Англійський артикль

Граматичний довідник
для учнів, студентів, вчителів
 С. А. Зайковскі

The English Article

Англійський артикль

Граматичний довідник

для учнів, студентів, вчителів

“ Богдан”
Тернопіль - 1998
 ББК 81.2 Анг я 7
З 17

Зайковскі С. А.
The English Article. Англійський артикль.— Тернопіль: “Богдан” , 1998.
— 88с.
ISBN 966-7224-77-5

Посібник розрахований на всіх, хто хоче удосконалити свої знання з

граматики англійської мови. Більшість прикладів на вживання артиклів взята
з оригінальної англійської літератури. На закріплення пройденого матеріалу
додаються вправи, які можуть бути використані вчителем для самостійних і
контрольних робіт.
Для учнів,студентів, вчителів.

Редактор: Будний Б. Є.

Комп’ ютерний набір та верстка: Побережник О. В.

Всі права застережені

All rights reserved
Видавець Богдан Будний
Свідоцтво № 65009963 від 25.09.1995р.
м.Тернопіль, вул. Танцорова 11
тел. (0352) 430046; факс (0352) 251809
Підписано до друку 12.03.98 р. Тираж 5000 пр.
Зам. 193-8.

Надруковано з готових діапозитивів

на Львівській державній книжковій фабриці «Атлас»
290005, м. Львів, вул. Зелена, 20.

ISBN 966-7224-77-5 ©Зайковскі С.А., 1998

© П В Будний Б. Є., 1998
 Вступ
Артикль — особливе службове слово, яке вживається перед іменниками.
Він є важливим мовним засобом в англійській мові. Невміле користування
артиклем спричиняє перекручення змісту розмови або повне нерозуміння
співрозмовників.
У сучасній англійській мові є три артиклі: неозначений a (an), означений
the і нульовий (-) або значуща відсутність артикля.
Неозначений артикль бере початок від староанглійського числівника an
(one — один). Ось чому він вживається лише перед злічуваними іменниками
в однині. Форма неозначеного артикля а вживається перед словами, що
починаються з приголосного звука (a girl, a red rose). Форма an вживається
перед словами, що починаються з голосного звука (an hour, an apple).
Означений артикль the розвинувся з староанглійського вказівного зай­
менника se (той) і вживається перед іменниками в однині і в множині.
Вживання неозначеного артикля показує, що об’ єкт є представником
якогось класу.
Вживання означеного артикля показує, що мається на увазі якийсь
конкретний о б ’єкт.
Відсутність артикля перед іменниками, що означають речовини, абст­
рактними іменниками і загальними іменниками у множині, має практичне
значення: вона показує, що ці іменники ужиті у загальному значенні.

З
 Introduction
The article is a structural part of speech used with nouns. It is an important
linguistic means o f communication between people. An unskilful use of the article
results in lack o f comprehension or misunderstanding of interlocutors.
There are three articles in Modern English: the indefinite article a (an), the
definite article the and the zero article (-) or the meaningful absence o f the ancle.
The indefinite article has developed from the Old English numeral 3n (one),
and as a result o f its origin it is used only with countable nouns in the singular.
The form a is used before words beginning with a consonant sound (a girl, a red
rose). The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel sound (an hour,
an apple).
The difinite article has developed from the Old English demonstrative pronoun
se (that) and is used with nouns in the singular and in the plural.
The use o f the indefinite article implies that the object is presented as be­
longing to a class.
The use o f the definite article shows that a particular object is meant.
The absence o f articles with nouns o f material, abstract nouns and class nouns
in the plural has grammatical significance: it shows that the nouns are used in a
general sense.

4
І. Вживання неозначеного артикля I. The use of the indefinite article a
a (an) (an)

Неозначений артикль вживається: The indefinite article a (an) is used:

1). З іменником в однині, коли
об'єкт, виражений цим іменником, є
представником певного класу таких
самих об’ єктів. У цьому випадку не­
означений артикль має значення
“який-небудь, якийсь один".
This is a sofa. Це — диван.
Вживаючи речення такого типу,
називається предмет, на який вказу­
ють. Цей предмет є одним із тих, що
називаються словом sofa на відміну
від TV set, table, arm-chair тощо. Тут
мається на увазі будь-який диван, а
не телевізор, стіл, крісло тощо, тобто
один з предметів, які називаються
словом sofa.
1). With a noun in the singular
when the object expressed by this noun
is presented as belonging to certain
class. In this case the indefinite article
has the meaning of “який-небудь,
якийсь один” .
This is a sofa. Це — диван.
Using sentences of such type we
name an object referring it to a class of
objects having the same name. This
object is one from those which are
named sofa instead of TV set, table,
arm-chair etc. Here any sofa is meant,
not TV set, table, arm-chair, etc.

I have a room of my own.

Have you bought an apple for your child?
She did not bring me a magazine, she brought me a newspaper.
In the bedroom a candle was burning.
On the green surface of the lake a boat rocked in the dewy breeze.
(Voynich)

2). З іменником, який є іменною 2). With a predicative noun, when

частиною складеного присудка, коли the speaker states that the object
мовець стверджує, що об’ єкт, вира­ denoted by the noun belongs to a
жений цим іменником, належить до certain class.
певного класу.

She works as a chemist. (E. Bronte)

I am not a good fisherman myself. (Jerome K. Jerome)
Cashel was to go to sea, so that if his affairs became desperate, he
could at least turn a pirate. (Show)

5
 He was a particular friend of Sir John’ s. (Austen)
The cattle boy, . . said: “Ask your cook, he is a real doctor..
(Lessing)

3). Коли іменник вжитий у зага­
льному значенні, тобто, коли те, що
говориться про одного представника
класу, можна сказати про всіх пред­
ставників цього класу. У даному ви­
падку артикль має значення “кож­
ний” .
3). When the noun is used in a
general sense. What is said of one rep­
resentative of a class can be applied to
all the representatives of the class. The
article has the meaning of “every”.

A ball is round.
A new-born puppy is blind.
A picture is usually hung on the wall.
A detective story helps to while away the time.
A drowning man catches at a straw.
(Proverb)

4). Коли зберігається його колиш- 4). There are cases when the indefi-
нє значення “ один” . nite article preserves its old original
meaning of “one” .

A stitch in time saves nine. (Proverb)

Peggotty, who had not said a word or moved a finger, ... (Dickens)
A week or two passed... (Ch. Bronte)
“I’ ll overtake you in a minute” , said Gogfly. (Eliot)
“As you are in no hurry, then” said Steerforth, “Come home... and
stay a day or two.” (Dickens)
For a second Andrew wondered if Denny had taken leave of his
senses. (Cronin)

5). З числівниками hundred, 5). With the numerals hundred,

thousand, million і іменниками dozen, thousand', million and the nouns dozen,
score, якщо мається на увазі одна score, if one hundred, one thousand,
сотня, одна тисяча тощо. _tc. is meant.

Our school library has a hundred books.

He seems to have half a dozen languages at his finger-tips .(Voynich)

6
 From her position she could see up a lane for a distance of at least a
hundred yards. (Hardy)
There were half a dozen pocket robberies a day in trams of Brussels.
(Bennett)
... the servants in the house would come running a hundred yards to
pick up a book if she dropped it. (Lessing)
About a dozen boys held up their hands. (Avery)

6). З іменниками sun, moon, sky,
якщо перед ними стоїть означення.
6). With the nouns sun, moon, sky,
when we mean a certain aspect in
which the sun, moon or sky appear to
us, a certain state of the sun, the moon,
the sky. In this case an attribute is used.

A bright sun seemed to indicate late morning. (Greene)

A full moon rode between the elm trees and there was silence as of
the grave. (Galsworthy)

7). З іменником в однині, якщо йо- 7). With nouns in the singular when
му передує описове означення. modified by a descriptive attribute.

She was a pretty woman of forty.

Then a sweet young lady entered, leading a meek-looking little fox-
terrier. (Jerome K. Jerome)
To add to his troubles, one child always had a sticky face...
(Jerome K. Jerome)

8). З іменниками, що означають 8). With material nouns when modi-

речовини, якщо перед ними стоїть fied by a descriptive attribute which
означення, яке описує різні види або expresses a certain kind of a quality,
якості об’ єкту.

A good juice is naturally prefered to beer after dinner.

A pleasure to give a good wine to a young woman who looked so
well. (Galsworthy)
He liked a good wine.
Mr. Farquar began explaining how a good medicine could be made
out of the root, ... (Lessing)

9.) З абстрактним іменником, як- 9). With abstract nouns. In this case

7
що він має описове означення, що the abstract noun denotes a certain kind
виражає різновидність якості, стану, of a quality, state, feeling, etc.
почуття тощо.

How clever you are, Mr. Hopper. You have a wit cleverness quite of
your own. (Wilde)
I am very fond of Helen, there is a great charm about the girl.
(Ch. Bronte)
We had a wonderful weather. (Du Maurier)
There was an unaccountable strangeness about Harris.
(Jerome K. Jerome)
It was a cold, bleak, biting weather. (Dickens)
Then she gave a crisp, ironic, almost cheerful laugh... (Shaw)
At that age I had a very faulty view o f geography. (Miller)
It was a new fear, different from that which she had once confided
in her own flat... (Snow)

10). З іменниками period, popula- 10). With the nouns period, popula­
tion, distance, height, salary тощо, як- tion, distance, height, salary, etc. when
що за ними йде конструкція o f + чис- they are followed by the construction
лівник + іменник. of + numeral + noun.

London has a population of about 11million people.

Simpson was out o f the city for a period of ten days. (Dreiser)
In Chaucer’ s time London, the capital, had only a population of
40,000. (Delmer)
Suddenly I saw him at a distance o f 10 metres.

11). З власним іменником (ім’я, 11). With names of persons (used in

прізвище) в однині, щоб показати, the singular) if they denote a represen-
що цяособа є одним з членів саме tative of a family,
цієї родини.

Swithin smiled and nodding at Bosinney said, “Why, you are quite a
Monte Kristo” . (Galsworthy)
Is there a Henry in the world who could be insensible to such a
declaration? Henry Tilney, at least, was not. (Austen)
When a Forsyte was engaged, married, or born, the Forsytes were
present. (Galsworthy)
I know he couldn’t love a Linton (Ch. Bronte)

8
 12). З назвами днів і місяців, як- 12). With names of days and
що їм передує описове означення. months when they are modified by a
descriptive attribute.

A cold May is the usual thing in this town.

I saw her on a hot Saturday. (Dickens)

13). З назвами днів, коли мається 13). With names of days when we
на увазі один з багатьох понеділків, mean one of many Mondays, Fridays,
п’ ятниць тощо. etc.

Robinson Crusoe found his servant on a Friday.

I knew it was not a public day. The public came on a Tuesday.
(Du Maurier)
So it was that on the following day, which was a Saturday, Rosa
was knocking on Mrs. Wingfield’ s door at about four o ’clock.
(Murdoch)

14) У таких сталих словосполу- 14) In the following set expressions:

ченнях:
— in a hurry — поспішаючи, похапцем.

Things done in a hurry are done badly.

Tell me, if you are in a hurry.
All seemed perfectly at their ease, by no means in a hurry. (Dickens)
In a hurry she washed her hands and began writing. (Sean O'Casey)

— to have a mind to do something (a great mind, a good mind to do some­

thing) — мати намір зробити щось

I have a mind to go there in a week.

He had a good mind to leave the town.
I have a great mind to have a serious talk with my parents.
Steefoith had a great mind to walk in. (Dickens)

— in a low (loud) voice — тихо (голосно)

He always speaks in a low voice.

The child is sleeping. Speak in a low voice.
I don’ t like her because she always speaks in a loud voice.

9
 The maid, looking to right and left, spoke in a low and hurried
voice. (Galsworthy)
“Ladies and gentlemen!” , he cried out in a loud clear voice, ...
(Maugham)

— to fly (go) into a passion — розлютитися

If you contradict him, he will fly into a passion.

On being informed ... that her departure would be delayed ... she
had flown into a passion. (Collins)
On another occation ... this same dear baby ... was the innocent
occasion of Miss Murdstone’ s going into a passion. (Dickens)

— a great many (із злічуваними іменниками) — багато

I visited our theatre a great many times.

She had a great many good friends in Canada.
There were a great many baskets in the corridor.
That a great many people, especially ladies and girls in their teens,
had enjoyed themselves at the fair, ... (Priestley)

— a great (good) deal (з незлічуваними іменниками) — багато

There is a great deal of snow on the ground.

I saw a good deal of hatred during the war. (Snow)
She has something o f grace and romance of a wild creature, with a
good deal of elegance and dignity of a fine lady. (Shaw)
.. .There is a great deal of noise and a great many coloured lights,
but there is not much fun. (Priestley)

— it is a pity — шкода

It is a pity you didn’ t see the performance.

It’ s a pity to worry her if she has the talent for uneasiness.
(Galsworthy)

■(all) of a sudden (on a sudden) — раптово

All o f a sudden, she burst into tears.

10
 All of a sudden, she understood everything.
All of a sudden, his face became stony. (Snow)

— it is a shame — соромно

It is a shame not to know such elementary things.

It’ s a shame that you study bad.
She is ill. It is a shame that nobody has invited her.

— it is a pleasure — приємно

It is a pleasure to hear beautiful poetry.

It was really a pleasure to see her smiling face.
It is a pleasure to see you. (Galsworthy)

— as a result — в результаті

As a result of her effort the party was organized.

As a result of our meeting the agreement was signed.

— to have a good time — добре провести час

Last night we went to an evening party and had a very good time.
Have you had a good time in the mountains?
I hoped to have a good time in the country.

— to be at a loss — вагатися

She was at a loss what to do next.

My best friend is often at a loss what to say and what to do.

— at a glance — одразу, з першого погляду

Не saw at a glance that something was wrong.

The young man fell in love with her at a glance.

— to take a fancy — мати до когось симпатію

I wonder why she took a fancy to this poor girl.

11
 Chairman, who had taken a great fancy to Ellen, spoke of her
warmly. (Hansford Johnson)
I wonder why she took a fancy to this poor girl.
Chairman, who had taken a great fancy to Ellen, spoke of her
warmly. (Hansford Johnson)
She’ s taken quiet a fancy to you, Ridgeron. (Shaw)
She seemed to take a fancy to me. (Galsworthy)

with an easy mind — з легким серцем

We set off on an excursion with an easy mind.

Now I can leave you alone with an easy mind.
... he said ... we could sit to eat within easy mind.
(Jerome K. Jerome)

to feel a passionate love — палко кохати

I felt a passionate love for my first teacher.

For his mother he felt a passionate love. (Greene)

at a distance — на дистанції

Yesterday I saw him at a distance of some metres.

The sea was quiet near, at a distance of 10 metres.

at a time — одразу, за один раз

One cannot do different kind of work at a time.

She understood everything at a time.
The child cried and laughed at a time.

to have a cold — застудитися

I could not keep my appointment because I had a cold and did not
go out.
Where’ s Ann? She has had a -old and is to stay in bed for two
weeks.
 — a lot (of) — багато

Last week I saw a lot of funny films at our cinema.

“That sounds a lot” . (Greene)
Before I went away to the war, I did a lot of silly things. (Marriatt)

15). З іменником, який є приклад- 15). With the noun in the function
кою, або частиною її, коли вказуєть- of apposition or part of it when the
ся, ким є особа або чим є предмет, noun shows who or what is the object
позначений цим іменником. expressed by this noun.

I want to introduce you to Mrs. Smith, a great friend of mine.

Dolores, a friend of mine, ..., went in there to buy a hat one day.
(Jerome K. Jerome)
Mrs. Patterson, a lymphatic woman, was holding her son Jim by the
hand. (Lindsay)
The report was made by Petrenko, a teacher of our college.

16). З іменником-прикладкою, 16). If the person or the work of art

який означає твір мистецтва чи осо- is not widely known the indefinite arti-
бу, які не є добре відомими у світі. cle is used with the noun in apposition.

Pericles, a comedy by Shakespeare, is not widely read.

Nikitin, a Russian poet, wrote poems about nature.

17). З іменником, якому передує 17). With nouns modified by the

одна з конструкцій so + прикметник, constructions so + adjective, too + ad-
too + прикметник, as + прикметник. jective, as + adjective.

This is too short a string.

It was as black a house inside as outside. (Dickens)
You compel me to tell you that this is too serious a matter to be
treated in such a fashion. (Dreiser)
But though so bad a painter he had a very delicate feeling for art.
(Maugham)
Mr. Pickwick could resist so tempting an apportunity o f studying
human nature. (Dickens)
It was as lovely a morning as one could desire. (Jerome K. Jerome)

13
 18). В реченнях після слів quite, 18). After the words quite, such,
such, what (what в окличних реченнях) what (what in exclamatory sentences).

She is quite a child.

What a marvellous theatre it is!
What a good friend he is!
What a morning that was among the wonders o f nature and art!
(Howitt)
What a strange feeling it was to be going home when it was not
home ... (Dickens)
Such an intricate piece of machinery!
I have never seen so beautiful a picture!
It is quite an ordinary thing.
What a charming house you have, Lady Chiltern! (Wilde)
And what a beautiful moth there is over there on the wall. (Murdoch)

19). Перед і після слова rather. 19). Before and after the word
rather.

It is a rather puzzing question.

He told us rather a long story.
They stop and interchange a rather heated look. (Dickens)
This enquiry envolved the respected lady in rather a delicate
position. (Dickens)
It was in those days rather a rare accomplishment,... (Thackeray)

20) 3 іменниками day, night, mor- 20) With the nouns day, night, mor­
ning, evening, afternoon, якщо їм ne- ning, evening, afternoon when modi-
редує описове означення. fied by a descriptive attribute.

