Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Discovery and
Development of
Anti-Breast Cancer
Agents from Natural
Products
Edited by
Goutam Brahmachari
Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department
of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan,
West Bengal, India
Series Editor
Goutam Brahmachari
Elsevier
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ISBN: 978-0-12-821277-6
Contributors xiii
Editor’s Biography xv
Forewords xix
Preface xxi
vii
viii Contents
Index 353
Contributors
B978-01246./ElsevirInc
xiii
xiv Contributors
xv
xvi Editor’s Biography
used Indian medicinal plants, studied their chemistry and biology, and thus
presented novel naturally occurring leads and their derivatives for their further
exploration in the field of on-going research in drug discovery and development.
His researches received financial supports from all the leading sponsoring bod-
ies in India, such as UGC, CSIR, SERB-DST, and DBT.
With over 22 years of teaching experience, Prof. Brahmachari has produced
over 200 publications including original research papers, review articles, and
invited book chapters in edited books in the field of natural products and green
chemistry-directed organic synthesis from internationally reputed presses. He
has authored/edited 25 books that include Organic Name Reactions: A Uni-
fied Approach (Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi; Co-published by Alpha
Science International, Oxford, 2006), Chemistry of Natural Products: Recent
Trends & Developments (Research Signpost, 2006), Organic Chemistry
Through Solved Problems (Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi; Co-published
by Alpha Science International, Oxford, 2007), Natural Products: Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Pharmacology (Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi; Co-
published by Alpha Science International, Oxford, 2009), Handbook of Phar-
maceutical Natural Products − 2 volume-set (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2010), Bioactive Natural Products: Opportuni-
ties & Challenges in Medicinal Chemistry (World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte.
Ltd., Singapore, 2011), Chemistry and Pharmacology of Naturally Occurring
Bioactive Compounds (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis group, USA, 2013), Natu-
ral Bioactive Molecules: Impacts & Prospects (Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi; Co-published by Alpha Science International, Oxford, 2014), Green Syn-
thetic Approaches for Biologically Relevant Heterocycles (Elsevier Inc., USA,
2014), Bioactive Natural Products − Chemistry & Biology (Wiley-VCH Verlag
GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany; 2015), Room Temperature Organic
Synthesis (Elsevier Inc., USA, 2015), Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes:
Production, Biocatalysis and Industrial Applications (Academic Press, Lon-
don, 2016), Discovery and Development of Antidiabetic Agents from Natural
Products (Natural Product Drug Discovery Series; Elsevier Inc., USA, 2016),
Discovery and Development of Neuroprotective Agents from Natural Products
(Natural Product Drug Discovery Series; Elsevier Inc., USA, 2017), Neuro-
protective Natural Products − Clinical Aspects and Mode of Action (Wiley-
VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany; 2017), Catalyst-free
Organic Synthesis (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 2018), Spec-
troscopic Properties of Natural Flavonoids (World Scientific Publishing Co.
Pte. Ltd., Singapore, 2018), Discovery and Development of Therapeutics from
Natural Products Against Neglected Tropical Diseases (Natural Product Drug
Discovery Series; Elsevier Inc., USA, 2019), Discovery and Development of
Anti-inflammatory Agents from Natural Products (Natural Product Drug Dis-
covery Series; Elsevier Inc., USA, 2019), Total Synthesis of Bioactive Natural
Products (Academic Press/Elsevier, 2019), Green Synthetic Approaches for
Editor’s Biography xvii
Biologically Relevant Heterocycles – Vol-1 & 2 (Elsevier Inc., USA, 2nd Edn.,
2021), and couples are forthcoming.
Prof. Brahmachari guest-edited couples of thematic issues for internation-
ally reputed journals. He has also been serving as an associate editor for Current
Green Chemistry and as an editorial board member for several other journals.
