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Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
Sümer Şahin Editor
8th International
Conference on
Engineering,
Project, and Product
Management
(EPPM 2017)
Proceedings
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8th International Conference

on Engineering, Project,
and Product Management
(EPPM 2017)
Proceedings
123
Editor
Sümer Şahin
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
Bahçeşehir University
Beşiktaş, Istanbul
Turkey
ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

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Preface
International Conference on Engineering, Project, and Production Management

(EPPM) conference series has a well-established scientific tradition. EPPM has
started in 2010 as an autonomous, self-organized event by a group of independent
scientists. The sprite is to unify engineering management, project management, and
production management on academic and commercial grounds. It was evident that
the field of “strong interactions” still has a broad way for further developments to
create a synergy for more effective use of academic and industrial assets. EPPM
offers a unique platform to inspire new thinking by merging and/or combining
different approaches from diverse fields. The engineering, project, and production
fields are plenty of opportunities, and it is the spirit of human vocation to explore
those domains where interactions can improve some essential aspects of our world
and the quality of life.
EPPM Conference has been established in 2010 by David Chua at National
University of Singapore and Thanwadee Chinda at Thammasat University and
continued annually in different parts of the Globe, see Fig. 1. Previous EPPM
Conferences have been held in Pingtung, Taiwan, 2010; Singapore 2011; Brighton,
United Kingdom, 2012; Bangkok, Thailand, 2013; Port Elizabeth, South Africa,
2014; Gold Coast, Australia, 2015 and Bialystok, Poland, 2016.
EPPM2017 was organized by Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan in Amman,
Jordan, under the Patronage of HRH Princess Sumaya Bint El Hassan. The con-
ference chair was Prof. Dr. Wejdan Abu Elhaija. The conference has received
95 papers, and 45 papers have been accepted for presentation. Table 1 shows the
number of accepted papers by topics. In parallel, the special postgraduate poster
session was conducted, where 30 student projects were presented.
Professor Wejdan Abu Elhaija, chair of EPPM2017, and Prof. Turki Obaidat,
president of Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, have delivered welcome and
opening speeches. The High Guest was HRH Princess Sumaya Bint El Hassan, the
patron of the event, and has delivered the “Keynote Speech” on the close relation of
science and engineering and their importance for the benefit and convenience of
man.
v
vi Preface
Fig. 1 Geographical view of EPPM conference venues
Table 1 EPPM2017 accepted papers per theme

EPPM2017 themes Number of accepted papers per theme
Risk management 7
Project and process management 12
Engineering management 7
Operational management and decision support systems 2
Transportation systems 1
Cost analysis and financial management 1
Environmental science and management 1
Quality and reliability management 2
Construction management 10
Maintenance management systems 2
EPPM2017 has been attended by 44 participants out of 24 countries, depicted in

Fig. 2. The number of participants by country is shown in Fig. 3 with major par-
ticipations from Jordan being the host country, followed by South Africa, Poland,
Australia, and UK.
Preface vii
Fig. 2 EPPM2017 participant countries
Number of Participants per Country

Jordan 11
Iran 2
UK 3
Turkey 1
Greece 1
Afghanistan 1
Algeria 1
Thailand 2
India 1
Oman 1
Australia 4
USA 1
Singapore 1
Taiwan 1
South Africa 7
Poland 6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fig. 3 EPPM2017 participants per country

viii Preface
Finally, 35 papers were accepted to be included in the Proceedings of “The 8th

International Conference on Engineering, Project, and Production Management
(EPPM2017),” Amman, Jordan.
Istanbul, Turkey Sümer Şahin

October 2017
Organizing Committee
Conference Chair
Prof. Wejdan Abu-Elhaija
Organization
Scientific Committee
Chair
Prof. Subhi Bazlamit, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Co-Chair
Prof. Erwin Pesch, Professor, Management Information Systems, University of
Siegen, Germany
Co-Chair
Dr. Zoubir Hamici, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Co-Chair
Dr. Saeb Al-Ganideh, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Ernest Abbott, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Dr. Joanna Ejdys, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Katarzyna Halicka, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Alicja Gudanowska, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Julia Siderska, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Arkadiusz Jurczuk, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Nicholas Chileshe, University of South Australia, Australia
Dr. David Chua, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Dr. Agata Czarnigowska, Lublin University of Technology, Poland
Dr. John Smallwood, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa
Dr. Jozef Gawlik, Kracow University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Hsiang-Hsi Huang, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology,
Taiwan
Dr. Sittimont Kanjanabootra, University of Newcastle, Australia
ix
x Organizing Committee
Dr. Oleg Kaplinski, Poznan Technical University, Poland

Dr. Kassim Gidado, University of Brighton, UK
Dr. Sherif Mohamed, Griffith University, Australia
Dr. Lukasz Nazarko, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Yiannis Nikolaidis, University of Macedonia, Greece
Dr. Poorang Piroozfar, University of Brighton, UK
Dr. Miroslaw Skibniewski, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
Dr. Jonas Saparauskas, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania
Dr. Jolanta Tamosaitiene, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania
Dr. Hsi-Hsien Wei, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Dr. Ker-Wei Yeoh, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Dr. Chris Impey, College of Science University of Arizona, USA
Dr. Jirapon Sunkpho, Thammasat University, Thailand
Dr. Mousa Bani-Baker, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Ismael Jannoud, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Mohammad Masoud, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Yousef Jaradat, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Moshrik Hamdi, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Rana Alhorani, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Fawzi Gharagheer, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Nabeel Abu Shaban, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Najm A. Najm, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Abdel GhafourSaidi, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Jordan
Organizing Committee
Chair
Dr. Hesham Ahmad, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Co-Chair
Dr. Chien-Ho Ko, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology,
Taiwan
Eng. Amal Qassed, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Mr. Ahmad Al-Abbadi, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Najm A. Najm, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Loai Dabbour, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Mr. Hani A. Abu Elrub, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Mr. Malik Sarayreh, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Mousa Bani-Baker, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Mohammed M. Yassin, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Nabeel Abu Shaban, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Abdul Sattar Yousif, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Ahmad Alaboushi, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Mr. Ayman Alkhadar, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Arch. Dana Shreim, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Yousef Jaradat, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Organizing Committee xi
Dr. Sami Al-Dalahmah, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan

Mr. Thaer Abu Sharar, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Mr. Mohammad Al-Fada’an, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Abdallah Khader Atieh, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Mohammad Masoud, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Saleh Al-Jazzar, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Dema Zaidan, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Khulood Atalla, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Arch. Dua’a Sandouqa, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Mohammed Ashour, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Ismael Jannoud, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Nafiz Nimer Ali, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Safwan Al-Qawabah, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Mahmoud Zaidan, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Ahmad Manasreh, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Hana’a Jaradat, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Qeethara Al-Shayea, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Maha D. Ayoush, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Moshrik R. Hamdi, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Malik Al-Amaireh, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Sa’ad Shaker, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Amani Nawaflh, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Arch. Valantina Al attah, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Arch. Luma Daradkeh, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Ms. Ibtisam Al-Qirem, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Motasem Seder, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Ayman Nasir, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Osama Albadawi, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Wafa’a Obaid, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Mohammed Al-A’araj, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Abdel Aziz Nidwi, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Nawwaf Al Quseen, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Mrs. Ala’a Aldwik, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Dr. Khalid Al-Omoush, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Nour Atieh, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Amal Al-Masri, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Huda Bazzari, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Sultan Mosab, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Dua’a Fawzi, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Eng. Farah Al-Husseini, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Arch. Noor Al-Shoubaki, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Arch. Heba Al-Abbadi, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Arch. Nisreen Abu-Ajamiyeh, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Mr. Rabah Oweidah, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Mr. Mohammad Al-Azaydah, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
xii Organizing Committee
Mr. Mahmoud Al-Amareen, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan

Mr. Abd AL Azeez Al-Attrash, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan
Sponsors
Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan
Association of Engineering, Project, and Production Management (EPPM)
ARAB BANK
Jordan Engineers Association
Jordan Tourism Board
Conseil International des Grands Réseaux Électriques (CIGRE)
Keynote
Importance of Science and Engineering for Human Society