I spent a sleepless night.

It was a warm summer night. (Snow)
It was a foggy evening in November. (Murdoch)
We are going to have an ideal night. (Shaw)
Arthur did not pass a sleepless nignt; he slept well and long. (Eliot)
A fine September afternoon 'x/as dying fast. (Galsworthy)
On a bright January morning the telefones kept ringing in my office.
(Snow)

21). З іменниками, які означають 21). With names of seasons when

14
пори року і їм передує описове озна- they are modified by a descriptive
чення. attribute.

It was a cold spring.

He met her in a rainy cold autumn.
It was a warm sunny summer when it all happened.

22). З іменниками breakfast, 22). With the nouns breakfast,

dinner, lunch, supper, якщо їм передує dinner, lunch, supper when modified
описове означення. by a descriptive attribute.

After a hearty breakfast the four gentlemen sallied forth to walk to

Gravesend. (Dickens)
I saw to it that he had a good dinner. (Jerome K. Jerome)
He had given me dinner, and a good one. (Snow)
He assisted her ... in setting forth a neat luncheon, ...(C h. Bronte)
Mr. Clay settled back in his chair, savoring his drink, expecting a
good dinner. (Shaw)

23). Зі словами few, little у значен- 23). With the words few, little in the
ні “декілька, деяка кількість, у деякій meaning of “декілька, деяка кількість,
мірі” . у деякій мірі” .
a few вживається із злічуваними іменниками
a little вживається з незлічуваними іменниками
There were a few long-drawn whistles of mock-terror. (Fuller)
He left after a few minutes. (Dreiser)
The mother and I are planning to go to the country for a few days.
(Dreiser)
We have a little time. Let’ s go for a walk in the garden.
Harriet closed her coat quickly and walked a little faster. (I. Shaw)
Carie expostulated, begged, was very angry, even wept a little, and
then suddenly capulated. (Buck)
She hung her head a little, conscious of her own deficiencies and the
oddity of her up-bringing ... (Cronin)
The change was so sudden that I was shocked and a little scared.
(Du Maurier)
Sir Robert Chiltern, “My dear Arthur, you are not going? Do stop a
little!” (Wilde)
She drew a little away from him,... (Galsworthy)

15
 24). Перед порядковим числівни- 24). Before ordinal numerals in the
ком у значенні “ інший, ще один” . meaning o f “ інший, ще один” (“ ano­
ther, one more” ).

Не fired a fourth shot... (Bates)

Having eaten the gruel, Oliver asked for a second portion. (Dickens)
Take care, Caroline. I’ ve proposed twice now. I shall not propose a
third time. (Maugham)
Two people would have to hold a chair, and a third would help him
up on it, and a fourth would hand him a nail, and a fifth would pass
him a hammer. (Jerome K. Jerome)
He excused himself and went to get a third drink. (Bates)
He ordered himself a second Martini >. (Cronin)

16
II. Вживання означеного артикля II. The use of the definite article
the the

Означений артикль вживається: The definite article the is used:

1). З іменником, який означає 1). When the noun denotes an
об’ єкт або об’єкти, які мовець виді­ object or objects which the speaker
ляє з усіх об’єктів даного класу. Це singles out from all the objects of a
відбувається: given class. An object is singled out in
the following cases:
а) якщо ситуація робить цей a) when the speaker and the hearer
об’ єкт відомим. know what particular object is meant.
No special indication is necessary.

How did you like the play?

I have got the magazine.
I have forgotten the letter at home.
The room itself was filling up, so was the staircase. (Snow)
Dinny looked up at the house, ... (Galsworthy)
The sea was pale and almost colourless, ... (Murdoch)
The evening had already deepened into night. (Dreiser)

б) якщо поруч з іменником зна­ b) when the speaker uses a limiting

ходиться обмежувальне означення, attribute pointing out a paricular object.
або обмежувальне підрядне озна­ The definite article is used with a noun
чальне речення, що вказує, про який followed by asyndetic attributive clause,
предмет йде мова і має значення which is always limiting and has the
“той самий, саме той, цей” . meaning of “ той самий, саме той, цей” .

“I hated the idea o f going your going” , he said simply. (Greene)

This is the house that Jack built.
The news he had conveyed to her would have terrified most women.
(Cronin)
Thus he stood by the bank of this still lake .. .(Dreiser)
The man of whom I speak is a low pantomime actor. (Dickens)
He knocked at the door of a very neat house. (Marryat)
The letters that I have here have come to me quite by accident.
(Dreiser)
His uncle had the orchestra of his own.
Show me the woolen jacket which is on the left.

17
 2). З іменниками, які є єдині у 2). When the noun denotes a thing
своєму роді (the sun, the moon, the unique (the sun, the moon, the universe,
universe, the world тощо). the world, etc).

The sun is shining brightly.

The sun was getting warmer. (Abrahams)
The sky outside the window was already dark, ... all was quiet.
(Snow)
After all, we all live in the future, even if it’s a future where we
aren’ t to be found anywhere upon the earth. (Murdoch)
The world is all before him where to choose. (Dickens)
The sun comes up from the East and goes down to the West. (Shaw)
What a cruel practical joke the old Nature played when she flung so
many contradictory elements together, and left man face to face
with perplexing callousness of the Universe. (Maugham)
You won’t be quiet at the other end of the world, will you?
(Dickens)

3). З іменником в однині, коли він
є представником якогось певного
класу з однаковими родовими харак­
теристиками.
3). With nouns used in a generic
sense. A noun used in a generic sense
denote a genus taken as a whole, a
thing taken as a type, a genre. This no­
un is a representative of a certain class
with the same generic characteristics.

The telephone was invented in the 19th century.

The tragedy and the comedy first appeared in Greece.
The tiger is a fierce animal of the cat family.
The lion is the king o f the desert.
Conan Doyle is a master o f the detective story.
He had always been interested in that mysterious being — the
woman.
“To hunt what?” — “The boar, the bear, the wolf, the ibex.”
(Hemingway)

4). Перед іменником з означен- 4). With nouns modified by a limi-

ням, вираженим прикметником у ting attribute expressed by adjectives in
найвищому ступені порівняння. Таке the superlative degree of comparison,
означення є обмежувальним — тіль­
ки один предмет серед йому подіб-

18
них у даній ситуації може мати най­
вищу якість.

February is the shortest month in the year.

Which is the nearest way to the station?
He is the best pupil in our school.
It is the most beautiful town in our region.
Miss Tox had the softest voice that ever was heard. (Dickens)
“This isn’t the prettiest part of Warley” , Mrs. Thompson said.
(Braine)
At half-past nine, when the last patient had left the surgery, he came
out of his den with resolution in his eyes. (Cronin)

5). З іменником, якому передує 5). With nouns after the const-
конструкція: some of, many of, none ructions some of, many o f none o f
of, most o f most o f

Most of the members of his expedition were young men.

Some of the boys missed the lessons yesterday.
None of the friends knew the truth.
Most o f the gentlmen looked both angry and uncomfortable.
(Voynich)
... I had spent most of the winter in London. (Moore)
Most of the women had flowers or little black feathers sticking up
in their hair. (Glyn)
He had spent most of the evening in the morning-room, playing
bridge. (Du Maurier)
Most of the major characters seemed to have been changed a little.
(Priestley)

6). З іменниками, які оформлені 6). With nouns when they are modi-
займенниками same і прикметниками fied by the pronoun same and the adjec-
wrong (не той), right (той), very (саме tives wrong (не той), right (той), very
той, той самий), only (єдиний). (саме той, той самий), only (єдиний).

I do wish we had not opened the door o f the wrong room.

(Jerome K. Jerome)
Yesterday I bought the same book as you did.
“Ah! Mr. Burton!” exclaimed the Director, “the very person I
wanted” . (Voynich)

19
 Signora Grassini hated Gemma for the very expression of her face.
(Voynich)
To all invitations he replied with the same courteous and positive
refusal. (Voynich)
That is the only road on which they can bring up reinforcement.
That is the only road on which they can get up tanks, or artillery...
(Hemingway)
He was the only son of a late professor o f chemistry.. .(Galsworthy)
I wrote to Managing Editor that this was the wrong moment to
change their correspondent. (Greene)
Mrs. Athelny was trying bacon and at the same time keeping her
eyes on the younger children. (Maugham)
I felt the same walking down Piccadilly ... as I did as a youngster
back from India. (Galsworthy)
We don’ t have the same trouble ... when a Frenchman is killed.
(Greene)
The only person is the household with whom he seemed to feel at
ease was Hannah. (Warner)
The other children who had grown up with him were still the same
children. (Abrahams)

7). З незалежними прикметника- 7). With substantivized adjectives

ми і дієприкметниками (тобто з та- and participles used as nouns,
кими, що виступають у ролі іменни­
ків).

The rich don’ t understand the poor.

Her hair was the golden brown of a grain field that has been burned
dark in the sun. (Hemingway)
The rich always had the most fun during the war. (Braine)
The old can’ t help the young.
... the blue was veiled with a haze of light gold, as it is sometimes
in early summer. (Mansfield)
“The Strength o f the Strong” and “The Call o f the Wild” are stories
written by Jack London.
One place is very like anot;*wi when you’re running away from the
unattainable, (Berkeley)
Only the simple and the humble were abroad at that early hour.
(Bennett)
Florence: “The brandy is for the sick, not for the able” . (Berkeley)

20
 Grey conveyed some of his love of the beautiful to Cowperwood.
(Dreiser)
The listener noted something beyond the usual of his voice.
(Galsworthy)
Outside the quiet of Sunday was in the air,... (Cronin)
... You can contrive to enjoy all kinds o f sensations, from the
opulences of the rich to the stinging ironies o f the poor. (Priestley)

8). З абстрактним іменником, як- 8). With abstract nouns when they
що він має обмежувальне означення are modified by a particularizing atribu-
або уточнюється ситуацією. te or when the situation makes the idea
definite.

The weather was beautiful; it wasn’t raining.

In his novel “Death of a Hero” Richard Aldington describes the life
of the so-called “lost generation” .
Last night I heard “Carmen” and enjoed the music.
I think Mr. Murdstone’ s means were straitened at about this time,
but it is little to the purpose. (Dickens)
The approach to the gateway ... was deep and muddy. (Moore)
The soft southerly breeze held steady. (Moore)

9). З прізвищами (у множині), ко- 9). With names of persons (in the
ли мається на увазі сім’ я в цілому plural) when they denote the whole
(всі члени сім’ї). family.

The Browns live in this charming house.

Yesterday I saw the Pavlenkos in the street.
Margaret was talking to the Osbaldintons. (Snow)
It is needless to multiply ... and vast importance of the Chuzzlewits
at different periods. (Dickens)
The Dashwoods were not settled at Berton. (Austen)
When a Forsyte was engaged, married or born, the Forsytes were
present. (Galsworthy)
Dinner at the Traskers’ had become by this time almost a family
routine for the Corins. (Wilson)
A family of ten children will be always called a fine family ... but
the Morlands ... were in general very plain ... (Austen)

10). З прізвищами та іменами, 10). With names of persons modi-

21
якщо вони пояснюються підрядним
означальним реченням з обмежу­
вальним значенням. У цьому випад­
ку артикль можна перекласти на ук­
раїнську мову займенником “той” .
fied by a particularizing attribute. In
such cases the definite article can be
translated into Ukrainian as the pro­
noun “той

You are not the Andrew Manson I married. (Cronin)

The tall blonde man of forty is not much changed in feature the
article the Godfrey Cass of six-and-twenty. (Eliot)
He was ... not the Maxim I had first met. (Du Maurier)
This Pat wasn’ t at all like the Pat of his memories. (Lindsay)
She was filled with pity for the simple, ignorant Sophia o f those
days, the Sophia who still had a few*ridiculous illusions concerning
Gerald’ s character. (Bennett)

11). З іменником, який показує 11). With common nouns denoting

професію, якщо далі слідує ім’я або professions followed by names of per-
прізвище особи, яка має цю професію. sons.

The painter Gainsborough has left many fine pictures.

The teacher Fox left school in spring.
The engineer Brown improved that old machine.

12). З іменами осіб, які означені 12). With names of persons modi-
прикметниками або дієприкметника- fied by adjectives or participles (except
ми (крім old, young, poor, dear, little, old, young, poor, dear, little, honest,
honest, lazy) lazy)

The astonished George could not say a word.

The clever Amelia knew everything.
Yet the room itself was brignt and elegant; on one wall was the fine
Sisley, of poplas and sunny water,... (Snow)
The barbaric Bertie got no hint whatever that he was barbaric.
(Bennett)
This was the famous Frank A. Cowperwood whom he had read
about. (Dreiser)
The certain Joseph Zimmerman suggested that he would undertake
operating in street railway shares for him. (Dreiser)

22
 He thought Amelia worthy even of the brilliant George Osborne.
(Thackeray)

13). З назвами океанів, морів, 13). With names of oceans, seas,

річок, заток, каналів, проток. Назви rivers, gulfs, channels, straits. Names of
озер також вживаються з означеним lakes are used with the definite article if
артиклем, якщо перед власною наз- there is no word lake before the proper
вою не стоїть слово lake: name:
the Pacific Ocean (the Pacific), the Black sea, the Thames, the
Ohio River, the Mediterranean (sea), the Suez Canal, the Finnish
Gulf, the English Channel, the Ontario (але Lake Ontario).

The Severn is the longest river in Great Britain.

Canada has many large rivers: the Mackenzie, the Yukon, the
Fraser, the Columbia.
Our village is not far from the Dnieper.
The Niagara falls on the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake
Ontario are one of the most splendid sights in the world.
Dusk was already falling on the noble curve o f the Thames.
(Bennett)
And new he was in a large bedroom overlooking the Thames, ...
(Bennett)
The place where the Roman wall ended, near the north bank of the
Tyne, is called Wall’ s end... (Wide World Reader)

14). З назвами деяких країн, міст, 14). With names of some countries,
вулиць і площ: towns, streets, squares.
the Crimea, the USA, the United Kindom of Great Britain andNorthern
Ireland, the Caucasus, the Ruhr, the Netherlands, the Congo, the Transvaal, the
Lebanon, the Sudan, the Argentine (проте, іноді Argentina), the Hague, the
Strand, the Mall, the Dardanelles.

The United States o f America is the fourth largest country in the

world.
The Strand is one of the most beautiful streets in London.
Our family likes to spend our summer vacation in the Crimea.
He is going to leave for the Argentine.
“Have you ever been to the States?” (Amis)
... and they drove off westward, down the Strand... (Bennett)

23
 “In the United States there is nothing worth spending money on ..
(Bennett)

15). З назвами гірських масивів: 15). With names of mountan chains:

the Urals, the Alps, the Rockies, the Crimean Mountains, the Himalayas, the
Carpathians.

The Crimean Mountains stood in all their beauty.

She saw the Himalayas for the first time in her life.
The territory of the USA stretches from the Atlantic seabord, across
the central plains, over the Rocky Mountains to the west coast and
then to the island state o f Hawaii.

16). З назвами пустель: 16). With names of deserts:

the Gobi, the Sahara.

I would like to see the Sahara one day.

We saw the Gobi on TV last week.

17). З назвами островів і архіпе- 17). With names of groups of

лагів: islands and archipelagos:
the Philippines, the Canaries, the Orkneys, the Malay Archipelago, the Fiji
Isles, the Cape Verde Isles, the Bermudas, the Hebrides, the Azores.

The UK lies on the British Isles.

It is hardly to believe that the Philippines are before our eyes.
Last year our expedition visited the Canaries.

18). Зі словами taiga, tundra, step- 18). With the words taiga, tundra,
pe, prarie. steppe, prarie.

She always wanted to see the prarie.

The taiga covers two-thirds of this territory.
Yesterday I saw the jungle on TV.
The most of this region is occupied by the steppe.

19). З назвами кораблів, готелей, 19). With names of ships, hotels,

газет, журналів: newspapers and magazines:
the “Astoria” , the “Metropole” , “The Times” , the “Yermack” .

24
 “The Times” is his favourite newspaper.
She likes to spend her free time reading “The Daily Telegraph” .
They were excited because had been dining with the editor o f “The
Times” . (Snow)
I am going to Folkstone today, and shall stay at the “Metropole” .
(Bennett)
The three men came to the turning at the corner of the Grosvenor
Hotel. (Hiehens)
She sat in her superb private drawing-room at the Hotel Cecil.
(Bennett)
The Grand Babylon (Hotel) was managed accordingly. (Bennett)
Yet, in the bright drawing room in Lord North Street, all he was
thinking of ... was what the Telegraph, the Guardian, the popular
press, would say next day. (Snow)
The three men reached the Museum Hotel after one o ’clock.
(Cronin)

20). З назвами пам’ятників, музеїв, 20). With names of monuments, muse-

галерей, бібліотек, (кіно) театрів: urns, galleries, libraries, cinemas, theatres:
the British Museum, the Tretyakow Gallery, the Nelson Monument, the
Bolshoi Theatre, the National Gallery.

The famous Whispering Gallery is situated in St. Paul’ s Cathedral.

The White Tower was built in 1078 by William the Conqueror.
The Tate Gallery and the British museum are in the West End.
The Tretyakov Gallery was founded nearly a century ago by Pavlo
Tretyakov.
We often go to see new films to the “Babylon” .

21). З назвами сторін світу: 21). With names of cardinal points,

the North, the East, the West, the South.

Their family left for the North last spring.

I’d like to live in the South, where it is always warm and sunny.
“York” , “Pyle said” , wrote that what the East needed was a Third
Force” . (Greene)
The sun comes up from the East and goes down to the West. (Shaw)
At Stoneleigh the Avon enters a wide and beautiful park and is
joined by the River Sowe coming past Coventry only three miles to
the north, ... (Moore)

25
 22). З назвами днів і місяців, якщо 22). With nouns of days and months
вони мають обмежувальне значення. modified by a particularizing attribute.