He is regularly consulted as a referee by leading international journals includ-
ing Elsevier, Royal Society of Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Wiley,
Taylor & Francis, Springer, Bentham Science, Indian Chemical Society, Indian
Journal of Chemistry (Sec. B), Korean Chemical Society, Pakistan Chemical
Society, Brazilian Chemical Society, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and so on,
and also by various financial commissions from India and abroad.
Prof. Brahmachari serves as the Series Editor of Elsevier Book Series “Natu-
ral Product Drug Discovery.” He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry
(London), a Who’s Who in the World Listee, and also a recipient of Academic
Brilliance Award 2015 (Excellence in Research), Dr. Kalam Best Teaching Fac-
ulty Award-2017, INSA (Indian National Science Academy) Teachers Award-
2019, and CRSI (Chemical Research Society of India) Bronze Medal-2021 for
his contributions to research in chemistry. Prof. Brahmachari has been featured
in the recently published World Ranking of Top 2% Scientists (Organic Chem-
istry Category) based on an independent study done by Stanford University
scientists.
Goutam Brahmachari enjoys songs of Rabindranath Tagore and has an insa-
tiable interest in literature.
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Forewords
Natural Product Drug Discovery — the Road Ahead
The book titled ‘Discovery and Development of Anti-Breast Cancer Agents
from Natural Products’ is the fifth volume of the Elsevier book series ‘Natural
Product Drug Discovery’ edited by Professor Goutam Brahmachari. For centu-
ries, natural products are playing a vital role in the treatment of a variety of hu-
man ailments. The use of opium, for example, as surgical anaesthetic dates back
to 4000 BCE. Subsequently, morphine was isolated and identified as its active
ingredient. Extracts of the willow tree and cinchona plants have been used as
a pain reliever (salicylates) and antimalarial (quinine), respectively, as early as
470 BCE and 1637 CE. Indeed, natural products with their rich structural and
functional group diversity provide a large percentage of present-day therapeutic
agents from antibiotics to anticancer drugs.
Cancer is a dreadful disease and a leading cause of a large number of deaths
globally. Presently, more than half of the clinically used anticancer agents have
their origin in nature. Vinblastine and vincristine, isolated from the Madagascar
periwinkle plant Catharanthus roseus, are the first natural products used clini-
cally as anticancer drugs. Taxol isolated from Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew tree)
is a very effective drug for treating various forms of cancer. Marine natural
products also show great promise in cancer treatment. The polyether macro-
lide, halichondrin B isolated from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai, has
an extraordinarily high potency as an antitumor agent with a high therapeutic
index. However, its structural complexity limits its application as an anticancer
agent. Eribulin, a simpler analog of halichondrin B, has recently been approved
as a metastatic breast cancer drug.
The present volume covers recent advances in the development of anticancer
agents, especially on anti-breast cancer agents from natural products. With the
advancement of techniques in isolation and structural analysis coupled with in
vitro screening, natural products continue to remain at the forefront in drug
discovery research. The book summarizes chemistry, biochemistry, and phar-
macology of naturally occurring anticancer agents belonging to the family of
terpenoids, alkaloids, macrolides, flavonoids, carotenoids, cannabinoids, phy-
toestrogens, etc. The book also presents a discussion on the molecular mecha-
nism of action of chemotherapeutic agents and structure–activity relationship.
Besides, the use of certain nanoparticles to deliver natural products drugs to
cancer cells has been included. This book portrays an authoritative and informa-
tive account of the state-of-the-art knowledge in the field of anti-breast cancer
drug discovery. It is a valuable resource for practitioners engaged in natural
xix
xx Forewords
Subrata Ghosh
School of Chemical Sciences
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
Nature is the best source of drugs and throughout history, natural products have
played a dominant role in the treatment of human ailments. Natural products
comprise a large portion of currently used pharmaceutical agents, most nota-
bly in the area of cancer therapy such as Taxol, vinblastine, and camptothecin.