HRH Princess Sumaya Bint El Hassan, President of the Royal Scientific Society,
Amman, Jordan
It is indeed an honor for me to be a part of the 8th International Conference on
Engineering, Production, and Project Management 2017, here at Al Zaytoonah
University of Jordan, among so many illustrious men and women of science and
engineering from all over the world. The theme of the conference, when I first heard
of it, brought to mind in sharp focus the new reality that faces our modern world—a
reality in which various branches of science, engineering, and humanities are not
separate little islands any more, but are rather coalescing ever faster into vast new
areas of interdisciplinary studies, especially tailored to deal with the formidable
multi-dimensional challenges of our times.
The speed with which science and engineering have transformed our lives in just
a few short decades has thrust us all, willingly or unwillingly, into a superfast
digital age where every facet of life demands an easy, practical, and ideally
instantaneous solution. It is here that engineering and its twin supplemental bran-
ches of production and projects come into play. In fact, their footprint is ubiquitous
and may be found in every field including power generation, infrastructure,
industry, transportation, telecommunications, education, health care, agriculture,
and more. Naturally, engineering projects and production being at the very heart of
modern life, new and imaginative specializations, vocations, trades, businesses, and
professions have mushroomed around them. And, it is agreed that none of them
could function efficiently without proper management.
Jordanian universities have recognized the importance and potential impact of
science and engineering and now offer an array of specializations in these fields
along with several in management and administrative sciences. Traditional fields of
engineering no doubt continue to exist as the bases for all engineering programs,
but they now have to coexist with the more unconventional branches of study such
as mechatronics, biotechnology, biomedical engineering, bioinformatics, networks
and information security engineering, enterprise systems engineering, and natural
xiii
xiv Keynote
resources engineering, among others. So it can undoubtedly be assumed that the

myriad branches of engineering today with their various products and projects are
transforming the world in ways we did not envisage perhaps even just a decade ago.
Progress has been extraordinary. Who would have thought that a journey which
took months, or even years, could now be made in a few short hours? Who would
have imagined that regular surface or sea mail which took days or sometimes
months to deliver letters would become practically obsolete, with the ability to chat
with our loved ones, friends, and colleagues instantly and even seeing them in real
time, while doing so? I doubt whether just a few decades ago medical professionals
thought they might be able to conduct consultations, and even complex surgeries,
remotely. It is the magic of engineering that has transformed deserts into oases, and
the sun, wind, and rain into great sources of power for the benefit of mankind.
I could go on…engineering has made possible a world that was never thought or
dreamt of, not so long ago. The great American writer Lyon Sprague de Camp
rightly observed that “The story of civilization is, in a sense, the story of engi-
neering—that long and arduous struggle to make the forces of nature work for
man’s good.”
This begs the question, where are we heading? If engineering is a means to an
end; to what end? Is technology hurtling along toward a goal that we can see, or is it
yet unknown? Are we keeping an eye on the possible ramifications? Are engi-
neering breakthroughs meant to simply make life easier, or are they meant to make
a real difference to the quality of human life? How affordable and within reach are
the solutions that engineering and technology offer? Does engineering offer equality
to the masses or ever greater disparity? Are we mindful of the consequences of
technological advances on nature and our environment?
To me these questions must indeed be raised because the ultimate goal of any
branch of science and technology should, by default, be to improve, develop, and
enhance the human experience. While researching the subjects of product and
project management, I came across the areas that production and project managers
are responsible for. They included strategy, releases, ideation, organizational
training, delivery, resources, capacity, problem resolution, deadlines, quality, profit
and loss, budget, and more. Nowhere did I find the need to study, for example, the
long-term impact of particular engineering projects on resources, the environment
(including flora and fauna), and humans. Shouldn’t such studies necessarily be a
part of engineering production and projects, or even precede them before
implementation?
After all, what good is a dam if it has flooded hundreds of villages and displaced
thousands of rural families? Of what use is a combined harvester or modern irri-
gation system, if the food it produces in immense quantities remains too expensive
and out of reach for the masses? Wouldn’t information technology be more
effective and useful if it were available in every remote, underdeveloped corner
of the earth rather than just electrified towns and cities? The National Academy of
Engineering calls electrification, the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th
century,” yet today, in the 21st century more than a billion people all over the world
still do not have access to electricity. What about medical equipment that saves
Keynote xv
lives? Does it serve the underprivileged by giving them the same access to health
care as everyone else and help save their lives too? Every large city in the world
today is dotted with new housing and construction projects, but how many are
meant to shelter the homeless? Are new factories and assembly lines providing
enough jobs to the unemployed or are they rather creators of unemployment by
adopting automation and robotics without first examining the consequences?
I guess my point here is that engineering, production, and project management
are definitely tools that are necessary, even imperative, for our development and
progression as a human race. However, if these tools are not inclusive but rather
serve only a certain privileged group that can afford them, the goal of sharing our
technologies and resources together to benefit the entire human family could remain
a distant dream.
Also, let not our focus on a profit-making model of doing business, which
includes production and project management, blind us to the fact that the massive,
steadily growing disparity between the haves and the have-nots today is a testament
to our lack of focus on the well-being, prosperity, and success for all humankind.
Gordan Stanley Brown, the great professor of Electrical Engineering at MIT, put is
rather eloquently when he said, “Engineering is not merely knowing and being
knowledgeable, like a walking encyclopedia; engineering is not merely analysis;
engineering is practicing the art of the organizing forces of technological change.
Engineers operate at the interface between science and society.” In other words,
engineers are meant to, and must make it their goal to use the tools of science to
serve society. What is any progress, if it does not hold the promise of equality,
dignity and a decent livelihood for all? I would argue that all progress, including
technological progress, cannot be truly successful if it does not recognize that all
humans, irrespective of their social status, must have access to its benefits. In fact, I
would go so far as to say, engineering, production, and projects, apart from relying
on the regular elements of organization, strategies, planning, training, and budget,
need to make “empathy” and “social responsibility” a fundamental and essential
feature of their studies and proposals.
The 10 top inventions that changed the world as listed by National Geographic
are:
1. Printing Press
2. Light Bulb
3. Aeroplane
4. Personal computer
5. Vaccine
6. Automobile
7. Clock
8. Telephone
9. Refrigeration
10. Camera
xvi Keynote
All of the above are indeed engineering feats that will go down in the annals of
history as having completely transformed human existence. Today, I would add to
the list the World Wide Web, space technology, quantum computing, artificial
intelligence, indeed this amazing list could go on.
But I stop here to laud scientists and engineers who revolutionized the world,
and yet others who stood on the shoulders of giants and continued to improve,
develop, and transform it through their incredible knowledge, imagination, and
innovation.
I reiterate what has been said before that “Engineering is the art of directing the
great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man.” Indeed, I ask
all the illustrious scientists and engineers gathered here today to use this great and
noble profession as a tool for bringing about a social renewal that promises equality
and dignity to all; to harness its inevitable disruption and make it positively
transformative for all people.
Contents
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Perceived Risk Factors

for Crowd Safety in Large Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Mohammed Alkhadim, Kassim Gidado and Noel Painting
A Comparison of Paid Versus Free Weather Services
for Site Specific Weather Forecasts for Construction Projects . . . . . . . . 11
Evan M. Lauterbach, Salman Azhar and Amna Salman
Use of Ocean Sensors as Wave Power Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Rahul Basu
Web-Based Intelligent RFID Facility Maintenance Systems . . . . . . . . . . 31
Chien-Ho Ko
Causal Relationships of Construction Performance Using the
Balanced Scorecard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Jainnarong Jantan, Veedard Tesan, Pitchayanan Purirodbhokhin,
Sasawat Aree, Jean Meenchainant, Katawut Noinonthong
and Thanwadee Chinda
Understanding Associations Between Project Team Involvement,
Project Design and Project Outcomes: A Case Study of Health
Development Projects in Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Jantanee Dumrak, Nick Hadjinicolaou, Bassam Baroudi
and Sherif Mostafa
Improving Project Success with Project Portfolio
Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Nick Hadjinicolaou, Jantanee Dumrak and Sherif Mostafa
The Model of Assessment for Flexographic Printing
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Krzysztof Ejsmont and Jan Lipiak
xvii
xviii Contents
Using Building Information Modelling to Facilitate Decision

Making for a Mobile Crane Lifting Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Ernest L. S. Abbott, Le Peng and David K. H. Chua
Critical Success Factors for Public Private Partnership
in the Afghanistan Construction Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Ghulam Abbas Niazi and Noel Painting
The Reference Methodology of Prospective Analysis
of Technology in Production Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Katarzyna Halicka
Menu Engineering in Jordanian Health-Care Centers:
A Modified Balanced Scorecard Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Madher E. Hamdallah and Anan F. Srouji
Data Analysis and Design of Construction Productivity
Efficiency Multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
John-Paris Pantouvakis
Identification and Tracking of Process Inconsistencies in
Manufacturing Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Arkadiusz Jurczuk
Risk Management: The Relationship Between Perceived
Risk Factors of Crowd Disaster and Perceived Safety
in Large Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Software Project Management: Resources Prediction and Estimation
Utilizing Unsupervised Machine Learning Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Mohammad Masoud, Wejdan Abu-Elhaija, Yousef Jaradat,
Ismael Jannoud and Loai Dabbour
BIM Based Bridge Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Mahmoud Dawood
Using Hollow Concrete and Thermostone Blocks
in Sound Isolation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Mousa Bani Baker and Raed Abendeh
Information Communication Technology (ICT) Impact
on Building Construction Management Practices
in the South West of Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
A. Olatunji Aiyetan
Analysis of Changes in Perception of Organizations
Quality Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Anna M. Olszewska
Contents xix
Perceived Impacts of Industry 4.0 on Manufacturing Industry