The May of 1945 will always rest in our memories.

The June of 1975 was the happiest day in her life.
He thought of the Thursday when he had met her.
Mrs. Trotwood came on the Friday when David was born. (Dickens)

23). З іменниками, перед якими сто- 23). With nouns modified by a pro-
їть власна назва у загальному відмінку, per noun in the common case.

I often go to the Pushkin Theatre.

It was from that group that the Vakhtangov Theatre sprang.
The sets of furniture were imitations of one of the Louis periods.
(Dreiser)
The Pulkovo observatory is over one hundred years old.
The sailor led him back to the little irregular square by the Medici
Palace. (Voynich)

24). У таких сталих словосполу- 24). In the following set expre-

ченнях: ssions:
— it is out of the question — про це не може бути й мови

Не said his going on an excursion was out of the question.

“Will you go to the cinema to-night?” “It’ s out of the question. I’ ve
much to do.”
Argument was out of the question. (Dreiser)

— on the whole — загалом.

On the whole Tom is a pleasant fellow, but sometimes he has whims.

She was a happy person on the whole.
“On the whole you’ ve been a most satisfactory dad” , she answered
sweetly. (Bennett)
But, on the whole, England has a gently sloping surface.
(Geography Reader)

— in the original — в оригіналі

I can read Italian books in the original.

26
 The pupils of our college read English literature in the original.
You know English well enough to read Dickens in the original.

— to play the piano (the violin, the harp, etc.) — грати на піаніно (на
скрипці, на арфі тощо)

I play the piano from the very childhood.

He could play the violin all day long.
He played the flute. (Miller)
Mr. Byron Waller could play the violin. (Lee)
Mr. Scimpole could play the piano and the violonchello ...
(Dickens)

— to keep the house — сидіти вдома

She has a cold and will have to keep the house for a couple of days.
I like to spend my time keeping the house and reading detective
stories.

— the other day — днями (відноситься до минулого)

I met him the other day.

She promised to take me there the other day.
Dear, dear! It seems only the other day since I took you down to
school at Slough! (Galsworthy)

— on the one hand ... on the other hand — з одного боку ... з іншого боку

On the one hand he is always ready to help you, on the other hand
he is very lazy.
On the one hand he certainly excites suspicion, but on the other
hand we have not enough evidence against him. (Oppenheim)
On the one hand, if he was beaten he took it with complete good
humour. (Maugham)

— to tell (speak) the truth — говорити правду, говорячи правду

Не always speaks the truth.

To tell the truth, I dislike him.
I trust you to tell me the bare truth, whatever it is. (Snow)

27
 Sometimes it is a joy in the very heart o f hell to tell the truth.
(Chesterton)
There had surged into his mind the certainty that sooner than tell me
the truth he should put his head under the gas! (Galsworthy)
The heartiness of the ejaculation startled Mr. Dick exceedingly; and
me, too, if I am to tell the truth. (Du Maurier)

— to keep the bed — залишатися в ліжку

He was ill and kept the bed last week.

If you are not well go home and keep the bed for a couple of days.

— by the way — між іншим

By the way I know these two fellows.

By the way I saw her last Wednesday.
“ By-the-way” , he said carelessly, “it would be very sporting and
grand of you if you did not mention this little visit of mine to Max...
(Du Maurier)

— on the right (left) — справа, зліва

The village was on the right and the river was on the left.
There is a green sofa on the left.
In the distance I could see the first grey roofs of Kerrith, while to
the right, ... lay the deep woods of Manderley. ..(D u Maurier)

— to be on the safe side — для певності

I am almost sure of the pronounciation of this name, but to be on

the safe side let us consult the pronouncing dictionary.
To be on the safe side we decided to go there at once.

— to run the risk — ризикувати

He ran the risk to be discovered.

Having eaten much ice-cream, she ran the risk to catch a cold.

25). З іменником-предикативом, як- 25). With a predicative noun modi-

що він має обмежувальне означення. fied by a particularizing attribute.

28
 I am not Anthony Anderson, the man you want. (Shaw)
He is the student you wanted to speak to.
She is the elderly matron who has worked hard and got nothing by
it. (Shaw)
It was the face he knew, ... (Wilde)
You are not the person you claim to be. (Dickens)

Якщо іменник-предикатив озна- If a predicative noun denotes a post

чає посаду, яку займає особа протя- which can be occupied by one person at
гом певного часу, вживається озна- a time either the definite article or the
чений артикль або нульовий артикль, zero article is used.

Mr. White was the dean of our faculty.

My father became the rector o f Bummore when I was nine. (Wells)
Suddenly the director of our school came in.
The rector was obliged to take up the money at a ruinous interest...
(Thackeray)

26). З іменниками son, daughter, 26). With the nouns son, daughter
вжитими як іменна частка складено- used predicatively and modified by an
го присудка і оформленими о/-фра- ^/-phrase, though there may be several
зою. sons and daughters in the family.
He was the son o f a fishman.
Backy Sharp was the daughter of an artist.
I knew that he was the son o f a poor farmer and couldn’ t spend
much money for buying books.

27). З іменниками, які є приклад-27). With nouns inapposition or

кою або частиною прикладки, якщо nouns forming part of an apposition if
вони мають обмежувальне означення, they are modified by a particularizing
attribute.

I liked the film I saw yesterday.

That is the man who came here last month.
Comrade B., the student you have mentioned, has come.
Selina, the daughter o f the Paddocks, had been surprised that
afternoon by receiving a letter from her once intended husband.
(Hardy)
His money was the money I brought him as my marriage portion.
(Shaw)

29
 Excuse me now, I have to see the man who’ s in trouble.
(Galsworthy)

28). З іменником-прикладкою, 28). With nouns in apposition which

якщо йде мова про добре відому осо- denote a well-known person or work of
бу чи твір. art.

Hamlet, the immortal tragedy by Shakespeare, was written in the

17th century.
Chaikovsky, the great composer, created a great deal of beautiful
music.
Lina Kostenko, the talented Ukrainian poetess, lives adroad.
Geoffrey Chaucer, the great English humorist, tells tales out of an
artist’ s sheer love of story-telling. (Delmer)
William Langland, the humanitarian poet of the XIV century,
deeply felt the social evils he saw around him. (Delmer)

29). З іменниками, яким переду- 29). With nouns modified by the

ють займенники both, all pronouns both, all

Both the films were of great interest.

All the pupils are present.
Both the junior and the senior members of the family were present
at the dinner party.
I advice you to buy both the plaids.
I think that both the straw hat and the felt hat are very becoming.

30). З іменниками day, night,
morning, evening, afternoon, якщо во-
ни мають обмежувальне означення,
або уточнені ситуацією.
30). With the nouns day, night,
morning, evening, afternoon when they
are modified by a particularizing
attribute or when the situation makes
them definite.

I’ ll never forget the day when I met him.

We spent the night near the river.
The night was warm and beautifully still. (Voynich)
The night outside seemed very quiet. (Greene)
During the evening we played innumerable games of piquet...
(Maugham)
The morning was cold and sharp and sunny. (Greene)

30
 The night being sharp and frosty, we trembled from head to foot.
(Dickens)
I persuaded him to stay the night with me, and I put him into my
own bed. (Maugham)
It was the morning after Roger had talked to me in the Park, and
Margaret and I were sitting at breakfast. (Snow)
It was very dark, and the night was enormous and silent...
(Murdoch)
The evening had already deepened into night. (Dreiser)
I shall not forget the evening I spent with him. (Maugham)

Вирази “вранці, вдень, ввечерГ In the expressions “in the mor-

також вживаються з означеним ар- ning” , “in the afternoon” , “in the
тиклем. evening” .

I got up at 7 o ’clock in the morning.

It was early in the afternoon. (Murdoch)
I was up at six in the morning. (I. Shaw)
He painted and read, and in the evening, when it was dark, ...
(Maugham)
The French control the main roads until seven in the evening.
(Greene)

31). З назвами пір року, якщо во- 31). With names of seasons modi-
ни мають обмежувальне означення, fied by a particularizing attribute or
або уточнені ситуацією. when the situation makes them definite.
It happened in the summer of 1990.
The spring was warm and sunny.
The autumn was cloudy and rainy.
You see, the winter was a very bad time for me, and I really had no
money at all to buy bread with. (Wilde)
The summer drew to the end and early autumn. (E. Bronte)
There was going to be an election soon, we all knew: this was the
spring of 1955. (Snow)
“The Globe” , the famous Shakespearean theatre, had already been
opened to the public by the autumn of 1599.

32). З іменниками school, college, 32). With the nouns school, college,
bed, prison, jail, town, якщо вони збе- bed, prison, jail, town when they prese-
рігають своє конкретне значення, a rve their concrete meaning and don’t

31
не мету, заради якої о б’єкти, вираже- express the purpose for which the ob-
ні даними іменниками, служать. jects denoted by these nouns serve.

I left the school at 4 o ’clock yesterday.

Mother went to the college yesterday.
His portrait was on the wall beside the bed. (Voynich)
Stefan, who was sitting on the edge of the bed, came near to her and
smiled... (Murdoch)
The school was not a particularly good one. (Conan Doyle)
Rod unpacked three bundles o f pelts from his rucksack and lay them
out under the mattress o f the brass bed. (Aldridge)
Dolores said nothing all the way to the town. (I. Shaw)
Mr. Dorrit’s family lived in the prison. The prison proper dated
from 1822. (Dreiser)
The prison where Little Dorrit was bom was called “The
Marshalsea” . (Dreiser)
Steger next visited the country jail, close on to five o ’clock, when it
was already dark. (Dreiser)
I want to visit the town where I was bom.

33). Зі словами dinner, breakfast,33). With the words dinner, break-

lunch, supper, якщо вони мають об- fast, lunch, supper if they are modified
межувальне означення, або уточнені by a particularizing attribute or when
ситуацією. the situation makes them definite.

The dinner we had today was very substantial.

The supper is a success.
I liked the lunch very much.
The breakfast was prepared by my elder sister.
The dinner was very sound. (Bennett)
When they arrived and mounted the stairs, Stefan behaved as usual,
and soon they were eating the supper which Jan had prepared.
(Murdoch)
The dinner was a grand one. (Austen)

34). З порядковими числівника- 34). With ordinal numerals.

ми.

It was the first job o f mine.

My sister is a pupil of the tenth form.

32
 “I know this is the first job I’ ve had, and all that — but I’m not
afraid of work.” (Cronin)
Madame Foucault went up to the sixth floor. (Bennett)
What happens to the fifth wheel doesn’ t matter so long as the car
runs. (Galsworthy)
“Is this the first time you’ ve been away from home?” . .. (Braine)
On the first of October he was able to tell her to refurnish the house.
(Cronin)
He had, in the first day’s practice, earned the sum of ten and six.
(Cronin)
The first settlers in Britain belonged to the Celtic tribes.
Bennett was the first to realize that the grey-skied region known as
the Potteries, contained excellent “copy” for a series of novels.
(Delmer)
Then in a moment she looked up, as though seeing him for the first
time. (Cronin)
The third girl was perhaps seventeen, tall and fair-haired too.
(Galsworthy)
I shall come the first Tuesday. (Bates)

35). Зі словом most, якщо воно 35). With the word most when it
служить для утворення найвищої serves to form the superlative degree of
ступені порівняння прикметників. an adjective.

This is the most interesting chapter in the book.

Which is the most responsible moment in travelling by air?
Clare was the most vivid member of the family. (Galsworthy)
Was he unaware that his wife was the proudest and the most
obstinate woman on earth... (Bennett)
He was the most extraordinary lad I ever came across.
(Jerome K. Jerome)
Their reconciliation was the most wonderful thing that had
happened to them since they first fell in love... (Cronin)

36). З назвами мов, якщо вони ма­
ють обмежувальне значення. (The
English o f England differs from the
English o f America), а також у конс­
трукції from the English (the French,
the German)
36). With names of languages if
they are modified by a particularizing
attribute and in the construction from
the English (the French, the German)

33
 It’ s a translation from the Latin.
The English o f the 14lh century differs from Modern English.

Якщо з назвою мови вжите слово When the noun language is mentio-
language, вживається означений ned the definite article is used,
артикль.

The English language is used as one of the official languages in

Canada, the Republic of South Africa and the Irish Republic.
To learn the English language is not an easy thing.
The Norman invasion produced a considerable influence on the
English language. (Delmer)

37). Зі словами few, little у значен-
ні а) “ ті небагато, які” , б) “ та невели-
ка кількість, яка” . Вираз the few вжи-
вається з обчислюваними іменника-
ми, the little - з необчислювальни ми.
37). With the words few, little in the
meaning of а) “ті небагато, які”, Ь) “ та
невелика кількість, яка” . The expression
the few is used with countable nouns, the
little is used with uncountable ones.

You need not fear to hear the few remaining words we have to say.
(Dickens)
The few words that I have to add to what I have written, are soon
penned. (Dickens)
He tried to orient himself by stars; but it was a cloudy night and the
few stars that were visible did not announce any constellation that
he could recognize. (Murdoch)
He was one o f the few men of science who never terrified me,
probably because he never behaved like a doctor. (Lee)
Don’ t waste the little time you have.
The little I have to say can be said in a few minutes. (Dickens)
She always sounds fascinating, from the little I hear, but I’ ve no real
idea what she’ s like. (Hansford Johnson)
I seem to have forgotten the little I ever knew. (Conan Doyle)
Mary offered to lend the little she had. (E. Bronte)

38). З кількісними числівниками. 38). With cardinal numerals. In

У даному випадку означений ар such cases the definite article has the
тикль має значення вказівного зай- meaning of thedemonstrative pronoun
менника “ті”, наприклад: the two — “those” , e. g.: the two — ті обидва,
ті обидва, обидва обидва

34
 The two friends travelled together.
The two films I saw yesterday proved very interesting.
It was Jules. The two exchanged glances for a second. (Bennett)
The two guards looked at me... (Greene)
When I stood up the two soldiers stopped eating. (Greene)
The two ladies in the dining-room wondered to their hearts’ content
at Sir Pitt’ s offer and Rebecca’ s refusal. (Thackerey)
The two men looked at each other. (Bennett)

39). Із займенником other у значе- 39). With the pronoun other in the
нні “той інший” . meaning of “той інший” .

There are two books here, take one and I’ ll take the other.
Robert Jordan looked carefully at the ... three men. One had a large
flat face, flat and brown... This man had short grey hair and ...
wore the usual black smock... The other two ... were both short, ...
dark-haired. (Hemingway)
He held his keys ... in one hand, trying to pick out the gate-key with
the other. (Bates)
She stood apart... watching him try first one key and then the
other. (Bates)
Sophia learnt that the stout woman was named Foucault, and the
other — Laurence. (Bennett)
“She turned round and faced me, ... one hand in her pocket, the
other holding her cigarette...” (Du Maurier)
The other children who had grown up with him were still the same.
(Abrahams)
The boy sidled nearer, moving one foot slowly after the other.
(Maugham)
I had left the sweater over the back of the other chair. (S. Jackson)

40). З прикметником last (крім 40). With the adjective last (except
виразів last month, last year, last week, the expressions last month, last year,
last summer, last spring, last autumn, last week, last summer, last spring, last
last winter) autumn, last winter)

The last leaves are falling off the trees.

It was the last evening before the examination.
The last word will be mine.
He bought the last ticket to the opera.
35
 She was the last to pass the examination.
The last word remained with the Gadfly. (Voynich)
Over the last years people o f Ukraine display a keen interest in the
Ukrainian history.

41). З прикметником next у 41). With the adjective next in the

значенні “ наступний” : the next room, meaning of “наступний” : the next
at the next lesson. room, at the next lesson.

“Г11 explain this rule at the next lesson” , said the teacher.
The next week was spent in Odessa.*
She is in the next room.
It is useless to do it now. Let’ s do it the next month.
A young man and a girl o f about nineteen got in at the next stop...
(Braine)
It was arranged that I should see miss Faire ... the next morning.
(Collins)

42). З іменником number у значе- 42). With the noun number in the
нні “число, кількість” . meaning “число, кількість” .

The number of flowers behind our house is big.

The number o f books in my library has increased.
The number of mistakes he makes is startling.
The colonel says our losses have not been heavy. The exact number
is not yet known. (Greene)
... and as this class of passengers was small, and the number of
those who had no prospects whatever was very large,... (Dickens)

43). З назвами вищих учбових 43). With names o f higher educatio-

закладів: the Institute o f Foreign Lan- nal institutions: the Institute of Foreign
guages, the Medical Institute, the Peda- Languages, the Medical Institute, the
gogical Institute, the University тощо. Pedagogical Institute, the University,
etc.

She is a first-year studen* of the Medical Institute.

Fm going to enter the Pedagogical Institute.
The Institute of Foreign Languages in Kyiv is famous in Ukraine.
My best friend entered the University in Lviv last year.

36
 The Oxford University has given education to many well-known
scientists.
... The grants are distributed by the University Committee,...
(An Official Handbook)
The story of the Cambridge University began, ..., in 1209...
(Eckersley)

44). З іменником police, який має 44). With the noun police which has
форму однини у значенні множини. the form of the singular in the meaning
of the plural.

The police was after him.

He believed that the police would do all possible to defend him.
The police arrived in 10 minutes.
The police arrested the thief.

45). У виразах типу: the more ... 45). In the expressions of the type:
the more, the more ... the better, the the more ...th e more, the more ... the
more ...th e less тощо. better, the more ...th e less, etc.

The more we learn, the more we know.

