Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Experimental study on fine-crushed stone dust a solid waste as a partial

replacement of cement
Rizwan Ahmad Khan a,⇑, Jan Nisar Akhtar b, Rehan Ahmad Khan a, Mohammad Nadeem Akhtar c
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Z. H College of Engg. &. Tech., AMU, Aligarh, India
b
Civil Engineering Section, University Polytechnic, AMU, Aligarh, India
c
Department of Civil Engineering, Fahad Bin Sultan University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In every developing country, the primary source of fine aggregate in cement concrete infrastructure is
Available online xxxx natural fine sand (NS). The decrease in natural fine sand (NS) derives from the requirement of supplemen-
tary materials like fine crushed stone dust (SD) as a partial replacement for natural sand. The present case
Keywords: study of different nominal mixes of M25 grade was cast and analyzed in detail for the different parameters
Stone dust of fine crushed stone dust, a regionally available solid waste product in India, as a partial substitute for
UPV cement. Every mix has been tested in both a fresh and hardened state. The fresh mix concrete has been
Compressive strength
tested under the slump cone test, the compaction factor, and the density test, whereas the hardened state
Flexural strength
has been tested under compression, flexural, and tension. The microstructural behaviour of concrete has
also been summarized by ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The experimental result shows that the
strength properties of cement concrete incorporating acceptable solid waste consisting of crushed stone
dust were homogenous and much higher than conventional concrete. The cement concrete stone dust
CCSD7.5 with partial replacement of 7.5% stone dust shows an increase in compressive and flexural
strengths of 14.42% and 15.85% at 28 and 56 days as compared to the nominal mix, respectively. The
increase in strength is due to the dense microstructure of the specimen in the presence of fine crushed
stone dust, also verified by an increase in ultrasonic pulse velocity of about 10%. The present case study
concluded that using freely available solid waste as a partial replacement for cement not only reduced the
consumption and cost of the material but could also be beneficial to restoring environmental issues.
Ó 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Advances in Construction Materials and Structures.

1. Introduction
Concrete manufactured from Portland cement is currently the
most commonly used man-made substance on the planet. This par-
ticular growth in concrete production is one of the international
concerns that affect the environment. The most significant impact
is global warming due to CO2 emissions during cement manufac-
ture, which account for around 8% of global emissions. The justifi-
able solution for the production of cement can be the adequate
utilization of waste products like crushed stone dust as a partial
replacement of cement or fine aggregate in concrete [1]. Because
of its resilience, ease of preparation, manufacture, and lifespan
from readily available ingredients, concrete has been the go-to
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: krizwan.cv@amu.ac.in (R. Ahmad Khan).
building material for any kind of infrastructure [2]. It is the world’s
second most usable material after water, producing almost 10 bil-
lion metric tonnes per year, or nearly 1.5 metric tonnes per capita
[3]. 1 m3 of that takes a nearly equivalent volume of aggregates [4],
of which fine aggregate occupies 25–30% and 18–30% is filled by
cement [3]. The primary material of concrete, i.e., cement, is a
chemical substance that causes carbon pollution. Secondly, fine
aggregate recovers through natural sources, where extensive use
results in the decline of resources; also, a comprehensive shortage
of fine aggregate causes negative impacts on associated water
tables, riverbeds, landscapes, and ecosystems [2]. Despite this,
the amount of waste generated by construction and demolition
activities is increasing, which is cause for concern. At this stage,
it was not so easy to manage such a massive amount of waste
material, including stone dust, due to the provision of limited land-
fill areas in an environment-friendly manner [5,6]. Stone dust is

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.222
2214-7853/Ó 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Structures.

