such a foolish,
wishful-thinking process, and he refrained from doing so. Telepathy
was nonsense!
The whimper grew in volume, welled up into a full-throated wail that
prickled the short hairs of his neck. "Oh, no! Annie, for heaven's
sake!"
Without thinking further on it he slipped into his silent pleading. "Go
to sleep, baby. Go to sleep, my darling."
Annie had too much momentum to capitulate easily. He pleaded and
cajoled, and finally he mentally hummed three stanzas of "Rock-a-
Bye Baby."
The wail trembled and fell off into a few reluctant sobs. Annie was
comforted, reassured. Annie slept.

For all his preoccupation with sports and other manly extroversions,
Bertrand Baxter was not unimaginative. His stunning victory on this
seventh night was too dramatic to ignore. He said not a word about it
to Rolanda, but the following night he deliberately stayed wide
awake until Annie sounded off.
Instead of immediately flooding his infant daughter with the warm
reassurance and pleading requests that she sleep, Baxter let his
mind "feel" of the situation. He spoke softly to her in his unmouthed
mind-talk, and for the first time he became aware of a tiny but
positive mental response. There was a faint fringe of discomfort-
thoughts—a weak hunger pang, a slight thirst, a clammy diaper. But
mostly there was the cheerless darkness and a heavy feeling of
aloneness, a love-want, an outreaching for assurance.
As his thoughts went out he could sense that Annie did receive them
and take comfort from them—and the little physical hungers and
discomforts faded from her mind.
She felt reassured now, loved, petted, cosy and warm in the velvety
gloom, in the restful quiet.
He sensed the peace that settled through her, and the same peace
flooded through him, a rare sensation of security, understanding and
blind trust.
Annie slept. Baxter slept.
And then it was Saturday morning. Baxter stayed abed, yielding the
bathroom to his three teen-age daughters. Annie was still asleep,
too, so Rolanda was stretching leisurely beside him like a long, pink
cat. Noticing the time, she raised to an elbow and viewed him with
some concern. "No golf this morning? Aren't you well, Bert?"
Had he plunged out of bed to forage for his golf shoes as usual, she
would have grumbled about how it must be Saturday, and she
wished that she had a whole morning off each week to herself.
He replied slowly, "Later, maybe. Want to rest a little bit. Don't stare! I
feel fine. Just thinking a little."
She shrugged, put on her robe and entered the bathroom
competition.
Baxter lay waiting, eyes closed, concentrating. Then it came. The
sensation of gentle awakening. Light—at first just a diffused pink
light, then outlines forming: the ceiling fixture, the yellow-billed ducks
on the pale pink wallpaper, the round bars of the crib. The sensation
of movement, stretching, a glorious feeling of well-being.
Annie was awake.
Then in rapid succession, the sensation of wet diaper, cramped toe,
hunger pang, hunger pang!
Annie yelled.
The sound came through firmly and demandingly, interrupting
Baxter's concentration and breaking the remarkable rapport, but he
had proved to himself beyond all doubt what he had been dubiously
challenging: He had established a clear, telepathic entry into his
daughter's mind.

Now he was so excited that he forgot himself and tried to explain the
whole thing to Rolanda. She seemed to listen with half an ear as she
assembled breakfast. She didn't understand, or she misunderstood,
or she understood but disapproved—Baxter wasn't at all certain
which it was. When he finished she simply paused in her oatmeal
dishing, pulled her housecoat tightly about her and said, "Nonsense!
You went back to sleep after I got up. You're dreaming these things.
It is high time that Annie began skipping her night feeding."
But her eyes were narrowed cat-slits, and Baxter felt a positive
warning in them. He felt that since creation, probably no man had
actually penetrated a woman's brain to probe the willy-nilly logic that
functioned there:—functioned well, for somehow things got done, but
functioned in such a topsy-turvy manner as to drive a serious male
insane if he pondered it too long.
He retreated to the morning paper and said no more about it. Before
he left for the golf club he had another remarkable experience. He
stepped into the nursery and stared down at the adorable little pink-
cheeked Annie. He closed his eyes and sought her mind—and saw
himself standing above the crib—through her eyes! It was clear as a
TV image. In fact he noted that he needed a shave and looked quite
strange with his eyes closed.