These structurally unique agents function by novel mechanisms of action. Can-
cer is the second leading cause of death globally and is known to be responsible
for approximately 9.6 million deaths in 2018 and this burden continues to in-
crease. Among all types of cancers, breast cancer is one of the most challeng-
ing diseases, which is responsible for a large number of cancer-related deaths.
Hormonal therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been used as
a treatment of breast cancer, for a very long time. Due to severe side effects and
multidrug resistance, these treatment approaches become increasingly ineffec-
tive. Adoption of complementary treatment approach can be a big solution for
this situation, as it is evident that compounds derived from natural sources have
a great deal of anticancer activity with fewer side effects and are relatively safe.
Natural compounds can fight against the aggressiveness of breast cancer, inhibit
cancer cell proliferation, and modulate cancer-related pathways.
Given the significance of natural products as a source of drugs and leads,
the publication of the present book, ‘Discovery and Development of Anti-Breast
Cancer Agents from Natural Products’ edited by Professor Goutam Brahm-
achari and published by Elsevier, is a timely and welcome addition to the litera-
ture. This is a very useful book covering a detailed knowledge of the different
category of compounds including epothilones, terpenoids, vinca alkaloids, can-
nabinoids, carotenoids, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, chemopreventive as well as
the use of nanoparticles for delivering natural products to breast cancer cells
and the role of plant products in targeted therapy and chemoprevention of breast
cancer. This book will serve as a reference book for scientists and academicians
involved in breast cancer management and also to pharmaceuticals industries
in natural product-based drug development globally. I wish the series a grand
success and look forward to seeing additional volumes published in the future.
xxi
xxii Preface
Goutam Brahmachari
Laboratory of Natural
Products & Organic Synthesis,
Department of Chemistry,
Visva-Bharati (A Central University),
Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
January 2021
Chapter 1
1 Introduction
This volume titled “Discovery and Development of Anti-breast Cancer Agents
from Natural Products” under the book series “Natural Product Drug Discov-
ery” is an endeavor to access the on-going developments and recent cutting-
edge research advances in the field of natural products against dreadfully breast
cancer concerning their identification, isolation, and overall chemistry and
pharmacology, as well as to underline how natural product research continues
to make significant contributions in the domain of discovery and development
of new medicinal entities. The reference is meant for phytochemists, synthetic
chemists, combinatorial chemists, biologists, pharmacologists, clinicians as
well as other practitioners and advanced students in related fields. This book
comprising of 10 technical chapters offers recent updates on these areas of natu-
ral product research intending to unravel their pharmaceutical applicability in
anti-breast cancerous drug discovery processes.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females worldwide and is
the second overall cause of death for them. It is estimated that globally more
than 1 million women are diagnosed with breast cancer annually, and about
4,10,000 affected women die out this dreadful disease. Besides, breast can-
cer causes a substantial psychological and economical burden on the patients
and their families. The major problem in treating breast cancer lies with its
multifaceted behavior against protein expressions. It is generally categorized
into estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative breast cancer. Based on
other biomarkers such as progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal
growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), breast cancer is further divided into several
2.1 Chapter 2
Epothilones, a novel class of myxobacterial 16-membered natural macrolides,
have proven to be a highly fascinating structural motif in the design, synthesis,
and development of drugs against breast and other dreadful cancerous diseases.
Since the discovery of epothilone A and B, commendable research work has
been accomplished so far in this direction. Epothilones exert their inhibitory
activity against human cancer cell growth through the stabilization of cellular
microtubules. However, in contrast to paclitaxel, epothilones retain much greater
toxicity against P-glycoprotein-expressing multiple drug-resistant cells, thereby
opening a promising avenue for anti-cancer drug discovery. A handful of semi-
synthetic and synthetic epothilone analogs have been found to exhibit potent
effects on human cancer cell growth and several of these have been advanced to
the stage of clinical development. This includes ixabepilone (aza-epothilone B,
Ixempra, BMS-247550), the semi-synthetic lactam derivative of epothilone B
developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and approved by FDA in October 2007, for
the treatment of locally advanced and/or metastatic breast cancer. In Chapter 2,
Brahmachari offered an overview of epothilone A and B regarding their isola-
tion, structure, and bioactivity.