Please cite this article as: R. Ahmad Khan, J. Nisar Akhtar, R. Ahmad Khan et al., Experimental study on fine-crushed stone dust a solid waste as a partial
replacement of cement, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.222
R. Ahmad Khan, J. Nisar Akhtar, R. Ahmad Khan et al.
recovered at a crusher facility where the rock has been artificially
chopped to make coarse aggregate. Currently, this amount of waste
is not recycled and is disposed of in landfills [7,8]. It was discov-
ered that throughout the process of crushing, handling, and dispos-
ing of stone debris, fine particles dispersed in the air and water as
pollution [9]. This scarcity of resources and trash-related difficul-
ties urge researchers to employ stone dust as solid waste in con-
crete without compromising its mechanical qualities. Application
of stone dust as a solid waste provides homogeneity in the matrix
and increases the compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of
concrete, as the foregoing researchers suggest an optimistic option
as construction material [10–14]. According to Nazma and Mad-
havi’s 2020 [15] research, the compressive strength of concrete
containing fine stone dust as a solid waste increased linearly up
to 20% cement replacement; however, this effect was not main-
tained at 30% cement replacement. Another study governs by
Kumar et al., 2013 [16], based on the workability and strength of
concrete with different water-stone dustratios (0.5, 0.4, 0.35) in
different concrete grades viz M20, M30, & M40 shows excellent
workability performance in all stages, but the compressive
strength decreases as stone dust replacement level was increased
up to 25%. In the same vein, Rajput (2018) testify to the mechanical
and durability features of M20 and M30 grade of concrete with 20%,
40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% partial replacement of stone dust. It was
discovered during the experimental study that concrete containing
100% stone dust has maximum compressive strengths (M20) of
32.53, and 42.49 MPa at 7 and 28 days respectively. Further, this
compressive strength of (M30) shifted to 36.13, and 47.23 MPa at
7 and 28 days. This not only helps to prevent the depletion of nat-
ural sand sources, but it also helps to alleviate the problem associ-
ated with waste disposal and environmental concerns [18]. The
partial replacement of stone dust (40%) with fine aggregate has
been verified by researchers [19–21]. The strength was enhanced
up to 40% replacement level beyond what was seen in a decreasing
pattern. At the same time, Singh et al. (2016) [22] achieved maxi-
mum strength at a 30% replacement level of stone dust with fine
aggregate. In addition to the foregoing, Kala and Sethuraman
(2013) [23] investigated 25–100% partial replacement of stone
dust as a solid waste and discovered that the maximum strength
was retained at a 25% replacement level of stone dust as a solid
waste. According to Arivumangai 2014 [24], an increase in replace-
ment level is associated with a 25% decrease in compressive
strength. But Oyekan and Kamiyo (2008) [25] notice that the 15%
replacement level of stone dust by river sand can sustain maxi-
mum strength. This strengthening property was also verified by
Vijayalakshmi et al. (2013) [26] at a 0–15 percent replacement
level of stone dust by fine aggregate. Simultaneously, Rao (2020)
[27] focused on split tensile strength for the behaviour of concrete
using stone dust, a solid waste well known to increase tensile
strength significantly. Alok et al. (2020) [28] and Prasanth et al.
(2020) [29] indicate an increase in strength pattern up to a 40%
replacement level of stone dust by fine aggregate in their experi-
ments. Khan et al. (2018) [30] and Vijayalakshmi et al. (2013)
[26] observed a rising strength trend for stone dust augmentation
and found that 15% river sand replacement yields the best strength.
1.1. Research significance
It was observed that numerous types of research had been done
on the compressive strength of concrete incorporating stone dust, a
solid waste, as a partial replacement of fine aggregate or river sand
[22–26,45]. But the stone dust, a solid waste used as a partial
replacement for cement, is not yet characterised in terms of its
impact on mechanical and durability properties. In this way,
recently, limited work on conventional concrete incorporating
stone dust has been done [15–17,46]. Given these conditions, the
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
current research seeks to investigate how using finely crushed
stone dust as solid waste in place of cement can affect the mate-
rial’s strength and durability.
2. Materials and mix proportion
2.1. Materials
The 43-grade ordinary portland cement was obtained from
Ultratech Pvt. Ltd., India, and used in the current study in accor-
dance with IS 8112-2013 [31] or ASTM C 150 M-17 [32]. The solid
waste material, like crushed stone dust of a light brown colour
used as a mineral admixture and having a bulk density of
18.18 kg/cubic cm and water absorption of 4%, is acquired from
Shri Krishna Construction Company and Earth Movers in Ghazi-
abad, Uttar Pradesh, India, as described in IS 2386, Part III, 1963
[33]. Table 1 shows the physical properties and features of cement
as measured by IS 4031-1998 [34–37], and Table 2 shows the
chemical composition as determined by X-ray fluorescence.
According to IS 383–2016 [38], locally discovered river sand was
used as fine aggregate, while the natural aggregate of 10 mm and
12.5 mm in size was cast as coarse aggregate in 60% and 40% frac-
tions, respectively. In contrast, the physical and mechanical fea-
tures indicated in Table 3 are connected to IS 2386-1963 [33,39].
Fig. 1 summarises the particle size distribution of O.P.C., fine, and
coarse aggregate.
2.2. Mix proportion with specimen preparation
Table 4 explains the use of solid waste material in the form of
crushed stone dust along with five different types of mix that have
been introduced as a partial replacement for cement. The following
mixes were prepared in accordance with IS 10262–2009 [40] by
assembling the cementitious material at 422 kg/m3, coarse aggre-
gate in a fraction of 462.75 kg/m3 and 694.13 kg/m3 in the presence
of w/c = 0.44. Before beginning the mixing procedure, ensure that
the ingredients of the CCSD mixes from each series have been
weighed and arranged in the appropriate container. All the existing
fine aggregate and cementitious material were loaded into the
mixer and spun for roughly one minute. At the same time, the
remaining pre-weighed ingredients were put inside the concrete
mixer for proper mixing (about 2 min) to attain a consistent dried
mix. Even after the dry ingredients were properly mixed, 70% of the
total volume was added to the concrete mixer and allowed to
rotate for about 3 min to attain proper blending of the dry ingredi-
ents. In the tilting drum mixer, 30 percent leftover water was
placed, and the wetted material was rolled out for nearly two min-
utes. After 24 h, the casting specimens were remoulded and
replaced in the pre-set automated curing tank to be water cured
at 27 ± 2 °C.
3. Test procedure
3.1. Compressive strength
The compressive strength test was carried out for cubes of
150 mm
150 mm
150 mm size for testing age after 7, 14,
28, and 56 days of curing, as shown in Fig. 2. The testing procedure
was carried out as given in IS 516-1959 [41] on a compression test-
ing machine (CTM) whose loading capacity is 3000 kN with a load-
ing rate of 14 N/mm2/min throughout the test. The average of three
readings was taken for the ultimate strength of a particular mix at
each testing age.
R. Ahmad Khan, J. Nisar Akhtar, R. Ahmad Khan et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Properties of material O.P.C. 43 grade and stone dust.