and Its Workforce: Case of Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Markus Haeffner and Kriengsak Panuwatwanich
Investigation of Roller Burnishing Process on the Mechanical
Characteristics, and Micro-hardness of Al-4 wt% Cu Under
Hot Work Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Safwan M. A. Al-Qawabah, Nabeel Abu Shaban and Ahmad Al-Aboshi
Systematic Review of Safety Leadership: A Fresh Perspective . . . . . . . . 215
Hassan M. Alidrisi and Sherif Mohamed
Cloud Manufacturing—The Adoption of Virtual Production
Line to Soft Resources Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Julia Siderska
The Effectiveness of Health and Safety Training and
Its Impact on Construction Workers’ Attitudes, and Perceptions . . . . . 235
Tafadzwa Mushayi, Claire Deacon and John Smallwood
Graduate Employment: Introducing Construction Management
Graduates to the Workplace in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Mafa Maraqana and John Smallwood
A New Method to Tackle the Duration Risks
of a Construction Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Wen-der Yu, Hsien-kuan Chang and Shao-tsai Cheng
Assessment of the Effect of Alligator Cracking on Pavement
Condition Using WSN-Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Turki I. Al-Suleiman (Obaidat), Zoubir M. Hamici, Subhi M. Bazlamit
and Hesham S. Ahmad
System Dynamics Simulator of Inventory Management
as a Learning Tool to Improve Undergraduate’s
Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Raed M. Alqirem and Khaled S. Al Omoush
Managing the Digitisation of Filing System Project
at Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Esra’a S. Al-Khatib, Mohammed M. Yassin and Ala’a S. Alkhatib
The Impact of the Adherence to Basel Rules on Banking
Risk Management: Jordan Kuwait Bank Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Abdul Razzak Al-Chahadah and Maha Ayoush
The Use of Capital Budgeting Techniques as a Tool
for Management Decisions: Evidence from Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Mohammad Ebrahim Nawaiseh, Hala Al-nawaiseh, Moh’d Attar
and Azeez Al-nidawy
xx Contents
Evaluating the Need to Use Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)

Approach as a New Alternative Implementation System
in Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Farimah Noghli, Ehsan Saghatforoush and Zahra Forghani
Evaluating Risk Management in Jordanian Construction Projects:
An ISO 31000-2009 Implementation Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Naser Abuyassin, A. S. H. Yousif and Najm A. Najm
Outsourcing Projects and Achieving the Organizational Goals:
Applied Study in Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Mohammad Salameh Alhmeidiyeen
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Perceived
Risk Factors for Crowd Safety in Large
Buildings
1 Introduction
Crowd safety is a major concern in facilities management and to those who attend
events in large buildings and at venues such as sport stadiums, concert halls, and
religious events (i.e. Hajj). Crowd safety can be achieved when there are no inju-
rious or serious incidents outcomes experienced by any individual in the crowd. In
large buildings used by large numbers of people, there are many threats and dif-
ferent levels of risk that require effective management. A flaw or hazard in large
buildings or spaces during an event has resulted in many crowd disasters across the
world. Two key existing crowd safety models were identified; FIST [5], and six
dimensions and loci of crowd disaster [4]. These models include important factors
that may cause risk to crowd safety and lead to crowd disaster. The acronym FIST
is defined as: Force (F), Information (I), Space (S) and Time (T) while the six
dimensions and loci of crowd disaster model involve 6 factors (Stampede, Riot,
Structural and Mechanical failure, Terrorist attacks, Explosion (fire, chemical) and
Natural disaster). Two more factors have been added from analyses of previous
studies and major crowd incidents including user behavior and perceived safety.
The research in this paper used the Holy Mosque during Hajj event as a case study
in order to test, verify and to measure the reliability of the factors. The Holy
Mosque is the largest mosque in the world, at approximately 356,800 square meters
M. Alkhadim (&) K. Gidado N. Painting

School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton,
Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
e-mail: M.Al-Khadim@brighton.ac.uk
K. Gidado
e-mail: K.I.Gidado@brighton.ac.uk
N. Painting
e-mail: N.J.Painting@brighton.ac.uk
© Springer International Publishing AG 2018 1

S. Şahin (ed.), 8th International Conference on Engineering, Project, and Product
Management (EPPM 2017), Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74123-9_1
2 M. Alkhadim et al.
and has 32 doors. It can accommodate around 1.2 million worshipers at the same
time. Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam which is mainly concentrated in four
holy places: The Holy Mosque, the Mina, Muzdalifah and Arafat. It takes place
once a year in a period ranging between 4 and 6 days. The Holy Mosque is a large
building and has unique characteristics that facilitate an in-depth understanding of
risk factors that may affect crowd safety.
2 Perceived Risk Factors to Crowd Safety
2.1 Perceived Risk of Stampede (PST)
Human stampede is a phenomenon that has occurred many times around the world.
It has been associated with grave consequences such as loss of life, serious injury,
property damage, psychological trauma and distress. Stampede can occur in many
types of large gatherings including political rallies, social events, sporting events or
religious events (pilgrimages, etc.). Several studies have reported that religious
events have seen the worst incidents of human stampede with most incidents
occurring in developing countries. Sociological theorists have stressed that indi-
viduals lose their sense of responsibility during a stampede situation. Studies on
crowd disaster have shown that when the crowds need to turn in order to change the
direction (e.g. in corners and stairwells), there is a risk of trampling and/or stam-
pede to occur. They further state that when such restricted passage has sudden
changes in the escape direction, it could also trigger trampling and stampede as
people rush to flee.
2.2 Perceived Risk of Riot (PR)
Riot is a risky phenomenon, with many possible causes of incidents. The National
Disaster Management Authority of India, defined riot as “a form of civil disorder
characterized often by what is thought of as disorganized groups lashing out in a
sudden and intense rash of violence against authority, property or people”. It has
frequently occurred in some part of the world. One example of a riot occurred in
1992 in Los Angeles in which resulted in 52 people dead and 2500 injured as well
as at least $446 million in property damage. Riots are often aggressive and violent,
they usually start peacefully and then transform into a violent mob. Once they start,
it is likely impossible to control them.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Perceived Risk … 3
2.3 Perceived Risk of Structural Failure (PSF)
The failure of any temporary or permanent structure in a crowded venue can have
an overwhelming effect. It has been indicated that structural failure is not uncom-
mon. Insufficient design, poor construction, inadequate codes of practice and
overloading have all caused significant failures. According to the National Disaster
Management Authority of India (NDMA), structural failures have also been cited as
reason for crowd disasters on numerous occasions.
2.4 Perceived Risk of Terrorist Attack (PTA)
In recent decades, terrorism has been increasing worldwide. Most studies on ter-
rorism have lacked theoretical and empirical analysis. Furthermore, accepted def-
initions of terrorism are unclear but several elements are shared in common. These
common elements refer to the violence or threat of actions that result in fatalities
and serious injuries. Although many terrorist events seem irrational, these events
must have been planned. According to the current definition of the U.S. Department
of Defense (US DoD 2015): terrorism is the unlawful use of violence or threat of
violence, often motivated by religious, political, or other ideological beliefs, to
instill fear and coerce governments or societies in pursuit of goals that are usually
political. The Oxford English Dictionary defines terror as ‘the state of being
terrified or greatly frightened; intense fear, fright or dread’. Nowadays, terrorism
has become one of the main risk dimensions which requires safety planning. It is a
veritable threat which targets public venues particularly, crowded places including
sports and, religious events.
2.5 Perceived Risk of Explosion (Fire/Chemical) (PE)
Fire and explosion are major accidents which are classified as technological dis-
aster. The International Labour Office (ILO), defined major accident as “an
occurrence such as a major emission, fire or explosion resulting from uncontrolled
developments in the course of an industrial activity, leading to a serious danger to
man, immediate or delayed, inside or outside the establishment, and to the envi-
ronment, and involving one or more dangerous substances”. Many technological
disasters have occurred around the world, such as: the fire that swept through a tent
in Mina, Makkah during Hajj in 1997; the Gothenburg, Sweden, Disco in 1998; the
Rhode Island Rock concert in 2003. A number of disaster cases were reviewed by
the researcher with respect to the fire and behavior of the people within the fire
situation. These disasters included the Beverly Hills Supper Club in 1977;
Summerland Woolworth’s in 1937; Bradford King’s Cross in 1985. In these cases,
the fire made people to panic in response to save their lives; and it is the panic that
resulted in fatalities. For example, due to behavior of the people who panicked at
the Beverly Hills Supper Club event in Kentucky, USA in 1977, 300 people were
stampeded.
2.6 Perceived (Risk of) Natural Disaster (PND)
Natural disasters are catastrophic events which occur due to natural forces and are
not controllable by mankind. Examples include flood, climate change (heat waves
or cold waves), strong wind, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc. Asia and the Pacific are
the regions most exposed to natural disasters. Most natural disasters result from
heavy rains. Another natural disaster threat comes from climate change. Several
studies have shown the significant association between climate change (e.g. high
temperature) and mortality. Based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change 7 report in 2014, the increase of heat and decrease of cold due to climate
change will result in increase of mortality in some parts of the world. Numerous
studies have discovered that exposure to heat waves may cause cramps, fluid loss,
fainting, heat exhaustion, dehydration, heat stress, heat stroke and ultimately
mortality. Within a short time of exposure to high temperatures, people affected by
heat may suffer fatalities. The elderly (aged 60 years or older), particularly women,
and those with chronic lung diseases are more affected. High temperatures are likely
to affect people physically and psychologically. It can increase aggressive behavior
by directly increasing feelings of hostility and indirectly increase aggressive
thoughts. This could be worse within large gathering events including sport, reli-
gious and political events.
2.7 Perceived Risk of Force (PF)
Perceived force refers to the feeling of the individual while within a crowd that may
be produced by either hearing, seeing or sensing the force. The force may reach
such a high level that it cannot be controlled or resisted because of crowd pressure.
It has been emphasized that crowd compression, compressive asphyxia and a
subsequent loss of footing or inability to move are the main reasons of deaths
during an event (not by trampling). Berlonghi [3], claims that serious injuries and
fatalities may occur from suffocation when people in a crowd are being swept along
with movement and compressed. Generally, the forces that can be created when
density exceeds a certain level may lead to a serious incident.
2.8 Perceived Risk of Poor Information (PPI)
In large buildings, it is crucial to obtain real time information about the crowd
condition including crowd action, reactions whether real or perceived. Information
communicated to—or withheld from—the crowd can influence their perceived
safety. The communicating with the crowd is essential in maintaining order and
managing behavior. It was found that poor information prior to or during an event
has led to many crowd incidents. Information comprises all means of communi-
cation such as signs and announcements. Fruin [5], suggests that actions and
training of personnel, sights and sounds all affect group perceptions. Setting up a
communication center and a centralized crowd management system is good prac-
tice. Experts have highlighted that real-time information and communication are
significant factors in minimizing risk of crowd disasters.
2.9 Perceived Risk of Insufficient Space (PIS)
Fruin [5], claimed that architects and engineers typically pay minimal attention to
planning people’s movement and perceptions but greater emphasis to meeting the
local building codes regarding space in large buildings involving physical facilities,
seating areas, corridors, stairs, escalators, and lifts. It has been shown that human
psychology usually undergoes a change when the capacity becomes high and the
venue does not have enough space to accommodate the crowd. Generally, when the
individuals within a crowd perceive risk or a possible disaster, they panic and move
to an exit ignoring alternative exits made available. Fruin [5], stated that within a
high- density crowd it is difficult to describe the psychological and physiological
pressure, and individuals may lose their control. Several studies have emphasized
that crowd density has an effect on perceived safety and on people’s behavior [1]. It
has been argued that insufficient or poor use of space is considered a key risk factor
to crowd safety.
2.10 Perceived Risk of Poor Real Time Management

