Doing Your Research Project: A Guide

For First-Time Researchers 7th Edition

Stephen Waters
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Dedicated to the memory of Judith Bell: 1929–2015
 Foreword
Acknowledgements

Introduction

PART I Preparing the Ground

1 The Researcher and the Research Journey
2 Approaches to Research
3 Planning the Project
4 Ethics and Integrity in Research
5 Reading, Referencing and the Management of Information
6 Literature Searching
7 The Review of the Literature

PART II Selecting Methods of Data Collection

8 The Analysis of Documentary Evidence
9 Using the Internet and Social Media in Research
10 Designing and Administering Surveys
11 Planning and Conducting Interviews
12 Diaries, Logs, Critical Incidents, Blogs and Vlogs
13 Observation

PART III Interpreting the Evidence and Reporting the Findings

14 Interpreting the Evidence and Reporting the Findings
15 Writing the Report

Glossary
References
Index
 Foreword
Acknowledgements

Introduction

PART I Preparing the Ground

1 The Researcher and the Research Journey
Introduction
The research journey
Navigating the maze
What it means to carry out research
What it means to be a researcher
The role of a researcher
Intentional roles of the researcher
Unintentional roles of the researcher
The responsibilities of the researcher
Self-reflection
The Researcher and the Research Journey Checklist
Further reading
2 Approaches to Research
Introduction
Styles of research
Advantages and disadvantages of quantitative and qualitative research methods
Action research and the role of practitioner researchers
Case study
Survey
Applied research
The experimental style
Ethnography and the ethnographic style of research
The grounded theory approach
Thematic analysis
Narrative inquiry and stories
Which approach?
Self-reflection
Laying the Groundwork Checklist
Further reading
3 Planning the Project
 Introduction
Selecting a topic
Getting started
The purpose of the study
Hypotheses, objectives and researchable questions
Working title and the project outline
Timing
Supervision
Codes of practice for supervision
Keeping records of supervisory tutorials
The research experience
Writing as you go along and the research diary
Self-reflection
Planning the Project Checklist
Further reading
4 Ethics and Integrity in Research
Introduction
The difference between ethics and morals
Research contracts, codes of practice, protocols and the principle of informed consent
Ethics committees
Confidentiality and anonymity
Safeguarding confidentiality and anonymity if disseminating information online
Ethical research in practice, the problems of ‘inside’ research and personal codes of practice
Codes of ethical practice relating to intellectual ownership/property
Self-reflection
Ethics and Integrity in Research Checklist
Further reading
5 Reading, Referencing and the Management of Information
Introduction
Reading
Note-taking
Note-taking and guarding against plagiarism
Referencing
Creating, editing and storing references
Backing-up: better safe than sorry
Making a note of references
The management of information
A lot of fuss about nothing?
Self-reflection
Reading, Note-taking, Guarding against Plagiarism, Referencing and the Management of Information
Checklist
Further reading
6 Literature Searching
Introduction
Defining the parameters of your search (search limiters) and keywords
Focusing, refining and grouping your keywords
Digital or print?
Libraries, librarians – and books
Google Search
Google Books
Journals
Evaluating sources
 Copyright and licensing restrictions when downloading items from the web
Self-reflection
The Top Ten Guide to Searching the Internet Checklist
Further reading
7 The Review of the Literature
Introduction
The ‘critical review’ of the literature
Theory and theoretical (or conceptual) frameworks
The ‘critical review’ in practice
Reviewing the reviews
Using quotations
Self-reflection
Review of the Literature Checklist
Further reading

PART II Selecting Methods of Data Collection

Introduction
Constraints
Reliability and validity
Thinking about computerized data analysis?
Not thinking about computerized data analysis?
A reminder!
Further reading
8 The Analysis of Documentary Evidence
Introduction
The nature of documentary evidence
Approaches to documents
The location of documents
The selection of documents
The critical analysis of documents
Fact or bias?
Self-reflection
The Analysis of Documentary Evidence Checklist
Further reading
9 Using the Internet and Social Media in Research
Introduction
Ethical considerations in the use of the Internet and social media for the collection of data
Social media, the research process and social digital tools
Using social media in research
Summary
Self-reflection
Using Social Media in Research Checklist
Further reading
10 Designing and Administering Surveys
Introduction
Exactly what do you need to find out?
Question types
Question wording
Appearance and layout
Drawing a sample
Piloting the survey
Distribution and return of surveys
 The rights of respondents and your rights and responsibilities
Non-response
Analysis of data
Self-reflection and recap
Designing and Administering Surveys Checklist
Further reading
11 Planning and Conducting Interviews
Introduction
Advantages and disadvantages of the interview
The ethics of conducting interviews
Question wording
The interview schedule
Group interviews and focus groups
Recording interviews
Skype and Google Hangouts
Bias – the old enemy
Remember!
Self-reflection
Planning and Conducting Interviews Checklist
Further reading
12 Diaries, Logs, Critical Incidents, Blogs and Vlogs
Introduction
Representativeness
The diary-interview method
Piloting returns forms and instructions to participants
Five case studies
The ethics of diary use
Blogs and vlogs
Self-reflection
Diaries, Logs, Critical Incidents, Blogs and Vlogs Checklist
Further reading
13 Observation
Introduction
Unstructured observation
Participant observation
Structured observation and keeping records
Recording behaviour
Content
A few (more) words of warning
After the event
Self-reflection
Observation Checklist
Further reading

PART III Interpreting the Evidence and Reporting the Findings

14 Interpreting the Evidence and Reporting the Findings
Introduction
List questions
Quantity and category questions
Measures of central tendency
Coding
Grids
 Scales
Verbal questions
Conclusions
Self-reflection
Interpreting the Evidence and Reporting the Findings Checklist
Further reading
15 Writing the Report
Introduction
Getting started
The final writing task
Structuring the report
The need for revision
Any possibility of plagiarism?
Evaluating your own research
Self-reflection
Writing the Report Checklist
Further reading

Glossary
References
Index
Judith Margaret Bell, MBE, PhD was born in Nottinghamshire in September
1929.
Judith went to a primary school near her home. She passed the exam to attend
Brincliffe Girls School, where she learned shorthand and typing, skills that she
used throughout her life. Subsequently, Judith left school to work on the local
market. She also attended the local college in Nottingham to learn French and
Spanish. Judith then went to Manchester University to develop her love of
languages further. She spent a year at Madrid University, shortly after the
Spanish Government had opened its borders at the end of the Civil War. Her
fellow students were Spanish and so Judith’s fluency improved dramatically!
On returning to England, Judith was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to spend
time at the University of Madison in Wisconsin. While in the United States, she
visited Mexico and Machu Picchu in Peru. Judith taught Spanish and completed
a Master’s in Spanish before returning to England, having made many new
friends, some of whom visited England with a choir to sing in English churches.
Judith’s first job back in England was to teach shorthand and typing in Hull.
She moved to Ilkeston College in Derbyshire where she became Head of
Department of Languages, Catering and General Studies before being promoted
to Vice Principal of the College and then Acting Principal. While at Ilkeston
College, Judith completed a PhD at Nottingham University.
She then moved to Sheffield University, before working for the Open
University in Manchester. She wrote several course books for the Open
University, the best known of which is Doing Your Research Project , first
published in 1987. Doing Your Research Project has sold over 300,000 copies
and has been translated into seven languages.
Judith went on to work for Her Majesty’s Inspectorate in the Further
Education sector. She was awarded an Open University doctorate in 1997 and an
MBE in the same year.
 Judith also held honorary professorships at the Universities of Lancaster,
Warwick, Leeds and Nottingham, as well as assisting with the development of
universities in Australia.
Judith Bell passed away in February 2015.