Characteristics Codal Provision [31] O.P.C. Stone Dust

Standard consistency (%) 26–35 36
Setting Time Initial (min) Not 30 45
Setting Time Final (min) 600 370
Soundness (mm) 10 2
Fineness % age <10 2
Compressive strength (N/mm2) days
3 23 23.5
7 33 33
28 43 44
Specific Gravity 3–3.25 3.15 2.54

Table 2
Chemical analyses of O.P.C. and stone dust.

Composition OPC (%age) Codal Provision Stone dust (% age) Codal Provision
SiO2 21.39 19–25 62.48 40–65
Al2O3 6.58 3–8 18.72 10–25
Fe2O3 4.15 1–5 6.54 03–05
CaO 60.18 60–66 4.83 0.2–1.5
MgO 0.845 0–5 2.56 0.1–0.28
Na2O 0.768 0–1 Nil 0.0–0.03
K2O 1.38 0–1 3.18 0.2–1.0
SO3 2.26 1–3 – 0.0–0.25
TiO2 0.25 3–5 1.21 0.5–1.5
MnO 0.02 – 0.031 0.0–0.03
Loss of Ignition 2.14 1–5 0.48 0.0–0.5

Table 3
Mechanical & physical properties (fine aggregate & coarse aggregate).

Property (IS:383–2016) [38] Codal provision coarse aggregate Property (IS:383–2016) [38] Codal provision fine aggregate
1. Coarse Aggregate 2. Fine aggregate
Aggregate Abrasion Value < 50 % 21.80 % Fineness Modulus 2.9–3.2 2.90
Aggregate Impact Value < 45 % 16.60 % Specific Gravity 2.6–2.8 2.65
Aggregate Crushing Value < 45 % 20.91 % Water Absorption 0.1–2% 0.6 %
Fineness Modulus 2–4 2.988 Grading Zone I-II Zone II
Specific Gravity 2.5–3.0 2.65 Silt content <8 4.07 %
Water Absorption 0.1–2% 0.5 %

Fig. 1. Particles size distribution curve of O.P.C., fine aggregate & coarse aggregate.

3
R. Ahmad Khan, J. Nisar Akhtar, R. Ahmad Khan et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 4
Mix the proportion of concrete.

Mix No Mix Designation Cement Stone dust Water ltrs w/c ratio Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
% age % age 10 mm size 12.5 mm size
Mix.1 CCSD0 100.0 422.00 0 –– 1 186 0.44 709.05 694.128 462.752
Mix.2 CCSD5 95.0 400.90 5 21.10 186 0.44 709.05 694.128 462.752
Mix.3 CCSD7.5 92.5 390.35 7.5 31.65 186 0.44 709.05 694.128 462.752
Mix.4 CCSD10 90.0 379.80 10 42.20 186 0.44 709.05 694.128 462.752
Mix.5 CCSD15 85.0 358.70 15 63.30 186 0.44 709.05 694.128 462.752

*Detail of Material Proportions of CCSD Mixes in kg/m3. In trial mix designations, CCSD represents Cement concrete stone dust.