“I hope you have been wiping his eyes again today... because the
more you wipe his eyes the better the chance my brother has of
recovering the position he lost.. .” (Galsworthy)
The more the sun and stars you can see from a street the more
moral sense there is to the people. (Galsworthy)
The more Erik worked on the patent, the more sharply delineated
became his mental picture of Zaritsky. (Wilson)
Erik laughed. “Listen, darling... the closer you are to the money
brought into the firm, the more money you make...” (Wilson)
And the more I looked from George’ s wet shirt to George, ... the
more I was amused... (Jerome K. Jerome)
The nearer I draw to that grim citadel the faster his pulse raced.
(Cronin)
Beatrice had called him a bounder... And the more I considered
him the more I agreed with her. (Du Maurier)
The more he thought o f i t ..., the more certain he grew that this was
but one of the common illusions of light... (Chesterton)

37
 46). З назвами хвороб. 46). With names of diseases.

I have caught the flu.

My little sister is down with the measles.
He is ill with the pneumonia.

47). З назвами націй (у значенні 47). With names of nations (in the
множини): the British, the Ukrainians,meaning of the plural): the British, the
the Chinese, the Portuguese тощо.Ukrainians, the Chinese, the Portugue­
se, etc.

The Enlish are great lovers of sport.

The Ukrainians are proud o f their capital.
The British could always depend on him (Big Ben), and time was
one thing the English seemed meticulous about. (Kitt)
... we are confident that the Scottish and the Welsh would decide
that their best interest lie securing not separation, ... (Comment)
The Welsh is a nation of singers. (Eckersley)

38
III. Вживання нульового артикля III. The use of the zero article or the
або значущої відсутності артикля meaningful absense of the article

Артикль не вживається: The article is not used:

1). З іменником у множині, коли 1). When the speaker presents the
він вказує на належність предметів до object (in the plural) as belonging to a
якогось класу однорідних предметів. certain class.

There are books and pens on the table.

I saw green trees behind the house.
She bought flowers for her friend.
“I hate to wear flowers” , answered Gemma. (Voynich)
There were cuckoo-flowers in this meadow too. (Moore)
He said he had letters to write... (Jerome K. Jerome)

2). З іменником-предикативом у 2). With a predicative noun (in the

множині, який є представником plural), when the speaker states that the
якогось класу однорідних предметів. object denoted by the noun belongs to a
certain class.

My friend are students o f this Institute.

They are good sportsmen.
They are good children, no doubt. (E. Bronte)
My stepbrothers were businessmen when I was in the nursery.
(Voynich)

3). З іменником у множині, якщо 3). With the noun (in the plural)
він має узагальнююче означення. used in a general sense.

Chairs are made of wood.

Flowers smell sweet.
Fairy-tales are usually very interesting.
Real friends should have everything in common. (Wilde)

4). З незлічуваними іменниками, 4). With uncountable material

що означають речовини, вжитими у nouns used in a general sense,
загальному значенні.

39
 Honey is wholesome.
We have hot and cold water at home.
My sister likes sugar very much.
Paper is used for writing.
I had a drink of brandy. (Greene)
On hearing what happened she ran for warm water. (Voynich)
Yes, the newspapers were right: snow was general all over Ireland.
(Joyce)
“ .. .They (hands) are cool like snow itself against my hot face” . ..
(Cronin)
“ ... wait, I’ ll give you a glass of water” . (Du Maurier)
Then why aren’t you rolling in money?” (Shaw)

5). З абстрактними ^іменниками, 5). With abstract nouns used in a

вжитими у загальному значені. general sense.

While there is life there is hope.

Light moves quickest of all.
She is greatly interested in scientific work.
The air was full of thunder. (Du Maurier)
“ ... so that in the mire of my life I found the pearl of price” . ..
(Wilde)
Mrs. Arbuthnot: “Are you talking of the child you abandoned? Of
the child who, as far as you are concerned, might have died of
hunger and o f want?” (Wilde)
“How old is you father?” Miss Hei asked with gluttony. (Greene)

6). З іменами, прізвищами осіб, 6). With names of persons, animals

кличками тварин і птахів. and birds.

William Shakespeare wrote many remarkable works.

Kate asked Pete about his family.
I saw Pavlenko in the street.
But Rag had the luck to escape next day. (Tompson)
Sarie looked at Lanny nnd Celia (Abrahams)
“What is Liles going to wear to-night?” I asked. (Greene)
“What’ s Bee talking about?” she said. (Du Maurier)
“Grandman is here, darling, and mother, and Aunt Winifred, and
Kit and M ichael.. (Galsworthy)
Margaret was talking to the Osbaldistons. (Snow)

40
 7). З іменниками, які означають
звання, військові ранги, титули, такі
як academician, proffesor, doctor,
count, lord тощо, якщо за ними йде
власне ім’ я.
7). With nouns denoting military
ranks and tilles such as academician,
proffesor, doctor, count, lord, etc. follo­
wed by names of persons.

Doctor White entered the room.

Professor Pavlenko made a report at the meeting.
... Lord Palmerston ... certainly is most attractive. (Berkeley)
From the corner of the divan... on which he was lying ... Lord
Henry Wotton could just catch the gleam of the honey-sweet...
blossom of a laburnum. (Wilde)
Two or tree years after the first Jubilee of Queen Victoria a small
ten-years-old boy might have been slouching early every morning
along the Mile End Road... (Coppard)
“Well, Miss Spenser” , she greeted the former Baroness Zerlinski.
(Mansfield)
This is Professor Hallorsen, who was the head of the expedition.
(Galsworthy)
I’m to meet Professor Hallorsen on Monday. (Galsworthy)
“I don’ t care about Captain Dobbin’ s complexion” , she said.
(Thackeray)
Professor Beans is the man to whom you’ll be responsible for your
undergraduate teaching. (Wilson)
... As for Nella, she ... watched the incomings and outgoings of
Prince Alibert with a kindly interest. (Bennett)

8). Перед прикметниками old, 8). With names o f persons modified

young, poor, dear, little, honest, lazy, by the adjectives old, young, poor,
якщо за ними йде власне ім’ я. dear; little, honest, lazy.

I saw little Mary at the concert.

Poor Jack couldn’t say a word.
Lazy Nick studies bad at school.
I overtook pretty little Hetty Sorrel as I was coming to my den.
(Eliot)
“Good-bye, little Johnny” , whispered old Mrs. Grainger. (Coppard)
“Fair cousin” , said young Tasburgh, “I shall be thinking o f you day
and night...” (Galsworthy)

41
 “I beg one moment first” , said Alibert .. giving old Hans a
glance.. .” (Bennett)
... I just popped in to see old Danny, she’ s a very old friend of
mine. (Du Maurier)

9). З назвами країн, міст, сіл, ву- 9). With names of countries, towns,
лиць, парків, майданів: villages, streets, parks, squares:
England, France, London, Canada, Ternopil, North America, Cenral Asia,
Green Street, Trafalgar Square, Hyde Park.

I live in Ternopil.
Ukraine is a sovereign state.
Great Britain is situated on the British Isles.
Great Britain as a whole is a densely populated country.
Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester and Newcastle-
on-Tyne are all centres o f urban groups including well over
1,000,000 inhabitants.
At five o ’clock in the morning Hide Park begins. (Dancy)
Durham City is situated on one of the best developed incised
meanders in Western Europe. (The Geographical Magazine)
To come out o f Wales into England was like the change from china
to earthenware! (Galsworthy)
I hear he’ s off to Central Africa. (Bennett)
Capetown is in South Africa. In the heart of Central Asia lies
Khoresm. (Shaw)
We lasted three days in Australia. (Amis)
Fleet Street is known all over the world as the home o f British
journalism. (Beveny's Guide to London)

10). З назвами поодиноких остро- 10). With names o f single islands:

вів: Madagascar, Midway, Sardinia, Madagascar, Midway, Sardinia, Elba,
Elba, Euboea, Borneo, Barbados, Euboea, Borneo, Barbados, Luzon, etc.
Luzon тощо.

Last year our expedition visited Madagascar.

Sardinia is very beautiful i- "pring.
We spent a month on Elba.
The beauty o f Borneo impressed us greatly.

11). У виразах from East to West, 11). In the expressions from East to

42
from North to South. West, from North to South.

From East to West home is best.

Forests spread on a very large territory from North to South in this
country.
In the evening the weather broke, the wind shifted from South to
North-East and drought rain... (E. Bronte)
To the East and to the west the plain was covered by tall red cliffs
which ran North and South. (Wells)

12). З назвами днів тижня і місяців. 12). With names of days and months.

We have 5 lessons on Monday.

February is the shortest month in the year.
I met my first teacher on Wednesday.
Digging went on through Tuesday and Wednesday. (Warner)
When will you come? I’m going down on Friday. (Maugham)
In England salmon fishing opens in January or in February and
continues until the end of October. (Parker)
School is open five days a week. On Saturdays and Sundays there
are no lessons. (Potter)
Their National Eisteddfod is held every year in the first week in
August... (Eckersley)

13). З іменником, вираженим вла- 13). With nouns modified by a

сним іменем, у присвійному відмін- proper noun in the possessive case.
ку.

I met Robert’ s father.

The season o f Shakespeare’ s plays ... has become so established
that it now carried the reputation of an English tradition.
(The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre)
The medical practitioner quite refused to accept Selina’ s theory.
(Hardy)
So it was that on the following day, which waa a Saturday, Rosa
was knocking on Wingfield’s door at about four o ’clock. (Murdoch)
This man lives at Rod’ s End, and I don’ t quite know Rod’s End.
(Dickens)
... Colonel Francis Esmond, ..., who had married the Dean of
Winchester’ s daughter... (Thackeray)

43
 The two ladies in the dining-room wondered to their hearts’ content
at Sir Pitt’ s offer and Rebecca’ s refusal. (Thackeray)
Fleur wanted the added richness and excitement which W ilfrid’ s
affection gave to life, but without danger and without loss.
(Galsworthy)
They (George’ s father and George’ s father’ s friend) were to sleep
in the same room... (Jerome K. Jerome)

14). У таких сталих словосполу- 14). In the following set expressions:

ченнях:
— to take to heart — брати (щось) близько до серця

Don’ t take things too much to heart.

She always takes his behaviour close4o heart.
Peggotty seemed to take his aspersion very much to heart, I thought.
(Dickens)
He has taken his death very much to heart indeed. (Collins)

— to give (to get, to ask) permission — дати (отримати, просити) дозвіл

I asked permission to visit him in two days.

The librarian gave him permission to keep the magazine a little
longer.
He has given permission to go up and see her there. (Priestley)
... Harry Maylie entered; and, with some hesitation, begged
permission to speak with her for a few moments. (Dickens)

— at present — зараз, на цей час

You may go home, we don’ t want you at present.

She doesn’t work at present.
I’ m merely going there to save time at present. (Dreiser)

— at dawn — на світанку

Usually she gets up at dawn.

I like to go out at dawn.
They started at dawn, and the boy I sent with them didn’ t come back
till next day. (Maugham)

44
 Every day I was up at dawn, clearing, planting, working on my
house, ... (Maugham)

— in debt — в боргу

She doesn’ t like to be in debt.

I can’ t stand his being in debt all the time.
To be in debt is very unpleasant.
He was chronically in debt. (Snow)

— at night — вночі

He comes home late at night.

It was raining cats and dogs at night.
It was about two o ’clock at night. (Maugham)
... and at night when I threw myself on my bed it was to sleep like a
dog till morning. (Maugham)
In fancy he ... saw himself and her stealing forth at night.
(Galsworthy)

— from head to foot — з голови до ніг

She was dressed in furs from head to foot.

She seemed to turn red from head to foot.
The night being sharp and frosty, we trembled from head to foot.
(Dickens)

— from beginning to end — від початку до кінця

The whole story is a lie from beginning to end.

The day was spoiled from beginning to end.
I didn’ t believe her from beginning to end.

— at first sight — з першого погляду

He fell in love with her at first sight.

It seemed to be very strange at first sight.
Am I dealing, young people, with the case o f love at first sight?
(Galsworthy)

45
 At first sight Michael Pennington’ s verile and supercilious Angelo
promises another empty reversal of stage tradition. (The Times)

— to keep house — хазяйнувати

Her sister keeps house for her.

She always keeps house in order.
It isn’t the main destination of mine to keep house.
She could keep house. (Bennett)

— to go to sea — стати моряком

My sister wants to be a doctor, and my brother wants to go to sea.

Cashel was to go to sea,... (Shaw)
You will go to sea and forget all about me in a month. (Galsworhty)

— at breakfast (at dinner, at supper) — за сніданком (обідом, вечерею)

She was silent at breakfast.

I saw him first at breakfast in that charming cafe.
It was morning after Roger had talked to me in Park, and Margaret
and I were sitting at breakfast. (Snow)
While they were at breakfast, the letters were brought in. (Austen)
I’ ll be glad to see you at lunch,... (Shaw)

— from morning till night — з ранку до вечора

Не worked in his little garden from morning till night.

She couldn’ t do anything. She was thinking about her love to him
frc\n morning till night.
There was much to do and they were in the workshop from morning
till night.

— out o f doors — на подвір’ї, на вулиці

The children spend m™?t o f the time out of doors.

Little Kate likes to be out o f doors.
“Leave the dog out o f doors!” said his mother.
Behind the house was a large garden, and in summer, the pupils
almost lived out o f doors. (E. Bronte)

46
— by chance — випадково
They met quite by chance.
I learned the truth quite by chance.
She gave me the infomation by chance.

— by land (by air, by sea, by water) — по землі, (повітрям, морем)

We like travelling by air.

She left for Canada by air.
He was about to start a long journey, a difficult one, by sea, and no
soul would knew where he was gone. (Eliot)
The furniture was all sent round by water. (Austen)

— at work — за роботою

Whenever I come, he is always at work.

I like to watch my father at work.
She remembered her mother always at work.

— by mistake — помилково

I have brought the wrong book by mistake.

I finished my lunch, got up and took her umbrella by mistake.
By mistake she opened the wrong door.

— to lose heart — засумувати, втратити мужність

He found the subject very difficult at first, but he did not lose heart.
My friend never loses heart in such situations.
This is not the subject to lose heart at.
He is beginning to lose heart, they say. (Reade)

— in time — вчасно

She always comes to school in time.

They decided to finish the work in time.
“Come in time, please” , she asked.
Everybody coming in time, we shall begin the discussion at 3
o ’clock. (Du Maurier)

47
 — for hours — годинами

He could speak for hours.

Our family watches TV for hours.
“I’ ll come in spring and then we can talk for hours,” he said.
Last summer I used to get up at sunrise and wander in the woods for
hours. (Du Maurier)

— for ages — цілу вічність

She looked at me as if she hadn’t seen me for ages.

The aborigines o f this country have been slaves for ages.

.— by name — на ім’ я

His cat, Snowball by name, likes to sleep on the refrigirator.

My best friend, Mary by name, lives in the country.
This man, Brown by name, works at the shoe factory.
Only while shaving did he suddenly remember that she called
herself Heron by name. (Galsworthy)
“Well, there’ s a young man living there, Scott by name, a carter..
(Mansfield)

— side by side — поруч

They were walking together, side by side, happy and silent.

Side by side with Langland lived another great English reformer,
Jonh Wycliff, one o f the intellectual forces of the 14th century.
(Delmer)
They sat side by side at the table. (Bennett)
They went down the stairs side by side. (Maugham)
Side by side with the fight for freedom from Town rule was another
for liberty from Church rule... (Eckersley)

— like cat and dog — як кіт з собакою

They lived together like cat and dog.

The two friends often quarrel like cat and dog.
I am devoted to Maxim ... though we always bicker like cat and dog
when we meet. (Du Maurier)

48
 — day and night — день і ніч

I’ m thinking about my future day and night.

The light in her room is burning day and night.
You work too much, day and night.
“Fair cousin” , said young Tasburgh, “I shall be thinking of you day
and night” . .. (Galsworthy)
The machines at the factory were in perpetual motion day and night.
(Murdoch)

— in fact — в дійсності, дійсно

She didn’ t know the truth in fact.

In fact I like this lonely land.
The structure of the production, in fact, is to show the forces of the
law and order and the underworld victims as two sides of the same
coin. (The Times)
The room is, in fact, what in a less die-hard family might be called a
recreation room, or even a music room, or — stretching a point — a
library... (Jackson)

15). З іменниками-предикативами 15). With predicative nouns after

після дієслів turn, commence, appoint, the verbs turn, commence,appoint,
elect, а також у тому випадку, коли elect or when they are followed by the
за предикативом йде прислівник adverb enough,
enough.

Compeyson turned traitor.

Shakespeare commenced actor.
Old Grinder had been appointed schoolmaster.
Surely Bolla isn’ t fool enough to believe that sort of stuff. (Voynich)
... so that if his affairs became desperate, he could at least turn
pirate. (Shaw)
I was fool enough to ask her to live here... (E. Bronte)

Іноді іменник-предикатив стає на Sometimes a predicative noun in an

перше місце у реченні. adverbial clause of concession is placed
at the head of the clause.

Teacher, as he was, Mrs. Brown knew people very well.

49
 Child, as he was, David understood that Creakle was an ignorant
man. (Dickens)

16). З іменником у множині, який 16). With nouns in apposition and

є прикладкою або частиною прик- nouns forming part of anapposition,
ладки. The nouns are in the plural.

I want to introduce you to Ann and Kate, great friends of mine.

I’d like to introduce you to Mr. White and Mrs. Brown, teachers of
our college.
There stood Nick and Peter, sportsmen from our school.

17). З іменником-предикативом, 17) With a predicative noun if it

якщо він виражає посаду, яку займає denotes a post which can be occupied
особа протягом певного часу. by one person at a time.