Fred Bell
March 2018
As Fred Bell’s Foreword explains, Judith Bell sadly died after the sixth edition
of Doing Your Research Project was published. It has been my privilege to have
known Judith since being taught by her on an Open University Educational
Management course in 1984 and subsequently collaborating on the first edition
of what has become one of the best-selling texts for first-time researchers. I
know that Judith would want me to continue to acknowledge friends, colleagues
and former research students who gave her their support to overcome the
inevitable challenges that accompany writing and updating a book of this nature.
Brendan Duffy , an exceptional former student of Judith’s, wrote Chapter 8 ,
‘The analysis of documentary evidence’, included in this and earlier editions.
Following extensive experience as a teacher and Deputy Head at various
educational levels, as well as contributions to teaching economic history,
educational management and history at the University of Salford and the Open
University, Brendan Duffy, PhD continues to publish academic articles on
nineteenth-century British history.
Brendan first met Judith Bell as his tutor for the Advanced Diploma in
Educational Management at the Open University. She became a friend who
proved to be a great source of inspiration and encouragement throughout his
educational career. After she invited him to collaborate with her, he found it a
great pleasure to contribute from the very start and throughout the subsequent
editions of Doing Your Research Project .
Thanks go to Gilbert Fan , Singaporean-based former postgraduate student of
the University of Sheffield, who permitted Judith to quote parts of his MEd
literature review in Chapter 7 and to John Richardson and Alan Woodley ,
both of the UK Open University, who gave Judith permission to quote from their
journal article, ‘Another look at the role of age, gender and subject as predictors
of academic attainment in higher education’ (Richardson and Woodley 2003).
Judith also acknowledged the contributions of two friends, Jan Gray , who
provided the narrative inquiry sections in Chapter 2 , and Katie Waterhouse ,
who supplied the ‘The top ten guide to searching the Internet checklist’ in
Chapter 6 . Her thanks to you both.
In Judith’s experience, good librarians generally know everything about most
things and so she ‘persuaded’ Richard Pears , co-author of Cite Them Right
(Pears and Shields 2013) and then faculty support librarian at Durham
University library, to read and comment on Chapter 6 (‘Literature searching’)
when she drafted it for the fifth edition. He commented in great detail and also
brought her up to date about online search facilities in libraries – and a great deal
more.
Fred Bell took on the boring task of reading all the scripts and checking that
the figures, tables, graphs and the like matched the texts. Judith described how
he winced at what he regarded as some of her oversimplifications and
‘unscientific’ language, and how she learnt which of his complaints and
objections to ignore and which to accept with gratitude.
Judith also expressed her gratitude to Michael Youngman , formerly of the
University of Nottingham, who devised the question types in Chapter 10 , which
have eased the burden of many research students in the early days of designing
surveys and interpreting the results. The generous assistance and support he
invariably gave to many struggling PhD students, including Judith, made the
difference between their dropping out altogether and actually finishing.
Judith always enjoyed Chris Madden ’s mazes, which appeared on the front
cover of the first to the fifth editions of this book. Judith acknowledged Clare
Wood , whose interpretation of the research maze stayed true to Chris’s original
concept in the sixth edition and now in the seventh edition. Judith would often
smile at the pictures of distraught researchers going down blind alleys, attacking
their laptops, losing patience and wondering why they ever started on the
research in the first place. ‘Yes’, she would say, ‘been there; done that!’
However, the overall image is of students who managed to negotiate the maze
and, having overcome the difficulties experienced by all researchers, are seen to
be leaving it deliriously happy, in academic gowns, holding their diplomas above
their heads, throwing their mortarboards in the air and setting out on new
journeys to do more and even better research. The book would not be the same
without the maze.
Nor could this seventh edition have been produced without all of your support
and encouragement. To you all, our grateful thanks.

Judith Bell and Stephen Waters

Doing Your Research Project is intended for those of you who are about to
undertake research for what I refer to as a ‘100-hour project’, an undergraduate
dissertation or a postgraduate thesis. This new, seventh edition follows the same
tried-and-tested format as the previous six editions. It has, however, been
thoroughly revised and updated throughout, reflecting developments in research
practice and in the fast-paced world in which we operate as students, faculty
members and researchers. A new chapter, ‘The researcher and the research
journey’, has been added to the beginning of the book to explore what it means
to be a researcher and to reflect on the roles you will adopt when carrying out
your research project. ‘Using the Internet and social media in research’, which
has become Chapter 9 , has been extensively updated and expanded to
acknowledge the significant increase in the number and influence of social
media and digital platforms since the sixth edition and the way social media has
become an indispensable part of our personal and academic everyday lives. You
will also find that self-reflection questions have been added before the checklists
at the end of each chapter to provoke thoughts about the content and what action
you will take next. As in the previous edition, the features that readers told us
were helpful when navigating through the book have been retained:

• Chapter introductions provide ‘at a glance’ lists of the key concepts and new
ideas you will come across when you read each chapter.
• Dead End!’ boxes highlight potential risks or research problems, to help you to
avoid the common pitfalls that can lead you down blind alleys in the research
maze.
• Key terms boxes appear in each chapter linked to a glossary, providing you
with a guide to core concepts and research vocabu1ary.
• Checklists are placed at the end of all chapters, reminding you of best research
 practice and helping you work through the research process step by step.
• Further reading sections provide ‘jumping off’ points to extend your learning
about research methods and techniques.
• Comprehensive references provide further sources that will prove invaluable to
you as you progress through your project and develop your skills as an
academic researcher.