3.3. Ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement

The portable ultrasonic non-destructive indicator test is essen-

tially an ultrasonic pulse velocity test instrument that is commonly
used to examine structural damages in concrete in order to check
the quality of the concrete structure, as illustrated in Fig. 4. The
instrument can measure path length, perpendicular crack depth,
and surface velocity. The operating system is based on the time
taken by ultrasonic pulses to transmit across the concrete bed from
one phase-hold transmitter to another phase-hold receiver. The
UPV values of the given concrete specimens were noted at an incu-
bation period of 56 days according to ASTM C 597-02, [43] ISO
1920-7:2002, and IS 13311-1992 [44] on a 150-mm cube specimen
with the given Eq. (3).

width of structure
pulse v elocity ¼ ð3Þ
Time taken by pulse to go through
Fig. 2. Compression Testing.

4. Results and analysis

4.1. Compressive strength

The concrete’s properties in terms of compressive strength in

the presence of crushed stone dust (SD), a solid waste, are high-
lighted in Fig. 5. Stone dust was used in the cement concrete mixes
to increase their strength. The nominal mix obtained a strength of
21.62, 28.22, 32.38, and 35.82 MPa at 7, 14, 28, and 56 days.
Whereas a partial replacement of 7.5% SD retains 28.24, 31.38,
37.05, and 40.7 MPa at 7, 14, 28, and 56 days, respectively. The
estimated design strength of M25-grade concrete is 31.6 MPa. This
compressive strength is obtained in the nominal mix at 28 days. At
the same time, this design strength of M25-grade concrete will
retain 7.5% SD after 14 days. The highest strengths were discovered
to be 14.42% and 13.62% on 7.5% SD at 28 days and 56 days wrt
Fig. 3. Flexural testing.

3.2. Flexural strength

As shown in Fig. 3, the flexural strength of concrete measures its

tensile strength to resist failure in bending. The experimental pro-
cess used to assess each mix’s flexural strength differed from that
described in ASTM C-78 [42]. Three samples were cast for each mix
to measure the flexural strength of a 100
100
500 mm non-
reinforced concrete beam using a three-point load test with a load-
ing rate of 180 kg/min. Eq. (2) was used to calculate the modulus of
rupture (M.R.) of the specimen.

PL
ð2Þ
bd2

where P = Max applied load (kN), L = support length (mm),

b = width (mm), and d = failure point depth (mm), L/3. The final
strength of each mix is the average of three readings. Fig. 4. U.P.V. Testing.