In the days that followed Baxter became addicted to slipping into

Annie's innocent little mind at almost any hour of her waking. At the
office. In a customer's waiting room. Even out on the golf course
while waiting for a slow foursome to tee off ahead. Distance was no
obstacle to the telepathic rapport.
And he began to make fabulous plans. As Annie grew he would
follow her mental progress, investigating every aspect of her thought
processes to learn the key to womankind's inexplicable mind.
Through her eyes and other senses he would experience the
woman's world as it impinged upon her, and one day he would
fathom the deepest, eternal secrets of all womanhood.
Whether Rolanda divined his intentions Baxter never knew, but when
Annie was three months old she suddenly began resisting her
father's mental intrusion.
He first noticed it one evening right after Annie had been tucked in
for the night. Baxter was pretending to doze in his leather chair in the
den, but actually he had been keeping mental watch until Rolanda
cleared out of the nursery—for some reason he feared communing
with Annie while his wife was in the room.
Rolanda had come out, down the hall, stopped in the open door of
his den, and he had felt her gaze upon him for a long minute.
When she passed on without comment, Baxter sought to enter
Annie's mind and enjoy her nightly snugged-down feeling of
contentment. He probed gently, and to his surprise he met a barrier,
an impalpable resistance, a shutting-out that he had never
encountered. He pressed more firmly. Dim perceptions began to
come through to him, but they were dominated by displeasure
emotion.
Annie cried out.
Baxter withdrew instantly, feeling somewhat guilty. Then he tried
again.
Annie screamed.
Rolanda came down the hall, paused at his door and said, "What do
you suppose is the matter with her tonight? She always drops off."
Without waiting for an answer, she passed down the hall to the
nursery and comforted Annie to sleep. Baxter tried no more that
night.

It was the same each time he tried thereafter. Abruptly, Annie had
become irritable, intolerant of his probing. How she could understand
what was happening mystified Baxter, but he was determined to
retain contact. He kept pushing, gently but firmly, and although it
brought on some furious yells, he succeeded in making at least one
daily survey of his infant daughter's mind.
For a week Rolanda became increasingly hostile for no apparent
reason. Baxter felt that the tension that grew between them was in
some way connected with Annie, but his wife never spoke of it.
Never a particularly demonstrative woman, she became even colder,
and often he caught her regarding him with an enigmatical look of
suspicion.
As a long-sufferer to her moods, Baxter had no fear that an open
break might develop. His life was insured for $75,000, and Rolanda
was much too hard-headed to consider divorcing such a solid
"producer" of bread and luxuries as she and her female brood had
learned to enjoy.
Meanwhile, Annie's mind was becoming an even more fascinating
field for exploration. In spite of her resistance, Baxter's shallow
penetration revealed the amazing network of learning that daily
increased her web of knowledge, experience and stimulus-response
conditioning. Often Baxter pondered what a psychologist would give
for such an opportunity as this.
He became so bemused with his objective study that, the night Annie
withdrew her barriers, Baxter fell into her mind like a lion into a
game-hunter's animal pit.

He was, again, in his leather chair. Rolanda had just put Annie to
bed and passed his open door. He probed for Annie's mind and
leaned the heavy weight of his own strong mind on the expected
barrier. It was gone!
He sank deeply into his daughter's brain and caught his breath. He
had forgotten what it was like, this total absorption with her physical
and emotional sensations.
Annie was feeling good. Her stomach was full, she was warm, dry
and pleasantly tired from her evening romp. She stretched and
yawned, and a feeling of euphoria swept over Baxter.
Never had he completed such a transfer. He could feel every little
primitive pleasure sensation that rippled through Annie's healthy,
growing body. Conversely, two dozen trivial but annoying twinges,
aches, pains and bodily pressures that slowly accumulate with the
years vanished from his 46-year-old body.
The abscessed tooth that he should have had pulled a month ago
quit hurting. The ache from the slightly pulled muscle in his back
faded away. The pressure from the incipient gastric ulcer in his
stomach eased off and disappeared. All the tensions and minor
infirmities that had slipped up on him, almost unnoticed with middle
age, vanished; and Baxter knew once again the long-forgotten,
corporeal ecstasy of a young, human animal in the rapid-growth
stages.

