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Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
Ëüâ³âñüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò ³ìåí³ ²âàíà Ôðàíêà,
êàôåäðà àðõåîëî㳿 òà ³ñòî𳿠ñòàðîäàâíüîãî ñâ³òó
1
Laing G. J. Survivals of Roman religion. London, 1931. P. 236.
2
Platner S. B. A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome / Completed and revised by T. Ashby.
London, 1929. P. 64.
3
Elsner J. Image and Ritual: reflections on the Religious Appreciation of Classical Art // The
Classical Quarterly. London, 1996. No. 2. New Series. Vol. 46. P. 531.
4
Øàéä Ä. Ðåëèãèÿ ðèìëÿí / Ïåð. ñ ôð. Ìîñêâà, 2006. Ñ. 156.
5
Cic., Nat. D. I, 117 (çà âèäàííÿì: Cicero Marcus Tullius. De natura deorum. London; Cambridge,
1967).
6
Hor., Od. III, 6, 2–3 (çà âèäàííÿì: Horatius Flaccus Q. Opera. Edinburgi, 1806).
7
Warrior V. M. Roman Religion. Cambridge, 2006. P. 6.
14
ÐÅ˲òÉÍÀ ÏÎ˲ÒÈÊÀ ÐÈÌÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÓÐßÄÓ Ó ÄÎÁÓ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀÒÓ
8
Êîðåëèíú Ì. Ñ. Ïàäåí³å àíòè÷íàãî ì³ðîñîçåðöàí³ÿ. Ñ.-Ïåòåðáóðãú, 1901. Ñ. 14.
9
Heinze R. Kultura Augustowska / Przek³. z niem. Lwów, b.r. S. 49–53.
10
Ìàøêèí Í. À. Ïðèíöèïàò Àâãóñòà: ïðîèñõîæäåíèå è ñîöèàëüíàÿ ñóùíîñòü. Ìîñêâà;
Ëåíèíãðàä, 1949. Ñ. 563–564.
11
Hus A. Greek and Roman Religion / Transl. from French. New York, 1962. P. 141.
12
Øòàåðìàí Å. Ì. Ñîöèàëüíûå îñíîâû ðåëèãèè Äðåâíåãî Ðèìà. Ìîñêâà, 1987. Ñ. 209.
13
Nock A. D. Religious developments from the close of the Republic to the death of Nero //
Cambridge Ancient History (äàë³ – CAH). Cambridge, 1934. Vol. X. P. 468.
15
Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
14
Áóàññüå Ã. Ðèìñêàÿ ðåëèãèÿ îò âðåìåí Àâãóñòà äî Àíòîíèíîâ / Ïåð. ñ ôð. Ìîñêâà, 1914.
Ñ. 84–85, 298, 301, 367–368.
15
Altheim F. A History of Roman Religion / Transl. from German. London, 1938. P. 350, 455.
16
Duff J. W. Social life in Rome and Italy // CAH. 1934. Vol. X. P. 773.
17
North J. A. Roman Religion. Oxford, 2000. P. 28, 35.
18
Staples A. From good goddess to vestal virgins: sex and category in Roman religion. London,
1998. P. 157.
16
ÐÅ˲òÉÍÀ ÏÎ˲ÒÈÊÀ ÐÈÌÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÓÐßÄÓ Ó ÄÎÁÓ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀÒÓ
* * *
17
Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
18
ÐÅ˲òÉÍÀ ÏÎ˲ÒÈÊÀ ÐÈÌÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÓÐßÄÓ Ó ÄÎÁÓ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀÒÓ
34
Dio Cass. L, 10, 3.
35
Liv. IV, 20, 7.
36
Ov., Fast. II, 63 (çà âèäàííÿì: Ovid. Fasti. London, 1931).
37
Tac., Ann. II, 49 (çà âèäàííÿì: Tacite. Annales. Paris, 1924. T. II. Liv. I–VI; T. III. Liv. XI–XII).
38
Ibid., IV, 43.
39
Suet., Claud. 25.
40
Ibid., Calig. 21.
41
Strabo XIV, 1, 5 (çà âèäàííÿì: Strabo. Geography. London, 1929. Vol. VI. Books 13–14).
42
Suet., Vesp. 8, 5.
43
Tac., Hist. IV, 53 (çà âèäàííÿì: Tacitus. Historias et libros minores continens. Lipsiae, 1893).
44
ILS 252 (çà âèäàííÿì: Inscriptionaes Latinae selectae / Ed. H. Dessau. Berolini, 1892. Vol. I).
45
Suet., Aug. 30, 2.
46
RG 21.
19
Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
47
Øàéä Ä. Ðåëèãèÿ ðèìëÿí. Ñ. 44.
48
Verg., Aen. VIII, 714–716 (çà âèäàííÿì: Virgil. Aeneid. Book 8. Cambridge, 1976).
49
Øòàåðìàí Å. Ì. Ñîöèàëüíûå îñíîâû ðåëèãèè… Ñ. 167.
50
Dio Cass. LI, 20, 4.
51
Suet., Aug. 30, 4.
52
Øàéä Ä. Ðåëèãèÿ ðèìëÿí. Ñ. 139–143.
53
Dio Cass. LIV, 27; R.G. 10; Suet., Aug. 31.
