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Giải các phương trình vi phân sau

dy ln x ydy
1) 1 + y 2 ln x − xyy = 0  1 + y 2 ln x = xy  dx = ( x  0)
dx x 1 + y2

ln x ydy 1
 dx =   ( ln x ) = 1 + y 2 + C
2
(C là hằng số)
x 1+ y 2 2

y(7 + y 2 )dy y(7 + y 2 )dy


2) x(5 + y 2 )dx − y(7 + y 2 )dy = 0  xdx =
5 + y2
  xdx =  5 + y2
 2y 
dy  x 2 = y 2 + ln ( y 2 + 5) + C (C là hằng số)
1 2 1 1
 x = y+ 2 
2  5+ y  2 2

3) ( x 2 + 1) dy + x3 ( y 2 + 6 y + 10 ) dx = 0  ( x 2 + 1) dy = − x3 ( y 2 + 6 y + 10 ) dx

dy x3dx dy x3dx dy  x 
x + 1  y 2 + 6 y + 10
= − 2
x +1 
 2 =− 2   = −  x − 2  dx
y + 6 y + 10 ( y + 3) + 1  x +1
2

x2 1
 arctan( y + 3) = − + ln( x 2 + 1) + C (C là hằng số)
2 2
02 1 
Do y(0) = −2  arctan(−2 + 3) = − + ln(02 + 1) + C  C =
2 2 4
x2 1 
Vậy nghiệm riêng là:  arctan( y + 3) = − + ln( x 2 + 1) +
2 2 4

 y y y
4) xy = y 1 + ln   y = 1 + ln  ( x  0)
 x x x
y du
Đặt u =  y = ux  y = ux + u  ux + u = u (1 + ln u )  x = u ln u
x dx
du dx du dx d ln u dx
 =  =  =  ln | ln u |= ln | x | +C
u ln u x u ln u x ln u x
y
Vậy nghiệm TQ là: ln | ln |= ln | x | +C (C là hằng số)
x
y
 y
 y
dy y
dy −
y
y
5) x.e dy +  x − ye  dx = 0  x.e
x x x
= − x + ye 
x
= −e +x

  dx dx x

y du dx
u=  y = ux  y = ux + u  ux + u = −e −u + u  x = −e −u  eu du = −
x dx x
y
dx
  eu du = −   eu = − ln | x | +C  e x = − ln | x | +C (C là hằng số)
x

 1
1  p( x) = −
6) xy − y = x arctan x  y − y = x arctan x . Đây là pt tuyến tính có: 
2
x
x 
q( x) = x arctan x
  −
ADCT y ( x) =   q( x)e  dx + C  e 
p ( x ) dx p ( x ) dx

 

 1
 − − 1 dx
 y ( x) =   x arctan x.e  x dx + C  e  x
− dx

 

 y ( x) = (  x arctan x.e − ln x
)  1 
dx + C eln x  y( x) =   x arctan x. dx + C  x
 x 

 y ( x) = (  arctan x.dx + C ) x
 1
u = arctan x du = dx
Xét I =  arctan x.dx Đặt   1 + x2
dv = dx 
v = x
x 1 d (1 + x 2 ) 1
 I = x.arctan x −  dx = x.arctan x −  = x.arctan x − ln(1 + x 2 ) + C
1+ x 2
2 1+ x 2
2
 1 
 y( x) =  x.arctan x − ln(1 + x 2 ) + C  x
 2 
 1
y  p ( x ) = −
7) y − = e x ln x . Đây là pt tuyến tính có:  x ln x
x ln x q ( x) = e ln x
x

  −
ADCT y ( x) =   q( x)e  dx + C  e 
p ( x ) dx p ( x ) dx

 

 1
 − − 1 dx
 y ( x) =   e x ln x.e  x ln x dx + C  e  x ln x
− dx

 
  d ln x
(  e ln x.e )
d ln x
 y ( x) =   e x ln x.e  ln x dx + C  e  ln x

− ln|ln x|
 y ( x) = x
dx + C eln|ln x|
 
 
dx + C  ln x  y ( x) = ( e x + C ) ln x (C là hằng số)
1
 y( x) =   e x ln x.
 ln x 
8) (x 2
− y ) dx + xdy = 0  xdy = − ( x 2 − y ) dx 
dy
dx
y 1
= − x +  y − y = − x
x x
 1
 p ( x) = −
Đây là pt tuyến tính có:  x

q ( x) = − x
  −
ADCT y ( x) =   q( x)e  dx + C  e 
p ( x ) dx p ( x ) dx

 

 
1
− dx  −  − 1x dx  1 
 y ( x) =   (− x).e x
dx + C  e  y( x) =   (− x). dx + C  x  y( x) = ( − x + C ) x (C là
   x 
hằng số)
Do y(1) = 0  0 = ( −1 + C )1  C = 1 . Vậy nghiệm riêng là: y( x) = ( −x + 1) x

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