UNDERSTANDING CULTURE SOCIETY AND POLITICS

QUARTER II

LESSON 1:

TOPIC:STATE AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

INSTITUTIONS-IS A MECHANISM THAT GOVERNS THE BEHAVIOR OF A SET OF INDIVIDUALS WITHIN A GIVEN
COMMUNITY.
STATE INSTITUTIONS- a political organization of society, the body politic, the institutions of government. The country is
a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and
security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries;
and its sovereignty.

POLITCAL INSTITUTIONS-IS UNIVERSAL IN ALL THE SOCIETIES OF THE WORLD.THIS IS THE POWER AND AUTHORITY
WHICH USED TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL ORDER.

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS-SPECIFIC AGENCIES OR FOUNDATIONS, BOTH GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE, DEVOTED TO

COLLECTING OR STUDYING ECONOMIC DATA, OR COMMISSIONED WITH THE JOB OF SUPPLYING A GOOD OR SERVICE
THAT IS IMPORTANT TO THE ECONOMY OF A COUNTRY.

EXAMPLES OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

1. BIR- BUREAU INTERNAL REVENUE- THE GOVERNMENT TAX COLLECTION AGENCY
2. IS UNIVERSAL IN ALL THE SOCIETIES OF THE WORLD.
3. THIS IS THE POWER AND AUTHORITY WHICH USED TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL ORDER
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
1.RECIPROCITY- DEFINED AS THE SYSTEM OF EXCHANGE IN WHICH GOODS OR SERVICES PASSED FROM ONE INDIVIDUAL
OR GROUP TO ANOTHER AS A GIFT WITHOUT THE NEED FOR EXPLICIT CONTRACTING FOR SPECIFIC PAYMENTS.
EXAMPLES OF RECIPROCITY:
 A salesperson giving a freebie to a potential customer, hoping that it will lead them to return the favor
by purchasing something
 A leader offering attention and mentorship to followers in exchange for loyalty
 Offering customers some valuable information in exchange for signing up for future marketing offers
2.REDISTRIBUTION-IS WHEN MEMBERS OF AN ORGANIZED GROUP CONTRIBUTE MONEY INTO A COMMON POLL OF
FUND.
EXAMPLES: THE TAXES THAT ARE COLLECTED FROM INDIVIDUALS DEPENDENT ON THEIR PERSONAL INCOME
AND THEN THAT MONEY IS DISTRIBUTED TO OTHER MEMBERS OF SOCIETY THROUGH VARIOUS GOVERNMENT
PROGRAMS
3.MARKET TRANSACTIONS- IS WHEN GOODS ARE SOLD FOR MONEY, WHICH IN TURN IS USED TO PURCHASE OTHER
GOODS, WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF ACQUIRING MORE MONEY AND ACCUMULATING MORE GOODS
Examples of transactional marketing:
 As you're navigating the grocery store on your way home from work, you enter the laundry detergent aisle
focused on picking up your favorite brand. Next to it, a competing brand has created a promotional display with
a coupon for today's purchase. You opt for the new— and cheaper—product.
 While you're watching television before bed, you notice an advertisement for a new set of non-stick cookware at
a limited-time, ''buy one, get one free'' offer. Before nodding off, you log on to the website and complete your
purchase.
NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS-A group of people or any organizations which are not affiliated with the national
government. Sometimes called a non-state entity. For instance, these non- state institutions are private banks, private
corporations, cooperatives, non- governmental organizations (NGO) and Trade Unions. These institutions have several
functions and roles in our society as part of the nation-building.
EXAMPLES OF NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS:
  BANKS
 CORPORATION
 COOPERATIVES
 TRADE UNIONS
 TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY ORGANIZATION
1.BANKS- ARE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS LICENSED TO RECEIVE DEPOSITS AND MAKE LOANS.
2. CORPORATION-IS A LEGAL ENTITY THAT IS SEPARATE AND DISTINCT FROM ITS OWNERS
EXAMPLES: SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION, ABS CBN AND GMA NETWORK
3.COOPERATIVES-ARE PEOPLE CENTERED ENTERPRISES OWNED CONTROLLED AND RUN BY AND FOR THEIR MEMBERS
TO REALIZE THEIR COMMON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL NEEDS AND ASPIRATION
4.TRADE UNIONS-ARE ORGANIZATIONS MADE UP OF MEMBERS ( A MEMBERSHIP-BASED ORGANIZATION AND IT’S
MEMBERSHIP MUST BE MADE UP OF MAINLY OF WORKERS
5.TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY ORGANIZATIONS-ARE DEFINED AS “SELF- ORGANIZED ADVOCACY GROUPS
UNDERTAKING VOLUNTARY ACTIONS ACROSS STATE BORDERS IN PURSUIT OF WHAT THEY DEEM THE WIDER PUBLIC
INTEREST.