Regardless of the topic or your discipline, the problems facing you will be
much the same. You will need to select a topic, identify the objectives of your
study, plan and design a suitable methodology, devise research instruments,
negotiate access to institutions, materials and people, collect, analyse and present
information, and, finally, produce a well-written report. Whatever the size of the
undertaking, techniques have to be mastered and a plan of action devised that
does not attempt more than the limitations of expertise, time and access permit.
Large-scale research projects will require sophisticated techniques, maybe
even statistical analysis, but it is quite possible to produce a worthwhile study
with a minimum of statistical knowledge. We all learn how to do research by
actually doing it, but a great deal of time can be wasted and goodwill dissipated
by inadequate preparation.
This book aims to provide you with the tools to do the job, to help you to
avoid some of the pitfalls and time-consuming false trails that can eat into your
time allowance, to establish good research habits and to take you from the stage
of selecting a topic through to the production of a well-planned,
methodologically sound and well-written final report or thesis – ON TIME.
There is, after all, little point in doing all the work if you never manage to
submit!
No book can take the place of a good supervisor but, if you can familiarize
yourself with basic approaches and techniques, you will be able to make full use
of your tutorial time for priority issues.
PART I

Preparing the Ground

As a first-time researcher, you are probably a little daunted by the task

ahead of you. Not only are you faced with deciding what or who you are
going to research but also how you are going to collect data, what to do
with it when you have got it, and how to write up your findings. As the
maze on the front cover suggests, the path ahead is unlikely to be direct and
you will take many twists and turns and go down a few blind alleys before
you reach your goal. I understand how you might be feeling – after all, I
was once in the same position myself. I wrote this book to act as your guide
through the maze of research and to give you advance warning of possible
dead ends and pitfalls so that you avoid making the same mistakes I once
made. We all learn by making mistakes and experiencing failure – but it is
much less painful to learn from other people’s errors!
The first part of the book sets out the range of research methods and
approaches that you have at your disposal and considers what you need to
do before you begin to collect your data. Chapter 1 explores what it means
to be a researcher and considers what you need to take into account when
embarking on your research journey. Chapter 2 takes you through the
advantages and disadvantages of each research method, providing essential
information to enable you to decide which is the most appropriate for
 collecting your data. If you have yet to decide on the focus of your research,
that’s fine – you can always come back to Chapter 2 later.

Chapter 3 looks at planning and structuring your research and how you might
make notes during this process. While writing the report seems a long way off
right now, it is important to be able to visualize how the report will be organized
and to appreciate how it might look when completed. As you will see, there is
far less variation in the format of research reports than you might think, and
understanding how you should present your research is important from the
outset.
Ethical considerations are reviewed in Chapter 4 . Even experienced
researchers begin with the best of intentions, but they sometimes come across
ethical issues they failed to see or appreciate. The issues of anonymity and
confidentiality are examined, and Stephen Waters explains how his intention that
the participants in his insider study of his own institution should remain
anonymous was undermined by his lack of foresight when the report was written
up. Luckily, the research report was not adversely affected and participants
kindly overlooked what could have been a potential problem, as their identities
were unintentionally revealed. We would rather you do not depend on luck but
avoid such problems occurring in the first place.
Part I also devotes a significant amount of space to how you manage
information, how you organize references and avoid plagiarism – using other
people’s words and ideas as your own. It asks important questions about whether
you will understand notes you have made today in the future. Even if you have a
good memory, will you really be able to go back to a specific page in a book to
retrieve a quotation that you have forgotten to write out in full? The answer is
almost certainly that you will not, and so it is important to get into the habit of
making detailed notes from the start – on everything, even if you think you will
never use it. While careful note-taking is time-consuming, it will save hours,
perhaps days, of work later in your research when you would otherwise have to
retrace your steps before setting out on your research journey again.
Whatever your research topic, it is highly unlikely that you will be the first
person to have researched the area, although the specific focus of your research
may be original (and if you are a PhD student, this will be essential). Chapters 6
and 7 concentrate on how to find relevant literature on your research topic and
how you should go about writing a review of the literature you find. This will
help you to put your research in the context of previous investigations and will
enable you to compare your findings with those of researchers who have gone
before you. A literature review should also give you a valuable insight into the
advantages and disadvantages of previous research, enabling you to build on
researchers’ successes and helping you to avoid similar problems.
I do not claim to be able to offer you an untroubled path through the research
maze. Nevertheless, I hope that this book will be a useful guide along the way.
However challenging your research journey, I know what a great learning
experience it is and how immensely rewarding completing a research project can
be. I wish you well as you set out on your journey.
 1 The Researcher and the
Research Journey

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 invites you to set out on your research journey. It considers what it means to carry out
research and explores the roles and responsibilities that you will accept. It invites you to consider the
difference between roles that are explicit and roles that you might be asked to perform by your
participants. It prompts you to anticipate how you would overcome the challenges of being expected to
undertake ‘unintentional’ roles. In this chapter, you will find:

• A suggestion that undertaking research for the first time is like a journey: the more you can plan for it
and anticipate twists and turns, the more likely it is that you will avoid detours and reach your
destination on time.
• An explanation of what it means to carry out research.
• A discussion about what it means to adopt the role of a researcher.
• The ‘intentional’ and ‘unintentional’ roles of a researcher.
• The responsibilities of carrying out research.

Key terms
The following key terms are highlighted on the pages shown. You will find a definition for each
term in the glossary at the back of the book.
Research 10 Role: Intentional 14
Hypothesis 11 Role: Unintentional 16
Researcher Development Framework 12 Responsibility (of the researcher) 18
The research journey
‘ If you don’t know where you’re going, any road will get you there.’
Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

Wherever you are reading this page, you made a journey to get here. Unless
something unexpected happened and you are taking a journey you hadn’t
anticipated or you have ended up at an unintended location, you knew how to get
to your destination. Your journey may have included several stages and different
forms of transport. If the journey was unfamiliar, you might have used Google
maps to help you reach your destination. If so, you would know how long the
journey would take and the landmarks you would pass en route. However you
made that journey, you were responsible for making the decisions that led to
where you are now.
You might well be asking, ‘Yes . . . but what has this to do with research? I
don’t have much time. I just want to get going! The sooner I start, the sooner I’ll
finish!’ This is understandable. We all have busy lives and competing demands
that take up our time. But just like a physical journey, your journey through your
research project, from deciding on your topic, to writing a research brief or
proposal, to gathering data, to analysis, to arriving at the final stage of writing
up, needs to be planned if you are to reach your destination – a completed report,
submitted on time. Many hours will be saved if, before you set out on your
research journey, you have mapped out a step-by-step route, with dates by which
each stage is to be completed. This book will be your guide along the way.
Lewis Carroll’s indisputable logic at the head of this chapter is a humorous
but apt warning that we need to know where we are going to be able to plan our
route and avoid aimless wandering. There is of course a place for travelling
without a destination and allowing experiences to shape our journey.
Backpacking is a wonderful way to see the world, as well as to expand our
knowledge and shape who we are. But when we take on the role of a researcher,
what we will learn and our ultimate success rely on a detailed road map, based
on the experience of those who have travelled along the route before us.
On page 4, you will find a flowchart of your research journey, with each stage
connected to the one after it by a breadcrumb trail. You can find information
about the topics identified in each stage at the head of each chapter in the book.
The number of the relevant chapter is identified below the text in each stage. As
the aim of Doing Your Research Project is to provide an easy-to-read guide to
the process of conducting and writing up a research study, I would strongly
advise you to read through the whole book before starting out on your project. If
you have read through the book, you can then revisit each stage before
embarking on it. If time does not allow for this or you are anxious to get going,
you must at least read the chapter or chapters linked to each stage in advance of
tackling it. Some researchers have found it useful to re-create the flowchart on
page 4 in digital format and to shade the boxes as they are completed. Others
have taken an image of the flowchart using the camera on their mobile/cell
phone so that they have it with them as a reference guide and a reminder of their
progress.