Professor Brown, director of the Medical Institute is going to

deliver a lecture.
He’ ll be with you then tomorrow. He and Searle, Captain, and
Welch, inspector, too. (Du Maurier)

18). З іменником-звертанням. 18). With class nouns used in add­

ress.

Come downstairs, child. (Voynich)

“ Say, father,” she said, ... “had you forgotten it’ s my birthday
tomorrow?” (Bennett)
“Can we go now, Uncle?” he asked. (Galworthy)
Girl, what you tell me may be true, but it happened many years ago.
(Wilde)

19). З іменниками day, night, mor-
ning, evening, якщо
а) вони означають певну частину
доби.
19). With the nouns day, night, mor­
ning, evening if:
a) they denote a certain part of the
day. (day and morning mean “light” , and
night and evening mean “darkness”).

Day broke and we started.

Day is meant for work, night for sleep.
It was evening. The river was before them. (Dreiser)

50
 The sun had gone and night had come. (Abraham)
Then it was night and he was awake, standing in the street, ...
(Saroyan)
Outside it was night. (Murdoch)
It was evening, and he was walking across the school grounds on
his way home. (Saroyan)
I’ m here, I’ m working morning, noon and night. (Berkeley)

б) у виразах by day, at night, from b) in the expressions by day, at

morning till night.night, from morning till night.

It is easier to work by day than at night.

She likes to read at night.
Day by day, week after week, month after month, I was coldly
neglected. (Dickens)
Of course, the ending to our discussions comes only late at night,...
(Jackson)
He works too much, from morning till night.

в) я к щ о перед цими іменниками с) if these nouns are modified by

стоять прикметники early і late, тому the adjectives early and late because
що останні не описують ранок чи these adjectives do not describe the
ніч, а вказують на час. morning or night, but only show the
time.

It was late evening and I wanted to sleep.

It was early morning when the train pulled into the little siding.
(Abrahams)
It was yet early morning, the hour of milkmen and postmen.
(Bennett)
A bright sun seemed to indicate late morning. (Greene)

20). З іменниками, які вказують 20). With names of seasons if they

на певну частину року. show a certain time of the year.

It was spring.
She likes winter best of all.
It was winter, and night of bitter cold. (Wilde)
It was a very dark evening for summer. (E. Bronte)

51
 I wondered if autumn would come upon us two months before her
time. (Du Maurier)
It was a fine day, early in spring, and we were in good humour.
(Maugham)

Артикль не вживається й тоді, No article is used when names of

коли перед назвами пір року стоять seasons are modified by the adjectives
прикметники early і late. early and late.

The weather was warm. It was early autumn.

... the blue was veiled with a haze o f light gold. As it is sometimes
in early summer. (Mansfield)
... The weather was wet and cold for quite a week, as it often can be
in the west country in early summer... (Du Maurier)
The summer drew to the end, and early autumn. (E. Bronte)

21) 3 іменниками school, college, 21) With the nouns school, college,
bed, prison, jail, якщо вони втрачають bed, prison, jail if they lose their con­
своє конкретне значення і вира­ crete meaning and express the purpose
жають мету, заради якої дані об’єкти for which the objects denoted by these
служать. nouns serve.

a) to be at college = to be a student o f a college

to go to school = to be a schoolboy (schoolgirl)
to leave school - to finish or drop one’ s studies

School begins at nine.

She went to College in the North. (Gow and D fUsseau)
His history since he left school had been indicated in the last page.
(Thackeray)
It was at seventeen that he decided to leave school.
After leaving school I became a clerk to her father. (Lindsay)
Afternoon school begins at two o ’clock... (Potter)

b) to go to bed (to get into bed) — лягати спати

to be in bed — лежати в ліжку

He does to bed at ten.

She likes to spend her Sunday morning in bed.

52
 “Look sharp and get into bed” , said his father. (Mansfield)
... when he went to bed he ... kept his thoughts on her, ...
(Galsworthy)
If he doesn’t come by twelve, I shall go to bed.
Lord Goring: “My father told me to go to bed an hour ago” . (Wilde)
It was eleven o ’clock. Annette was still in bed. (Murdoch)
The little boy was lying ib bed... (Mansfield)
You can take your man home, Mrs. Dubedut, and get him into bed
before eleven. (Shaw)

c) to be in prison (in jail) = to be a prisoner

to be sent to prison
= as a prisoner
to be put to prison

Mrs. Dorrit was in prison many years.

Mrs. Dickens was put in prison until he could pay his creditors.
(Delmer)
The last they had heard o f him that he was in jail for having killed a
person in a fight. (Abrahams)
Who could be in prison a quarter o f a century, and be prosperous!
(Dickens)
I never knew a lawyer who didn’t threaten to put me in prison
sooner or later. (Shaw)

22). Зі словом town, якщо воно 22). With the noun town used with
вжите з прийменниками: prepositions:
а) коли мається на увазі найближ­ a) when we mean the nearest town
че місто (а ми живемо у селі), чи міс­ (if we live in the country) or the town
то, у якому ми живемо. we live in.

You cannot go to town tomorrow. (Austen)

What can you have to do in town? (Austen)
... one morning a strange car arrived,..., and one o f the workers
from the laboratory in town came out. (Lessing)
She said nothing all the way to town. (7. Shaw)
In all probability he was already in town. (Austen)
I’ m going to be out o f town for a few days. (Faulkner)
“I was out of town” , he said. (Greene)

б) коли слово town протиставлене b) when the noun town is opposed

53
слову country. to the noun country.

He was not used to country life, having spent twenty years in town.
I prefer to live in town because I don’ t like country life.

23). З іменниками breakfast, lunch, 23). With the nouns breakfast,

dinner; supper, вжитими у загальному lunch, dinner, supper used in a general
значенні. sense.
Is supper ready?
My mother is preparing dinner.
I have finished breakfast, ring the bell. (Ch. Bronte)
He said he had letters to write and if I would allow him, would
remain in his room till dinner was ready. (Jerome K. Jerome)
When he stopped for supper I couldn’t muster courage to take any,
though I should have liked it very much. (Dickens)
They had supper in silence. (Murdoch)
... the little room overlooking the river into which they were shown
for dinner was delightful. (Dickens)
When we arrived ... the famous Contract was given dinner, and a
good one. (Dreiser)
Dinner at the Thaskers’ had become by this time almost a family
routine for the Gorins. (Wilson)
Time would have flown so fast that we’d have to leave off to get
dinner ready. (Walsh)
We had cold bacon for lunch that day. (Jerome K. Jerome)

24). З назвами мов, якщо за ними 24). With names of languages if they
не йде слово language. are not followed by the noun language.

She knows French perfectly.

I can speak English,
Chinese is more difficult than English.
The norman invasion produced a considerable influence on English.
(Delmer)
The English o f the 14th century differs from Modern English.
I’ve been taught Latin, Greek, and mathematics. (Eliot)
Then the Chief Druid stepped on to the altar stone and made a long
speech in Welsh. (Eckersley)
... in the block of rooms in which I live, for my neighbours include
a Chinese studying law, an Indian studying English, .. .(Eckersley)

54
 25). З іменниками, перед якими 25). With nouns modified by the
стоять займенники few, little у pronouns few, little in the meaning of
значенні “ мало” . “ мало” .

He said few words which didn’t satisfy her.

Fotrunately there were few peolpe at the morning surgery. (Cronin)
I see very few women; but those are the women of rank. (James)
It was a cold windy evening and there were few people in the park.
(Dickens)
We needn’ t take a porter. We have little luggage. (Maugham)
We can’ t disguise from ourselves that there’ s little hope. (Greene)
Lufkin’ s tastes were austere. He spent little on himself. (Snow)
She respected him mightily but gave him very little thought. (Buck)
I guessed that women would like her as much as men, that if there
was little tenderness in her nature, there was also no spite.
(Hansford Johnson)

26). З кількісними числівниками. 26). With cardinal numerals.

Two students didn’t pass the examination.

Yesterday he bought three new books.
I was fond o f my pipe: more than two feet straight bamboo...
(Greene)
The price was four hundred thousand pounds... (Bennett)
Two or three years after the first Jubilee of Queen Victoria a small
ten-year-old boy might have been slouching early every morning
along the Mile End Road... (Coppard)
A Rugby fifteen is a team o f fifteen players.
Roy unpacked three bundles of pelts from his rucksack...
(Aldridge)

27). З іменниками, перед якими 27). With nouns modified by the

стоїть займенник another у значенні: pronoun another in the meaning of:
а) “ інший” а) “ інший”

“No, no” , he said. “The crystal is not for sale. I have promised it to
another man” . (Wells)
Give me another pen, I don’t like this one.
One place is very like another place when you’re running away
from the unattainable. (Berkeley)
—
 There was another reason why he had disturbed. (Snow)

б) “ ще один” b) “one more”

I’m thirsty; I should like another cup o f tea.

“Another month will make seven weeks, “she said bitterly. (Wison)
Another thing which complicated matters was they had Nurse
Andrew staying on with them that week. (Mansfield)
There was another thing I liked in Mrs. Strickland. (Maugham)

28). Зі словами week, month, year, 28). With the nouns week, month,
summer, autumn, spring, winter, якщо year, summer, autumn, spring, winter
перед ними стоїть прикметник last. modified by the adjective last.

I met her last month.

She received a lot o f letters last year.
Last summer, in Switzeland, he was quite well. (Voynich)
Last summer I used to get up at sunrise and wonder in the woods
for hours. (Du Maurier)
I’ ve some friends there” , the girl went on steadily... “I wrote to
them last week” . (Coppard)

29). З іменником, перед яким 29). With nouns modified by the

стоїть прикметник next у значенні adjective next in the meaning of “ май­
“ майбутній” по відношенню до часу. бутній” when referring to time. The
Вираз next time означає “ наступного expression next time means “ наступно­
разу” . го разу” .

I’ ll bring the magazine next time.

Next day he knew the truth... (Galsworthy)
... Next morning he got his cheque cashed, but avoided the shop of
the dove-grey dress... (Galsworthy)
When he came on deck next morning they were close to land.
(Maugham)
Next June I shall have been living in this house for six months.
(Palmer)
Next time Uncle Podger was going to hammer a nail into the
wall, ... (Jerome K. Jerome)
Next day, Margaret and I had to leave the house after tea. (Snow)

56
 “ Next thing” , he said..., “is to build up rocks beside the door of the
plane” . (Aldridge)
... “ Next week you’ ll be tearing your hair and kicking me round
the house — like you used to in those old days.” (Cronin)

30). З однорідними членами рече- 30). With homogeneous members

ння, якщо вони тісно пов’ язані між o f the sentence closely connected with
собою і з’єднані сполучником and. each other and joined by the conjunc­
tion and.

The breakfast was taken away, and that meal over, it was the general
custom o f uncle and niece to separate. (Ch. Bronte)
... the footman told her that a gentleman and lady had called and
inquired for her... (Austen)
The Farquars, as well as other white men and women, could see that
plant fifty times a day as they passed from house to garden,...
(Lessing)

31). З іменником, якщо після ньо- 31). With nouns if they are followed
го стоїть кількісний числівник у зна- by a cardinal numeral in the meaning of
ченні порядкового. an ordinal one.

Take bus ten.

Open the book on page thirty-five.
From Number 18 he (Doctor Manson) went round the comer to
Radhor Place, ... (Cronin)
“You go to table four” , the porter told me. (Gordon)
“I said, you’ re number 306?” he said testily. (Gordon)
“Number one hundred and sixty-one” , continued the porter.
(Gordon)
Go to room eleven, please.
I live at number 27, Green Street, apartment 105.

32). З іменниками, які означають 32). With nouns expressing

членів сім’ї (father, mother, sister; bro- relationship not followed by a proper
ther, aunt, uncle, etc.), якщо самі члени noun when used by members of the
цієї родини вживають ці слова. family.

Grandma told me to put on my new suit.

Where is Mother? — Mother went to work.
57
 “But the colour, Grandma,” I protested weakly. (Dreiser)
“Is this the first time you’ ve been away from home?” . .. “Yes.
Father and Mother were killed during the war and I’ ve been living
at my Aunt Emily’ s” . .. (Braine)
“ ... Sadie, go and find mother.” (Mansfield)

Іменники, що вказують на родин- Nouns expressing relationship follo-

ні відносини, вживаються без артик- wed by names of persons do not take
ля, якщо за ними йде власне ім’я. the article either.

She turned to Cousin Clixam. (Bennett)

Father Brown made no answer. (Chesterton)
“Uncle Hilary” , began Dinny, abruptly, “is going to visit Jean” .
(Galsworthy)

33). З іменником man (у деяких 33). With the noun man (occasiona-
випадках woman), вжитому у родово- lly woman) used in a generic sense.
му значенні.

Man reveals the secrets o f nature.

Silas felt that his trust in man had been cruelly destroyed. (Eliot)
After a series o f revenge plays, came this one, treating the revenger
in human terms, making him not only a man instead of a piece of
conventional fiction, but a special kind o f man; ... (Theatre World)
Woman is man’s helpmate.

34). З іменниками, які зустріча- 34). With nouns denoting monetary

ються у художній літературі і озна- units of the old money system. These
чають одиниці старої грошової сис- nouns are often met in fiction English,
теми. (twopence, threepence, halfpen­
ny, sixpence, etc).

I paid threepence and then found myself in a heaving darkness

inside. (Priestly)
I climbed into the tail o f a ruby and emerald fish which, after I had
paid it twopence, rushed up and down and round and round, ...
(Priestley)

58
 35). З назвами більшості спортив- 35). With names of most sports and
них ігор. games.
My father likes to spend his free time playing chess.
He is fond of playing rugby.
Basketball is my favourite game.
Mr. Podger is fond o f football.
The history of football goes back almost as far as that of cricket.
(The Waverley Encyclopaedia)
Next to Association Football, the chief spectator sport in English
life is horse-racing. (Bromhead)
Steeplechasing reaches its annual apogee in the Grand National,
which was first run in 1839 over the Aintree course at Liverpool,...
(Encyclopaedia Britannica)

36). З назвами окремих гір, гірсь- 36). With names o f single moun-
ких вершин: Ben Nevis, Elbrus тощо. tains and mountain peaks: Ben Nevis,
Elbrus, etc.

Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain. (1343 m)

British Mountains are low, the highest, in Scotland, is Ben Nevis
followed by Snowdon in Wales.

37). У газетних і журнальних 37). The article is often omitted in

заголовках, телеграмах. newspaper and magazine headings,
telegrams.

Great war.
Fire destroys house.
Girl Gymnast Keeps Title. (News)
Gas Blast kills woman. (Daily Worker)

38). З іменником, перед яким сто- 38). No article is used with nouns
їть присвійний, вказівний або пи- preceded by possessive, demonstrative
тальний займенник, а також займен- or interrogative pronouns as well as the
ники some, any, no, each, every. pronouns some, any, no, each, every.

My sister entered the Pedagogical Institute last year.

“Tea! Tea at once! And some brandy immediately!” (Mansfield)
“ ... Every portrait that is painted with feeling is a portrait of the
artist, not of the sitter.” (Wilde)

59
 ... wouldn’ t it be the easiest thing in the world for her to stand in a
witness box as the ordinary jealous woman whose husband once
lost his head and made a fool o f himself? (Du Maurier)
The thrill o f that m om ent... was unbelievable. (Cronin)
Mrs. Danvers knew the colour o f her eyes, her smile, the texture of
her hair. (Du Maurier)
... I was surprised to find my hand trembling. (Braine)
“I don’ t shut myself up in my room to cry.” (Du Maurier)
.. Is there any chance o f your bringing Gurdon Minho?”
(Galsworthy)
“Guest or no guest, he goes out o f this hotel, even if I have to
throw him out myself.” (Bennett)

60
 IV. Граматичні вправи.

Grammar exercises

Завдання: Вставити артиклі a (art), the, (-) і пояснити їх вживання.

Task: Insert articles where necessary and comment on their use.

Exercise 1. (Загальні іменники) (Class nouns)

Now we are in ... classroom. It is ... large classroom. There are three windows
in it. ... windows are wide. Through ... windows we can see ... garden. ... garden
is big. ... ceiling is not low. It is high. ... walls are blue and ... ceiling is white. ...
door is also white. ... floor is brown. ... classroom is light and clean. It is ... good
classroom. In ... classroom there are ... tables, ... chairs and ... blackboard. In ...
corner, we can see ... bookcase. ... bookcase is full o f ... books. On ... tables we
can see ... books, ... exercise-books, ... pens, ... pencil and ... other things.
There are four lamps over . . » tables. On ... wall opposite ... windows we can
see ... large map. In is ... map of ... Ukraine.

Exercise 2.
Here is ... large window. Through ... window we can see ... garden. Opposite
... window there is ... door. On ... door there is ... curtain. In ... corner of ...
room there is ... round table. On ... table we can see ... number of ... books and
... telephone. On ... bookshelf near ... sofa we can see some ... newspapers and
... book by ... Jack London. There are ... two ... pictures in that room. One ...
picture is small and ... other is very large. ... bookcases are full of ... books. In ...
front of ... bookcases we can see ... big box. “Is ... box also full of ... books?” .
“Yes, it is.” . There is ... large sofa in ... room. On ... sofa we can see ... bag.
There is no ... bed in ... room. On ... small table near ... window we can see ...
flowers and ... glass of ... water. In ... front o f ... window we can see ... arm­
chair.