20
ÐÅ˲òÉÍÀ ÏÎ˲ÒÈÊÀ ÐÈÌÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÓÐßÄÓ Ó ÄÎÁÓ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀÒÓ
ê³íöÿ IV ñò. í. å., ³ ëèøå ³ìïåðàòîð Ãðàö³àí (375–383 ðð. í. å.) â³äìîâèâñÿ â³ä
íüîãî. Ñàìå ãëàâîþ êîëå㳿 ïîíòèô³ê³â çîáðàæåíèé Àâãóñò íà çíàìåíèòîìó ³âòàð³
Ìèðó54. Õî÷à çàçâè÷àé ïîºäíàííÿ ÷ëåíñòâà â ð³çíèõ êîëåã³ÿõ îäí³ºþ îñîáîþ íå
ïðàêòèêóâàëîñü55, Àâãóñò îêð³ì òîãî áóâ ÷ëåíîì íàñòóïíèõ êîëåã³é: àâãóð³â,
êâ³íäåöåìâ³ð³â (XV virum sacris faciundis), ñåïòåìâ³ð³â (VII virum epulonum),
àðâàëüñüêèõ áðàò³â, sodalis Titius, ôåö³àë³â56.
Íà ïåðøèé ïîãëÿä ÷ëåíñòâî ³ìïåðàòîðà â æðåöüêèõ êîëåã³ÿõ áóëî ëèøå
ïî÷åñíîþ ôîðìàëüí³ñòþ. Ïðîòå ñàìå òóò â³í îòðèìóâàâ äîäàòêîâ³ ï³äñòàâè
çàêîííîãî îá´ðóíòóâàííÿ òîãî ÷è ³íøîãî ð³øåííÿ – âèõîäÿ÷è ç êîìïåòåíö³¿
êîíêðåòíî¿ êîëå㳿. Êîæíà êîëåã³ÿ â³äïîâ³äàëà çà ïåâíó ñôåðó ñàêðàëüíîãî ïðàâà.
Çîêðåìà, ÷ëåíè êîëå㳿 àâãóð³â ïåðåäáà÷àëè ìàéáóòíº çà ð³çíèìè çíàìåííÿìè:
ãðîìîì òà áëèñêàâêîþ, ïîâåä³íêîþ òà ëåòîì ïòàõ³â. Ö³öåðîí ñòâåðäæóº, ùî ¿õ
ð³øåííÿ ïîâèíí³ áóòè âèêîíàí³ áåçóìîâíî: “ùî á àâãóðè íå îãîëîñèëè íåçàêîííèì
(injusta), íå÷åñòèâèì (nefasta), íåùàñëèâèì (vitiosa), çëîâ³ñíèì (dira), õàé öå
íå áóäå âèêîíàíå òà çâåðøåíå; õòî æ íå ïîñëóõàºòüñÿ, õàé áóäå ïîêàðàíèé ñìåðòþ
(capital esto)”57. Ïðîòå îïèñ Ö³öåðîíà âî÷åâèäü íå â³äïîâ³äàâ ðåàë³ÿì òîãî ÷àñó:
íàñïðàâä³ àâãóðè ìîãëè ëèøå ðåêîìåíäóâàòè ñåíàòó ïåâí³ ä³¿, ³ ò³ëüêè ñåíàò ì³ã
ïðîãîëîñèòè çàêîí íåä³éñíèì58.
Êâ³íäåöåìâ³ðè â³äïîâ³äàëè çà çáåðåæåííÿ ѳâ³ëëèíèõ êíèã (libri Sibyllini) òà
òëóìà÷èëè ïðîðîöòâà, ùî ó íèõ ì³ñòèëèñÿ, çâåðòàþ÷èñü çà êîíñóëüòàö³ÿìè äî
êîìïåòåíòíèõ ó öèõ ïèòàííÿõ îñ³á – ìàã³ñòð³â. Ñåïòåìâ³ðè êîíòðîëþâàëè áàíêåòè
íà ÷åñòü êàï³òîë³éñüêèõ áîã³â – Þï³òåðà, Þíîíè ³ ̳íåðâè. Êîëåã³ÿ àðâàëüñüêèõ
áðàò³â ìîëèëàñü çà óñï³øíå äîçð³âàííÿ âðîæàþ. Ôåö³àëè ñë³äêóâàëè çà
äîòðèìàííÿì ïðèíöèï³â ì³æíàðîäíîãî ïðàâà: îãîëîøåííÿì â³éíè ÷è óêëàäàííÿì
äîãîâîð³â. Ïðè÷îìó îñîáà ôåö³àëà ââàæàëàñü íåäîòîðêàííîþ. Ôóíêö³¿ sodalis
Titius áóëè ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ³ç çä³éñíåííÿì êóëüòó ï³äêîðåíèõ ðèìëÿíàìè îáùèí.
Âèùèì êîíòðîëüíèì îðãàíîì ùîäî óñ³õ ðåë³ã³éíèõ ïèòàíü áóëà êîëåã³ÿ
ïîíòèô³ê³â. Äî ¿¿ êîìïåòåíö³¿ íàëåæàëè ñêëàäàííÿ êàëåíäàðÿ, îáðÿäè,
æåðòâîïðèíîøåííÿ, ñàêðàëüíå ïðàâî òà ³íøå. Òîìó ïîíòèô³êè ìàëè ìîæëèâ³ñòü
âïëèâàòè ³ íà ïîë³òè÷íå æèòòÿ äåðæàâè. Ó êàëåíäàð³ ô³êñóâàëèñÿ äí³, â ÿê³ áóëî
äîçâîëåíî (dies fasti) àáî çàáîðîíåíî (dies nefasti) âåñòè ñïðàâè òà íàâ³òü
çáèðàòèñü äëÿ ¿õ îáãîâîðåííÿ. Ïîíòèô³êè äàâàëè ðåêîìåíäàö³¿ ìàã³ñòðàòàì,
ñåíàòó òà ³íøèì êîëåã³ÿì ùîäî ïèòàíü, ïîâ’ÿçàíèõ ç ðåë³ã³ºþ. ²ìïåðàòîð, ÿê
ãëàâà êîëå㳿 ïîíòèô³ê³â, ìàâ âèð³øàëüíå ñëîâî ùîäî óñ³õ äèñêóñ³éíèõ ïèòàíü,
ÿê³ òîðêàëèñÿ ðåë³ã³¿. Ëèøå ï³ñëÿ ðîç’ÿñíåíü ³ìïåðàòîðà ñåíàò ïðèéìàâ ð³øåííÿ
54
Strong A. Roman sculpture from Augustus to Constantine. London; New York, 1907. P. 47.
