Geography Revision Booklet

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Geography – Revision Booklet
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Physical Geography........................................................................................................................... 3
Important Latitudes and Longitudes .............................................................................................................. 3
Heat Zones of the Earth ................................................................................................................................ 3
Important Mountain Ranges And Peaks of the Worlds .................................................................................. 5
Layers of Atmosphere ................................................................................................................................... 5
Important Local winds of the World ............................................................................................................... 6
Major Deserts of the World ............................................................................................................................ 7
World Climate Types ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Major lakes of the world ................................................................................................................................ 9
Major grasslands of the world...................................................................................................................... 10
Indian Ocean Currents ................................................................................................................................ 12
Indian Geography............................................................................................................................. 13
India - An Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Important Mountant Peaks of Himalayas ..................................................................................................... 14
Important Passes of Himalayas ................................................................................................................... 16
Major River System of India ........................................................................................................................ 17
Major Waterfalls .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Major Tribes in India .................................................................................................................................... 26
Demography of India ................................................................................................................................... 27
Geography: Uttar Pradesh............................................................................................................... 28
Geological Structure of UP .......................................................................................................................... 28
Drainage System of Uttar Pradesh .............................................................................................................. 29
Forests and Soils in Uttar Pradesh .............................................................................................................. 30
Climate of Uttar Pradesh ............................................................................................................................. 31
Agro-Climatic Zones of Uttar Pradesh ......................................................................................................... 32
Major Lakes in UP ....................................................................................................................................... 35
Sources of Irrigation in UP .......................................................................................................................... 36
Major Dams and Barrages of UP ................................................................................................................. 38
Energy Resources of UP ............................................................................................................................. 39
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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Important Latitudes and Longitudes
Passing Through Countries/States
Equator ● South America: Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil.

(13 countries, 3 ● Africa: Sao Tome and Principe, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda,
continents and 3 water Kenya, Somalia.
bodies) ● Asia: Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati.
Prime Meridian (8 ● Europe: UK, France, Spain

countries, 3 continents ● Africa: Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo
and 6 water bodies) ● Antarctica.
Tropic of Cancer (16 ● North America: Bahamas (Archipelago), Mexico

countries, 3 continents ● Africa: Egypt, Libya, Niger, Algeria, Mali, Western Sahara, Mauritania.
and 6 water bodies) ● Asia: Taiwan, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Oman,UAE, Saudi Arabia.
● India: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal,

Tripura, Mizoram.
Tropic of Capricorn (10 ● South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay

countries, 3 continents ● Africa: Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar
and 3 water bodies) ● Australia
Indian Standard Time ● Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Standard
(82½° E Meridian) (five Time is calculated on the basis of the 82.5°E longitude, roughly located in Mirzapur,
states) Uttar Pradesh.
Heat Zones of the Earth
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Parameter Torrid/Tropical Zone Temperate Zone Frigid Zone
Mid-day Sun Exactly overhead Never shines overhead on any The sun does not rise much above the
latitude beyond the tropics horizon.
Heat Maximum Moderate Least (very Cold)
Major and Minor Plates of the World
Major Plates Minor Plates
7 Major Tectonic Plates of the World: ● Cocos plate, Nazca plate, Arabian
● Antarctic (and the surrounding oceanic) plate. plate, Philippine plate, Caroline plate,
● North American plate (with western Atlantic floor separated from the Fuji plate, Juan De Fuca plate.
South American plate along the Caribbean islands).
● South American plate (with western Atlantic floor separated from the
North American plate along the Caribbean islands).
● Pacific plate. (largest and forms most of the 'Pacific ring of fire')
● India-Australia-New Zealand plate.
● Africa with the eastern Atlantic floor plate.
● Eurasia and the adjacent oceanic plate.
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Important Mountain Ranges And Peaks of the Worlds
Sr. No. Mountain Range Important/Highest Peaks Location
1 Rocky Mountains Mt. Elbert North America
2 Appalachian Mountains Mt. Mitchell North America
3 Alps Mont Blanc Europe
4 Sierra Nevada Mt. Whitney USA
5 Alaska Range Mt. McKinley North America
6 Altai Mountains Belukha mountain Central Asia
7 Andes Mountains Mt. Aconcagua South America
8 Atlas Mountains Mt. Toubkal North western Africa
9 Drakensberg Mountains Mt. Lesotho South Africa
10 Caucasus Mountain Mt. Elbrus Europe
11 Ural Mountains Mt. Narodnaya Russia
12 Hindu Kush Mountains Mt. Trich Mir Afghanistan, Pakistan
13 Himalayas Mt. Everest Nepal
14 Arakan Yoma Mt. Kennedy Myanmar
15 Kunlun Mountains Mt. Muztag Western china
16 Vosges Mt. Grand Ballon Eastern France
17 Great Dividing Range Mt. Kosciuszko Australia
Layers of Atmosphere
Layers Characteristics
Troposphere ● Lowest layer of the atmosphere.

● Average height is 13 km (8 km near the poles & 18 km near the equator).
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● All changes in climate and weather take place in this layer.