2.2 Chapter 3
Chapter 3 by Negi deals with anti-breast cancer terpenoids of natural origins.
Terpenes represent one of the largest and most diverse classes of secondary
metabolites, have been one of the most desirable classes in drug discovery.
Paclitaxel and its semi-synthetic analog docetaxel are success stories from this
class which are frontline drugs for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
Natural sources, anti-breast cancer potential, and structure-activity relationships
of diverse terpenoids are presented in detail. This chapter is anticipated to be
much useful to the chemists/pharmacologists working in the area of anti-breast
cancer drug discovery research.
2.3 Chapter 4
González-Burgos and Gómez-Serranillos offered a thorough account of the vinca
alkaloids as chemotherapeutic agents against breast cancer, in Chapter 4. It is
estimated that more than half of the anti-cancer drugs used in clinical uses have
presently a natural origin. In this context, vinca alkaloids (vinblastine and vincris-
tine), isolated from the Madagascar periwinkle plant Catharanthus roseus G. Don.
(Apocynaceae), were the first natural products with potent anti-tumor properties
4 Discovery and Development of Anti-Breast Cancer Agents from Natural Products
for clinical use. Their main mechanism of action is related to their ability to inter-
fere with the mitotic spindle apparatus and thus to trigger cellular arrest in meta-
phase during mitosis, and consequently to cause apoptosis and tumor cell death.
Since the discovery of vinca alkaloids, both natural and synthetic origin, there
are numerous clinical trials carried out to-date to evaluate the efficacy of these
compounds against breast cancer. These anti-cancer agents are commonly used
in combination chemotherapy regimens as well as they are a therapeutic option if
other chemotherapy agents fail. Under this purview, the authors tried their best to
offer a vivid discussion on the historical outcome of vinca alkaloids, from the dis-
covery of compounds of natural origin (vinblastine and vincristine) to the synthe-
sis of analogs with anti-cancer activity (vinorelbine and vinflunine), together with
a comprehensive review of the newest pre-clinical and clinical investigations on
these compounds against breast cancer. This illustrative review of such potentially
important natural products would create enthusiasm among the readers.
2.4 Chapter 5
Chapter 5 by Belingeri and Caltana, overviews impacts of cannabinoid on
breast-cancer therapy. This group of compounds has many medicinal proper-
ties. In cancer treatment, cannabinoids are usually prescribed to relieve nausea
as well as to increase appetite in palliative care, but in-depth studies have shown
that they are also involved in cell divisions, autophagy, and apoptosis, thereby
arising as the cannabinoid system, a target in therapeutic and tumors prevention.
Experimental evidence in animal models and studies in breast cancer cell lines
exposed to cannabinoid treatments showed a potential anti-tumoral effect and
their intervention in the invasion and metastasis. Cannabinoids thus appear to be
a future promise in the treatment of breast cancer. This exhaustive review would
offer a piece of huge relevant information to the researchers working in this field.
2.5 Chapter 6
The potential of natural carotenoids as tools in breast cancer therapy is delin-
eated in Chapter 6 by Tundis and his group. Carotenoids are widely distrib-
uted in nature and are important sources of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and
anti-tumor compounds. Epidemiological studies have shown a good correlation
between a high carotenoid intake in the diet with a reduced risk of colorec-
tal, cervical, ovarian, and breast cancers. The authors offered a comprehensive
overview of carotenoids with their natural distributions, extractions, and the
potential role for the treatment of breast cancer. This would attend many queries
of the readers interested in carotenoid chemistry.