55
North J. A. Roman Religion. P. 26.
56
RG 7.
57
Cic., Leg. II, 21 (çà âèäàííÿì: Cicero Marcus Tullius. De re publica. De legibus. Cambridge;
London, 1928).
58
North J. A. Roman Religion. P. 25.
21
Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
22
ÐÅ˲òÉÍÀ ÏÎ˲ÒÈÊÀ ÐÈÌÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÓÐßÄÓ Ó ÄÎÁÓ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀÒÓ
çâåðòàëèñü ï³ä ÷àñ öèõ ñâÿòêóâàíü, áóëè ijñ (Dis) òà Ïðîçåðï³íà (áîãè ï³äçåìíîãî
öàðñòâà), àëå òåïåð ¿õ ì³ñöå çàéìàþòü Àïîëëîí òà ijàíà. Ç “Acta sacrorum
saecularium” ä³çíàºìîñü, ùî ï³ñëÿ çàâåðøåííÿ æåðòâîïðèíîøåíü äâàäöÿòü ñ³ì
õëîï÷èê³â òà ñò³ëüêè æ ä³â÷àò, áàòüêè òà ìàòåð³ ÿêèõ áóëè æèâ³ (quibus
denuntiatum erat patrimi et matrimi), çàñï³âàëè ã³ìí (carmen cecinerunt). Éîãî
àâòîðîì áóâ Êâ³íò Ãîðàö³é Ôëàêê (carmen composuit Q. Hor[at]ius Flaccus)68.
óìí ðîçïî÷èíàºòüñÿ çâåðòàííÿì äî Àïîëëîíà òà ijàíè (Phoebe siluarumque
potens Diana) ³ çàâåðøóºòüñÿ ïðÿìîþ êîíñòàòàö³ºþ, ùî ñàìå âîíè áóëè
àäðåñàòàìè ö³º¿ ï³ñí³: Phoebi chorus et Dianae dicere laudes69. Ô. Àëüòãåéì
ââàæàº, ùî ñàìå Ñòîë³òí³ ³ãðè 17 ðîêó äî í. å., ñåðåä ³íøèõ ³ííîâàö³é, ïðèíåñëè
çð³âíÿííÿ Àïîëëîíà òà éîãî ñåñòðè ijàíè ç òðàäèö³éíèìè áîãàìè Êàï³òîë³þ70.
Êóëüò Àïîëëîíà (Ôåáà) íå áóâ ïîïóëÿðíèì ó ðåñïóáë³êàíñüêîìó Ðèì³. Ïðîòå,
ñàìå öüîãî áîãà Àâãóñò ââàæàâ ñâî¿ì îñîáèñòèì ïîêðîâèòåëåì. Ðàçîì ç
ôîðìóâàííÿì êóëüòó Àâãóñòà â Ðèì³ øèðèòèìóòüñÿ ïåðåêàçè ïðî éîãî
áîæåñòâåííå ïîõîäæåííÿ ³ ùî ñïðàâæí³ì éîãî áàòüêîì º Àïîëëîí, ÿêèé ó ôîðì³
çì³ÿ (draconem) ç³éøîâñÿ ç Àò³ºþ, éîãî ìàò³ð’þ71. Íà îäí³é ³ç âàç, äàòîâàí³é
áëèçüêî 30–25 ðîê³â äî í. å. (íèí³ çáåð³ãàºòüñÿ â Áðèòàíñüêîìó ìóçå¿ â Ëîíäîí³),
çîáðàæåíî Àïîëëîíà, çàêîõàíîãî â Àò³þ72. Îêòàâ³àí ðîçøèðèâ (ampliato) õðàì
Àïîëëîíà íà ì³ñö³ ñâ ïåðåìîãè íàä ôëîòîì Àíòîí³ÿ á³ëÿ ìèñó Àêö³é ³ çàñíóâàâ
òàì ³ãðè íà éîãî ÷åñòü, ùî ïðîâîäèëèñü êîæíèõ ï’ÿòü ðîê³â73. Íà ì³ñö³, äå ñòîÿëà
éîãî ïàëàòêà, â³í çàêëàâ ôóíäàìåíò ç ÷îòèðüîõãðàííèõ êàìåí³â, ïðèêðàñèâøè
éîãî çàõîïëåíèìè êîðàáåëüíèìè íîñàìè, ³ ñïîðóäèâ íà íüîìó ñâÿòèëèùå
Àïîëëîíó ï³ä â³äêðèòèì íåáîì (Fäïò ôé Ií áKôP ôïL Xðüëëùíïò Jðáßèñéïí
däñõóÜìåíïò)74. Íà Ïàëàòèíñüêîìó ïàãîðá³ Àâãóñò çáóäóâàâ Àïîëëîíó õðàì,
ÿêîìó ïåðåäàâ çîëîò³ êàçàíîïîä³áí³ òðèí³æêè (cortinas)75. ̳ñöå äëÿ áóä³âíèöòâà
õðàìó âêàçàëè ãàðóñï³êè, ìîòèâóþ÷è, ùî éîãî áëèñêàâêîþ íàì³òèâ ñàì áîã. Äî
õðàìó áóëè ïðèºäíàí³ ïîðòèêè ç ëàòèíñüêîþ òà ãðåöüêîþ á³áë³îòåêàìè, ñïîðóäæåí³
ç íåçð³âíÿííîþ ùåäð³ñòþ (quod ab eo singulari extructum munificentia est).