He awoke to see the fuzzy image of Rolanda over him. It was

morning. Her face was faintly troubled, but she smiled with a rare
warmth when he cooed at her. She caught him up in her arms,
murmuring endearing sounds. Snuggled to her breast, he felt the
satisfaction of a great subconscious yearning as the scented
woman-smell pervaded his nostrils and her strong, warm arms
cuddled him tightly.
There was the unpleasant business of a diaper change, during which
he became sharply aware of hunger. He yelled lustily for food, and
soon he was sucking hungrily on a deliciously flexible rubber nipple
that yielded an ambrosia of warm sweetness.
A jumble of clear, high voices chirped familiarly in his ears, but he
paid no attention to the words as such. His bath was delightful,
although he sneezed violently at the talcum dust afterward. Now the
voices were silent except Rolanda's occasional soft words to him.
Again he enjoyed his liquid meal and slipped into delicious slumber
with the shades drawn.
Voices awakened him. A man's voice mingled with his wife's.
"In here, doctor. We managed to carry him to bed, and he hasn't
awakened yet."
Baxter heard the words with mild interest but no comprehension. The
man's voice came through the wall of the nursery from the next
bedroom, a low rumble of pleasant sound. "No sign of physical
impairment. Resembles a catatonic trance. Strange. Heartbeat is
rapid, light—respiration, too. Like a baby's. We'd better take him
down to the hospital."
"Is it that serious?"
"Will be if he continues unconscious. He'll starve."
"I'll call the ambulance."

Baxter fell asleep again. The chirping voices returned that afternoon,
but there was a subdued air about them. For a few days the routine
continued: eating, sleeping, eating, bathing, sleeping, eating—a
wonderous, kaleidoscopic fairyland of enjoyable sensations.
The subdued air disappeared, and the voices chirped loudly and
happily around him again. All was pleasant, comfortable, secure.
Then one morning his heart beat heavily, awakening him from his
nap. His eyelids tore open to a weird sight. Several strange men and
woman stood around him. They were dressed in white, and he was
in a hospital bed. As he traced a rubber tube from its stand-hung
bottle down to his arm, a rush of unpleasant sensations, twinges,
pains, stiffnesses swarmed back into him.
Reluctantly he heard the doctor speak and he tried to pay no
attention. "The adrenalin did it. He's coming around, I think. No,
dammit, he's closing his eyes again. Doesn't seem interested. I
thought for a minute...."
Baxter clenched his eyes tightly and tried to ignore the burning
emptiness of his emaciated stomach, the harsh roughness of the
hospital sheets against his weak, bed-sore calves. The drug was fire
in his veins, and his heart threatened to jump out of his breast.
Annie, where are you?
A soft, nonverbal little response touched his wracked brain, inviting
him to return. He concentrated, blocking out the muttering voices
around him....
"—can't keep a man his size alive indefinitely with intravenous—
better phone Mrs. Baxter—call a priest, too."

He made it. He was back in the crib. Rolanda was pulling up the
nursery shades terminating his nap. The phone was ringing.
"Be right back, sweetheart," Rolanda said. "Mother has to answer
the phone."
Her voice came only faintly from the hallway in dull monosyllables.
Then she was back, scooping him up in her arms. She sat in a
rocker and looked down at him thoughtfully, a serious frown across
her wide, white brow. "You poor little darling. You'll never know your
daddy."
For an instant Baxter's consciousness flickered back and forth
across miles of intervening space. A cold panic clutched his heart.
He heard a sharp sob escape from Annie's lips, then Rolanda was
rocking him and comforting him.
"Don't you worry, sweetheart. It's all right. We'll get along. Daddy's
insured. And there's his service pension. We'll get along just fine."
An intuitive flash of horror chilled Baxter. He struggled to escape to
his own brain, his own dying body, but now the barrier was up again,
not impalpable but tough and impenetrable.
The more he struggled the weaker he became. Sensations from the
nursery began to fade. The light grew dimmer, and Rolanda's face
became hazy. Frantically, he tried to withdraw from Annie's mind, but
he was mousetrapped!
Was this Annie's doing? Was this the vengeance she took against
her own father for his invasion of her privacy?
Or was it his own mind's refusal to face life again through the
network of pain and misery of his adult identity? Infantile regression,
the doctor had called it—but the doctor didn't know about Annie.
He could still feel the gentle rocking motion and his wife's arms
holding him tenderly in the warm blankets.
"We'll get along just fine, honey," she was saying. "When we get the
insurance money we'll have a larger house and a new car."
Rolanda! For God's sake, make Annie let me go!
"And you'll have a pretty room all to yourself when you are older. And
—and there's no reason why you can't sleep in my room tonight.
Would you like that, Annie?"
Now the light was dimming fast, but Baxter sensed the glow of
pleasure in Annie's tiny body and heard her soft cooing.
"Why, Annie," Rolanda's words came from a great distance, "you're
smiling! As if you understood every word! Why, you little dickens!"
Annie stiffened suddenly, then she sighed and gurgled happily—as
though she had just gotten something off her mind.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GO TO SLEEP,
MY DARLING ***

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