2.6 Chapter 7
In Chapter 7, Şöhretoğlu and coauthors presented a comprehensive and focused
discussion on flavonoids as inducers of apoptosis and autophagy in breast can-
cer. Flavonoids are from the most common group of polyphenolic compounds
Anti-Breast Cancer Agents from Natural Products: An Overview Chapter | 1 5
in human diets and found in fruits, vegetables, cereals, chocolate, and bever-
ages such as tea, coffee, and wine. This important family of naturally occurring
compounds is potential anti-cancer drug candidates with their promising apop-
tosis/autophagy-inducing effects. In this chapter, the authors offered the general
extraction and isolation techniques for natural flavonoids from fruits and veg-
etables, and the synthesis of some flavones, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones in
detail. Besides, the apoptosis- and autophagy-inducing activities of certain flavo-
noids as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms are also addressed. This
informative review would act as a stimulus in the flavonoid research in the field.
2.7 Chapter 8
Phytoestrogens are natural estrogen-like substances having multiple targets
within cells including the epigenome, and hence this bioactive potential of
this group of compounds could be advantageous to the development of che-
mopreventive drugs. Phytoestrogens show anti-cancer activity via mechanisms
including modulation of estrogen receptors, redox homeostasis, cell signaling
pathways, regulation of the cell cycle, and inhibition of enzyme, angiogenesis,
and epigenetic alterations. In Chapter 8, Sil and coauthors overviewed all these
issues in a comprehensive manner exploring phytoestrogens as novel therapeu-
tic molecules against breast cancer.
2.8 Chapter 9
In Chapter 9, Baboota and coauthors delineated the chemopreventive and thera-
peutic potential of natural agents and their combinations for the prevention,
control, and treatment of breast cancer. Natural agents can potentiate the anti-
cancer activity of other chemotherapeutic drugs by numbers of pathways with-
out initiating the generation of any toxic effects. Several attempts have been
made to characterize the natural agents including epigallocatechin gallate,
sulforaphane, apigenin, resveratrol, curcumin, lycopene, gingerol, quercetin,
melatonin, thymoquinone, and many more for the potential treatment of breast
cancer. With the development of new technologies, these natural agents have
been combined with synthetic anti-cancer agents for targeting the specific breast
tumor. The authors offered a comprehensive account of effective combinatorial
approaches with various beneficial effects against breast cancer in this chap-
ter. Also, the authors emphasized the role of various nanocarriers developed
for potent natural agents alone or in combination for increasing their activity
against breast cancer. This illuminating review would boost ongoing research in
finding effective drugs against dreadfully breast cancers.
2.9 Chapter 10
Chapter 10 by Mallik is devoted to the role of certain nanoparticles for delivering
natural product chemotherapeutics to breast cancer cells. Although many natural
products, such as curcumin and artemisinin, have shown clinical improvement
6 Discovery and Development of Anti-Breast Cancer Agents from Natural Products
2.10 Chapter 11
The group of Singh and Tiwari offered a vivid discussion on the molecular
mechanisms underlying breast cancer and the role of plant products in targeted
therapy, in Chapter 11. The authors explored the role of the major signaling
pathways and downstream factors considered as promising molecular targets for
cancer therapy program. A diverse range of phytochemicals and plant extracts
are presented in this chapter as possible therapeutic agents against breast cancer.
This contribution would be greatly effective to the readers at large.
3 Concluding remarks
This introductory chapter summarizes each technical chapter of the book for
which representation of facts and their discussions are exhaustive, authoritative,
and deeply informative. The readers would find interest in each of the chap-
ters, which practically covers a broad spectrum of bioactive natural products in
the field of anti-breast cancer drug discovery, particularly on their chemistry,
identification, synthesis, and synthetic analogs, structure-activity relationships,
clinical aspects, and modes of action. The reference encourages interdisciplin-
ary works among chemists, pharmacologists, clinicians, biologists, botanists,
and agronomists with an interest in these anti-breast cancerous natural products.
Hence, the present book would surely serve as a key reference in this domain.
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