Òóò íåîäíîðàçîâî çáèðàâñÿ íà ñâî¿ çàñ³äàííÿ ñåíàò76. Õðàì Àïîëëîíà ç³ ñòàòóºþ
áîãà âñåðåäèí³ ñòàâ çîáðàæåííÿì íà ìîíåòàõ Àâãóñòà ç íàïèñîì “APOLLIN”77
(Apollinare – õðàì Àïîëëîíà).
68
Documents illustrating the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius / Collected by V. Ehrenberg and
A. H. M. Jones. Oxford, 1955. P. 61. ¹ 32.
69
Hor., Carm saec. 1; 75–76.
70
Altheim F. A History of Roman Religion. Ð. 394.
71
Suet., Aug. 94. 4.
72
Schoder R. V. Masterpieces of Greek Art / Second ed. New York, 1965. Pl. 83.
73
Suet., Aug. 18, 2.
74
Dio Cass. LI, 1, 3.
75
Suet., Aug. 1; 52.
76
Ibid. 29, 3; Vell. Pat. II, 81 (çà âèäàííÿì: Vellei Paterculi. Historiae Romanae. Lipsiae, 1863).
77
Akerman J. Y. A Descriptive Catalogue of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins. London, 1834. Vol. I.
P. 131. ¹ 4.
23
Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
²íøèì áîãîì, êóëüò ÿêîãî ñòàâ íàäçâè÷àéíî ïîïóëÿðíèì çà Àâãóñòà, áóâ Ìàðñ
Ìåñíèê (Mars Vltor). Ó ïåð³îä Ðåñïóáë³êè êóëüò Ìàðñà, ÿê áîãà ïåðåìîæíî¿
â³éíè, áóâ ó ò³í³ êóëüòó Ãåðêóëåñà Íåïåðåìîæíîãî (Hercules Invictus). Àëå
Ãåðêóëåñ – óëþáëåíèé áîã Àíòîí³ÿ, òîæ íå ì³ã áóòè ï³äòðèìàíèé ïðèíöåïñîì.
ϳä ÷àñ ô³ë³ïï³éñüêî¿ â³éíè Àâãóñò äàâ îá³òíèöþ (voverat) çáóäóâàòè õðàì Ìàðñó
Ìåñíèêó, ³ òîé áóâ ñïîðóäæåíèé íà Êàï³òî볿 é îñâÿ÷åíèé 12 òðàâíÿ 20 ð. äî í. å.
Ñàìå ó öåé õðàì Àâãóñò ïîñâÿòèâ ïîâåðíóò³ ïàðôÿíàìè çíàìåíà (óçìåßùí
AíÜèåóéí)78. Çãîäîì âîíè áóëè ïåðåíåñåí³ â îñâÿ÷åíèé ó 2 ð. äî í. å. õðàì Ìàðñó
Ìåñíèêó íà ôîðóì³ Àâãóñòà. Ìîíåòè Àâãóñòà çîáðàæàþòü öåé õðàì êðóãëîþ
êóïîëîïîä³áíîþ êîíñòðóêö³ºþ, íà âèñîêîìó ïîä³óì³ ç ÷îòèðìà ÷è ø³ñòüìà
êîëîíàìè. Âñåðåäèí³ õðàìó ïðîãëÿäàºòüñÿ ô³ãóðà Ãåðìåñà ³ç çíàìåíàìè. Íà
äåÿêèõ ìîíåòàõ âèäíî ëèøå çíàìåíà 79 . Îñâÿ÷åííÿ öüîãî õðàìó
ñóïðîâîäæóâàëàñÿ áëèñêó÷èìè ãëàä³àòîðñüêèìè ³ãðàìè òà âèñòàâîþ ìîðñüêîãî
áîþ (naumachia)80. Ó öüîìó õðàì³ çáåð³ãàâñÿ ìå÷ Þë³ÿ Öåçàðÿ81. Òóò Àâãóñò
çìóøóâàâ äåÿêèõ âîæä³â âàðâàð³â (barbarorum principes) ïðèñÿãàòè íà â³ðí³ñòü
ìèðó, ÿêîãî âîíè ïðîñèëè. Ñàìå òóò ñåíàò â³äòåïåð âèíîñèâ ð³øåííÿ ùîäî â³éíè
òà òð³óìô³â. Çàïî÷àòêîâàí³ â 2 ð. äî í. å. Àâãóñòîì ³ãðè íà ÷åñòü Ìàðñà (ludos
Martiales) ïðîâîäèëèñü çãîäîì êîíñóëàìè ùîð³÷íî çà ïîñòàíîâîþ ñåíàòó òà
çàêîíîì (s.c. et lege fecerunt consules)82. ̳ñöå, äå ñòîÿâ òàá³ð Îêòàâ³àíà
íàïåðåäîäí³ áèòâè á³ëÿ ìèñó Àêö³é, â³í ïîñâÿòèâ Íåïòóíó òà Ìàðñó83. ³ëüÿì
Ìþððåé, àíàë³çóþ÷è íàïèñ, â³äêðèòèé íà êàì’ÿíèõ áëîêàõ ï³ä ÷àñ äîñë³äæåííÿ
ïàì’ÿòíèêà íà ì³ñö³ òàáîðó Îêòàâ³àíà òà òåêñò Ñâåòîí³ÿ (locum castrorum,
quibus fuerat usus, exornatum navalibus spoliis Neptuno ac Marti consecravit)
ïðèõîäèòü äî âèñíîâêó, ùî ³ñòîðèê ìàâ êîï³þ òåêñòó-ïîñâÿòè ç òàêîãî
çíàìåíèòîãî ïàì’ÿòíèêà, àáî çíàâ öåé òåêñò ç³ ñïîãàä³â Àâãóñòà84. Êóëüò Ìàðñà
Ìåñíèêà ñòàâ ëîã³÷íèì ïðîäîâæåííÿì êóëüòó Þë³ÿ Öåçàðÿ, ÿêèé áóâ îáîæíåíèé
ó 42 ð. äî í. å. ³ õðàì ÿêîìó áóëî îñâÿ÷åíî 18 ñåðïíÿ 29 ð. äî í. å.