(PPRTM)
Poor real time information and interventions are key risk factors to crowd safety [5].
Failure to detect the behavior of the crowd at the right time can lead to serious
incidents. Time plays an important role, for example, the inflow of the pedestrian
compared to the rapid egress is much less while the pedestrian is leaving an event. It
has been emphasized that the flow of the pedestrians must not exceed the capacity of
the spaces available. It was indicated that lack of consideration is sometimes given to
how crowd flow and density can be successfully managed by controlling timings.
2.11 Perceived Safety (PS)
Feeling unsafe during an event can drive people to panic from real or perceived risk
through acting unusually by pushing and shoving. Studies in urban design have
identified several factors that may have an influence on perceived safety including
characteristics of the environment, the physical condition, and the configuration of
spaces. The perception could differ from one person to another, for instance women
and older people have a more diverse sense of safety compared with others. Crowd
studies have defined the perceived crowding as “the psychological counterpart to
population density” is closely tied to perceived safety. There is a negative corre-
lation between perceived safety and perceptions of crowding; people’s sense of
safety declines as perceptions of crowding increase.
2.12 Crowd (Users) Behavior (UB)
Crowd behavior refers to the way in which persons act or behave towards others.
Berlonghi [3], suggested important factors that can influence crowd behaviors and
play an important role in designing, management and crowd control at events.
These factors include location and time of the event, size of the crowd, crowd
mobility, demographics of the crowd, schedule of event activities, crowd movement
models, weather conditions and density of crowd in different areas. At some events,
the crowd can turn into a mob and become aggressive. The aggressive behaviour
may be in response to such strictures or emotional triggers such as elation, fear, or
anger, and may be exaggerated by impairments such as drug or alcohol intoxication
and lack of accurate information. Aggressive behavior may also result from
physical discomfort due to environmental conditions such as heat, cold, noise, etc.,
and may become more likely if others are displaying aggressive behavior and are
either rewarded or go unpunished. Psychological experiments, they have shown that
when people get a high level of arousal responsibility is diffused, people may act
irrationally and not be able to control their own behaviour [3]. Those people may
start throwing objects, screaming and pushing people while some may turn into
mobs carrying out theft, vandalism, rioting, group violence leading to a potential
crowd disaster.
3 Method
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is used as statistical technique for this study.
This statistical technique does not specify variables to factors instead the factors are
determined by the researcher based on the theory being tested prior to any results
being obtained. CFA is applied to test the theoretical pattern of the variables loading
on specific constructs and to show how well the theoretical specification of the
factors can match the reality (the actual data). CFA enables the research to accept or
reject the theory that has been studied [8]. 1940 pilgrims (both local and foreign)
were surveyed within the zone of Makkah during the Hajj of the year 2016 (1437
Arabic Calendar). The questionnaire covered thirteen sections: section one is
background information and sections two to thirteen are designed to test the per-
ceived risk factors to crowd safety. The items included in the questionnaire were
adapted from [1, 4, 5]. All the items were measured using a 5-point Likert scale
(1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree; or 1 = never occur to 5 = almost
always occurs). Several items were modified to attain the aim of the research.
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
When undertaking a CFA, it is necessary to assess the uni-dimensionality, con-

vergent and discriminant validity, as well as reliability [2]. The uni-dimensionality
should be made first before assessing the convergent and discriminant validity, and
reliability. Uni-dimensionality refers to the measurement items that have acceptable
factor loading for the latent construct which is 0.60 and above [2]. Figure 1 presents
the structural model; some modifications have been made based on Modification
Indices (MI). Several items have been deleted one at a time and others have
been covarying the error terms with the purpose of achieving the minimum fitness
index.
4.2 Convergent Validity
To establish convergent validity, the model fit must be adequate, and the average
variance extracted (AVE) must exceed 0.50 [8]. Table 1 provides the result of the
model fit measures. Awang [2] recommend a comparative fit index (CFI) 0.90,
standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) 0.08, and root mean square
error of approximation (RMSEA) 0.06 for acceptable model fit. The values
included in Table 1 indicate that the model is fit and all measures of CFI = 0.940,
SRMR = 0.046, and RMSEA = 0.045 have achieved the required level. Also, the
results of AVE for all constructs as illustrated in Table 2 have achieved the standard
minimum required level of 0.50.
Fig. 1 The path diagram on the confirmatory factor analysis for all variables
Table 1 Fit indices Measure Estimate Threshold Interpretation