Navigating the maze

The graphic of the maze on the cover of the book serves as a friendly warning
that your research journey may take unexpected twists and turns and you may
encounter challenges and setbacks that you had not anticipated. At times, you
may become frustrated or even angry if things are not going well. Hopefully, you
will avoid taking it out on your laptop, as one researcher is seen to be doing at
the beginning of the maze on the front cover! The more organized you are, with
clear plans of how you are going to carry out your research, the less the ‘secret
destinations’ you encounter will disrupt your progress or throw you off track.

What it means to carry out research

The online Cambridge Dictionary defines research as ‘a detailed study of the
subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new)
understanding’. Research consists of three steps: the posing of a question, the
collection of data to answer the question, and presenting an answer to the
question. Chapter 3 of this book refers to the creation of a hypothesis that the
researcher tests by gathering data in order to arrive at new knowledge or a new
understanding. A hypothesis is an educated guess or proposal based on current
knowledge, the validity of which, when investigated, is tested by the evidence.
Hypotheses are the foundation of scientific research that uses mainly quantitative
methods of data collection to decide whether the hypothesis can be substantiated,
often running an experiment to test the evidence. While a hypothesis is often
written in the form of a statement, underlying it will be a question to be
answered.
An example of a research hypothesis in education is: ‘Visual learning
increases the progress of autistic children in Year 11.’ A hypothesis in social
science research might be: ‘If prisoners receive counselling while in jail, they are
less likely to re-offend after release.’ A hypothesis in scientific research:
‘Practising mindfulness increases the amount of serotonin in the brain.’ Each of
these hypotheses asks a question: ‘Does visual learning increase the progress of
autistic children in Year 11?’; ‘Does providing counselling to prisoners make it
less likely that they will re-offend on release?’; and ‘Does practising mindfulness
increase the amount of serotonin in the brain?’ The aim of the research study in
each case is to gather data and information (evidence) that will enable the
researcher to provide an answer to the underlying or implicit question. The
researcher must be open to the possibility that a definitive answer cannot be
found and that more research is required to explore the matter further. It is not
unknown for even experienced researchers to be influenced by their own opinion
of what the answer to the research question will be, or to collect data that is
biased towards the answer they would like to find. While deliberate unethical
practices in research are rare, unintended bias, operating at below the
researcher’s level of awareness, is more common. One of the key characteristics
of a researcher is to be open-minded and to be prepared to be surprised, both by
what they find and what the data tells them. In this respect, their role can be
compared to that of a detective, assembling the evidence to try to find answers to
what appears to be a crime.

What it means to be a researcher

If the purpose of research is to attempt to provide answers to questions by
collecting and analysing data and information, it follows that someone who is
occupied in this process is a researcher. In 2011, Vitae, a not-for-profit
organization that supports the professional development of researchers,
published the Researcher Development Framework (RDF) . The RDF is
designed to support the personal, professional and career development of
researchers in higher education, with a focus on PhD students. The RDF is also
applicable to all research conducted within higher education institutions. It ‘. . .
articulates the knowledge, behaviours and attributes of successful researchers
and encourages them to realise their potential’ (p. 1). The RDF was created from
empirical data collected by interviewing researchers on what they considered
were the characteristics of excellent researchers. From the information provided,
descriptors were drawn up into four ‘domains’ and twelve sub-domains. The
domains and sub-domains identified the knowledge, intellectual abilities,
techniques and professional standards required to do research. The RDF also
defined the personal qualities and skills the researcher needs in order to work
effectively with others. The four domains are:
• A: Knowledge and intellectual abilities
• B: Personal effectiveness
• C: Research governance and organization – knowledge of the standards,
requirements and professionalism to do research
• D: Engagement, influence and impact – the knowledge and skills to work with
others and ensure that the research process and findings have an impact
beyond the confines of the project.

As a first-time researcher just starting out on your research journey, you are
unlikely to need to consult the RDF in detail. I have, therefore, chosen a
selection of descriptors from Domain A: ‘Knowledge and intellectual abilities’
and Domain B: ‘Personal effectiveness’, which I think apply as much to a first-
time researcher as to someone experienced in conducting research.

Domain A: Knowledge and intellectual abilities

• research methods: theoretical knowledge

• research methods: practical application
• information-seeking
• academic literacy and numeracy
• analysing
• synthesizing
• critical thinking
• evaluating
• problem-solving
• enquiring mind.

Domain B: Personal effectiveness

• enthusiasm
• perseverance
• integrity
• self-confidence
• self-reflection
• responsibility
• preparation and prioritization
• time management.
Before you start feeling overwhelmed by the qualities and skills that the RDF
identifies, bear in mind that part of the learning process is to develop these skills
and qualities during the course of your research project. If you continue your
research journey beyond your initial research study, this process will continue
during Master’s or PhD research and beyond. You will see that many of the
descriptors are life skills that most of us continue to improve throughout our
lives.

The role of a researcher

On the face of it, the role of a researcher may seem obvious: the collection of
information (data) in an attempt to answer a research question, analyse the
findings and write a report which concludes whether, or to what extent, the
research question has been answered. This is, of course, true. However, in the
course of gathering the information, the researcher may take on a parallel role or
roles. These roles I describe as ‘intentional ’ and ‘unintentional ’. Let me
explain what I mean by this.

Intentional roles of the researcher

An intentional role relates to why the researcher is conducting the research. It is
transparent, explicit and understood by participants. Here are some possible
intentional roles:

• Final-year undergraduate doing a research study supervised by a tutor

• Master’s student undertaking research for his or her dissertation
• PhD student carrying out research to gain a doctorate
• Research fellow employed by an organization to carry out research on its
behalf, e.g. a National Health Service (NHS) Trust employs a researcher to
identify which interventions are the most effective in supporting children with
mental health issues
• Teacher in a school conducting action research to find out how students could
improve their revision techniques as part of a professional development
course.

It may be that the researcher takes on two or more roles at the same time, as in
the final example, where the researcher is both a teacher and a student studying
for a qualification. These roles are ‘intentional’ in the sense that the researcher is
aware of them from the outset. These are the roles that will be made explicit to
the individuals who will be the ‘participants’ or ‘subjects’ of the research itself,
and from whom the researcher will gather data, and the organization within
which the research is being conducted.
I have chosen a selection of factors from Domains C and D of the RDF that
you need to take into account, especially during data collection. They may be
relevant to a greater or lesser extent to your role, depending on your research
topic.

Domain C: Research governance and organization

• health and safety

• ethics and principles
• legal requirements (including avoiding plagiarism and acknowledging sources)
• respect and confidentiality
• research strategy
• project planning and delivery
• risk management.

Domain D: Engagement, influence and impact

• society and culture

• equality and diversity
• collaboration
• people management.

All research takes place in a social and cultural context and an important aspect
of the researcher’s role is to understand how participants might view their
research. You will have additional responsibilities if, for example, you are
conducting a research study within the NHS or in the legal or criminal justice
system, which have their own ethical requirements, especially when gathering
information directly from participants. Ethical considerations are addressed in
more detail in Chapter 4 . You are advised to be explicit about your role and to
provide a detailed explanation to participants of the purpose of your research and
what you will do with the information you collect from them.