Exercise 3.
My Family
My name is ... Ivan Sobko. I am ... Ukrainian. I am ... 25 years old. I am ...
engineer at ... textile factory. My wife is ... teacher of ... English language. We

61
have ... little son. He is only ... three years old. My parents live in Lviv. They are
... pensioners. ... father is ... 60. ... father and ... mother live in ... big new
house in ... centre of ... town. I have ... brother and ... sister. ... brother is ...
student o f ... University. ... sister is ... doctor at ... hospital of ... industrial
centre.
My wife and I have ... lot of ... friends. One of them is ... Igor Klimko. He is
... worker. His wife is ... very nice woman. She is ... student at ... Institute of ...
Foreign languages. They have ... little daughter. She is ... year old. We like ...
our friends.

Exercise 4.
Here is ... picture of ... school building. In ... front of ... school there is ...
garden. In ... garden we can see ... apple-trees with ... apples on them.
... Autumn is coming. ... leaves are changing ... colour. Some of them are still
green, ... others are red or yellow.
There is ... leaf falling from ... branch on to ... ground. ... grass is not yellow.
It is still green. ... weather is warm. ... sun is shining brightly. ... sky is blue and
clear. There are ... clouds in ... sky. We can see ... birds flying high up in ... air.
In ... middle of ... garden there is ... flowerbed. There are ... few flowers on
... flowerbed. Near ... flowerbed we can see ... benches. There are ... lot of ...
children in ... garden. They are having ... interval between ... lessons. Some of ...
children are sitting on ... benches, ... other children are running about in ...
garden. ... two women and ... man are walking to ... gate. They are ... teachers.
One of ... women is ... teacher o f ... English. She is carrying ... large bag full of
... pupils’ exercise-books. Near ... gate we can see ... boy and ... girl looking at
... black cat sitting in ... tree.
... two old men walking among ... trees are also ... teachers. One of them is
holding ... book in ... hand. ... other is holding ... newspaper.

Exercise 5. (Іжа) (Meals)

In ... dining-hall
Now we are in ... dining-hall. It is ... large room. It has ... four windows and
... two doors. ... windows are open. It is ... bright autumn day. ... great deal of
warm air is coming into ... room through ... open window.
In ... dining-hall we can see ... taoies and ... number of chairs. On ... tables
there are ... cups, ... glasses, ... plates, ... spoons, ... kniws and ... forks. We can
also see ... pepper and ... salt and ... plenty of ... bread and ... butter on ...
tables. ... few people are sitting at ... tables. They are having ... breakfast. One of

62
... men is holding ... knife in ... right hand and ... fork in ... left hand. He is
eating ... meat. ... meat is good. .. .boy sitting opposite him has already eaten ...
bacon and ... eggs and is now eating ... porridge. ... girl near ... boy is having ...
tea with ... sugar and ... milk, ... bread and ... butter.
... young man has already eaten his breakfast and is now going out. ... friend
of him is eating ... soup. ... waiter has just put ... small dish of ... meat and ...
vegetables in ... front o f him. He has also brought ... glass and ... bottle of ...
mineral water for ... old woman sitting in ... corner. Now we can see ... old
woman drinking ... glass of ... mineral water.
... waitress over there is carrying away ... dirty cups, ... glasses, ... dishes and
... plates on ... large tray. ... Another waitress is bringing ... coffee to ... group
of ... men sitting a t... table near ... door, talking.
... woman standing near ... window has not yet had ... breakfast. She is
probably waiting for somebody. ... two men over there have already had ... their
breakfast.

Exercise 6.
I n ... Library
Here is ... library. It is ... very large room. Along ... walls we can see ...
number o f ... bookcases and ... bookshelves full of ... books. Here you can find
... books on ... various subjects and in ... different languages. On one of ...
bookshelves you can see ... books on ... history o f ... France. I am fond of
reading books on ... history. And in ... bookcase in ... front o f me you can find ...
stories and ... novels by ... Ukrainian, ... English and ... American writers.
In ... middle of ... room there is ... large round table ... lot of ... dictionaries
are lying on ... table. ... dictionaries are thick and heavy.
On ... walls just above ... bookshelves you can see ... pictures of ... great
writers and ... poets.
In ... far corner of ... room near ... window there is ... small table. ... two
students are sitting there. One of them is reading ... article from ... “Daily
Telegraph” and ... other is looking through ... English newspapers. You can see
... all sorts of ... foreign magazines and ... newspapers through ... library.
Now we can see ... third student coming into ... library. This boy is fond of
reading ... books and you can often see him in ... library looking for ... new
books. Now he is carrying ... book of ... English poems in his hand. I am sure he
has already learnt some o f them by ... heart.

63
Exercise 7. (їжа) (Meals)
English meali
... English people have four meals ... day: ... breakfast, ... dinner, ... tea and
... supper. In some households ... dinner is served in ... evening and ... midday
meal is called ... lunch.
... English people prefer ... substantial breakfast o f ... porridge or ... bacon
and ... eggs, ... hot toast, ... buttered bread or ... rolls, ... marmalade or ... jam,
... tea or ... coffee.
.. .Lunch is usually eaten at about 1O’clock. ... cold meat, ... potatoes, ... salad
and ... pickles with ... pudding or ... fruit to follow are taken for ... lunch.
In some houses ... dinner is ... principal meal of ... day. ... first course is ...
soup, ... second course is some kind of ... fish: ... herring, ... cod, etc. ... third
course is ... meat and ... vegetable with nearly always ... fried, boiled, baked or
mashed potatoes.
Last of all comes ... blackberry and ... apple-pie, ... plum pudding or ... pan­
cake. ... poultry, particularly ... chicken, ... duck, ... goose and ... turkey, is
often eaten a t... dinner.
Before ... dinner ... table is laid in ... dining-room.
... table-cloth is put on ... table. ... knife, ... fork, and ... spoon are put on ...
table for each person. ... glasses, napkins, ... decanter of ... water, and ... cruet-
stand containing ... salt-cellar, ... pepper-pot and ... mustard-pot are put on ...
table, too. After ... meal things are cleared away and washed up.
Stricktly speaking ... tea is not ... meal at all. Very often ... guests come to ...
tea, which is served in ... drawing-room.
... tea service, i.e. ... cups, ... sausers, ... plates, ... tea-pot and ... sugar-basin
are brought is on ... tray.
... plate, cup of tea, ... teaspoon, ... knife and ... paper napkin are handed to
each guest, and ... sandwiches, ... cake, ... buns and ... cakes are handed round.
.. .tea-making in ... England is ... art.
... hostess pours out ... tea and asks ... guests in turn whether they like their
tea strong or weak, with ... sugar or without it.
... omelette or ... sausages, sometimes ... bacon and eggs or ... cold meat is
taken for ... supper. That is followed ly ... fresh or tinned fruit according to ...
season.

64
Exercise 8.
My Friend
Kate is ... friend of mine. She lives in ... big house which is a t ... corner of ...
wide street leading to ... centre o f ... Lviv. She works at ... office. She gets up at
about seven o ’clock. In half ... hour or so she is ready for ... breakfast. After ...
breakfast she puts on her coat.and ... hat and leaves ... house. As ... rule, she is
very much in ... hurry because she does not want to be late for her French lesson.
She has ... French lesson ... every morning. She works a t... French very hard, for
she is going to France ... next month.
A t ... quarter to nine ... lesson is over, and then it is ... time for her to go to ...
office. As ... office is not far away it does not take her long to go there. She comes
to ... office ... few minutes before nine. She takes off ... coat and ... hat and
leaves them in ... cloakroom downstairs. Her room is on ... second floor, so she
goes upstairs.
She sits down at ... desk and her working day begins. ... secretary enters ...
room and brings her ... mail. She gets ... lot of ... business letters every day. She
looks through all of them. Then she gets some telephone calls and receives ...
people who come to see her on ... business.
One o ’clock is her lunch time. She goes to ... dining-room and has ... lunch.
For ... lunch she usually has ... hot fish or ... meat, and ... vegetables, ... cup of
... tea with ... sugar and ... bread and ... butter or ... ham or ... cheese sandwich.
After ... lunch Kate goes back to ... office and stays there till 5 o ’clock.

Exercise 9. (Географічні назви) (Geographical names)

... Map o f ... British Isles.
Here is ... map of ... British Isles. On ... map you can see ... England, ...
Scotland, ... Wales and ... Ireland.
... London is ... capital o f ... Great Britain. It is also ... capital of ... United
Kingdom.
Some parts of ... England are really beautiful. There are ... lot of ... lakes, ...
rivers, ... hills and ... mountains in ... England. But ... mountains are not very
high. ... Cheviot Hills are in ... north of ... country..... South of ... Cheviot Hills
one can see ... Pennines. ... West of ... Pennines there are ... Cumbrian
Mountains. There are ... number of beautiful lakes in ... mountains. This part of
... country is called ... Lake District.
This is ... Wales. There are ... plenty of hills and mountains in ... Wales. Here
is ... big mountain. Its name is ... Snowdon. It is 3560 feet high.

65
 There is ... much coal in ... Wales. It is one of ... big mining districts in ...
Britain. In ... towns and ... villages o f ... Wales one can see thousands of ...
miners.
... Britain is ... industrial country. There are ... lot of factories and mines
there. Sheffield is ... big centre o f ... steel industry, and in Manchester there are
many textile factories. ... West o f Manchester is Liverpool. It is one of ... big
ports on ... west coast of ... island.
Glasgow is ... very large city in ... Scotland. It is also ... large sea port and ...
big ship-building centre. Edinburgh is ... capital of ... Scotland. It is near ... east
coast of ... country.
... Oxford, ... Cambridge and ... Edinburgh are ... university towns. You can
find ... number o f students there.

Exercise 10.
My Future Profession
To choose ... profession is not ... easy thing. There are ... lot of interesting
and useful professions in our country. Some boys and girls get ... profession while
a t... secondary school. There are many vocational schools in ... Ukraine.
And those who want to continue ... studies try to enter different institutions of
... higher education. They become ... doctors, teachers and engineers.
I worked at ... plant after finishing ... school. But I wanted to become ...
teacher. So I decided to enter ... Teacher Training Institute. My favourite subjects
at school were -.. English and ... literature. I want to become ... teacher of ...
Ukrainian language and ... literature.
Teaching is very difficult. ... good teacher must keep on learning all his life.
But I am not afraid of ... difficulties.

Exercise 11. {Пори року, погода) (Seasons, weather)

... weather in ... England.
In ... England it is never too hot or too cold for ... work or ... play in ... open
air. This is because of ... sea, which keeps ... island warm in ... winter and makes
... air cool in ... summer.
... winds have also much to do with ... weather in ... England. ... winds blow
from ... south-west two days out o f every three. But ... warm winds that blow
from ... Atlantic are as wet as they are v.^rm. They also bring ... plenty o f ... rain
to ... island. ... east and north-east winds are cold and dry.
... weather very often changes in ... England. You can never have ... same
kind of ... weather for ... long time. In ... spring, ... sunshine and showers follow

66
each other so often during ... day that... umbrella or ... raincoat are ... things you
want most in ... England.
In ... spring ... weather is generally mild but sometimes they getreally ... cold
days. ... summer is not so hot as on*... continent, and ... warm days in... autumn
are beautiful.
In ... winter they have all sorts of ... weather. Sometimes it rains and
sometimes it snows, and they also have ... fog and ... frost.
... rivers and ... lakes are seldom covered with ... ice. As ... ice, if there is
any, is not thick enough, they seldom go skating on ... rivers in ... England.
B u t... worst thing about... climate in ... England is ... thick fog they so often
have in ... autumn or winter. In ... London it is sometimes so thick that ... cars
may run into one another.

Exercise 12.
1. Has ... postman come yet? I am expecting ... letter from my father. 2. My
brother can drive ... car. 3 . 1 got ... interesting book from ... library. ... librarian
said that I could only keep it for ... week as ... teacher of ... English also wanted
it. 4. She couldn’ t do such ... thing. 5. What ... fine weather we are having today!
6. When ... moon passes between ... earth and ... sun, ... eclipse results. 7. There
is ... red book and ... green book on ... table in .,. room. 8. Can you tell me how
to get to ... museum? So straight down ... street until you come to ... bridge.
Then turn to the right and you will see ... large white building. That is ...
museum. 10. I want to write ... letter to ... father. 11. He asked ... student ...
question. 12. I’ m reading “ ... American Tragedy” , ... novel by ... Theodore
Dreiser. 13. ... door opened and ... man entered ... room. 14. I took ... bus
Number 9 and went home. 15. She opened ... book and began to read. ... book
was about... life of ... poor and ... rich in ... USA.
Exercise 13.
1 .1 can’t find ... book which you gave me ... last week. 2. Yesterday I spoke
to ... man who had just returned from ... north of ... America. 3. They were
standing on ... top of ... hill. 4. ... magazine which you lent me ... last month is
of ... great interest. 5. He is ... teacher whom we all like very much. 6. She is ...
teacher of ... mathematics. 7. I know ... man who lives in ... house where you
live. 8. ... street which leads to ... cinema is very wide. 9. ... person who is sitting
next to me is ... famous painter. 10. ... girl standing at ... blackboard is my best
friend.

67
Exercise 14, (Незлічувальні іменники, що означають речовини) (Uncountable
material nouns)
1. ... coal is one of ... most important natural resources in our country. 2. ...
most common kind of ... fuel used by man is ... wood. 3. Put ... wood on ... fire.
4. ... silver is not so heavy as ... gold. 5. ... Oil is known to be lighter than ...
water. 6. Please cut ... grass in the garden. 7. ... Water which we drink in our
town is filtered at waterworks. 8 .1 don’t like ... milk. 9. Pour ... milk into the cup,
please. 10. We make ... butter and ... cheese from ... milk. 11. Pass me ... sugar,
please. 12. She doesn’t like ... sugar. 13. Where is ... sugar? 14. This district is
rich in ... coal. 15. Is your shirt made of ... silk or ... cotton? 16. This is ...
bronze, not ... copper. 17.1 like ... tea. She likes ... coffee. 18.1 always drink ...
boiled water. 19. Bring me ... hot water, please. 20. There is ... snow on the
ground. 21. There is ... hot and ... cold water and ... gas in my flat.

Exercise 15. (Сталі словосполучення) (Set expressions)

1. He is always in ... hurry. 2. In winter the Browns live in ... town. 3 .1 saw
him at ... distance of 10 metres. 4. One can’t do different kind of work at ... time.
5. She is a t ... work now. 6. When a child I had a friend, Mary by ... name. 7. She
can speak over the telephone for ... hours. 8. It is ... pity I can’ t sew. 9. He always
speaks in ... low voice. 10.1 noticed it at ... glance. 11. She reads English books
in ... original. 12. My friend’s parents live in ... country. 13. In summer pupils
have ... lot of free time. 14.1 saw him ... other day. 15. My sister plays ... piano
very well. 16. This little chap always tells ... truth. 17.1 get up at 8 o ’clock in ...
morning. 18. This excursion is out o f ... question. 19. She answered in ...
negative. 2 0 .1 like to get up at ... dawn. 21. He is over ... head and ... ears in ...
debt. 22. They sat ... side by ... side at the table. 23. He had to get up at ...
sunrise. 24. She likes to work in her small garden from ... morning till ... night.
25. She doesn’ t work at ... present. 26. He has ... cold and will have to keep ...
house for a week. 27. On ... one hand she is very clever, but on ... other hand she
has few friends. 28. My little brother likes to spend much time out of ... doors.
29. My brother wants to go to ... sea, and I’d like to become a teacher. 30. My
mother keeps ... house. 31. It was a lie from ... beginning to ... end. 32. She was
dressed in red from ... head to ... foot. 33. He fell in love with her at ... first
sight. 34. She seldom flies into ... passion. 35. We had ... good time in the
village.

68
Exercise 16. (Абстрактні іменники) (Abstract nouns)
1. It is ... heavy work. 2. You must face... life seriously. 3. He likes ... silence
of this room. 4. They often sit for hours in ... silence. 5. ... love is necessary for
us. 6. ... love which he gave her was full of ... beauty. 7. Alice knew nothing of
... literature except some American writers of the 19th century. 8. This man lives
in ... poverty. 9. ... poverty of his room struck us very much. 10. She has ... hard
life. 11. In his novels the author describes ... life o f ... youth in his country. 12.
... air was full of ... warmth and ... freshness. 13. I like ... music. 14. ... music
which she heard yesterday was beautiful. 15. Last week I learnt ... interesting
news. 16. ... news which he told me were of ... great interest for our family. 17.1
had ... little hope for ... better life. 18.1 spent ... good time by my Aunt’ s. 19. ...
time spent together gave us both ... great deal o f ... joy. 20. I can see ... beauty
and ... peace o f their home. 21. What ... delightful weather we are having! 22.
Suddenly ... idea came to her. 23. He hated ... idea of going there. 24. Standing
on the terrace I could hear ... murmur of ... sea below me. 25. I’ ll come in ...
hour. 26. ... hour spent with him made much good for me. 27. ... light moves
quickest of all. 28. It is ... time to start. 29. She didn’ t like ... changes in ... life.
30. He looked at her with ... amazement.

Exercise 17.
1. It was ... long way to ... station. 2. We like to listen to ... music. 3. Ann is
... nurse. 4. She works at ... hospital. 5. The family has ... dinner at 3 o ’clock. 6.
Tom’ s favourite subject is ... history. 7. There is always ... fresh water in ... pail.
8. ... cows give us ... milk. 9. ... art is necessary for people as ... food.

Exercise 18.
1. Here is ... newspaper I have bought. 2. Who is ... strongest boy in your
form? 3. Have you ever been to ... Baltic sea? 4. ... sky was covered with ...
clouds. 5. Mike and Pete live in ... same street. 6. Here is ... plate Ann has
broken. 7. London stands on ... Thames. 8. She brought ... fresh flowers from ...
garden. 9. At last I found ... book I had lost. 10. ... ground was covered with ...
snow.