Íà ìîíåòàõ íàì³ñíèêà Ëóãäóíñüêî¿ Ãàë볿 ³íäåêñà, ùî âèñòóïèâ ïðîòè
Íåðîíà, êàðáóºòüñÿ çîáðàæåííÿ Ìàðñà ç íàïèñîì MARS VLTOR85. Ó öüîìó
âèïàäêó òåìà âèêîðèñòîâóºòüñÿ äëÿ ïðîïàãàíäè ïîâñòàííÿ ïðîòè âëàäè
³ìïåðàòîðà ÿê ïîìñòè çà éîãî çëî÷èíè. ²ìïåðàòîð Òðàÿí ïîñâÿòèâ ó Íèæí³é
78
Dio Cass. LIV, 8.
79
Cohen H. Description historique des monnaies frappées sous l’Empire Romain communément
appelées, médailles imperials / 2. éd. Paris; Londres, 1880. T. I. P. 89–91. ¹ 189–205; P. 101–102.
¹ 278–282.
80
Vell. Pat. II, 100, 2.
81
Suet., Vit., 8.
82
RG 22.
83
Suet., Aug. 18, 2; 21; 29, 2.
84
Murray W. M. Octavian’s campsite memorial for the Actian War. Philadelphia, 1989. P. 71.
85
Mattingly H. Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum. London, 1923 [British Museum
Catalogue]. Vol. I: Augustus to Vitellius. P. 299. ¹ 38.
24
ÐÅ˲òÉÍÀ ÏÎ˲ÒÈÊÀ ÐÈÌÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÓÐßÄÓ Ó ÄÎÁÓ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀÒÓ
Ìå糿 ïàì’ÿòíèê Ìàðñó Ìåñíèêó (Ma[rti] Vltori) íà çíàê ïîìñòè äàêàì çà âàæê³
âòðàòè ðèìëÿí ó ïåð³îä ïðàâë³ííÿ Äîì³ö³àíà 86 . Ëåãåíäà MARTI VLTORI
êàðáóºòüñÿ é íà ìîíåòàõ Êîììîäà87.
Òðåò³ì êóëüòîì, ÿêîìó Àâãóñò ïðèä³ëÿâ âåëèêó óâàãó, ñòàâ êóëüò Âåíåðè
Ðîäîíà÷àëüíèö³ (Venus Genetrix). Ó 46 ð. äî í. å. Þë³é Öåçàð îñâÿòèâ ÷óäîâèé
õðàì ö³é áîãèí³ íà ñâîºìó íîâîìó ôîðóì³ (XíHóôçóå êáb ôU ÃåíåôåcñC ôSí íåQí)88.
Ñàìå â³ä Âåíåðè â³â ñâîº ïîõîäæåííÿ ð³ä Þ볿â, äî ÿêîãî ï³ñëÿ âñèíîâëåííÿ
íàëåæàâ é Îêòàâ³àí. Òàêèì ÷èíîì ³ Âåíåðà, ³ Ìàðñ, ³ Àïîëëîí – ÿê áîæåñòâà
ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç ðîäîì Þ볿⠖ îòðèìóþòü á³ëüøå óâàãè ç áîêó äåðæàâè ³ îñîáèñòî
Àâãóñòà. Çà Àäð³àíà ó Ðèì³ áóëî ñïîðóäæåíî òà îñâÿ÷åíî õðàì Âåíåð³ òà Ðîì³89.
Öå áóâ íàéá³ëüøèé òà, ÿê ââàæàþòü, íàéãàðí³øèé õðàì Ñòàðîäàâíüîãî Ðèìó.
Íà ìîíåòàõ Àíòîí³íà ϳÿ öåé õðàì çîáðàæåíî ç íàïèñàìè ROMAE AETERNAE,
VENERI FELICI90.
Çà ïðèíöèïàòó íà ÿê³ñíî íîâèé ð³âåíü ï³äí³ìàºòüñÿ êóëüò Ðîìè (ç 195 ð. äî í. å.