● Contains 99% of the water vapour in the atmosphere.
● The temperature in this layer decreases at the rate of 1°C for every 165 m of height (called the
Normal Lapse Rate).
● Tropopause: The zone separating the troposphere from the stratosphere.
Stratosphere ● Found above the tropopause and extends up to a height of 50 km.

● Contains the ozone layer.
● Temperature increases with increasing height.
● The air blows horizontally here, therefore, considered ideal for flying of aircrafts.
● The lower portion of the stratosphere is also influenced by the polar jet stream and subtropical
jet stream.
Mesosphere ● Lies above the stratosphere, which extends up to 80 km.

● Temperature starts decreasing with the increase in altitude.
● Absence of GreenHouse Gases.
● Meteors or falling stars occur in this layer.
● The upper limit of the mesosphere is known as the mesopause.
Ionosphere ● Located between 80 & 400 km above the Mesopause.

● The temperature starts increasing again with increasing heights.
● Electrically charged currents flowing in the air, which are responsible for Auroras or northern
lights, can be seen in this layer.
● Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected by this layer.
Exosphere ● The outermost layer of our atmosphere.

● Gases are very sparse in this sphere due to the lack of gravitational force.
Important Local winds of the World
Cold Winds Hot Winds
Pampero: Loo:
● A west or southwest wind in Southern Argentina. ● Harmful and Warm wind
● This wind (often violently) picks up during the ● In the plains of northern India and Pakistan.
passage of a cold front of an active low passing by.
Bora: Chinook (Snow eaters)

● Cold, dry wind. ● Warm and beneficial wind.
● Blows from Hungary to North Italy. ● Moves down the eastern slopes of the Rockies in the U.S.A.
and Canada.
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● It is beneficial to ranchers east of the rockies as it keeps the

grasslands clear of snow during much of the winter.
Mistral: Sirocco:
● Harmful Wind ● Warm and harmful wind
● It is very cold and dry with a high speed. ● A Mediterranean wind that comes from the Sahara and
● It is channelled through the Rhine valley. reaches hurricane speeds in North Africa and Southern
● It brings blizzards into southern France. Europe.
● The Sirocco causes dusty dry conditions along the northern
coast of Africa, storms in the Mediterranean Sea and cool
wet weather in Europe.
Blizzard: Foehn or Fohn:

● Cold wind ● Hot and beneficial winds to Alps.
● Tundra region ● A strong, gusty, dry and warm wind developed on the
leeward side of a mountain range.
● The wind helps animal grazing by melting snow and aids the
ripening of grapes.
Major Deserts of the World

Name Type of Desert Location
Antarctic Polar Antarctica
Arctic Polar Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden,
Finland, Russia
Sahara Subtropical Northern Africa
Arabian Subtropical Arabian Peninsula
Gobi Cool Winter China and Mongolia
Patagonian Cool Winter Argentina
Great Victoria Subtropical Australia
Kalahari Subtropical South Africa, Botswana, Namibia
Great Basin Cool Winter United States
Syrian Subtropical Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia
Chihuahuan Subtropical Mexico & U.S.A.
Great Sandy Subtropical Australia
Kara-Kum Cool Winter Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
Colorado Plateau Cool Winter United States
Gibson Subtropical Australia
Sonoran Subtropical United States, Mexico
Kyzyl-Kum Cool Winter Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan
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Taklamakan Cool Winter China

Iranian Subtropical Iran
Thar Subtropical India, Pakistan
Simpson Subtropical Australia
Mojave Subtropical United States
Atacama Cool Coastal Chile
Namib Cool Coastal Angola, Namibia, South Africa
World Climate Types

Climatic Latitude Climatic Type Rainfall Regime Natural Vegetation
Zone (Approximate) (with approx. total)
Equatorial 00-100N and S ● Hot, wet equatorial ● Rainfall all year round: Equatorial rain forests
Zone 80 inches
Hot Zone 100-300N and S ● Tropical monsoon ● Heavy summer rain: 80 Monsoon forests,
● Tropical marine inches Savanna (tropical
● Sudan Type ● Much summer rain: 70 grassland),
● Desert inches Desert vegetation
● Saharan type ● Rain mainly in and scrub
summer: 30 inches
● Mid-latitude type
● Little rain: 5 inches
Warm 300-400 N and S ● Western Margin. ● Winter rain: 35 inches Mediterranean forests
Temperate (Mediterranean type) ● Light summer rain: 20 and shrub
Zone ● Central continental inches, Heavier Steppe or temperate
(Steppe type) summer rain: 20 inches grassland,
● Eastern Margin Warm, wet forests and
● China type bamboo.
● Gulf type
● Natal type
Cool 450-650 N and S ● Western Margin (British ● More rain in autumn & Deciduous forests
Temperate type) winter: 30 inches Evergreen coniferous
● Central Continental ● Light summer rain: 25 forests
(Siberian type) inches Mixed forests
● Eastern Margin ● Moderate summer rain:
(Laurentian type) 40 inches
Cold Zone 650-900 N and S ● Arctic or Polar ● Very light summer rain: Tundra, mosses,
10 inches lichens
Alpine Zone ● Mountain climate ● Heavy rainfall conifers, Alpine pastures
(variable) fern, snow
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Major lakes of the world