Exercise 19.
1. Pete is going to enter ... Kyiv University. 2. Pass me ... salt which is close
to you. 3. I don’t like ... salt. 4. There is ... park in ... front of ... palace. 5. I
don’ t like ... book you gave me yesterday. 6. He lived in ... Far North. 7. Pete has
... good collection o f stones. 8. My brother has bought... pair of trousers.

69
Exercise 20.
1. Do you like ... brown bread? 2. He likes ... modern music. 3. I do not like
... music, it’s too noisy, switch off ... radio, please. 4. Ann has bought ... cheese.
Where did she put ... cheese? 5. She invited us to dinner. ...dinner was ... good
one. 6 .1 couldn’ t forget... dinner we had a t ... Johnson’ s.

Exercise 21.
1. ... snow covered ... ground. 2. Pass me ... sugar, please. 3 . 1 like ... coffee
for ... breakfast. 4. ... sun shone warmly. 5. She came from ... Lviv. 6. There was
... fountain in ... front of ... school. 7. There is ... forest near our village. 8. ...
sun has dissappeared behind ... clouds. 9. Do you study ... English? 10. Do you
like ... chemistry? 11. He knows ... girl standing near ... tree. 12. When do you
have ... breakfast? 13. Is ... Don ... deep river? 14. ... letter written by you
yesterday is still on ... table. 15. I’ m going to spend my holiday on ... Black Sea.
16. ... village where my parents live is situated on ... bank of ... Baikal Lake.

Exercise 22.
... Great Britain.
... British Isles lie in ... north-west o f ... Europe. They consist of ... two large
islands, ... Great Britain and ... Ireland, and many smaller ones. ... Great Britain,
... largest island in ... Europe, includes ... England, ... Scotland and ... Wales. It
is separated from ... Ireland by ... Irish Sea, and from ... Continent by ... English
Channel and ... Straits of Dover. ... Great Britain and ... Northern Ireland form
... United Kingdom.
... surface of ... England and ... Ireland is flat, but ... surface of ... Scotland
and ... Wales is mountainous. ... mountains are almost all in ... western part. ...
highest mountain in ... United Kingdom is ... Ben Nevis in ... Scotland (1343 m).
... longest river is ... Severn. It is in ... south-west of ... England. ... Thames is
not so long as ... Severn. ... sea enters deeply into ... land and has ... great
influence on ... climate. ... winter is not very cold and ... summer is not very hot.
... main ports of ... country are ... London, ... Liverpool, ... Glasgow and
others.

70
Exercise 23. (Пори року) (Seasons)
... Weather
... weather is ... subject we can always talk about. It often changes and brings
... cold and ... heat, ... sunshine and ... rain, ... frost and ... snow. One day is
often unlike ... next. In ... summer ... sun shines, there is no ... wind and there
are no ... clouds in ... sky. We can see ... stars and ... moon at ... night and ...
people like ... walks, ... outdoor games and ... sports in ... fresh air.
When ... autumn comes, ... days become shorter and ... nights longer.
Sometimes there is ... heavy rain, so that ... umbrella is necessary if we don’ t
want to get through. Then you can hear people say, “ What ... bad weather!”
Many people then catch ... cold and must go to ... bed. Then ... fire a t... home is
so pleasant. At last... frost and ... snow come.
... fields, forests and houses are covered with ... snow and ... rivers and lakes
with ... ice. But ... spring again brings ... sunshine and ... warm winds, ... grass
and ... flowers.
We usually say, . nice day” , “Not ... bad day” or “It is ... nice weather for
... time of ... year” if ... weather is fine.
We say, “It looks like ... rain” , “It looks like ... snow” or “It’ s ... bad
weather” when ... weather is bad.

Exercise 24. (їжа, процес їжі) (Meals)

... Meals.
There are four meals ... day in ... English home: ... breakfast, ... lunch, ... tea
and ... dinner.
... breakfast is ... first meal o f ... day. It is about 8 o ’clock in ... morning and
consists of ... porridge with ... milk and ... salt or ... sugar, ... eggs, boiled or
fried, ... bread and ... butter with ... marmalade or ... jam. Some people like to
drink ... tea, but others prefer ... coffee. Instead of ... pofridge they may have ...
fruit juice, or they may prefer ... biscuits.
... usual time for ... lunch is 1 o ’clock. This meal starts with ... soup or ...
fruit juice. Then follows ... meat or poultry with ... potatoes-boiled or fried, ...
carrots and ... beans. Then ... pudding comes. Instead of ... pudding they may
prefer ... cheese and biscuits. Last of all ... coffee-black or white. ... Englishmen
often drink something at ... lunch. ... water is usually at ... table. Some prefer ...
juice or ... lemonade.
... tea is ... third meal o f ... day. It is between 4 or 5 o ’clock, ... so-called 5
o ’clock tea. On ... table there is ... tea, ... milk or ... cream, ... sugar, ... bread
and ... butter, ... cakes and ... jam. Friends and visitors are often present a t... tea.

71
 ... dinner is ... fourth meal of ... day. ... usual time is about 7 o ’clock, and all
... members o f ... family sit down together.
... dinner usually consists o f ... soup, ... fish or ... meat with ... vegetables —
... potatoes, ... green beans, ... carrot and ... cabbage, ... sweet pudding, ... fruit
salad, ... ice-cream or ... cheese and ... biscuits. Then after ... talk they have ...
black or ... white coffee.
This is ... order o f meals among ... English families. But ... greater part o f ...
people in ... towns, and nearly all country-people, have ... dinner in ... middle of
... day instead of ... lunch. They have ... tea ... little later-between 5 or 6 o ’clock,
and then in ... evening, before going to ... bed, they have ... supper.
So ... four meals o f ... day are either ... breakfast, ... dinner, ... tea, ...
supper; or ... breakfast, ... lunch, ... tea, ... dinner.

Exercise 25. (Morning, afternoon, evening, night)

... Parts o f ... Day.
There are ... four parts of ... day: ... morning, ... afternoon, ... evening, ...
night.
... morning is ... first part of ... day. It is ... time from ... sunrise till 12
o ’clock a.m. In ... morning we are busy. We go to ... school.
... second part o f ... day is ... afternoon. ... English afternoon is ... time from
12 o ’clock a.m. to 6 o ’clock p.m. In ... afternoon we come ... home from ...
school.
... evening is ... third part of ... day. It is ... time from 6 o ’clock p.m. till ...
sunset. In ... evening we do our homework: we read, write, learn ... English, ...
history, ... mathematics, ... physics and other subjects.
... night is ... fourth part of ... day. It is ... time from ... sunset till ... sunrise.
A t ... night we sleep.

Exercise 26. (Morning, day, afternoon, evening, night)

1. ... hour in ... morning is worth two in ... evening. {Proverb.) 2. Outside it
was ... evening. 3. It was ... warm summer night. 4. It was ... frosty day in
December. 5 . 1 think it is going to be ... fine morning. 6. ... sun indicated ... late
morning. 7. It is ... early evening. 8. ... morning was sunny and bright. 9. It was
early in ... afternoon. 10.1 have had ... had night. 11. She works very hard ... day
and ... night. 12. I get up at 8 o ’clock in ... morning. 13. He passed ... sleepless
night. 14. On ... bright May day she met him in ... square. 15. It was ... glorious
night. 16. ... day when I met her will always rest in my memory. 17.1 wanted my
friend to stay ... day with me. 18. ... evening was beautiful. 19. It was about 12

72
o ’clock at ... night. 20. ... night was ... windy one, without... stars and ... moon.
21. ... night came and he went to bed. 22. It was ...morning when Roger told me
... truth. 23. It was ... happiest day in my life.

Exercise 27. (Bed, prison, school, college).

1. We go to ... school every day. 2. It was ten o ’clock. Mary was still in ...
bed. 3. She was sitting on ... ende o f ... bed. 4. He and my brother go to ... school
together. 5. ... school was ... old building. 6. Where is ... school situated? Near
... college in ... centre of ... town. 7. He visited ... town prison at 6 o ’clock.
8. Mr. Harrison was in ... prison many years. 9 . 1 lay in ... bed thinking about my
new job. 10. ... mother told ...child to go to ... bed. 11. ... school begins at 8
o ’clock. 12. I left ... school at 4 o ’clock yesterday. 13. Tell your parents to come
to ... school. 14. His portrait was on ... wall near ... bed. 15. My parents went to
... school yesterday to attend ... parents’ meeting. 16. He was sent to ... prison
for ... debt. 17. ... college was ... fine white building. 18. He was released from
.. .prison. 20. We study ... lot of interesting subjects a t ... school.

Exercise 28. (Few, a few, the few, little, a little, the little)
1. It was ... late evening. There were ... few people at ... bus-stop. 2. ... few
words he said were enough to understand ... situation. 3. I have ... few
dictionaries at ...home. 4. We have ... little time. Let’ s go for ... walk in
...garden. 5. Don’ t waste ... little time you have. 6. We can’ t go skiing today.
There is ... little snow on ... ground. 7. He left after ... few minutes. 8. I have ...
little sugar left. Give me ... little. 9. We plan to go to ... country for ... few days.
10. I don’t know what to do with ... little money I have. 11. What ...little light
comes from that small window. 12. We can’ t buy these things. We have ... little
money. 13. He walked ... little faster. 14. She forgot ...little she knew. 15. She
was one o f ... few friends I liked most o f all.

Exercise 29. (Вставити another чи the other) (Insert another or the other)
1. Then she came and sat down on ... side of the table. 2. I’d like to drink ...
cup of coffee. 3. Take this book and I’ ll take .... 4. There was ... reason why she
cried. 5. Live me .. .pen, I don’ t like this one. 6. A clock stroke in ... room. 7. My
right hand was in my pocket, so I gave him ....

Exercise ЗО. (Числівники) (Numerals)

1. Take bus ... Number 8. 2. Take ... first turning to the left. 3. Read ...
exercise 3. 4. Find ... chapter 10. 5. I live at ...number 43, Green Street. 6. She

73
bought ...three dozen of apples. 7. She is ... first pupil in her form. 8. ...
thousands o f people go to the sea in summer. 9. ... second attempt proved more
successful than ... first. 10. Having eaten the porridge I asked for ... second
portion. 11. He made ... second, ... third, ... fourth experiment with the same
result. 12. Nobody answered my bell, so I had to ring ... second time. 13. ... two
pupils entered the classroom. 14. He lives in ... flat Number 10. 15.1 wear .. .size
thirty-six shoes. 16. There are only ... forty thousand aborigines in Australia. 17.
... fourth visit o f him to Canada took place in 1995. 18. Today is ... fifth of
October. 19. ... thousand new books were sold here last year. 20. ... first text is
more difficult than ... second one.

Exercise 31. ( Частини світу) (Cardinal points)

1. Canada occupies ... whole of ... northern part of ... continent of ... North
America and ... number of ... islands, ...biggest of which are Vancouver in
...west, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in ... east and ... Victoria and Baffin
Islands in ... north. It streches from ... forty-ninth parallel in ... south to ... Arctic
Circle in ... north and from ... Pacific Ocean in ... west to ... Atlantic Ocean in
... east. 2. ... Rocky Mountains, continuing ... northward from ... USA, strech
parallel to ... Canada’s Pacific Coast. ... east of these mountains are ... high
plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan, ... low plains in ... region of ... Great Lakes
and ... River St. Lawrence. Mountains also run parallel to ... Canada’ s east coast
in ... Labrador and ... Baffin Islands. 3. New Zealand is situated ... south-east of
... Australia and consists of three large and many small islands. ... two main
islands stretch for nearly 900 miles from ... north to ... south. ... mountains run
from ... south-west to ... north-east throughout both ... larger islands. 4. He lived
long in ... North. 5. ... east of this country is occupied by ... tundra. 6. My best
friend came to our town from ... East. 7. He travelled in Canada from ... East to
... West. 8. Rockwell Kent’ s landscapes show ... beauty of ... nature in ... Far
North. He was ... explorer of . . .North. 9. ... silver, ... iron and . . .other metals are
mined in many parts o f Australia, mostly in ... New South Wales. Sugar is
produced along .. .north-east coast, while fruit-growing is developed in ... south.
10. We live in ... Western Ukraine.

Exercise 32. (Власні іменники) (Personal nouns)

1. ... Dinny looked up at ... house. Тінь wasn’t ... Dinny I knew many years
ago. 2. Margaret was talking to ... Browns. 3. In ... dim light of ... moon he
scarcely recognized ...Lily he had known. 4. But ... Mary of that evening wasn’ t
... Mary I knew. 5. I want to see ... Aunt Betty and ... Uncle Tom next week.

74
6. ... little Kate began to cry. 7. ... old Peter didn’t sleep. 8. Suddenly I saw ...
pretty little Ann in ... garden. 9. ... London is ... capital of ... Great Britain.
10. This is ... London I often saw in my dreams. 11. There are ... lot of interesting
places in ... London, such as: ... Tate Gallery, .. .National Gallery, ... National
Portrait Gallery, ... British Museum, ... House of Parliament, ... Westmister
Abbey, ... Buckingham Palace, ... Trafalgar Square. ... best known streets are: ...
Whitehall, ... Downing Street, ... residence of ... Prime Minister, ... Fleed Street
which stands for ... press, ... High Street and .. .Strand. 12. Last summer I visited
... Medici Palace. 13. ... doctor Glinn works at ... hospital for 5 years already.
14. ... engineer Barstow left ... town for ... North. 15. ... clever Peter knows
almost everything. 16.1 live in ... Green Street. 17. “ ... Father is not at ... home” ,
said ... little Jane. 18. ... old Harry doesn’ t work, he is ... pensioner. 19.1 have no
doubt that you are ... Miss Wilier I have often heard named. 20. ... poor Edward
couldn’ t find ...answer. 20. ... great romantic English landscape painter Joseph
Mallord William Turner was bom in ... Devonshire.

Exercise 33. (Дні тижня, місяці) (Days, months)

1. Robinson Crusoe found his servant on ... Friday. 2. ... Sunday is my
favourite day in ... week. 3. Let’ s meet on ... Saturday. 4. I’ ll never forget ...
November of 1996. 5. ... cold April is ... usual thing in this region. 6. ... February
is ... shortest month of ... year. 1. ... scientist had been working ... whole June
before ...problem was solved. 8. Mary is going to ski in ... country on ...
following Sunday. 9. ... last Monday was wet and windy. 10. I was born in ...
January, 1973. 11. ... two friends decided to go there on ... Tuesday. ... Tuesday
came but they didn’t go. 12. It is ...beginning of ... May now. 13. I don’ t
remember exactly when he visited me last, but I am sure it was on ... Friday.
14. My day off is ... Saturday. 15. ... Saturday which came was bright and sunny.
16. I’ ll leave ... town in ... February. 17. ... warm January is not ... usual thing in
Ukraine.

Exercise 34.
About two o ’clock in ... morning ... boat landed on ... island. There was ...
old sail in ... boat and ... boys spread it in ... bushes for .. .tent to shelter their
food; they themselves decided to sleep in ... open air. They built ... fire in ...
forest and then cooked some bacon for ... supper. When they ate up ... last piece
of it they lay down on ... grass. When Tom awoke in ... morning, he wondered
where he was. He sat up and rubbed his eyes and looked around; then he
remembered. It was ... grey dawn, and there was ... splendid sense of ... peace in

75
... deep silence of ... woods. Not ... leaf stirred. Now, far away in ... woods, ...
bird called, another answered. ... boys woke up and went into ... depth of ...
wood to explore ... island. They found plenty o f interesting things on it.
(After “ The Adventures o f Tom Sawyer”, by Mark Twain)

Exercise 35.
1. ... examination day came. ... morning was wet and grey. ... Grandpa
brought me ... letter. It was ... short note from Alison. She wished me luck. I put
... letter into my pocket. Reid took me to ... College on ... first morning. ...
College was ... old grey building. When we entered ... other candidates were
already there, waiting at ... door of ... Hall. ... door opened and ... boys began to
enter ... Hall. It was very large with ... long rows o f ... yellow desks. ... number
of my seat was nine; in ... centre o f ... front row. ,.. examiner handed out ... first
paper: Trigonometry. I saw with joy that I knew ... answer by heart.
2. Soon ... sky cleared and ... sun began to shine. We were to have ... fine
day. When we came to Arden caple we went to ... little village shop to buy ...
sandwiches, ... apples and ... lemonade. Then we began to climb ... hill. We
came to ... little field protected from ... wind by ... stone wall. We sat down on
.:. dry grass with our backs to ... wall. ... mountains rose behind us. ... lake far
below was ... mirror at our feet. ... sun shone brightly. ... sandwiches and ...
lemonade were excellent.
(After “Green Yectrs ”, by A. Cronin)

Exercise 36.
Economy Wasted
... tourist was staying in „ . Norway for ... couple of weeks and spent all his
money. He could pay only ... passage back to ... England. He thought, “It is only
... two days’ journey, and I can go to ... England without .. .food” . So he went on
... board ... ship and bought ... ticket. He closed his ears to ... sound of ... lunch
bell and when ... dinner time came he did not go to ... saloon: “I do not feel
well,” he said.
... next morning he did not have ... breakfast pretending to oversleep himself,
and at ... lunch time he again stayed in his cabin. At ... dinner time he was so
hungry that he said: “I’ m going to eat even if they throw me overboard
afterwards” . At ... dinner table he ate everything put in ... front of him. Then he
asked for ... bill and waited for ... coming row.
“ ... bill, sir?” asked ... steward.
“Yes,” answered ... tourist.

76
 “There isn’t any bill,” was ... answer. “On this ship ... meals are included in
... passage money.”