LESSON 2:
TOPIC: FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION
EDUCATION-IS THE SOCIAL INSTITUTION THAT FORMALLY SOCIALIZES MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY. IT ALSO REFERS TO
THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH SKILLS, KNOWLEDGE AND VALUES ARE TRANSMITTED FROM THE TEACHERS TO THE
LEARNERS
TWO TYPES OF EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
 FORMAL EDUCATION
 NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
FORMAL EDUCATION- usually takes place in a classroom setting and provided by trained teaching and non-teaching staff
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION-IT IS THE FIRST PART OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, AND IT INCLUDES THE FIRST SIX YEARS
OF COMPULSORY SCHOOLING FROM GRADE 1-6.
SECONDARY EDUCATION-IT IS CONTINUING BASIC EDUCATION FROM THE ELEMENTARY LEVEL TO FOUR YEARS OF
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL AND TWO YEARS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL.
TERTIARY EDUCATION-IT IS OFFERED BY PRIVATE AND PUBLIC COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.
ALSO REFERRED TO AS THIRD- LEVEL, THIRD STAGE OR POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION.
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION-ACCREDITED INSTITUTIONS OFFER TECHNICAL AND OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION. PROGRAMS
OFFERED VARIES IN DURATION FROM WEEKS TO TWO YEARS.