CFI 0.940 >0.95 Good fit
SRMR 0.046 <0.08 Good fit
RMSEA 0.045 <0.06 Good fit
4.3 Discriminant Validity
To establish discriminant validity three criteria must be met [7, 8]. The
Fornell-Larcker test needs the square root AVE for each construct to be greater than
any inter-construct correlations [6]. All constructs for this study have met this
criterion. The square root of the AVE of the construct is greater than its estimates of
correlation as presented in Fig. 2.
The other two criteria for discriminant validity that must also be met are the
Maximum Shared Squared Variance (MSV) and Average Shared Squared Variance
(ASV). Hair et al. [8], recommend that MSV and ASV must be less than the results
of AVE (MSV < AVE, ASV < AVE). The results of ASV and MSV as detailed in
Table 2 indicate that our measurement model is valid.
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had been burned, and who had taken shelter in a fortified house.[54]
But he fought with disadvantage against an enemy who must be
hunted before every battle. Some flourishing towns were burned.
John Monoco, a formidable savage, boasted that “he had burned
Medfield and Lancaster, and would burn Groton, Concord,
Watertown and Boston;” adding, “what me will, me do.” He did burn
Groton, but before he had executed the remainder of his threat he
was hanged, in Boston, in September, 1676.[55]
A still more formidable enemy was removed, in the same year, by
the capture of Canonchet, the faithful ally of Philip, who was soon
afterwards shot at Stonington. He stoutly declared to the
Commissioners that “he would not deliver up a Wampanoag, nor the
paring of a Wampanoag’s nail,” and when he was told that his
sentence was death, he said “he liked it well that he was to die
before his heart was soft, or he had spoken anything unworthy of
himself.”[56]
We know beforehand who must conquer in that unequal struggle.
The red man may destroy here and there a straggler, as a wild beast
may; he may fire a farmhouse, or a village; but the association of the
white men and their arts of war give them an overwhelming
advantage, and in the first blast of their trumpet we already hear the
flourish of victory. I confess what chiefly interests me, in the annals
of that war, is the grandeur of spirit exhibited by a few of the Indian
chiefs. A nameless Wampanoag who was put to death by the
Mohicans, after cruel tortures, was asked by his butchers, during the
torture, how he liked the war?—he said, “he found it as sweet as
sugar was to Englishmen.”[57]
The only compensation which war offers for its manifold mischiefs,
is in the great personal qualities to which it gives scope and
occasion. The virtues of patriotism and of prodigious courage and
address were exhibited on both sides, and, in many instances, by
women. The historian of Concord has preserved an instance of the
resolution of one of the daughters of the town. Two young farmers,
Abraham and Isaac Shepherd, had set their sister Mary, a girl of
fifteen years, to watch whilst they threshed grain in the barn. The
Indians stole upon her before she was aware, and her brothers were
slain. She was carried captive into the Indian country, but, at night,
whilst her captors were asleep, she plucked a saddle from under the
head of one of them, took a horse they had stolen from Lancaster,
and having girt the saddle on, she mounted, swam across the
Nashua River, and rode through the forest to her home.[58]
With the tragical end of Philip, the war ended. Beleaguered in his
own country, his corn cut down, his piles of meal and other provision
wasted by the English, it was only a great thaw in January, that,
melting the snow and opening the earth, enabled his poor followers
to come at the ground-nuts, else they had starved. Hunted by
Captain Church, he fled from one swamp to another; his brother, his
uncle, his sister, and his beloved squaw being taken or slain, he was
at last shot down by an Indian deserter, as he fled alone in the dark
of the morning, not far from his own fort.[59]
Concord suffered little from the war. This is to be attributed no
doubt, in part, to the fact that troops were generally quartered here,
and that it was the residence of many noted soldiers. Tradition finds
another cause in the sanctity of its minister. The elder Bulkeley was
gone. In 1659,[60] his bones were laid at rest in the forest. But the
mantle of his piety and of the people’s affection fell upon his son
Edward,[61] the fame of whose prayers, it is said, once saved
Concord from an attack of the Indian.[62] A great defence
undoubtedly was the village of Praying Indians, until this settlement
fell a victim to the envenomed prejudice against their countrymen.
The worst feature in the history of those years, is, that no man spake
for the Indian. When the Dutch, or the French, or the English royalist
disagreed with the Colony, there was always found a Dutch, or
French, or tory party,—an earnest minority,—to keep things from
extremity. But the Indian seemed to inspire such a feeling as the wild
beast inspires in the people near his den. It is the misfortune of
Concord to have permitted a disgraceful outrage upon the friendly
Indians settled within its limits, in February, 1676, which ended in
their forcible expulsion from the town.[63]
This painful incident is but too just an example of the measure
which the Indians have generally received from the whites. For them
the heart of charity, of humanity, was stone. After Philip’s death, their
strength was irrecoverably broken. They never more disturbed the
interior settlements, and a few vagrant families, that are now
pensioners on the bounty of Massachusetts, are all that is left of the
twenty tribes.
“Alas! for them—their day is o’er,

Their fires are out from hill and shore,
No more for them the wild deer bounds,
The plough is on their hunting grounds;
The pale man’s axe rings in their woods,
The pale man’s sail skims o’er their floods,
Their pleasant springs are dry.”[64]
I turn gladly to the progress of our civil history. Before 1666,

