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174. Culture-areas
The native cultures of the New World are signalized by the two
outstanding traits already alluded to. First, they have come to us
virtually in momentary cross section, flat and without perspective. In
general there are few historic data extant about them. Second, they
represent the civilizations of by far the greatest geographical extent
and highest attainment that have developed independently, in the
main at least, of the great web of culture growths which appear to
have had their principal origin in the regions not far from the eastern
Mediterranean. They offer, accordingly, a separate problem, and one
which, on account of the dearth of temporal data, has had to be
approached through the medium of space. As soon, therefore, as
knowledge of American cultures became orderly, its organization
was inevitably effected in terms of geography. The result has been
the recognition of a series of culture-areas or culture-centers, several
of which have already been referred to (§ 150-152). These
geographically defined types of culture are gradual and empirical
findings. They are not the product of a scheme or imagination, nor
the result of theory. They are not even the formulation of any one
mind. They do represent a consensus of opinion as to the
classification of a mass of facts, slowly arrived at, contributed to by
many workers, probably accepted in exact identity by no two of them
but in essential outlines by all; in short, a non-philosophical,
inductive, mainly unimpeachable organization of phenomena
analogous to the “natural” classification of animals and plants on
which systematic biology rests.
These culture areas, centers, or types have been established with
greater exactitude for North than for South America. The ten usually
recognized (see Fig. 34) are:
1. Arctic or Eskimo: coastal
2. Northwest or North Pacific Coast: also a coastal strip
3. California or California-Great Basin
4. Plateau: the northern inter-mountain region
5. Mackenzie-Yukon: the northern interior forest and tundra tract
6. Plains: the level or rolling prairies of the interior
7. Northeast or Northern Woodland: forested
8. Southeast or Southern Woodland: also timbered
9. Southwest: the southern plateau, sub-arid
10. Mexico: from the tropic to Nicaragua.
The only serious divergence of opinion as to distinctness or
approximate boundaries might arise in regard to numbers 4 and 5 of
this list. The culture of the Mackenzie region is so deficient and
colorless that some students have hesitated to set it up as a
separate unit. The Plateau culture is also vague as to positive traits.
A plausible argument could be advanced apportioning it between the
adjacent Northwest, Plains, California, and Southwest cultures. In
fact, usage has here been departed from in reckoning the Great
Basin, that part of the plateau which is without ocean drainage, with
California instead of the Plateau.
Fig. 34. Culture-areas of America. The numbers refer to the names as listed
on pp. 336, 338. (Modified from Wissler.)
At best, however, all diagrams are not only schematic but static;
and it may accordingly be worth while to try to narrate some of the
principal events of the history of American civilization in order to
bring out their continuity and relations as they appear in perspective.
But the reader must remember that this is a reconstruction from
indirect and often imperfect evidence, probably correct in the large
and in many details, certain to be incorrect in some proportion of its
findings, tentative throughout and subject to revision as the future
brings fuller insight. It aims to give the truth as it can be pieced
together: it is never a directly documented story like those familiar to
us from orthodox “history.”
177. Racial Origin of the American Indians
The American race can hardly have come from anywhere else
than Asia: it entered the New World perhaps ten thousand years
ago. Its affiliations, as previously set forth (§ 23, 25) are generically
Mongoloid. This statement does not mean that the American Indians
are descended from the Chinese or Japanese, any more than the
fact that these are denominated Mongolians implies belief in their
descent from the particular modern people known as the Mongols.
We call ourselves Caucasians without any intimation that our
ancestors lived in the Caucasus mountains or that the present
inhabitants of the Caucasus are a purer and more representative
stock than we. So the Mongolians are that group of “yellow” peoples
of eastern Asia of whom the Mongols form part; and the Mongoloids
are the larger group that takes in Mongolians, East Indians, and
Americans. From the original proto-Mongoloid stem, all three
divisions and their subdivisions have sprung and differentiated. The
American Indians have probably remained closer to it than the
Chinese. It would be more correct to say that the Chinese have
developed out of an ancient Indian-like stock, acquiring slant eyes
rather late.
The proto-Mongoloid stem must be ten thousand years old. It is
probably much older. In the Aurignacian period, the third from the
last in the Old Stone Age, twenty-five thousand or so years ago,
possibly longer, the two other great types of living men were already
rather well characterized. The fossil Grimaldi race of this period
shows pretty clear Negroid affinities; the contemporary Cro-Magnon
race can probably be reckoned as proto-Caucasian. It is therefore
probable, although as yet unproved by discoveries, that the proto-
Mongoloids were also already in existence.