NON-FORMAL EDUCATION-IT IS AN ORGANIZED EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY THAT TAKES PLACED OUTSIDE A FORMAL SET-
UP. IT HAS NO AGE- LIMIT, EVEN ADULTS AND OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTH CAN TAKE PART IN AN NON- FORMAL
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM.
SPECIAL EDUCATION-SPECIAL EDUCATION (SPED) IS THE PRACTICE OF EDUCATING STUDENTS IN A WAY THAT PROVIDES
ACCOMODATIONS THAT ADDRESS THEIR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, DISABILITIES OR SPECIAL NEEDS.
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
1. SOCIALIZATION-IS A PROCESS WHERE A PERSON LEARNS ABOUT ROLE, STATUS AND VALUE THAT SHOULD HAVE IN A
SOCIETY.
2. SOCIAL INTEGRATION-For a society to work, functionalists say, people must subscribe to a common set of beliefs and
values.
3. SOCIAL PLACEMENT- Beginning in grade school, students are identified by teachers and other school officials either as
bright and motivated or as less bright and even educationally challenged.
4. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INNOVATION- is a fourth function of education. Our scientists cannot make important
scientific discoveries, artists and thinkers cannot come up with great works of art unless they have been educated in the
many subjects they need to know for their chosen path.
EDUCATION AS HUMAN RIGHT
IN OUR 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION, IT IS STATED IN ARTICLE 14, SECTION 1: THE STATE SHALL PROTECT
AND PROMOTE THE RIGHT OF ALL CITIZENS TO QUALITY EDUCATION AT ALL LEVELS AND SHALL TAKE APPROPRIATE
STEPS TO MAKE SUCH EDUCATION ACCESSIBLE TO ALL.
IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION
 Citizens of a country understand their true potential through the means of education.
 Education helps in getting an individual a good-paying job, which helps in improving the economic status
of his/ her family.
 It teaches an individual the importance of differentiating between good and bad as well as right and
wrong.
 An educated person can strive for the betterment of a country,
 More educated individuals help in creating more jobs for everyone. This in turn helps in solving the
problem of unemployment in the country.
LESSON 3:
TOPIC-Examine the concept, characteristics and forms of stratification systems using sociological perspectives
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION-REFERS TO THE SOCIETY’S CATEGORIZATION OF PEOPLE IN THE SOCIOECONOMIC TIERS BASED
ON FACTORS LIKE WEALTH, INCOME, RACE, EDUCATION AND POWER.
STATUS OF PEOPLE
 Wealth and income
 Social class
 Ethnicity
 Gender
 Political status
 Religion
SOCIAL CLASS:
1.UPPER CLASS-HAS HIGH PERSONAL INCOME LIKE CEO, INVESTORS, HIGH SUCCESSFUL PROFESSIONALS, THOSE
WITH INHERITED WEALTH AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCE.
2.MIDDLE CLASS-IS ALSO CALLED AS THE RISING CLASS INCLUDES THE SMALL BUSINESSMAN, TEACHERS,
MERCHANTS,TRADERS WITH MODEST INCOME.
3.LOWER CLASS-EARN WITH LOW INCOMES WITH LITTLE OR NO SAVINGS AND UNEMPLOYED. THEY ARE
INCAPABLE TO BUY THEIR BASIC NEEDS
SOCIAL MOBILITY-IT REFERS TO THE MOVEMENT OF ONE INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP FROM ONE SOCIAL CLASS TO
ANOTHER .
CLASSIFICATION OF STRATIFICATION SYSTEM
 CLOSED SYSTEM
 OPEN SYSTEM
CLOSED SYSTEMS-
 HAVE NO CHANCES OF MOVING EITHER UP OR DOWN IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.
 ALLOWS LITTLE SOCIAL MOBILITY.
 ASCRIBED STATUS ( S0CIAL POSITION INHERITS AT BIRTH)
EXAMPLES OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
1.CASTE SYSTEM
IS A SYSTEM OF INHERITED INEQUALITY. IT ASSUMES THAT EACH PERSON IS PRE-ORDAINED A PLACE AND
OCCUPATION IN SOCIETY AT BIRTH
Example: INDIA’S CASTE SYSTEM
2.ESTATES
MOSTLY IN THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD AS CATEGORY IN A FEUDAL SYSTEM. IN WHICH
MEN ARE ASSIGNED THEIR STRATA ACCORDING TO BIRTH, MILITARY, STRENGTH, AND LANDHOLDINGS
OPEN SYSTEMS-
 HAVE MORE CHANCES OF MOVING UP OR DOWN THE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.
 ALLOWS MORE SOCIAL MOBILITY.
 ACHIEVED STATUS (social position based individual achievement, effort or award)
CLASS SYSTEM
COMBINED ASCRIBED STATUS AND A PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT IN A WAY THAT ALLOWS SOCIAL MOBILITY.
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
1. HORIZONTAL-IT IS A CHANGE IN RELIGIOUS, TERRITORIAL, POLITICAL, OR OCCUPATIONAL SHIFT WITH NO
CHANGE IN VERTICAL POSITION
 EXAMPLE OF HORIZONTAL
 WHEN A PERSON CHANGES OCCUPATION, BUT OVERALL SOCIAL STANDING REMAINS UNCHANGED.
2. VERTICAL- IS A CHANGE IN THE OCCUPATIONAL, POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS STATUS THAT CAUSES CHANGE IN
SOCIETAL POSITION.-
3. UPWARD-THIS IS WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL MOVE FROM A LOWER POSITION TO A HIGHER POSITION
4. INTER-GENERATIONAL MOBILITY-WHEN A SOCIAL POSITION CHANGES FROM ONE POSITION TO ANOTHER AND
THE CHANGE CAN BE UPWARD OR DOWNWARD
5. INTRA-GENERATIONAL MOBILITY-IT IS THE CHANGE IN THE SOCIETAL POSITION THAT OCCURS DURING A
LIFESPAN OF A SINGLE GENERATION.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOCIAL MOBILITY
 LAND OWNERSHIP
 POLITICAL DYNASTY
 EDUCATION
 ACHIEVEMENT
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
1.Functionalism
Where stratification is necessary to induce people with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to enter the
most important occupations.
2.Conflict theory
Results from lack of opportunity and from discrimination and prejudice against the poor, women and people of
color.
3.Symbolic interactionism
Where stratification affects people’s beliefs, lifestyles, daily interaction, and conceptions of themselves.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
 IT IS SOCIAL
 IT IS ANCIENT
 IT IS UNIVERSAL
 DIVERSE IN FORM AND CONSEQUENTIAL

FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE- It refers to theories that affects the beliefs, lifestyles and everyday interactions of every
individual.
LIFE CHANCES- The access that people have to important life resources (e.g, safe neighborhood, healthy foods,
consistent contact with educated adults).