Unintentional roles of the researcher

Another random document with
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the next evening, if the weather permitted. This programme had
been drawn up by my husband and myself two or three weeks
before Mr. Quinton’s arrival, but it has since come to light that the
Jubraj suspected us of treachery in asking him to arrange and be
present at these nautches.

NATIVES OF THE MANIPUR HILLS.

 We had never seen so many people in the Residency at once as
there were that Sunday night at dinner—fifteen in all. I felt rather
forlorn, being the only lady present, and wished that I had even one
familiar spirit in the shape of another woman to keep me company.
The band was very much appreciated, and everything seemed
very bright and cheery. No thought of evil troubled any of us, for little
we knew that it was the last evening we were to spend in peace
there all together.
The next day Mr. Melville was to leave us. I had tried to persuade
him to stay longer, as he had only been two days with us before, and
had seen nothing of the place; but his time was precious, and he had
his work to do in a great many other places, so we could not get him
to alter his arrangements. He agreed to compromise matters by
remaining until the afternoon of the following day, the 23rd, and
about eleven the party broke up and retired to rest.
 CHAPTER XIV.
Up early on the eventful morning—The Jubraj does not attend the Durbar—Visit of
Mr. Grimwood to the Jubraj—Finds him in high fever—Matters assume a
serious aspect—Thoroughfares deserted—Terrific thunderstorm—Our
servants take French leave—My ayah deserts—Melancholy thoughts—Lovely
moonlight night—A Manipuri arrives to spy out our doings—The night before
the outbreak—Attack on the Residency—Capture of the Jubraj’s house—
Anxiety about Lieutenant Brackenbury—Stray bullets find their billet in the
Residency—Attack gets hot, and big guns play on the Residency—We have
to take to the cellars—The Regent invites Mr. Quinton to an interview.