Exercise 37.
In ... Country Inn.
One day, when George, Harris and I were talking, George remembered .. .very
funny thing that had happened with his father when he was young.
His father was travelling with ... another young man through ... Wales, and
one night, they stopped a t... little inn...
... They had ... pleasant evening, and sat up late. When ... time came to go to
... bed they were ... bit tipsy.
There were to sleep in ... same room, but in different beds. They took ...
candle with them, and went.... upstairs. Unfortunately ... candle went out when
they entered ... room, and they had to undress and to find their way in ... dark.
It so happened that they both climbed into ... same bed, but from ... different
sides, and were lying one with his head and ... other with his feet on ... pillow.
There was ... silence for ... moment and then George’ s father said:
“Joe!”
“What’ s ... matter, Tom?” asked Joe from ... other end o f ... bed.
“Why, there’ s ... man in my bed” , said George’ s father. “His feet are on my
pillow” .
“Well, it’ s very strange, Tom” answered ... other, “but there is ... man in my
bed too!”
“What are you going to do with him?” asked George’ s father.
“Well, I’ m going to kick him out” , answered Joe.
“So am I” , said George’ s father.
There was ... short struggle and then ... heavy bump, as if two bodies fell
down on ... floor. Then one voice said:
“I say, Tom!”
“Yes!”
“How are you getting on?”
“Well, to tell you ... truth, my man kicked me out” .
“So did mine! I say, Tom, I don’t like this inn, do you?”
(After Jerome K. Jerome)
Exercise 38.
- Where is ... nearest post-office?
- It’ s just round ... corner. What do you want to go there for?
- 1 want to send ... letter by ... air mail. Then I’d like to buy some envelopes
and stamps.
77
 - Let’ s go there together. I want to send ... telegram.
- Do you know what stamps must I buy to p ost... air-mail letter?
- Sorry, but I don’t. You’ ll ask ... clerk at ... post-office, and he will tell you
how much ... air-mail, ... registered or ... ordinary letter is.

Exercise 39.
... Luggage Question
When you decide to go on ... leave ... usual luggage question arises. ... best
way is to make ... list of ... things before packing. I taught my friends how to
make that list; I learnt it myself many years ago from my Uncle Podger.
“Always before you begin to pack,” ... Uncle Podger usually said, “make ...
list” .
He was ... methodical man.
“Take ... piece of ... paper” , he always said, “put down on it everything you
want to have with you; then read it. Imagine yourself in ... bed: what do you
wear? Very well, put it down, together with ... change. Then you get up: what do
you do? — Wash yourself. What do you wash yourself with? — ... soap; put
down ... soap. Go on till you finish. Then take your clothes. Begin at your feet:
what do you wear on your feet? — ... Boats, ... shoes, ... socks; put them down.
Go on till you get to you head. What else do you want besides ... clothes? — ...
little brandy; put it down. ... corkscrew; put it down. Put down everything, then
you don’t forget anything.”
That is ... plan he always follows himself. When ... list was made, he usually
looked it through carefully, to see that he did not forget anything...
Then he usually lost... list.
(After Jerome K. Jerome)

Exercise 40. (Вставити few, a few, little, a little) (Insert few, a few, little, a little)
1. Peter knows French ... and he can’ t help us with our translation. 2. When
we walked ... down the street we met another group of students. 3. Have you got
... ink in your fountain-pen? 4. We met ... people in the club whom we knew
well. 5. There are ... houses in our street. Most o f them have already been pulled
down. 6. There are ... things here which I cannot understand. 7. There is ... chalk
on the desk. I think that won’ t do for the lesson.

78
Exercise 41.
... British Museum.
... Bloomsbury Street is ... oldest in ... London. It dates from 1665. It is ...
“literary district” , many writers and art critics used to live here. But it is mostly
known for ... British Museum, ... pride of ... Britain.
It is ... immense, light-grey building, like ... Greek temple. (It was founded in
1753).
... British Museum was, and probably is one of ... most famous and important
libraries in ... world.
... British Museum, situated in ... Great Russell Street, is about ten minutes’
walk from both ... Dean Street and Macclesfield Street. ... lot of people spend ...
great deal of time in ... Museum reading-room.
During ... Second World War, ... reading-room was badly damaged, over
150,000 volumes perished in ... flames caused by ... nazi bombs.
... British Museum has ... wonderful art gallery, too. It has ... unique
collections of ... sculpture, ... ceramics, ... drawings, and ... paintings of ...
Egyptians, ... Greeks, ... Romans, ... Normans, ... Africans, ... Chinese, ...
Indians and many other peoples.

Exercise 42.
Leasure
... Week-end.
Most people in ... Britain work ... five-day week, from ... Monday to ...
Friday. ... schools, colleges and universities are also closed on ... Saturdays and
... Sundays. Therefore from ... Friday evening till ... Monday morning people are
usually free.
Everyone looks forward to ... week-end and when ... Friday comes along, as
people leave .. .work they say to each other, “Have ... nice week-end” . Then on ...
Monday morning they ask, “Did you have ... nicc week-end?” or “What did you
do a t ... week-end?”
... students, young people working away from ... home like to go away for ...
week-end. They may go ... home, go to stay with ... relatives or friends in
different parts of ... country, or stay in ... hotel or boarding house in ... country or
near ... sea. ... most towns in ... England are not more than four hours apart by ...
train and some much less.
These who stay at ... home at ... week-end try both to relax and to catch up
with all ... jobs they are too busy to do during .. .week. For ... women who go out
to ... work these include ... housework, ... sewing, ... washing, ... shopping and

79
sometimes ... gardening; for ... men — ... repairs and ... other odd jobs in ...
house, cleaning ... car, moving ... lawn and ... gardening. ... Saturday morning is
... very busy time for ... shopping, as this is ... only day when people who are at
... work can shop for any length o f ... time. On ... Sunday ... shops are closed all
day.
On ... Saturday afternoon ... most important sporting events of week take
place — ... football, rugby, cricket, tennis, horse-racing and other sports. In ...
late evening ... sports results are announced on ... radio and ... television and ...
sports editions of ... evening paper are on ... sale.
Having gone to ... bed late ... night before, many people have ... lie-in on ...
Sunday morning. When they finally get up they have ... breakfast in ... bed.
... There are at least eight papers which are published weekly on ... Sunday. It
is quite usual for ... family to have two or three Sunday papers. These people have
... little time for anything else on ... Sunday and spend ... day reading ...
numerous newspapers.
Some people spend ... Sunday evening quietly at ... home, other go to see ...
friends, go to ... concert or to see ... film.
(After “England as we see it ” by Longman).

Exercise 43. (Police, prison)

1. ... police arrests ... thieves and puts them in ... prison. 2. ... police searched
... city for ... thief. 3. He was not ... honest man, so ... police put him into ...
prison. 4. ... police arrived in ... time. 5. She visited her brother in ... prison ...
last week. 6. He did ... lot o f bad things and clearly understood that one day he
would be put in ... prison. 1. ... prison, ... grey old building, is situated in ...
Dawn Street.

Exercise 44.
London
It is certain that ... foreigner must be surprised by ... first sight of London. It
will seem as if there are ships anchored in ... very streets of ... town, because ...
ships are being loaded and unloaded at ... docks in ... specials pools built along
... river Thames.
On ... other hand London is very ^tractive for ... tourists. It’ s very old and
full of ... historic associations, full of ... customs and traditions. Englishmen
themselves are ... mixture o f ... past and ... present, of ... old-fashioned and ...
very modem.

80
 Visitors are usually greatly surprised by ... number of bridges across ... river.
... capital has 14 bridges, ... famous ... London Bridge being among them.
... appearance o f London houses has its own peculiarity. ... main feature of
almost every rooftop is ... chimney. Modern methods of ... internal heating have
made ... little difference to this pleasure. There are very few British houses from
which ... old fashioned open fire has been eliminated, even though ... central
heating has been installed. And ... fireplace requires ... chimney.
There is ... lot o f traffic in ... streets o f ... town: ... endless lines of ... buses,
motor-cars and taxis. ... traffic regulations in London differ from ours: they drive
on ... left side o f ... road instead o f ... right.
... quickest way to get about ... modern London is ... Underground. It seems
that everyone in ... London Underground is always in ... hurry.
... coloured advertisements are everywhere in ... London Underground: on ...
walls of ... excalator, on ... platforms; ... special posters advertise everything —
... food, ... medicine, ... clothes, ... furniture, ... cigarettes.
... streets of London are always of ... great interest to ... tourists. In some
parts of London they are very much alike, as ... houses are not very big, they are
mostly two-storeyed buildings with many front-doors and ... little gardens.

Exercise 45.
Leasure
What is this life, full o f ... care,
We have no time to stand ahd stare!
No time to stand beneath ... boughs,
And stare as long as ... sheep and ... cows.

No time to see, when ... woods we pass,

Where ... squirrels hide their nuts in ... grass.
No time to see, in ... broad daylight,
Streams full of stars, like ... skies a t ... night.
No time to turn a t ... Beauty’ s glance,
And watch her feet, how they can dance.

No time to wait till her mouth can

Enrich that smile her eyes began.
... poor life this is if, full o f ... care,
We have no time to stand and to stare.
(W. H. Davies (1871 - 1940))

81
Exercise 46.
1. He has brought ... lot of minerals from ... Urals. 2. ... magnetism is ... part
of ... physics. 3. I have ... magnet at ... home. 4. We have learnt ... composition
of ... sugar. 5. ... monument was completed in 1997. 6. We’ ll have our voyage in
... August. 7. It’ s ... waste of ... money to buy such things. 8. ... apple ... day
keeps ... doctor away. (Proverb). 9. There is ... little hope of getting tickets for
this new film. 10. ... house was destroyed by ... force of ... wind. 11. Her
husband is ... hunter. He likes to hunt much. They had ... good hunt ... last
autumn. 12. We can’ t exist without ... air, ... food, ... warmth. 13. ... police has
found ... murderer. 14. Sherlock Holmes first appeared in ... book called “Study
in Scarlet” . 15. ... remains of ... meal were left on ...table. 16. ... village is
situated in ... valley. 17. ... Romans invaded ... city. 18. ... prisoner was released
from ... prison. 19. ... old town often served asu.. fortress. 20. ... pieces of ...
broken glass were seen everywhere.

Exercise 47. (Приспівя) (Proverbs)

1. ... Business before ... pleasure. 2. While there is ... life there is ... hope. 3.
... early bird catches ... worm. 4. ... curiosity killed ...cat. 5. To tell ... tales out
of ... school. 6. Catch ... bear before you sell his skin. 7. ... rotten apple injures
its neighbours. 8. ... hunger is ... best sauce. 9. ... appetite comes with eating. 10.
... brevity is ... soul of ... wit. 11. ... East ot ... West, home is best. 12. ... neck
or nothing. 13. ... care killed ... cat. 14. ... deeds, not ... words. 15. Make ... hay
while ... sun shines. 16. ... bird in ... hand is worth two in ... bush. 17. ... fortune
favours ... brave. 18. Don’ t look ... gift horse in ... mouth. 19. Out of ... sight,
out of ... mind. 20. Where there is ... will there is ... way. 21.... drowning man
will catch at ... straw. 22. ... pride goes before ... fall. 23. ... proof of ... pudding
is in ... eating. 24. ... stitch in time saves nine. 25. There’ s many ... slip between
... cup and ... lip. 26. It is ...last straw that breaks ... camel’ s back. 27. ...
honesty is ... best policy. 28. ... second thoughts are best. 29. To run with ... hare
and hunt with ... hounds. 30. ... friend in need is ... friend indeed. 31. In for ...
penny, in for ... pound.

Exercise 48. (Anecdote)

... Irishman was once serving in ... regiment in ... India. He did not like ...
climate there and decided to think out ...irick by which he could get home. He
went to ... doctor and said to him, “My eyesight is very bad, can you help me?”
... doctor looked at him for ... while and then asked, “How can you prove me that
your eyesight is bad?”

82
 ... Irishman looked about ... room and at last said, “Well, ... doctor, can you
see that nail upon ... wall?”
“Yes” , replied ... doctor.
“Well, then” , said ... Irishman, “and I can’t!”

Exercise 49. (Anecdote)

... teacher asked her class, “Is ... sentence “ ... ox and ... cow is in ... field”
correct?”
Most o f ... children said, “ Yes, it is right” .
And only one little boy said, “No, it is not correct. ... lady must be mentioned
first” .

Exercise 50.
a) 1. ...tiger is ... fierce animal of ... cat family. 2. ... horse is ... domestic
animal. 3. ... lion is ... king of ... desert. 4. ... man reveals ... secrets of ...
nature. 5. ... camel has ... small head on ... long neck and one or two humps on
its back. 6. ... orange is bigger than ... tangerine. 1. ... sugar is white. 8. ... lemon
is sour. 9. ... earth is round.
b) 1. ...rich don’ t understand ... poor. 2. ... rich thing they can buy anything.
3. ... old can’t help .. .young. 4. Wc must think o f .. . future, not of .. .past.
c) 1. ... piano is ... musical instrument of ... ancient origin. 2. ... monkey
lives in . . .jungle. 3. ... penguin lives in ... North. 4. ... magnifier is ... instrument
which makes small objects larger. 5. ... steam-engine was invented in ...
nineteenth century.

Exercise 51. (Anecdote)

... politician was staying overnight at ... small country hotel. When he came
into ... dining-room for ... breakfast in ... morning, one of ... guests rose from his
seat. “ Sit down, sit down” , said ... great man. “Why?” asked ... other man. “Can’t
I take ... salt cellar from ... next table?

Exercise 52. (Закінчити речення) (Complete the following sentences)

1. The more you ask him about it, the less ...
2. The longer you wait, the slower ...
3. The more rain falls, the better ...
4. The more he thought, the more ...
5. The harder one works, the better ...
6. The fewer questions you ask, the better ...

83
 7. The longer one lives, the more ...
8. The taller the basket-ball player is, the easier ...
9. The tougher the meat is, the longer ...
10. The brighter the sun shines, the better ...
11. The nearer you come to the sea, the fresher ...
12. The talk will be more unpleasant, the longer ...

Exercise 53. (Пояснити вживання артиклів або їх відсутність ) (Comment on

the use o f articles or their absence)
This funny story happened to the famous English writer Arthur Conan Doyle.
As you know, the hero of his books is Sherlook Holmes, the world known
detective, who solved the most difficult problems by analyzing the smallest
details.
Once Arthur Conan Doyle came to Paris. He took a cab at the railway station
and went to the hotel.
When he paid for the cub, the cubman said to him: “Thank you, Sir Arthur
Conan Doyle!”
The writer was surprised and asked him: “How do you know my name? I see
you for the first time in my life.”
“You see, sir, it is like this” , answered the cubman, “some days ago I read in
the newspapers about your arrival in Paris from the South. The train in which you
came arrived from the South; your hat and the umbrella in your hands told me that
you were an Englishman. That’ s why when I saw you, I said to myself: “This must
be Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.”
“Clever work, clever work” , said the writer, “you analyzed correctly the few
facts you had” .
- “And there is another fact, which helped me too, sir” , continued the cabman,
“your name is written on your bags” .

Exercise 54. (Пояснити вживання артиклів або їх відсутність ) (Comment on

the use o f articles or their absence)
1. Chaucer exerted a great influence on English literature.
2. Daniel Defo published his famous book “Robinson Crusoe” when an elderly
man.
3. Richardson wrote novels in the form of a series of letters.
4. Robert Bum’ s father worked hard to make both ends meet.
5. Walter Scott revived the old national and popular element o f Scotch poetry.
6. Shelley and Byron met in Switzerland in 1816.
7. Thackeray used the novel as an instrument o f satire.
84
 8. When a boy, Rudyard Kipling lived in India.
9. Oskar Wilde dazzled London with ironical social comedies full of wit,
epigram and paradox.
10. Keats devoted his life entirely to poetry alone.

85
 Література

Abrahams, P. The Path of Thunder.

Aldington, R. Death o f a Hero.
Aldridge, J. The Last Inch.
Avery, H. The Head o f the School.
Austen, J. Northanger Abbey.
Bates, H. The Nature o f Love.
Bennett, A. The Wind.
Berkeley, R. The Lady with a Lamp.
Bromhead, P. Life in Modern Britain.
Bronte, Ch. Jane Eyre.
Chesterton, G. The Worst Crime in the World.
Collins, W. The Moonstone.
Coppard, A. Fifty Pounds.
Cronin, A. The Citadel.
Cronin, A. The Green Years.
Delmer, F. English Literature.
Dickens, Ch. David Cowperfield.
Dickens, Ch. Oliver Twist.
Dreiser, Th. An American Tragedy.
Du Maurier, D. Rebecca.
Eliot, G. The Mill on the Floss.
Galsworthy, J. The Man of Property.
Galsworthy, J. The Forsyte Saga.
Greene, G. The Quiet American.
Jackson, S. How to Enjoy a Family Quarrel.
Jerome K. Jerome. Three Men in a Boat.
Mansfield, K. Selected Stories.
Maugham, W. Rain.
Potter, S. Everyday English for Foreign Students.
Pristley, J. Going Up.
Shaw, G. Four Plays.
Thackeray, W. Vanity Fair.
Voynich, E. The Gadfly.
Wells, H. The Invisible Man.
Wilde, O. Plays.
Wilde, O. The Picture o f Dorian Gray.

86
 Зміст

Вступ........................................................................................................................ 3

I. Вживання неозначеного артикля а (an) ...........................................................5

II. Вживання означеного артикля the................................................................. 17

III. Вживання нульового артикля (-) абозначущої відсутності артикля....... 39

IV.Граматичні вправи........................................................................................... 61

V. Література........................................................................................................ 86

87
Д л я заміток