4
R. Ahmad Khan, J. Nisar Akhtar, R. Ahmad Khan et al.
Fig. 5. (a) Compressive strength with and without stone dust, (b) Comparison of strength variation with and without stone dust.
CCSD0, respectively. The strength enhancement in mixes incorpo-
rating solid waste is due to the cohesive nature of stone dust; mak-
ing the concrete matrix denser can also be justified by an increased
pattern of UPV. values. The result obtained on 7.5% SD at initial and
later ages shows that the nature of the graph is linear, satisfying
the standard design criteria (Fig. 5a). The mixes containing solid
waste show a good cost-benefit ratio without compromising their
strength parameter. As shown in Fig. 5(b), the concrete containing
5%, 7.5%, and 10% SD enhances the strength to 7.94%, 14.42%, 8.4%,
and 6.5%, 13.62%, and 7.9% compared to the nominal mix at 28 and
56 days. When compared to the nominal mix at 28 days, the
strength reached at 56 days was 10.62%, 9.16%, 9.85%, 10.11%,
and 10.19% on 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 15% SD, respectively.
Meanwhile, the present study elaborates on the strength of
incorporating 7.5% SD into cement-based concrete mixes, obtain-
ing a maximum of 14.42% at 28 days and 13.62% at 56 days com-
pared to the nominal mix. It shows increased binding activity is
happening due to the enhanced cohesive properties of concrete.
The primary cause of increased concrete strength is the regulating
hydration reaction in the presence of solid waste, which increases
the filling of the concrete matrix’s pores, cavities, and fissures. The
Fig. 5 (continued)
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
above increase in strength achieved is also shown and verified by
the U.P.V. values at 7.5% SD, as shown in Fig. 7(a) and (b), which
precisely show a dense and cohesive concrete matrix. This
enhanced the stability of the structure, and as a result, an enhance-
ment in mechanical properties was observed.
4.2. Flexural strength
The execution of the result on flexural strength for nominal mix
CCSD0 and cement concrete mixes based on solid waste is shown in
Fig. 6. The mix CCSD0 shows the flexural strengths of 4.59, 5.14,
and 5.74 MPa at 14, 28, and 56 days. At 14, 28, and 56 days, a par-
tial replacement of 7.5% SD (CCSD7.5) achieves strengths of 5.01,
5.64, and 6.65 MPa, respectively. During the experimental investi-
gation, cement concrete mixes incorporating solid waste achieved
maximum strengths of 10.7% on a 5% SD at 28 days and 15.85% on a
7.5% SD at 56 days, as compared to the nominal mix. Increased
strength at later ages indicates that hydration reactions are still
active in the presence of solid waste. Fig. 6(a) highlights that the
pattern of increased flexural strength is linear and shows an ideal
ductile manner that meets the design standards. Fig. 6(b) shows
R. Ahmad Khan, J. Nisar Akhtar, R. Ahmad Khan et al.
Fig. 6. (a) Flexural strength with and without stone dust, (b) Comparison of flexural strength variation with and without stone dust.
that concrete containing 5%, 7.5%, and 10% SD enhances the flexu-
ral strengths of 10.7%, 9.83%, 3.11%, and 7.84%, or 15.85% and
3.14%, compared to mix CCSD0 at 28 and 56 days. Whereas the
strengths of 11.67%, 8.79%, 17.91%, 4.9%, and 19.73% on 0%, 5%,
7.5%, 10%, and 15% SD were achieved at 56 days as compared to
the nominal mix at 28 days. But this property of hydration was
observed at a lower part of the 10% range, and 15% SD replacement
at later ages shows a decrease in their strength.
4.3. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
Ultrasonic pulse velocity can probably sense the capability of
denseness attained through solid waste within cement concrete.
The structural stability and matrix properties of concrete have
Fig. 6 (continued)
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
been demonstrated through UPV values, and their results are
shown in Fig. 7. The UPV values of mix CCSD0 recorded as 4071,
3781, and 4166 m/sec at 14, 28, and 56 days, respectively. At 14,
28, and 56 days, the maximum U.P.V. values attained on 7.5% SD
are 4076, 4178, and 4195.5 m/sec, respectively. The mechanical
properties of the initial and later ages of the UPV values observed
at a lower side in mix CCSD0 are unsatisfactory due to the presence
of a large amount of cementitious material causing fissures and
cavities. Another factor lowering the UPV values may be the poor
air content control in cement concrete. Ca(OH)2 activity and unhy-
drated particle hydration continue to pack cavities and fissures in
the matrix of solid waste-incorporated concrete. At 7.5% SD,
Fig. 7(a) shows a continuous increase in UPV values. While the
addition of solid waste of 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 15% enhances the
R. Ahmad Khan, J. Nisar Akhtar, R. Ahmad Khan et al.
Fig. 7. (a) Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) with and without stone dust, (b) Comparison of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) variation with and without stone dust.
Fig. 7 (continued)
velocities to 8.25%, 10.5%, 8.25%, and 8.38% at 56 days as compared
to 28 days. The increase in velocity has not been observed at a
higher percentage of partial replacement of stone dust, which
may be due to the unavailability of matrix stability in concrete.
5. Conclusions
The following prominent results can be drawn from the present
study that examined the mechanical properties of concrete with
and without stone dust.
– Stone dust, a solid waste, is important in strengthening cement
concrete’s strength. Concrete strengthening, which is responsi-
ble for the increase in mechanical characteristics, was accom-
plished through the concerted action of internal packing of
fissures and cavities using stone dust, a solid waste.
7
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
– The density of the concrete matrix in the presence of solid
waste indicates continuous hydration of particles that enhanced
the resisting power of the matrix; as a result, an enhancement
in the bonding of the concrete matrix in terms of flexibility
was observed.
– The concrete stability and internal resistance of the material
have been justified by UPV values, which were found to be more
stable on a replacement of 7.5% SD, securing the highest velocity
in all the mixes. This also indicates the internal structure of the
matrix is more compacted with finer particles that enhance the
properties of the concrete.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Rizwan Ahmad Khan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writ-
ing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Investigation. Jan
R. Ahmad Khan, J. Nisar Akhtar, R. Ahmad Khan et al.
Nisar Akhtar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writ-
ing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Rehan Ahmad
Khan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing –
original draft, Writing – review & editing. Mohammad Nadeem
Akhtar: Data curation.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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