It is now some time since the events took place which I am

recording here, and not one vestige of the past remains to help me in
my work, not a single scrap of writing or note of any kind; yet the
smallest detail of those few terrible days is engraved so indelibly
upon my memory that it seems but the occurrence of yesterday, and
I need no reference to help me in my description of a catastrophe
which almost outrivals some of the horrors of the Mutiny.
We were all up early on the morning of the 23rd. The durbar was
fixed to take place at eight, and the rooms had to be prepared for the
ceremony. But when eight o’clock came, it brought only a message
from the palace, saying that the Jubraj was too ill to leave his house,
and therefore the regent had not come; so the red cloth arranged for
his reception was put away, and a consultation took place between
the Chief and my husband as to what the next move should be.
It was decided to make one last attempt to get the princes to
attend, and then if that failed, other measures were to be resorted to.
But twelve o’clock brought no better results, and about four my
husband was sent to the palace to see the Jubraj, and convey to him
personally the orders of the Government, and use all his influence to
persuade the prince to give himself up quietly, telling him at the
same time that the proposed banishment was not to last for ever, but
that it would depend chiefly on his good behaviour, and eventually, at
the death of his brother, the regent, he (the Jubraj) would be allowed
to return to Manipur, and ascend the throne as Maharajah. It was a
veritable hornets’ nest into which my husband ventured that
afternoon, accompanied only by his friend Mr. Simpson. He would
not take even a single orderly with him, knowing in what an excited
state the whole palace was at that time. It was crowded with Sepoys,
collected, the regent told him, for the review which we had desired to
witness. I got very anxious about them both when more than an hour
had passed and they had not returned, but when my husband did
come back I knew at a glance that his mission had failed. He said
the Jubraj was certainly very unwell. He had had some difficulty at
first in persuading the prince to come and see him at all, but after
finding out from his people that the two Sahibs had come quite
alone, the Jubraj had himself carried down to see them in a litter.
The exertion caused him to faint, and my husband said that there
was no doubt as to his illness, and that he found him in high fever.
Shortly before this visit to the palace took place, Mr. Melville
started off on the first stage of his journey to Kohima. He intended
travelling as far as Sengmai that day, a distance of ten miles. My
husband tried to make him reconsider his decision to go, and I
added my persuasions to his. We did not like the look of things at all,
and how matters would end was, to say the least, very uncertain.
I remember so well our all standing on the steps of the Residency
that afternoon, watching the coolies collecting Mr. Melville’s luggage,
and begging him to remain even one day longer with us, for fear of
anything going wrong; and I remember equally well his answer:
‘Thank you very much, Mrs. Grimwood,’ he said, ‘but do not fear for
me. I am not important enough to be captured by these Manipuris. I
shall get on all right, never fear’; and in a few more minutes he had
left us. But the thoughts of his going away like that, alone, without
any guard to protect him, troubled me more than once that
afternoon, and I could not get it out of my head. Matters assumed a
serious aspect indeed when my husband returned about six o’clock
from the palace with the news that he had been unsuccessful with
regard to the Jubraj. There was only one way, then, out of the
difficulty, and that was to place the affair in the hands of the military,
and apply force where persuasion had failed. It was a council of war,
indeed, and everything seemed to combine to fill me with sensations
of dread for what was going to happen. I could not feel the
excitement that took possession of the men when the chances of a
probable fight became known. Such an idea filled me with alarm and
horror. The place had a deserted look about it, and on the principal
road, as a rule crowded with people at that hour, not a soul was
visible.
The clouds had been gathering up all the afternoon, and about
seven o’clock a terrific thunderstorm occurred, and darkness set in,
which was only lit up now and then by brilliant flashes of lightning. I
busied myself about the house, where I found a state of confusion
reigning. A number of the servants had taken French leave and
departed, scenting danger.
My old ayah was among the first to go. She had been with me four
years, and had followed me about faithfully till now; but at the first
sign of danger she packed up her belongings and went off. I
wondered where she had taken refuge, for she had a good many
enemies, and was not a native of Manipur, so had no home or
relations in the place to whom she could fly for protection. I felt her
desertion very much. She was only a native, but she was at any rate
a woman, and better than no one in a case like that. However, there
was no good to be got out of thinking over her departure, and I had
as much as I could do as it was to keep the other servants up to the
mark, and get them to understand that dinner that evening would
have to be gone through the same as usual. Mr. Quinton and three
of the others amused themselves by playing whist until dinner-time,
as, of course, going out was an impossibility; and I went to the
kitchen to superintend the arrangements there, and to make
preparations for the next day, as I knew that if there were fighting
going on, I should be left without a single servant, and so resolved to
get as much work out of them while they were there as was possible.
We made a quantity of soup that night, as I thought it would be
useful, and cooked some fowls to provide us with something to eat
the next day in case of accidents. And then we had dinner.
 No one seemed inclined to speak much that evening. With me
conversation was almost an impossibility, and the rest were too
excited about the morrow to be able to talk and laugh as they had
done the day before. It was a relief to me when dinner was over. I felt
nervous and low-spirited, and very lonely, quite out of place amongst
those men whose profession it was to fight, and who were longing
for the next morning.
Thoughts of England and of all whom I loved there, flocked
through my mind, and I wondered what they would say if they could
see us then, and know the possible danger that threatened us and
our home. My husband was troubled at the thoughts of my being in
the place at such a time, and he blamed himself for having agreed to
my staying, though I had done so of my own free will. Even then we
did not dream of any really serious ending. We expected that the
Jubraj would fight well—in fact, the officers and Sepoys were hoping
that the resistance would be strong, and my husband was afraid that
the house might get knocked about, and some of our property
destroyed; but serious alarm for our own safety never entered our
heads. This was the night of the 23rd, the date that we had originally
fixed for the Manipuri nautch to take place; but under the
circumstances we did not think it likely that the girls would come. Mr.
Brackenbury amused us by singing comic songs, accompanying
himself on his banjo after dinner, and all went to bed early, as
everyone had to be up at three the next morning.
It was a lovely moonlight night, and my husband and I walked up
and down in the garden for some time after our guests had gone. I
felt restless and unhappy, but he did his best to reassure me and
make me believe that we should all be perfectly safe. Just before we
were preparing to go in, the sentry challenged at the gate, and
appeared a few minutes afterwards with a Manipuri, who had been
sent from the palace to inquire whether we wished to have the
nautch or not, saying at the same time that the girls who were to
dance were waiting outside in the road if we wanted them. Of course
we told him it was much too late to think of such a thing at that time,
and the man left the place. We believed that he had really been sent
to spy out the land, and find out what preparations, if any, we had
been making. If that were his mission, he must have been seriously
disappointed, for the whole place, and everyone in it, was wrapt in
slumber, with the exception of my husband and myself, and we very
often walked about the grounds late on moonlight nights, so there
was nothing unusual in our doing so on this occasion. There were a
few extra sentries on guard, but chiefly at the back of the house, and
the presence of the Chief Commissioner was quite sufficient cause
for a larger guard than usual.
At last we turned in too, one to sleep as unconcernedly as ever,
knowing not that it was his last night upon earth; the other to lie
awake, listening to the hours as they were struck out on the gong
down at the quarter-guard, and wonder what the ending of the next
day would bring. I never closed my eyes all through the watches of
that night—the last I was destined to spend in Manipur—and when
three o’clock came I woke my husband, and told him that the hour
had come when we were all to get up, and the work of day
commenced.
It was a bitterly cold morning, and quite dark. I dressed quickly,
putting on a warm, tight-fitting winter dress. We had a sort of scratch
breakfast of eggs and bread-and-butter about 3.30 a.m.; but most of
the officers had theirs at the camp, and started from there, so that I
did not know when they actually left to commence the attack. My
husband accompanied Colonel Skene, much to my distress, as I
thought he would have stayed at the Residency, being a civilian; but
he seemed just as keen on going as the others, and I had to make
the best of it. Mr. Quinton, Mr. Cossins, and I all went off to the
telegraph-office, which was situated at the end of the drive, about
three hundred yards from the Residency. It was well built and fairly
strong, the basement being made of stone, and there was a similar
building on the opposite side, which my husband used as an office
for himself, the lower half of which contained the treasury. Here we
took up our position, going up into the telegraph-office first to send a
message to the Government of India, giving details of all that had
occurred up to date. Mr. Cossins, who was acting as secretary to the
Chief Commissioner, brought the telegram down, and while we were
waiting and watching the Baboo[15] despatch it, we heard the first
shot fired in the palace, which was followed up quickly by others, and
we knew then that the fight had begun.
By this time the dawn was breaking, and streaks of daylight were
dispelling the darkness around. It seemed difficult to me to realize
what was really taking place. I had heard firing in the palace so often
that it seemed almost impossible to understand that a sterner game
was being played now, and one which was to cost both sides so
dear. Only half the telegram had been sent, when we were startled
by the sudden advent of a bullet through the office window at our
elbows. It crashed through the glass, breaking it to pieces, and went
into the wall opposite. My heart went to my mouth with fright, and I
left the place with considerable rapidity, taking up a more secure
position below, where I was fairly protected by the stone basement of
the building. Mr. Cossins occupied his time in taking several journeys
up to the house, where he mounted to the roof to discover whether
he could see what was going on inside the palace wall; but it was
impossible, as the Jubraj’s house, which we knew was being
attacked, was some distance off, and hidden from us by intervening
buildings. It was situated near the outer wall of the palace, and our
men seemed to have taken a very short time in getting up to it.
The whole palace was fortified. Five walls surrounded the
Maharajah’s enclosure. The outer of these was much broken, and of
no great height; but the inner ones were very strong, built of brick
and supplied with bastions, and they surrounded the inner palace on
all four sides. On three sides of the outer wall was a canal, very deep
and wide. It was here that the great boat-races took place every
year, and the water was always kept weeded and clean for those
events. The whole citadel was built with a view of resisting attack in
the time before Burmah was annexed, when armies of raiders used
to come down upon Manipur with hostile intent; and it was a place
which could easily be held against an attacking force, provided big
guns were not brought to bear upon it. The Manipuris were well
armed, and supplied with ammunition. The Maharajah had four
mountain guns which had been presented to his father by our
Government in return for services which he had rendered in times
gone by. The Jubraj understood perfectly how to work these guns.
We had seen him fire them himself for our amusement on an
occasion already described, and we knew he would be perfectly
cognizant of their powers of destruction when the opportunity
occurred to bring them into play against us. Of course we, who were
left at the Residency, did not know what was going on round the
Jubraj’s house, where all the firing seemed to come from. From time
to time stray bullets came over our heads where we sat down at the
telegraph-office. I thought it was very exciting then, and the little
Ghoorkas, who had remained to keep guard over the place, were
constantly running out on to the road in front of our entrance-gate, to
see whether they could discover what was happening. They did not
like being inactive at all.
About half-past ten my husband returned, and came to the
treasury to get out some of the reserve ammunition which had been
stored there. He only stayed a few minutes, talking to me before
rejoining Colonel Skene. He told me that the Jubraj’s house had
been captured after a good fight, and that our men were in
possession of it, and the principal gateway besides, and had taken a
good many prisoners. I asked if anyone had been hurt, and he said
there were grave rumours about Lieutenant Brackenbury. No one
seemed to be certain of his whereabouts, while some affirmed that
he had been wounded, and others that he had been killed. We were
very anxious about him, but my husband said that it was all
uncertain, and he might be perfectly safe all the time; and of course
we hoped he was all right.
About twelve Mr. Quinton and I went up to the house, but long
before going he had made another attempt to get the telegram to the
Government of India despatched, and had found that the wires had
been cut on all sides, so all hope of communication from that source
was abandoned. We were rather hungry by twelve, as no one had
eaten much at the hasty repast at three in the morning, and we were
very glad of some hot tea and sandwiches now. I went on a voyage
of discovery round the house. One or two servants still remained, but
they seemed very frightened, and were saying many prayers to their
gods for their safety. A stray bullet or so had hit the walls of the
house, knocking off some of the plaster, but otherwise everything
looked the same as usual.
 SKETCH MAP OF MANIPUR.