15,000 acres had been added by grants of the General Court to the
original territory of the town,[65] so that Concord then included the
greater part of the towns of Bedford, Acton, Lincoln and Carlisle.
In the great growth of the country, Concord participated, as is
manifest from its increasing polls and increased rates. Randolph at
this period writes to the English government, concerning the country
towns; “The farmers are numerous and wealthy, live in good houses;
are given to hospitality; and make good advantage by their corn,
cattle, poultry, butter and cheese.”[66] Edward Bulkeley was the
pastor, until his death, in 1696. His youngest brother, Peter, was
deputy from Concord, and was chosen speaker of the house of
deputies in 1676. The following year, he was sent to England, with
Mr. Stoughton, as agent for the Colony; and on his return, in 1685,
was a royal councillor. But I am sorry to find that the servile
Randolph speaks of him with marked respect.[67] It would seem that
his visit to England had made him a courtier. In 1689, Concord
partook of the general indignation of the province against Andros. A
company marched to the capital under Lieutenant Heald, forming a
part of that body concerning which we are informed, “the country
people came armed into Boston, on the afternoon (of Thursday, 18th
April) in such rage and heat, as made us all tremble to think what
would follow; for nothing would satisfy them but that the governor
must be bound in chains or cords, and put in a more secure place,
and that they would see done before they went away; and to satisfy
them he was guarded by them to the fort.”[68] But the Town Records
of that day confine themselves to descriptions of lands, and to
conferences with the neighboring towns to run boundary lines. In
1699, so broad was their territory, I find the selectmen running the
lines with Chelmsford, Cambridge and Watertown.[69] Some
interesting peculiarities in the manners and customs of the time
appear in the town’s books. Proposals of marriage were made by the
parents of the parties, and minutes of such private agreements
sometimes entered on the clerk’s records.[70] The public charity
seems to have been bestowed in a manner now obsolete. The town
lends its commons as pastures, to poor men; and “being informed of
the great present want of Thomas Pellit, gave order to Stephen
Hosmer to deliver a town cow, of a black color, with a white face,
unto said Pellit, for his present supply.”[71]
From the beginning to the middle of the eighteenth century, our
records indicate no interruption of the tranquillity of the inhabitants,
either in church or in civil affairs. After the death of Rev. Mr.
Estabrook, in 1711, it was propounded at the town-meeting, “whether
one of the three gentlemen lately improved here in preaching,
namely, Mr. John Whiting, Mr. Holyoke and Mr. Prescott, shall be
now chosen in the work of the ministry? Voted affirmatively.”[72] Mr.
Whiting, who was chosen, was, we are told in his epitaph, “a
universal lover of mankind.” The charges of education and of
legislation, at this period, seem to have afflicted the town; for they
vote to petition the General Court to be eased of the law relating to
providing a schoolmaster; happily, the Court refused; and in 1712,
the selectmen agreed with Captain James Minott, “for his son
Timothy to keep the school at the school-house for the town of
Concord, for half a year beginning 2d June; and if any scholar shall
come, within the said time, for larning exceeding his son’s ability, the
said Captain doth agree to instruct them himself in the tongues, till
the above said time be fulfilled; for which service, the town is to pay
Captain Minott ten pounds.”[73] Captain Minott seems to have served
our prudent fathers in the double capacity of teacher and
representative. It is an article in the selectmen’s warrant for the town-
meeting, “to see if the town will lay in for a representative not
exceeding four pounds.” Captain Minott was chosen, and after the
General Court was adjourned received of the town for his services,
an allowance of three shillings per day. The country was not yet so
thickly settled but that the inhabitants suffered from wolves and wild-
cats, which infested the woods; since bounties of twenty shillings are
given as late as 1735, to Indians and whites, for the heads of these
animals, after the constable has cut off the ears.[74]
Mr. Whiting was succeeded in the pastoral office by Rev. Daniel
Bliss, in 1738. Soon after his ordination, the town seems to have
been divided by ecclesiastical discords. In 1741, the celebrated
Whitfield preached here, in the open air, to a great congregation.[75]
Mr. Bliss heard that great orator with delight, and by his earnest
sympathy with him, in opinion and practice, gave offence to a part of
his people. Party and mutual councils were called, but no grave
charge was made good against him. I find, in the Church Records,
the charges preferred against him, his answer thereto, and the result
of the Council. The charges seem to have been made by the lovers
of order and moderation against Mr. Bliss, as a favorer of religious
excitements. His answer to one of the counts breathes such true
piety that I cannot forbear to quote it. The ninth allegation is “That in
praying for himself, in a church-meeting, in December last, he said,
‘he was a poor vile worm of the dust, that was allowed as Mediator
between God and this people.’” To this Mr. Bliss replied, “In the
prayer you speak of, Jesus Christ was acknowledged as the only
Mediator between God and man; at which time, I was filled with
wonder, that such a sinful and worthless worm as I am, was allowed
to represent Christ, in any manner, even so far as to be bringing the
petitions and thank-offerings of the people unto God, and God’s will
and truths to the people; and used the word Mediator in some
differing light from that you have given it; but I confess I was soon
uneasy that I had used the word, lest some would put a wrong
meaning thereupon.”[76] The Council admonished Mr. Bliss of some
improprieties of expression, but bore witness to his purity and fidelity
in his office. In 1764, Whitfield preached again at Concord, on
Sunday afternoon; Mr. Bliss preached in the morning, and the
Concord people thought their minister gave them the better sermon
of the two. It was also his last.[77]
The planting of the colony was the effect of religious principle. The
Revolution was the fruit of another principle,—the devouring thirst for
justice. From the appearance of the article in the Selectmen’s
warrant, in 1765, “to see if the town will give the Representative any
instructions about any important affair to be transacted by the
General Court, concerning the Stamp Act,”[78] to the peace of 1783,
the Town Records breathe a resolute and warlike spirit, so bold from
the first as hardly to admit of increase.
It would be impossible on this occasion to recite all these patriotic
papers. I must content myself with a few brief extracts. On the 24th
January, 1774, in answer to letters received from the united
committees of correspondence, in the vicinity of Boston, the town
say:
“We cannot possibly view with indifference the past and present
obstinate endeavors of the enemies of this, as well as the mother
country, to rob us of those rights, that are the distinguishing glory
and felicity of this land; rights, that we are obliged to no power, under
heaven, for the enjoyment of; as they are the fruit of the heroic
enterprises of the first settlers of these American colonies. And
though we cannot but be alarmed at the great majority, in the British
parliament, for the imposition of unconstitutional taxes on the
colonies, yet, it gives life and strength to every attempt to oppose
them, that not only the people of this, but the neighboring provinces
are remarkably united in the important and interesting opposition,
which, as it succeeded before, in some measure, by the blessing of
heaven, so, we cannot but hope it will be attended with still greater
success, in future.
“Resolved, That these colonies have been and still are illegally
taxed by the British parliament, as they are not virtually represented
therein.
“That the purchasing commodities subject to such illegal taxation
is an explicit, though an impious and sordid resignation of the
liberties of this free and happy people.
“That, as the British parliament have empowered the East India
Company to export their tea into America, for the sole purpose of
raising a revenue from hence; to render the design abortive, we will
not, in this town, either by ourselves, or any from or under us, buy,
sell, or use any of the East India Company’s tea, or any other tea,
whilst there is a duty for raising a revenue thereon in America;
neither will we suffer any such tea to be used in our families.
“That all such persons as shall purchase, sell, or use any such tea,
shall, for the future, be deemed unfriendly to the happy constitution
of this country.
“That, in conjunction with our brethren in America, we will risk our
fortunes, and even our lives, in defence of his majesty, King George
the Third, his person, crown and dignity; and will, also, with the same
resolution, as his freeborn subjects in this country, to the utmost of
our power, defend all our rights inviolate to the latest posterity.
“That, if any person or persons, inhabitants of this province, so
long as there is a duty on tea, shall import any tea from the India
House, in England, or be factors for the East India Company, we will
treat them, in an eminent degree, as enemies to their country, and
with contempt and detestation.
“That we think it our duty, at this critical time of our public affairs, to
return our hearty thanks to the town of Boston, for every rational
measure they have taken for the preservation or recovery of our
invaluable rights and liberties infringed upon; and we hope, should
the state of our public affairs require it, that they will still remain
watchful and persevering; with a steady zeal to espy out everything
that shall have a tendency to subvert our happy constitution.”[79]
On the 27th June, near three hundred persons, upwards of twenty-
one years of age, inhabitants of Concord, entered into a covenant,
“solemnly engaging with each other, in the presence of God, to
suspend all commercial intercourse with Great Britain, until the act
for blocking the harbor of Boston be repealed; and neither to buy nor
consume any merchandise imported from Great Britain, nor to deal
with those who do.”[80]
In August, a County Convention met in this town, to deliberate
upon the alarming state of public affairs, and published an admirable
report.[81] In September, incensed at the new royal law which made
the judges dependent on the crown, the inhabitants assembled on
the common, and forbade the justices to open the court of sessions.
This little town then assumed the sovereignty. It was judge and jury
and council and king. On the 26th of the month, the whole town
resolved itself into a committee of safety, “to suppress all riots,
tumults, and disorders in said town, and to aid all untainted
magistrates in the execution of the laws of the land.” It was then
voted, to raise one or more companies of minute-men, by enlistment,
to be paid by the town whenever called out of town; and to provide
arms and ammunition, “that those who are unable to purchase them
themselves, may have the advantage of them, if necessity calls for
it.” In October, the Provincial Congress met in Concord. John
Hancock was President. This body was composed of the foremost
patriots, and adopted those efficient measures whose progress and
issue belong to the history of the nation.[82]
The clergy of New England were, for the most part, zealous
promoters of the Revolution. A deep religious sentiment sanctified
the thirst for liberty. All the military movements in this town were
solemnized by acts of public worship. In January, 1775, a meeting
was held for the enlisting of minute-men. Reverend William
Emerson, the chaplain of the Provincial Congress, preached to the
people. Sixty men enlisted and, in a few days, many more. On 13th
March, at a general review of all the military companies, he preached
to a very full assembly, taking for his text, 2 Chronicles xiii. 12, “And,
behold, God himself is with us for our captain, and his priests with
sounding trumpets to cry alarm against you.”[83] It is said that all the
services of that day made a deep impression on the people, even to
the singing of the psalm.
A large amount of military stores had been deposited in this town,
by order of the Provincial Committee of Safety. It was to destroy
those stores that the troops who were attacked in this town, on the
19th April, 1775, were sent hither by General Gage.
The story of that day is well known. In these peaceful fields, for the
first time since a hundred years, the drum and alarm-gun were
heard, and the farmers snatched down their rusty firelocks from the
kitchen walls, to make good the resolute words of their town
debates. In the field where the western abutment of the old bridge
may still be seen, about half a mile from this spot, the first organized
resistance was made to the British arms. There the Americans first
shed British blood. Eight hundred British soldiers, under the
command of Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Smith, had marched from
Boston to Concord; at Lexington had fired upon the brave handful of
militia, for which a speedy revenge was reaped by the same militia in
the afternoon. When they entered Concord, they found the militia
and minute-men assembled under the command of Colonel Barrett
and Major Buttrick. This little battalion, though in their hasty council
some were urgent to stand their ground, retreated before the enemy
to the high land on the other bank of the river, to wait for
reinforcement. Colonel Barrett ordered the troops not to fire, unless
fired upon. The British following them across the bridge, posted two
companies, amounting to about one hundred men, to guard the
bridge, and secure the return of the plundering party. Meantime, the
men of Acton, Bedford, Lincoln and Carlisle, all once included in
Concord, remembering their parent town in the hour of danger,
arrived and fell into the ranks so fast, that Major Buttrick found
himself superior in number to the enemy’s party at the bridge. And
when the smoke began to rise from the village where the British
were burning cannon-carriages and military stores, the Americans
resolved to force their way into town. The English beginning to pluck
up some of the planks of the bridge, the Americans quickened their
pace, and the British fired one or two shots up the river (our ancient
friend here, Master Blood,[84] saw the water struck by the first ball);
then a single gun, the ball from which wounded Luther Blanchard
and Jonas Brown, and then a volley, by which Captain Isaac Davis
and Abner Hosmer of Acton were instantly killed. Major Buttrick
leaped from the ground, and gave the command to fire, which was
repeated in a simultaneous cry by all his men. The Americans fired,
and killed two men and wounded eight. A head-stone and a foot-