íàâ³òü çàô³êñîâàíå ïîêëîí³ííÿ ¿é ç áîêó íå ëèøå ðèìëÿí)91. Ïîâ’ÿçàíî öå áóëî ç
îá’ºäíàííÿì ïîêëîí³ííÿ áîãèí³ ³ç êóëüòîì ³ìïåðàòîðà. Çâîäÿòüñÿ ñï³ëüí³ õðàìè
äëÿ Ðîìè òà Àâãóñòà, ¿õ êóëüò â³äïðàâëÿþòü ñï³ëüí³ æåðö³. Ó íàïèñ³ ç Àô³í
ãîâîðèòüñÿ ïðî ïîñâÿòó õðàìó áîãèí³ Ðîì³ òà Àâãóñòó Öåçàðþ ([R] ägìïò èåDé
YQìçé êáb Ó[åâáó]ôOé [Êácóáñé]) ³ çãàäóºòüñÿ æðåöü áîãèí³ Ðîìè òà Àâãóñòà
Ñïàñèòåëÿ (dåñHùò èåDò YQìçò êáb ÓåâáóôïL Óùôgñïò)92. Ðîçïî÷àâñÿ öåé ïðîöåñ
ó ñõ³äíèõ ïðîâ³íö³ÿõ, àëå íå ï³çí³øå 20–10-õ ðîê³â äî í. å. êóëüò ïðîíèêຠé ó
çàõ³äí³ ïðîâ³íö³¿. Ó Ãëàíóì³ (Glanum, 20 êì íà ï³âäåíü ñó÷àñíîãî Àâ³íüéîíó)
áóëè îñâÿ÷åí³ äâà õðàìè Ðîì³ òà Àâãóñòó93. ³äîìî ïðî ñïîðóäæåííÿ ñï³ëüíèõ
äëÿ Ðîìè òà Àâãóñòà â³âòàð³â, çîêðåìà â 12 ð. äî í. å. ïîáëèçó Ëóãäóíà (ñó÷àñíèé
˳îí) òà â Oppidum Ubiorum (ì³æ 9 ð. äî í. å. òà 4 ð. í. å.)94. Êàðáóâàëèñü ìîíåòè
ç ëåãåíäîþ ROM. ET AVG. òà çîáðàæåííÿì Ëóãäóíñüêîãî â³âòàðÿ95. Ðàçîì ç
òèì ïðèêìåòíî, ùî, äîçâîëÿþ÷è ñïîðóäæóâàòè ñï³ëüí³ õðàìè ñîá³ òà Ðîì³ ó
ïðîâ³íö³ÿõ, Àâãóñò çàáîðîíèâ ðîáèòè öå â Ðèì³96.
86
L’Année épigraphique. Paris, 1996. N 1355.
87
Cohen H. Description historique… 1883. T. III. P. 273. ¹ 347.
88
App., B.C. II, 102 (çà âèäàííÿì: Appian. Roman history. Cambridge; London, 1913. Vol. III:
The Civil Wars. Books I–III).
89
Dio Cass. LXIX, 4.
90
Cohen H. Description historique… 1882. T. II. P. 340. ¹ 698–703; P. 374. ¹ 1074.
91
Nock A. D. Religious developments… P. 485.
92
Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno posteriores / Ed. J. Kirchner. Berolini, 1935 [Inscriptiones
graecae / Ed. 2]. Part III, 1. N 3173.
93
Goudineau C. Gaul // Cambridge Ancient History. Second edition. Cambridge, 1996. Vol. X.
P. 486.
94
Nock A. D. Religious developments… P. 486.
95
Documents illustrating the reigns of Augustus… P. 94. ¹ 119.
96
Suet., Aug. 52.
25
Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
97
Plin. X, 96 (çà âèäàííÿì: Quintilien et Pline le Jeune. Paris, 1842).
98
Platner S. B. A Topographical Dictionary… P. 30–31.
99
Ov., Fast. I, 709.
100
RG 12.
101
Cohen H. Description historique… T. I. P. 280. ¹ 27; P. 500. ¹ 338.
102
Ov., Fast. III, 882.
103
Dio Cass. LIV, 35.
104
Suet., Vesp. 9.
105
Dio Cass. LXV, 15.
26
ÐÅ˲òÉÍÀ ÏÎ˲ÒÈÊÀ ÐÈÌÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÓÐßÄÓ Ó ÄÎÁÓ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀÒÓ
106
Joseph., BJ. VII (158), 5, 7 (çà âèäàííÿì: Josephus. The Jewish War. Cambridge; London,
1928. Books 5–7).
107
Herodian I, 14, 2.
108
Cohen H. Description historique… T. I. P. 328. ¹ 149; P. 352. ¹ 2; P. 361. ¹ 67; P. 390–391.
¹ 300, 302, 304, 313; P. 500. ¹ 339, 340, 347, 350; T. II. P. 11. ¹ 123–126; P. 60. ¹ 406; P. 201.
¹ 1140–1144; P. 327–328. ¹ 573–576, 584, 588; P. 364. ¹ 979; 1884. T. IV. P. 335. ¹ 120; P. 433.
¹ 318.
109
Ibid. T. I. P. 191. ¹ 15.
110
Liv. IV, 25; 29; XXV, 1; 12.
111
Dio LII, 36.
112
Shotter D. Augustus Caesar. London, 1991. P. 3.
113
North J. A. Roman Religion. P. 13.
114
Cic., Leg. II, 19.
27
Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
115
Dio XLVII, 15, 4.
116
Suet., Aug. 93.
117
Dio Cass. LI, 2; 16.
118
Suet., Aug. 31; Claud. 25, 5.
119
Dupont F. Daily Life in Ancient Rome / Transl. from French. Oxford, 2001. P. 78, 137.
120
Apul., Met. XI, 26 (çà âèäàííÿì: Apuleius. Opera quae supersunt. Lipsiae, 1931. Vol. I:
Metamorphoses).
121
Ov., Ars am. III, 635 (Îâ³ä³é âæèâຠïîåòè÷íó ôîðìó Pharia juvenca) (çà âèäàííÿì: Ovidius
Naso P. Carmina Amatoria. Berolini, 1861).
122
Tert., Ad Nationes (çà âèäàííÿì: Tertullian. Opera omnia. Lipsiae, 1853. T. I).
28
ÐÅ˲òÉÍÀ ÏÎ˲ÒÈÊÀ ÐÈÌÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÓÐßÄÓ Ó ÄÎÁÓ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀÒÓ
áóëî ì³ñòî Åï³äàâð, â Àðãîë³ä³123. Õðàì Åñêóëàïó, à ñàìå òàê Àñêëåï³ÿ íàçèâàëè
ó Ðèì³, áóëî çáóäîâàíî íà îñòðîâ³ ïîñåðåä Ò³áðó, ÿêèé ç òîãî ÷àñó íîñèâ ³ì’ÿ
öüîãî áîãà124.