We returned to the office in about an hour, after I had seen that all
the preparations for lunch were made. The cook had departed, but
the bearer and I between us managed to get things ready in a
fashion. I took a book to read with me, and busied myself in that
manner until, about one o’clock, Colonel Skene and some of his
officers, with my husband, returned from the scene of action. Our
first inquiries were for Mr. Brackenbury, and then it became evident
that something serious had happened to him, and all our fears were
aroused. After that, things seemed to assume quite a different
aspect, for the officers were all talking so gravely together, and did
not seem quite satisfied with the way things were going.
However, we went back to the Residency to get something to eat.
All had returned with the exception of Mr. Simpson and Captain
Butcher, who were still at the Jubraj’s house, and Mr. Brackenbury,
whose exact whereabouts were unknown. We had commenced
lunch, when my husband asked me if I would give orders that some
food should be sent to the two officers who were not able to leave
their posts, and I went away to a little room adjoining the dining-room
and commenced cutting sandwiches for them, as the servants had
disappeared, and one had to get everything for one’s self or go
without.
I had been busily engaged for about ten minutes, when I heard a
sound which filled me with alarm, and a bullet crashed through the
window above my head. It frightened me more than the one at the
telegraph-office had done, and I dropped my knife, left the
sandwiches as they were, and rushed into the dining-room. All the
officers meanwhile had gone out, and had found that the Manipuris
had crept round to the back of the Residency and commenced an
attack upon us, using as cover the Naga village which lay between
our grounds and the river. This was a clever move on their part, and
it was some time before the troops could drive them back, as most of
our men were engaged in holding the posts inside the palace
captured early in the morning, and this left only a small guard for the
Residency, treasury offices, and Sepoys’ camp. Eventually our party
set fire to the Naga village, and drove the Manipuris out. Bullets had
made their way through the window-panes and doors of the dining-
room, and had smashed some of the breakfast-things and the glass
on the sideboard. It was difficult to find out the most secure place in
the house, as the firing was hot in the front of the Residency by this
time, and the walls, being only lath and plaster, were little or no
protection.
My husband suggested my descending to the cellars, which were
under the house and built of stone; but I did not like the idea, and
remembered how scornful I had been when we had talked over
matters weeks before, and he had joked about the snug corner he
would make ready for me in the basement of the house. So I made
up my mind to remain above-board, so to speak, until the worst
came to the worst. It was heart-rending to see the work of
destruction which was proceeding in the different rooms meanwhile.
The windows were broken, and every now and then bullets crashed
into the rooms, smashing different things—first a picture, then a
vase, then a photograph. All my beloved household gods seemed
coming to grief under my very eyes, and I was powerless to save
them. We did try to collect some of the most valuable of our
belongings together and put them away in a heap in the durbar
room, which at that time had escaped with only one broken pane; but
it was dangerous work going into the front rooms to remove them, for
as the afternoon went on the firing became hotter, and bullets rained
into the house at every second.
It must have been about half-past four that the big guns began to
be played against us. It had been found necessary to concentrate
the whole of our force on the Residency and out-buildings, such as
the treasury and offices, and this entailed abandoning all the
positions captured in the early part of the day inside the outer wall of
the palace, and bringing all the men together. The wounded had to
be recovered from all directions and conveyed to the hospital, which
was some distance from the Residency.
 Lieutenant Brackenbury had been discovered lying on the bank of
the river which flowed north of the palace, where he had fallen
shortly after the attack was made early in the morning. He had
mistaken the direction, having got the wrong side of the wall near the
Jubraj’s house, from which point he had been exposed to a heavy
fire from the enemy. It was only a marvel that he was still alive when
eventually discovered, for he had remained where he fell the whole
of that day, and the Manipuris had never ceased firing at him as he
lay. When his exact whereabouts did become known, it was a difficult
and dangerous task to remove him. Efforts had been made by some
of the Sepoys to drag him away, and a native officer had been
mortally wounded in the attempt. At last, about four o’clock in the
afternoon, he was rescued and brought into the hospital, and it was
found that he had received terrible injuries, being wounded in several
places.
The sound of the first shell which whizzed over the Residency
made me speechless with terror. I had heard the boom of the guns in
the morning, and knew that they had been used to try and drive
Captain Butcher’s party out of the Jubraj’s house, which had been
captured; but they had sounded some distance off, and I had not
realized how terrible they could be until they were turned against our
own house.
The cellars were by this time unavoidable. My husband told me
that we should have to make some sort of rough hospital in one of
them, as the Residency hospital, where the wounded had been
taken, was built of plaster and would not be bullet-proof; so we set to
work to get blankets and sheets down from the house, and
everything we thought might be useful.
Meanwhile shells were doing dreadful damage over our heads,
and we were afraid they might set fire to the thatch and force us out
of our temporary shelter. Luckily most of them went over the house
into the garden at the back, where they could not do such serious
damage; but the noise the guns made, added to the other firing,
which had never ceased, was deafening.
 There was not the slightest doubt by this time that our position was
about as bad as it could very well be. I seemed paralyzed with fear,
and it was only by forcing myself to do something, and never thinking
or imagining for one moment what the end of it all might be, that I
kept my senses sufficiently to be able to make an effort to help the
rest. I heard that the wounded were to be brought up to the house
immediately, as the hospital was getting too hot for them to remain in
it. Poor fellows! they had endured so much as it was in getting there,
that it seemed very hard to be obliged to move them again so soon,
and take them up to the Residency.
There were a good many of us in the cellar by this time—Mr.
Quinton, Colonel Skene, my husband and myself, Mr. Cossins, and
Mr. Gurdon. It was about seven o’clock, and a lovely evening. The
sun was just setting, and the red glow of the sky seemed to
illuminate the landscape around and the faces of the colonel and my
husband as they stood in the doorway talking together in low tones.
It was no difficult matter to read what was written on both their faces,
and I did not dare ask what was going to happen.
At last my husband came and told me that we were to leave the
Residency, and try and find our way to Cachar. It seemed worse to
me to think of going out of the house than to remain there; but
whatever was to take place had to be at once, and there was no time
to spend in giving way to the terrible fear which possessed me.
However, a further consultation was held, and it was decided to
make a truce with the regent, and put an end to hostilities by coming
to some terms with him. A letter was written, which the Chief
Commissioner signed. It ran as follows:

‘On what condition will you cease firing on us, and give us
time to communicate with the Viceroy, and repair the
telegraph?’

While this letter was being written, the colonel had ordered our
buglers to sound the ‘cease fire,’ which they did at once; but it was
some time before the Manipuris followed suit. At last their guns
ceased, and all was quiet. Then my husband went out with the letter,
and called a Manipuri off the wall to take it to the Jubraj. The man
went away with it, and my husband returned to the Residency.

FRANK ST. CLAIR GRIMWOOD.

FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY VANDYK.