In the Philippines, one can go up or down freely in the ladder of social stratification. This type of society is
characterized as OPEN SYSTEM
CLOSED SYSTEM-People who are born into this system of society are socialized to accept their standing for the rest of
their lives.
Example of Intra-Generational mobility- When an individuals starts their career as a clerk and through their life moves
on to a senior position such as director. One sibling may also achieve a higher position in society than their brother or
sister.
Horizontal mobility -The movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank
Prestige – means Respect, honor, recognition or courtesy an individual receives from other members of society
IPRA LAW- programs addresses inequality on ethnic minorities
We can understand social inequality from a macro-sociological perspective because lived experience is impacted by
gender, race and class.
Adaptations enhance the fitness and survival of everyone. An adaptive traits can be Behavioral, structural, and
physiological
The following are ways on how human adapt to environmental changes:
1. Genetic Change
2. Developmental Adjustments
3. Use of obsolete technology
The following are the challenges faced by transnational migrants:
 1.Family Disruption
2.Access to pensions and health insurance
3.Loss of sense of identity and belongingness
Example of mitigation:
A. Using a more efficient energy generation technology.
B.Using more efficient energy end user technology.
C.Replacing fossil fuels with none or low carbon emitting energy
Too much love from the spouse is a factor that gave rise to the changing roles of women in Contemporary Society.
A 45 year old female living with three married sons and their families, but cooking her own separate room is
example of Proton Family.
OFW-It includes seamen and others who work outside the country but are neither permanent nor temporary residents
of the country.
ADAPTATION-It refers to the adjustments made regarding decisions and activities in order to manage risks and capture
potential opportunities brought about by any changes in the environment.
MIGRATION-The process of geographic mobility or the change of residence of a person from one community to another
with the intention of setting temporarily or permanently.
INTERNAL MIGRATION-This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries such as between states,
provinces, cities, or municipalities.
INTERNAL MIGRANTS-Persons who moves to a different administrative territory.
MIGRATION-Those people who moved with the legal permission of the receiver nation.
MITIGATION-A technological change and substitution that reduces resource inputs and emissions per unit of output.
ADAPTATION-The process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment
This is a true statement
Other minorities may include people with disabilities or people with religions that are less prevalent in society.
OTHER MINORITIES-These are groups composed of less dominant classifications in the society that experience
disproportionately lower opportunities than their dominant counterparts.
LGBT-They are always treated indifferently and discriminately because they do not fall within a biologically gender
group.
GLOBAL INEQUALITY- It manifests relationship between states and non-state actors in the global community .
SYMBOLIC CAPITAL-It is referred to as the institution implementing the functions of the government.
The distance between masses and the decision makers, the more layers of authority and the decision, the
greater the Cultural Inequality.
GLOBAL STRATIFICATION-It is a relevant concept involved in global inequality described as the unequal distribution of
social gaps across nations.
ETHNIC MINORITIES-It is referred to as minorities living traditionalistic lives far away from the city and technology and
may appear differently than usual.
SYMBOLIC CAPITAL-It refers to the resources available to a group of individual on the basis of honor, prestige,
recognition, and serves as the value that holds within a culture.
The following demonstrate a large pattern of inequality
1. In the UK the top 10 percent get 31 % of all income in the UK while the bottom 10 percent get just 1 %
2. In Singapore, the top 20 richest percent of the population are about 10 times richer than the poorest 20 %
OTHER MINORITY-Magna Carta for Disabled Persons, and For Other Purposes’ Granting Additional Privileges and
Incentives and Prohibitions on Verbal, Non-verbal Ridicule and Vilification Against Persons with Disability. Its objective is
to provide persons with disability, the opportunity to participate fully into the mainstream of society by granting them
at least twenty percent (20%) discount in all basic services.