Òå ñàìå ìîæíà ñêàçàòè ïðî ôðèã³éñüêó áîãèíþ ʳáåëó ÷è “Âåëèêó Ìàò³ð”.
Çà âêàç³âêîþ ѳâ³ëëèíèõ êíèã, ï³ñëÿ 204 ð. äî í. å., ç Ïåññ³íóíòà (Pessinus – ì³ñòî
â Ãàëàò³¿) áóëî ïðèâåçåíî ñâÿùåííèé ÷îðíèé êàì³íü, êîòðèé ââàæàâñÿ ¿¿ ñèìâîëîì.
Öå ïîâèííî áóëî âèãíàòè ç ²òà볿 Ãàíí³áàëà. ϳä ÷àñ òðàíñïîðòóâàííÿ ö³º¿ ñâÿòèí³
ñòàëîñÿ “÷óäî”: çðóøèòè êîðàáåëü, ùî ðàïòîâî çóïèíèâñÿ ïîñåðåä Ò³áðó, çìîãëà
ëèøå âåñòàëêà Êëàâä³ÿ ï³ñëÿ ìîëèòâè äî áîãèí³125. Îäíàê æåðöÿìè òà æðèöÿìè
áîãèí³ áóëè ëèøå ôð³ã³éö³ (dåñDôáé äG áKôgò AíVñ ÖñNî êáb ãõíV Öñõãcá). Ëèøå
âîíè íåñëè ¿¿ çîáðàæåííÿ ó ïðîöåñ³¿ ÷åðåç ì³ñòî, çã³äíî ç³ ñâî¿ìè òðàäèö³ÿìè
âèïðîøóâàëè ïîäàÿííÿ. Ïðèðîäæåíèì ðèìëÿíàì âèêîíóâàòè ö³ öåðåìîí³¿ áóëî
çàáîðîíåíî çà çàêîíîì òà ïîñòàíîâîþ ñåíàòó ( êáô E í T ìïí êá b ø W öéóìá
âïõëgò)126. Ïåðø³ ðèìñüê³ ³ìïåðàòîðè, ùî íàëåæàëè äî ðîäó Þ볿⠳ âåëè ñâîº
ïîõîäæåííÿ â³ä Åíåÿ, ìîãëè ðîçãëÿäàòè áîãèíþ ç Òðîÿíñüêî¿ çåìë³ ÿê ðîäîâå
áîæåñòâî127.
Ñõîæèé øëÿõ äî âèçíàííÿ ó Ðèì³ ïðîéøëà ³òàë³éñüêà áîãèíÿ Öåðåðà (Ceres).
Ó 496 ð. äî í. å., òàêîæ çà âêàç³âêîþ ѳâ³ëëèíèõ êíèã, äèêòàòîð Àâë Ïîñòóì³é
äàâ îá³òíèöþ çáóäóâàòè õðàì Öåðåð³, ˳áåðó òà ˳áåð³, ùîá â³äâåðíóòè ãîëîä,
ÿêèé çàãðîæóâàâ ðèìëÿíàì ï³ä ÷àñ â³éíè ç ëàòèíÿíàìè128. Òðàäèö³éíà äàòà
îñâÿ÷åííÿ öüîãî õðàìó – 19 êâ³òíÿ 493 ð. äî í. å. Ðèòóàë êóëüòó Öåðåðè áóâ
ãðåöüêèì, ³ ¿¿ æðèö³ áóëè ãðå÷àíêàìè129. Çàêîí äîçâîëÿâ ðèìëÿíàì áðàòè ó÷àñòü
ó öåðåìîí³ÿõ, ïðèñâÿ÷åíèõ ö³é áîãèí³130. Ïðè÷îìó ïîñâÿ÷åííÿ ó ì³ñòå𳿠Öåðåðè
ïðîâîäèëîñÿ çà ðèìñüêèì ðèòóàëîì (initienturque eo ritu Cereri quo Romae
initiantur)131.
Íà â³äì³íó â³ä êóëüò³â ʳáåëè òà Öåðåðè, êóëüòè ²ç³äè, Ñåðàï³ñà, ̳òðè òà
³íøèõ ³íîçåìíèõ áîã³â íå áóëè âêëþ÷åí³ â äåðæàâíå æèòòÿ ³ çàëèøèëèñÿ ñïðàâîþ
ïðèâàòíî¿ ïîñâÿòè ó òà¿íñòâî òà â³ðè132. Ò³áåð³é áîðîâñÿ ç³ ñõ³äíèìè êóëüòàìè òà
123
Liv. X, 47, 6; Ov., Met. XV, 626–643 (çà âèäàííÿì: Ovidi P. Nasonis. Metamorphoseon
libri XV. Berolini, 1914).
124
Suet., Claud. 25, 2.
125
Amm. Marc. XXII, 9, 5 (çà âèäàííÿì: Ammianus Marcellinus. Rerum gestarum. Berolini, 1910.
Vol. I: Lib. XIV–XXV); Aur. Vict., De vir. ill. XLVI (çà âèäàííÿì: Aurelius Victor Sextus. De viris
illustribus // Scriptores Historiae Romanae minores sex. Lipsiae, 1833); Liv. XXIX, 37, 2; XXXVI, 36.
126
Dion. Hal., Ant. Rom. II, 19 (çà âèäàííÿì: Dionysi Halicarnasensis. Antiqvitatvm Romanarvm.
Lipsiae, 1860. T. I: Lib. I–VI).
127
Scramuzza V. M. The emperor Claudius. Cambridge, 1940. P. 152.
128
Dion. Hal., Ant. Rom. VI, 17.
129
Cic., Pro Balbo 55 (çà âèäàííÿì: Cicero Marcus Tullius. Pro L. Cornelio Balbo oratio ad iudices.
Cambridge, 1904).
130
Cic., Leg. II, 21.