stone, on this bank of the river, mark the place where these first
victims lie.[85] The British retreated immediately towards the village,
and were joined by two companies of grenadiers, whom the noise of
the firing had hastened to the spot. The militia and minute-men—
every one from that moment being his own commander—ran over
the hills opposite the battle-field, and across the great fields, into the
east quarter of the town, to waylay the enemy, and annoy his retreat.
The British, as soon as they were rejoined by the plundering
detachment, began that disastrous retreat to Boston, which was an
omen to both parties of the event of the war.
In all the anecdotes of that day’s events we may discern the
natural action of the people. It was not an extravagant ebullition of
feeling, but might have been calculated on by any one acquainted
with the spirits and habits of our community. Those poor farmers who
came up, that day, to defend their native soil, acted from the simplest
instincts. They did not know it was a deed of fame they were doing.
These men did not babble of glory. They never dreamed their
children would contend who had done the most. They supposed they
had a right to their corn and their cattle, without paying tribute to any
but their own governors. And as they had no fear of man, they yet
did have a fear of God. Captain Charles Miles, who was wounded in
the pursuit of the enemy, told my venerable friend who sits by me,
that “he went to the services of that day, with the same seriousness
and acknowledgment of God, which he carried to church.”[86]
The presence of these aged men who were in arms on that day
seems to bring us nearer to it. The benignant Providence which has
prolonged their lives to this hour gratifies the strong curiosity of the
new generation. The Pilgrims are gone; but we see what manner of
persons they were who stood in the worst perils of the Revolution.
We hold by the hand the last of the invincible men of old, and
confirm from living lips the sealed records of time.
And you, my fathers, whom God and the history of your country
have ennobled, may well bear a chief part in keeping this peaceful
birthday of our town. You are indeed extraordinary heroes. If ever
men in arms had a spotless cause, you had. You have fought a good
fight. And having quit you like men in the battle, you have quit
yourselves like men in your virtuous families; in your cornfields; and
in society. We will not hide your honorable gray hairs under perishing
laurel-leaves, but the eye of affection and veneration follows you.
You are set apart—and forever—for the esteem and gratitude of the
human race. To you belongs a better badge than stars and ribbons.
This prospering country is your ornament, and this expanding nation
is multiplying your praise with millions of tongues.[87]
The agitating events of those days were duly remembered in the
church. On the second day after the affray, divine service was
attended, in this house, by 700 soldiers. William Emerson, the
pastor, had a hereditary claim to the affection of the people, being
descended in the fourth generation from Edward Bulkeley, son of
Peter. But he had merits of his own. The cause of the Colonies was
so much in his heart that he did not cease to make it the subject of
his preaching and his prayers, and is said to have deeply inspired
many of his people with his own enthusiasm. He, at least, saw
clearly the pregnant consequences of the 19th April. I have found
within a few days, among some family papers, his almanac of 1775,
in a blank leaf of which he has written a narrative of the fight;[88] and
at the close of the month, he writes, “This month remarkable for the
greatest events of the present age.” To promote the same cause, he
asked, and obtained of the town, leave to accept the commission of
chaplain to the Northern army, at Ticonderoga, and died, after a few
months, of the distemper that prevailed in the camp.[89]
In the whole course of the war the town did not depart from this
pledge it had given. Its little population of 1300 souls behaved like a
party to the contest. The number of its troops constantly in service is
very great. Its pecuniary burdens are out of all proportion to its
capital. The economy so rigid, which marked its earlier history, has
all vanished. It spends profusely, affectionately, in the service.
“Since,” say the plaintive records, “General Washington, at
Cambridge, is not able to give but 24s. per cord for wood, for the
army; it is Voted, that this town encourage the inhabitants to supply
the army, by paying two dollars per cord, over and above the
General’s price, to such as shall carry wood thither;”[90] and 210
cords of wood were carried. A similar order is taken respecting hay.
Whilst Boston was occupied by the British troops, Concord
contributed to the relief of the inhabitants, £70, in money; 225
bushels of grain; and a quantity of meat and wood. When, presently,
the poor of Boston were quartered by the Provincial Congress on the
neighboring country, Concord received 82 persons to its hospitality.
In the year 1775, it raised 100 minute-men, and 74 soldiers to serve
at Cambridge. In March, 1776, 145 men were raised by this town to
serve at Dorchester Heights.[91] In June, the General Assembly of
Massachusetts resolved to raise 5000 militia for six months, to
reinforce the Continental army. “The numbers,” say they, “are large,
but this Court has the fullest assurance that their brethren, on this
occasion, will not confer with flesh and blood, but will, without
hesitation, and with the utmost alacrity and despatch, fill up the
numbers proportioned to the several towns.”[92] On that occasion,
Concord furnished 67 men, paying them itself, at an expense of
£622. And so on, with every levy, to the end of the war. For these
men it was continually providing shoes, stockings, shirts, coats,
blankets and beef. The taxes, which, before the war, had not much
exceeded £200 per annum, amounted, in the year 1782, to $9544, in
silver.[93]
The great expense of the war was borne with cheerfulness, whilst
the war lasted; but years passed, after the peace, before the debt
was paid. As soon as danger and injury ceased, the people were left
at leisure to consider their poverty and their debts. The Town
Records show how slowly the inhabitants recovered from the strain
of excessive exertion. Their instructions to their representatives are
full of loud complaints of the disgraceful state of public credit, and
the excess of public expenditure. They may be pardoned, under
such distress, for the mistakes of an extreme frugality. They fell into
a common error, not yet dismissed to the moon, that the remedy
was, to forbid the great importation of foreign commodities, and to
prescribe by law the prices of articles. The operation of a new
government was dreaded, lest it should prove expensive, and the
country towns thought it would be cheaper if it were removed from
the capital. They were jealous lest the General Court should pay
itself too liberally, and our fathers must be forgiven by their charitable
posterity, if, in 1782, before choosing a representative, it was “Voted,
that the person who should be chosen representative to the General
Court should receive 6s. per day, whilst in actual service, an account
of which time he should bring to the town, and if it should be that the
General Court should resolve, that, their pay should be more than
6s., then the representative shall be hereby directed to pay the
overplus into the town treasury.”[94] This was securing the prudence
of the public servants.
But whilst the town had its own full share of the public distress, it
was very far from desiring relief at the cost of order and law. In 1786,
when the general sufferings drove the people in parts of Worcester
and Hampshire counties to insurrection, a large party of armed
insurgents arrived in this town, on the 12th September, to hinder the
sitting of the Court of Common Pleas. But they found no
countenance here.[95] The same people who had been active in a
County Convention to consider grievances, condemned the
rebellion, and joined the authorities in putting it down.[96] In 1787, the
admirable instructions given by the town to its representative are a
proud monument of the good sense and good feeling that prevailed.
The grievances ceased with the adoption of the Federal Constitution.
The constitution of Massachusetts had been already accepted. It
was put to the town of Concord, in October, 1776, by the Legislature,
whether the existing house of representatives should enact a
constitution for the State? The town answered No.[97] The General
Court, notwithstanding, draughted a constitution, sent it here, and
asked the town whether they would have it for the law of the State?
The town answered No, by a unanimous vote. In 1780, a constitution
of the State, proposed by the Convention chosen for that purpose,
was accepted by the town with the reservation of some articles.[98]
And, in 1788, the town, by its delegate, accepted the new
Constitution of the United States, and this event closed the whole
series of important public events in which this town played a part.
From that time to the present hour, this town has made a slow but
constant progress in population and wealth, and the arts of peace. It
has suffered neither from war, nor pestilence, nor famine, nor
flagrant crime. Its population, in the census of 1830, was 2020 souls.
The public expenses, for the last year, amounted to $4290; for the
present year, to $5040.[99] If the community stints its expense in
small matters, it spends freely on great duties. The town raises, this
year, $1800 for its public schools; besides about $1200 which are
paid, by subscription, for private schools. This year, it expends $800
for its poor; the last year it expended $900. Two religious societies,
of differing creed, dwell together in good understanding, both
promoting, we hope, the cause of righteousness and love.[100]
Concord has always been noted for its ministers. The living need no
praise of mine. Yet it is among the sources of satisfaction and
gratitude, this day, that the aged with whom is wisdom, our fathers’
counsellor and friend, is spared to counsel and intercede for the
sons.[101]
Such, fellow citizens, is an imperfect sketch of the history of
Concord. I have been greatly indebted, in preparing this sketch, to
the printed but unpublished History of this town, furnished me by the
unhesitating kindness of its author, long a resident in this place. I
hope that History will not long remain unknown. The author has done
us and posterity a kindness, by the zeal and patience of his
research, and has wisely enriched his pages with the resolutions,
addresses and instructions to its agents, which from time to time, at
critical periods, the town has voted.[102] Meantime, I have read with
care the Town Records themselves. They must ever be the fountains
of all just information respecting your character and customs. They
are the history of the town. They exhibit a pleasing picture of a
community almost exclusively agricultural, where no man has much
time for words, in his search after things; of a community of great
simplicity of manners, and of a manifest love of justice. For the most
part, the town has deserved the name it wears. I find our annals
marked with a uniform good sense. I find no ridiculous laws, no
eavesdropping legislators, no hanging of witches, no ghosts, no
whipping of Quakers, no unnatural crimes. The tone of the Records
rises with the dignity of the event. These soiled and musty books are
luminous and electric within. The old town clerks did not spell very
correctly, but they contrive to make pretty intelligible the will of a free
and just community. Frugal our fathers were,—very frugal,—though,
for the most part, they deal generously by their minister, and provide
well for the schools and the poor. If, at any time, in common with
most of our towns, they have carried this economy to the verge of a
vice, it is to be remembered that a town is, in many respects, a
financial corporation. They economize, that they may sacrifice. They
stint and higgle on the price of a pew, that they may send 200
soldiers to General Washington to keep Great Britain at bay. For
splendor, there must somewhere be rigid economy. That the head of
the house may go brave, the members must be plainly clad, and the
town must save that the State may spend. Of late years, the growth
of Concord has been slow. Without navigable waters, without mineral
riches, without any considerable mill privileges, the natural increase
of her population is drained by the constant emigration of the youth.
Her sons have settled the region around us, and far from us. Their
wagons have rattled down the remote western hills. And in every
part of this country, and in many foreign parts, they plough the earth,
they traverse the sea, they engage in trade and in all the
professions.[103]
Fellow citizens; let not the solemn shadows of two hundred years,
this day, fall over us in vain. I feel some unwillingness to quit the
remembrance of the past. With all the hope of the new I feel that we
are leaving the old. Every moment carries us farther from the two
great epochs of public principle, the Planting, and the Revolution of
the colony. Fortunate and favored this town has been, in having
received so large an infusion of the spirit of both of those periods.
Humble as is our village in the circle of later and prouder towns that
whiten the land, it has been consecrated by the presence and
activity of the purest men. Why need I remind you of our own
Hosmers, Minotts, Cumings, Barretts, Beattons, the departed
benefactors of the town? On the village green have been the steps
of Winthrop and Dudley; of John Eliot, the Indian apostle, who had a
courage that intimidated those savages whom his love could not
melt; of Whitfield, whose silver voice melted his great congregation
into tears; of Hancock, and his compatriots of the Provincial
Congress; of Langdon, and the college over which he presided. But
even more sacred influences than these have mingled here with the
stream of human life. The merit of those who fill a space in the
world’s history, who are borne forward, as it were, by the weight of
thousands whom they lead, sheds a perfume less sweet than do the
sacrifices of private virtue. I have had much opportunity of access to
anecdotes of families, and I believe this town to have been the
dwelling-place, in all times since its planting, of pious and excellent
persons, who walked meekly through the paths of common life, who
served God, and loved man, and never let go the hope of
immortality. The benediction of their prayers and of their principles
lingers around us. The acknowledgment of the Supreme Being
exalts the history of this people. It brought the fathers hither. In a war
of principle, it delivered their sons. And so long as a spark of this
faith survives among the children’s children so long shall the name of
Concord be honest and venerable.
III
LETTER TO MARTIN VAN BUREN,
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
A PROTEST AGAINST THE REMOVAL OF THE