LONDON: RICHARD BENTLEY & SON, 1891

 Some minutes later a message came to say that the regent
wished to see Mr. Quinton and talk over matters with him; and this
message was followed by a letter written in Bengali, which contained
an acknowledgment of the Chief’s letter, and a proposal to the effect
that we should surrender our arms if the Manipuris agreed to cease
firing. There was some discussion about the translation of part of this
letter, and Mr. Quinton proposed that the Jubraj should be called
upon to explain the meaning of the passage in question, and asked
whether it would be possible to see him.
Meanwhile the Chief Commissioner’s party, consisting of himself,
Colonel Skene, Mr. Cossins, Lieutenant Simpson, and my husband,
had gone down to the office at our entrance gate, and waited there
while the regent’s letter was being translated. Mr. Simpson had gone
of his own accord, as he wished to accompany my husband, and I
had begged to be allowed to go with him too; but he said I was safer
where I was, and bade me good-bye, telling me to keep a brave
heart, that the firing was at an end, and peace about to be restored;
and he told me to try and get some rest, as I looked so tired. I never
saw him again.
 CHAPTER XV.
Mr. Brackenbury—Scenes in the little cellar—Destruction of our home—Another
moonlight night with a difference—Reopening of the attack on the Residency
—Death of Mr. Brackenbury—Preparations to escape.

I remained where he had left me, alone for some minutes, though
some of the officers were standing just outside the door of the cellar
where I was sitting. It seemed so hard that I could not go with my
husband. I feared being left alone without him, and felt very lonely
and broken-hearted among so many men, mostly strangers to me. I
knew, too, that they would look upon me as an extra burden, and
wish me very far away.
I was roused to action by the doctor, who had taken advantage of
the truce to get his wounded brought up from the hospital to the
house, and had come up first to see what kind of a place could be
got ready. I showed him the cellars, for there were several, which all
communicated with each other, and formed the entire basement of
the house.
Shortly afterwards the Kahars[16] arrived, carrying poor Mr.
Brackenbury on a mattress, and the others followed fast, so that the
small cellar was very soon quite full of men lying side by side on the
stone floor. The blankets and sheets that we had already collected
were very useful, and I made several journeys up to the house, and
gathered up every kind of covering from every direction, and all the
pillows I could find. A little cooking-stove proved of great service. I
fixed it securely upon a table in one corner which I reserved for
cooking operations.
The soup we had made on the previous day was in great request.
Fortunately there was a large quantity of it, to which I added the
contents of five or six tins which I found in the store-room. Milk was
the difficulty. All the cows were out in the grounds, and many of them
had strayed away altogether and we could not get any milk from
them, so were obliged to fall back on condensed milk, of which we
also had several tins.
Some of the men were terribly wounded, but poor Mr. Brackenbury
was by far the worst. His legs and arms were all broken, and he had
several other injuries besides. It seemed a marvel that he was still
alive and fully conscious to all that was going on around him. The
doctor attended to him first of all, and had bound up his broken
limbs, and done as much as possible to alleviate his sufferings; but it
was a terrible sight to see the poor lad in such agony, and be so
powerless to lessen it in any way. He was very thirsty, and drank a
good deal of soup and milk, but we could not get him into a
comfortable position. One minute he would lie down, and the next
beg to be lifted up; and every now and then his ankle would
commence bleeding, and cause him agony to have it bound up
afresh. His face was gray and drawn, and damp dews collected on
his forehead from the great pain he was suffering.
That scene will never be forgotten—the little cellar with a low roof,
and the faces of the wounded lying together on the floor. We did not
dare have a bright light for fear of attracting attention to that
particular spot, and the doctor did his work with one dim lantern.
Such work as it was, too! Every now and then he asked me to go
outside for a few moments while the dead were removed to give a
little more space for the living.
There were some terrible sights in the cellar that night—I pray I
may never see any more like them; but being able to help the doctor
was a great blessing to me, as it occupied my attention, and gave
me no time to think of all the terrible events of the day, and the wreck
of our pretty home. I was very weary, too—in fact, we all were—and
when at about half-past ten I asked everybody to come and get
some sort of a dinner, they seemed much more inclined to go to
sleep, and no one ate much.
The dinner was not inviting, but it was the best that could be got
under the circumstances, for I had had to do it all myself. One or two
of the servants still remained, but they cowered down in corners of
the house, and refused to move out or help me at all. Perhaps had
we known that it was our last meal for nearly forty-eight hours, we
should have taken care to make the most of it; but no thought of
what was coming entered our minds, and long before the melancholy
meal was ended most of the officers were dozing, and I felt as
though I could sleep for a week without waking.
We all separated after dinner about the house. I went back to the
hospital for a little, and found the doctor wanted more milk, so I
returned to the dining-room, where I was joined by Captain Boileau,
and we sat there for some time mixing the condensed milk with
water, and filling bottles with it, which I took downstairs. It was
quieter there than it had been. The wounded had all been attended
to, and most of them had fallen asleep. Even Mr. Brackenbury was
dozing, and seemed a little easier, and only one man was crying out
and moaning, and he was mortally wounded in the head. So finding I
could do no more there, I went upstairs again, resolving, if possible,
to go to my room and lie down for a little while and sleep, for I was
very tired.
I went sorrowfully through our once pretty drawing-room, where
everything was now in the wildest confusion, and saw all the
destruction which had overtaken my most cherished possessions.
There are those who imagine that in a case like this a woman’s
resource would be tears; but I felt I could not weep then. I was
overwhelmed at the terrible fate which had come upon us, and too
stunned to realize and bewail our misfortunes.
Perhaps the great weariness which overcame me may have
helped me to look passively on my surroundings, and I walked
through the house as one in a dream, longing only to get to some
haven of rest, where I could forget the misery of it all in sleep.
I wended my way to the bedroom through a small office of my
husband’s, but when I reached the door I found it would not open,
and discovered that part of the roof had fallen in, caused by the
bursting of a shell. So I gave up the idea of seeking rest there, and
retired to the veranda.
I went down the steps and stood outside in the moonlight for a few
minutes. It was a lovely night, clear and bright as day! One could
scarcely imagine a more peaceful scene. The house had been
greatly damaged, but that was not apparent in the moonlight, and the
front had escaped the shells which had gone through the roof and
burst all round at the back. The roses and heliotrope smelt heavy in
the night air, and a cricket or two chirped merrily as usual in the
creepers on the walls.
I thought of the night before, and of how my husband and I had
walked together up and down in the moonlight, talking of what the
day was to bring, and how little he had thought of such a terrible
ending; and I remembered that poor lad lying wounded in the cellar
below now, who only twenty-four hours ago had been the life and
soul of the party, singing comic songs with his banjo, and looking
forward eagerly to the chances of fighting that might be his when the
morning came.
I wondered where my husband was, and why they had been away
so long. They would be hungry and tired, I thought, and might have
waited to arrange matters till the next day, as they had apparently
been successful in restoring peace. I had an idea of wandering as far
as the gate to see whether the party was visible, but on second
thoughts I went back into the veranda, and resolved to wait there
until my husband should return.
There was one of the officers asleep in a chair close to me, and I
was about to follow his example, when Captain Boileau came out,
and I went to him and asked him if he would mind going down to the
gate and finding out whether he could hear or see anything of the
Chief Commissioner’s party, and if he came across any of them to
say I wanted my husband. He went off at once, and I fell into a doze
in the chair.
It was about twelve o’clock at this time. I do not know how long I
had been asleep, when I was awaked suddenly by hearing the
deafening boom of the big guns again, and knew then that it was not
to be peace.
For a few seconds I could not stir. Terror seemed to have seized
hold of me, and my limbs refused to move; but in a minute I
recovered, and ran through the house down to the cellar again,