131
Ibid. II, 37.
132
Lomas K. Roman Italy, 338 BC–AD 200: a sourcebook. London, 1996. P. 174.
29
Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
30
ÐÅ˲òÉÍÀ ÏÎ˲ÒÈÊÀ ÐÈÌÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÓÐßÄÓ Ó ÄÎÁÓ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀÒÓ
142
Nock A. D. Religious developments… P. 507.
143
Ov., ex Ponto, I, 1, 51–52 (çà âèäàííÿì: P. Ovidii Nasonis. Opera. Oxonii, 1825. Vol. II).
144
Nock A. D. Religious developments… P. 496.
145
Joseph., AJ. XIX (1, 5) 30.
146
Suet., Calig. 52.
147
Dio Cass. LIX, 26; Suet., Calig. 52.
148
Dio Cass. LIX, 28; Suet., Calig. 22, 2–3; 57, 1.
31
Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
32
ÐÅ˲òÉÍÀ ÏÎ˲ÒÈÊÀ ÐÈÌÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÓÐßÄÓ Ó ÄÎÁÓ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀÒÓ
157
Suet., Vesp. VII, 2.
158
Áóàññüå Ã. Ðèìñêàÿ ðåëèãèÿ… Ñ. 362–363.
159
Tac., Hist. III, 24.
160
Inscriptionum Latinarum selectarum amplissima collectio: ad illustrandam Romanae antiquitatis
disciplinam accommodata ac magnarum collectionum supplementa complura emendationesque exhibens /
Cum ineditis Io. Casp. Hagenbuchii suisque adnotationibus edidit Io. Casp. Orellius. Turici, 1828.
Vol. I. N 1612.
161
Ibid. N 1889.
162
Ibid. N 1893.
163
Dio Cass. LXVI, 24, 2.
164
Eutr. VII, 23, 6 (çà âèäàííÿì: Eutropius. Breviarium Historiae Romanae. Lipsiae, 1850).
165
HA, Comm. IX, 4–6.
166
Akerman J. Y. A Descriptive Catalogue… Vol. I. P. 304. ¹ 11; P. 322. ¹ 40.
167
Ibid. P. 230. ¹ 4; P. 239. ¹ 5.
33
Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
168
Ibid. P. 379. ¹ 71; P. 387. ¹ 26; Cohen H. Description historique… T. IV. P. 177. ¹ 319.
169
HA, Alex. Sev. XXVI, 8.
170
Apul., Met. XI, 8–17.
171
Herodian I, 10, 5.
172
Sen., EP. Mor. XCV, 47–50 (çà âèäàííÿì: Senecae L. Annaei. Opera. Lipsiae, 1842. Vol. I: Ad
Lucilium Epistularum Moralium).
173
HA, Marc. XXI, 6.
174
Suet., Tib. 36.
175
Momigliano A. Nero // CAH. 1934. Vol. X. P. 708. N. 1; Prosopographia imperii Romani: saec.
1. 2. 3. Berolini; Lipsiae, 1933. Pars I. P. 349.
176
Suet., Nero 36; 56.
34
ÐÅ˲òÉÍÀ ÏÎ˲ÒÈÊÀ ÐÈÌÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÓÐßÄÓ Ó ÄÎÁÓ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀÒÓ
177
Ibid., Otho 4; Tac., Hist. I, 22.
178
Suet., Tit. 9, 2.
179
Tac., Hist. II, 62.
180
Suet., Vit. 14, 4.
181
Dio Cass., LXVI, 9.
182
Juv. VI, 577.
183
Suet., Dom. 10, 3.
184
Tert., De Idol. IX.
185
Hor., Epist. II, 2, 208–209.
186
Plin., NH, XXVIII (X) 44 (çà âèäàííÿì: Plinius C. Secundus. Natvralis historia. Lipsiae, 1897.
Vol. IV: Libri XXIII–XXX).
187
Hor., Sat. I, 5, 99.
188
Ibid. II, 3, 288–292.
189
Ov., Fast. VI, 129–168.
35
Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
* * *
190
Suet., Aug. 90–92.
191
Ibid., Tib. 69.
192
Ibid., Domit. 14–16.
193
Herodian IV, 12.
36
ÐÅ˲òÉÍÀ ÏÎ˲ÒÈÊÀ ÐÈÌÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÓÐßÄÓ Ó ÄÎÁÓ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀÒÓ
Oleh PETRECHKO
The Ivan Franko National University of L’viv,
the Chair of Archeology and the Ancient World History
The article addresses the evolution of the religious policy of the Roman government in the
period of the principate. It ascertains that the state’s supervision over the religious life has
intensified during the given time. The priestly collegiums were controlled by the government.
More efforts were made to keep the cult buildings in good condition. The cult significance of
such gods and goddesses as Apollonius, Diana, Venus, Mars, and Pax increases. For various
reasons they were especially cherished by the emperor, yet remained less visible to the public.
The establishment of the cult of the emperor became an important trend of the religious policy.
As to the foreign cults, the government’s policy altered from counteraction during the
Augustus’ ruling, to non-interference and later to some support in his successors’ times. The
emperors were obliged to take into consideration the spiritual needs of the state’s population.
So, in general, the foreign cults developed freely. Nevertheless, the need to ensure stability in
the state and possibility to keep the cult under control were among the considerations. If a
religion did not meet these requirements, the government used repressive actions, as it can be
seen from the example of the Druidism and Christianity.
Key words: Rome, principate, religious policy, religious cults.
Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
Ëüâîâñêèé íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò èìåíè Èâàíà Ôðàíêî,
êàôåäðà àðõåîëîãèè è èñòîðèè äðåâíåãî ìèðà
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Îëåã ÏÅÒÐÅ×ÊÎ
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