CHEROKEE INDIANS FROM THE STATE OF
GEORGIA
“Say, what is Honour? ’Tis the finest sense

Of justice which the human mind can frame,
Intent each lurking frailty to disclaim,
And guard the way of life from all offence,
Suffered or done.”
Wordsworth.
LETTER
TO MARTIN VAN BUREN,
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
Concord, Mass., April 23, 1838.

Sir: The seat you fill places you in a relation of credit and
nearness to every citizen. By right and natural position, every citizen
is your friend. Before any acts contrary to his own judgment or
interest have repelled the affections of any man, each may look with
trust and living anticipation to your government. Each has the
highest right to call your attention to such subjects as are of a public
nature, and properly belong to the chief magistrate; and the good
magistrate will feel a joy in meeting such confidence. In this belief
and at the instance of a few of my friends and neighbors, I crave of
your patience a short hearing for their sentiments and my own: and
the circumstance that my name will be utterly unknown to you will
only give the fairer chance to your equitable construction of what I
have to say.
Sir, my communication respects the sinister rumors that fill this
part of the country concerning the Cherokee people. The interest
always felt in the aboriginal population—an interest naturally growing
as that decays—has been heightened in regard to this tribe. Even in
our distant State some good rumor of their worth and civility has
arrived. We have learned with joy their improvement in the social
arts. We have read their newspapers. We have seen some of them
in our schools and colleges. In common with the great body of the
American people, we have witnessed with sympathy the painful
labors of these red men to redeem their own race from the doom of
eternal inferiority, and to borrow and domesticate in the tribe the arts
and customs of the Caucasian race. And notwithstanding the
unaccountable apathy with which of late years the Indians have been
sometimes abandoned to their enemies, it is not to be doubted that it
is the good pleasure and the understanding of all humane persons in
the Republic, of the men and the matrons sitting in the thriving
independent families all over the land, that they shall be duly cared
for; that they shall taste justice and love from all to whom we have
delegated the office of dealing with them.
The newspapers now inform us that, in December, 1835, a treaty
contracting for the exchange of all the Cherokee territory was
pretended to be made by an agent on the part of the United States
with some persons appearing on the part of the Cherokees; that the
fact afterwards transpired that these deputies did by no means
represent the will of the nation; and that, out of eighteen thousand
souls composing the nation, fifteen thousand six hundred and sixty-
eight have protested against the so-called treaty. It now appears that
the government of the United States choose to hold the Cherokees
to this sham treaty, and are proceeding to execute the same. Almost
the entire Cherokee Nation stand up and say, “This is not our act.
Behold us. Here are we. Do not mistake that handful of deserters for
us;” and the American President and the Cabinet, the Senate and
the House of Representatives, neither hear these men nor see them,
and are contracting to put this active nation into carts and boats, and
to drag them over mountains and rivers to a wilderness at a vast
distance beyond the Mississippi. And a paper purporting to be an
army order fixes a month from this day as the hour for this doleful
removal.
In the name of God, sir, we ask you if this be so. Do the
newspapers rightly inform us? Men and women with pale and
perplexed faces meet one another in the streets and churches here,
and ask if this be so. We have inquired if this be a gross
misrepresentation from the party opposed to the government and
anxious to blacken it with the people. We have looked in the
newspapers of different parties and find a horrid confirmation of the
tale. We are slow to believe it. We hoped the Indians were
misinformed, and that their remonstrance was premature, and will
turn out to be a needless act of terror.
The piety, the principle that is left in the United States, if only in its
coarsest form, a regard to the speech of men,—forbid us to entertain
it as a fact. Such a dereliction of all faith and virtue, such a denial of
justice, and such deafness to screams for mercy were never heard
of in times of peace and in the dealing of a nation with its own allies
and wards, since the earth was made. Sir, does this government
think that the people of the United States are become savage and
mad? From their mind are the sentiments of love and a good nature
wiped clean out? The soul of man, the justice, the mercy that is the
heart’s heart in all men, from Maine to Georgia, does abhor this
business.
In speaking thus the sentiments of my neighbors and my own,
perhaps I overstep the bounds of decorum. But would it not be a
higher indecorum coldly to argue a matter like this? We only state
the fact that a crime is projected that confounds our understandings
by its magnitude,—a crime that really deprives us as well as the
Cherokees of a country? for how could we call the conspiracy that
should crush these poor Indians our government, or the land that
was cursed by their parting and dying imprecations our country, any
more? You, sir, will bring down that renowned chair in which you sit
into infamy if your seal is set to this instrument of perfidy; and the
name of this nation, hitherto the sweet omen of religion and liberty,
will stink to the world.
You will not do us the injustice of connecting this remonstrance
with any sectional and party feeling. It is in our hearts the simplest
commandment of brotherly love. We will not have this great and
solemn claim upon national and human justice huddled aside under
the flimsy plea of its being a party act. Sir, to us the questions upon
which the government and the people have been agitated during the
past year, touching the prostration of the currency and of trade,
seem but motes in comparison. These hard times, it is true, have
brought the discussion home to every farmhouse and poor man’s
house in this town; but it is the chirping of grasshoppers beside the
immortal question whether justice shall be done by the race of
civilized to the race of savage man,—whether all the attributes of
reason, of civility, of justice, and even of mercy, shall be put off by
the American people, and so vast an outrage upon the Cherokee
Nation and upon human nature shall be consummated.
One circumstance lessens the reluctance with which I intrude at
this time on your attention my conviction that the government ought
to be admonished of a new historical fact, which the discussion of
this question has disclosed, namely, that there exists in a great part
of the Northern people a gloomy diffidence in the moral character of
the government.
On the broaching of this question, a general expression of
despondency, of disbelief that any good will accrue from a
remonstrance on an act of fraud and robbery, appeared in those men
to whom we naturally turn for aid and counsel. Will the American
government steal? Will it lie? Will it kill?—We ask triumphantly. Our
counsellors and old statesmen here say that ten years ago they
would have staked their lives on the affirmation that the proposed
Indian measures could not be executed; that the unanimous country

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8th International Conference on

Engineering Project and Product

The 8th International Conference on Computer

The 19th International Conference on Industrial

The 19th International Conference on Industrial

CMBEBIH 2017 Proceedings of the International

Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference

Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference

Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference

Proceedings of International Conference on

Sümer Şahin Editor

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11236

8th International Conference

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

Printed on acid-free paper

International Conference on Engineering, Project, and Production Management

Fig. 1 Geographical view of EPPM conference venues

Table 1 EPPM2017 accepted papers per theme

EPPM2017 has been attended by 44 participants out of 24 countries, depicted in

Fig. 2 EPPM2017 participant countries

Number of Participants per Country

Fig. 3 EPPM2017 participants per country

Finally, 35 papers were accepted to be included in the Proceedings of “The 8th

Istanbul, Turkey Sümer Şahin

Dr. Oleg Kaplinski, Poznan Technical University, Poland

Dr. Sami Al-Dalahmah, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan

Mr. Mahmoud Al-Amareen, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan

Importance of Science and Engineering for Human Society

resources engineering, among others. So it can undoubtedly be assumed that the

Conﬁrmatory Factor Analysis of Perceived Risk Factors

Using Building Information Modelling to Facilitate Decision

Perceived Impacts of Industry 4.0 on Manufacturing Industry

Evaluating the Need to Use Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)

Mohammed Alkhadim, Kassim Gidado and Noel Painting

M. Alkhadim (&) K. Gidado N. Painting

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018 1

2 Perceived Risk Factors to Crowd Safety

2.1 Perceived Risk of Stampede (PST)

2.2 Perceived Risk of Riot (PR)

2.3 Perceived Risk of Structural Failure (PSF)

2.4 Perceived Risk of Terrorist Attack (PTA)

2.5 Perceived Risk of Explosion (Fire/Chemical) (PE)

2.6 Perceived (Risk of) Natural Disaster (PND)

2.7 Perceived Risk of Force (PF)

2.8 Perceived Risk of Poor Information (PPI)

2.9 Perceived Risk of Insufﬁcient Space (PIS)

2.10 Perceived Risk of Poor Real Time Management

2.11 Perceived Safety (PS)

2.12 Crowd (Users) Behavior (UB)

4 Results and Discussion

4.1 Conﬁrmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)

When undertaking a CFA, it is necessary to assess the uni-dimensionality, con-

4.2 Convergent Validity

Table 1 Fit indices Measure Estimate Threshold Interpretation

4.3 Discriminant Validity

“Alas! for them—their day is o’er,

I turn gladly to the progress of our civil history. Before 1666,

A PROTEST AGAINST THE REMOVAL OF THE

“Say, what is Honour? ’Tis the finest sense

Concord, Mass., April 23, 1838.

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