S.No. Name Countries with shoreline Type
1 Caspian Sea Russia (northwest), Saline

Azerbaijan (west),
Iran (south),
Turkmenistan (southeast) and Kazakhstan
(northeast)
2 Superior Canada Fresh

United States
3 Victoria Tanzania Fresh

Uganda
Kenya
4 Huron Canada Fresh

United States
5 Michigan United States Fresh
6 Tanganyika Tanzania Fresh

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Burundi
Zambia
7 Baikal Russia and Mongolia Fresh
8 Great Bear Lake Canada Fresh
9 Malawi Malawi Fresh

Mozambique
Tanzania
10 Great Slave Lake Canada Fresh
11 Erie Canada Fresh

United States
12 Winnipeg Canada Fresh
13 Ontario Canada Fresh

United States
14 Ladoga Russia and Finland Fresh
15 Balkhash Kazakhstan Saline
16 Vostok Antarctica Fresh
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17 Onega Russia Fresh
18 Titicaca Peru Fresh

Bolivia
19 Nicaragua Nicaragua Fresh
20 Athabasca Canada Fresh
21 Reindeer Canada Fresh
Major grasslands of the world

Grassland Location
Tropical grasslands
African savanna East Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa
Campos Brazil
Llanos Venezuela
Temperate grasslands
Eurasian steppe Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Velds South Africa
Pampas Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil
Prairies North America
Down Australia
Other grasslands
Pustaz Hungary
Serengeti Tanzania
Canterbury New Zealand
Taiga Europe and Asia
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Major Ocean Currents
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Indian Ocean Currents
Nature Current
Warm and Stable ● South Equatorial Current

● Mozambique Current
● Agulhas Current
Warm and Unstable ● S-W Monsoon Current
Cold and Stable ● West Australian Current

● South Indian Ocean Current
Cold and Unstable ● N-E Monsoon Current

● Somali Current
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INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
India - An Overview
Important facts
● Country - India / Bharat ● Total Literacy - 74.04%
● Other Name - Aryavart, Jambudweep, Bharat Varsha, ➢ Male Literacy - 82.14%
Hindustan (a) Female Literacy - 65.46%
● Capital - New Delhi ● Schedule Caste Population - 20,13,78,086 (16.6% of
● Geographical Location - Situated in North East total Population)
Hemisphere
● Schedule Tribe Population - 10,42,81,034 (8.6% of
total Population)
● Latitudinal Extension - 8º4' to 37º6' North Latitude
● Longitudinal Extension - 68º7' East Longitude to
97º25' East longitude ● Number of States - 28
● Northernmost point- Indira Col
● Number of Union Territories - 8
● Southernmost point- Indira Point
● Easternmost point- Kibithu
● Westernmost point- Guhar Moti
● Standard Time - 82º30' East longitude, 5 hours 30
minutes ahead to GMT
● Geometrical Shape - Quadrilateral
● Extension of Mountainous Region - 10.7%
● Geographical Extension - length- (North to South
3,214 km) (Breadth- East to West 2,933 km)
● Extension of Hill Area - 18.6%
● Extension of Plateau Region - 27.7%
● Land boundary - 15,106.7 km
● Extension of Plains - 43%
● Coastline - 7,516.6 km
● States situated on Tropic of Cancer – 8
● Territorial Sea - 12 nautical mile from baseline Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh,
Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
● States/ UT with International
boundaries - 18
● Exclusive Economic Zone - 200 nautical miles from
Baselines. ● Number of Refineries - 23
● Number of National Highways - 599
● Contiguous Region - 24 Nautical mile from coastline
● Number of Major Ports - 13
● Climate - Monsoon Climate
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● National Animal - Tiger (Panthera tigris)

● Area - 32,87,263 km2
● National Heritage Animal - Elephant.
● Share in World’s total Area - 2.42%
● National Bird - Peacock (Pavo cristatus)
● Global Rank in terms of area - 7th
● National Tree - Banyan (Ficus bengalensis)
● Total Population - 1,21,05,69,573 (17.5% of World’s
total Population)
● National Flower - Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
● National Emblem - Lion Capital of Ashoka
● Global Rank in terms of Population - 2nd
● National Anthem - Jana-Gana- Mana
● Male Population - 62,32,70,258
● National Song - Vande Matararam
● Female Population - 58,75,84,719 ● Official Language - Hindi
● Rural Population - 83.37 Crore (68.8%) ● National Script - Devanagari
● Urban Population - 37.71 Crore (31.2%) ● National Motto - Satyamev Jayate
● Decadal Growth of Population - 17.7% (2001-2011) ● National Flag - Tricolor
● Sex Ratio - 943 per thousand males ● National River - Ganga
● Population Density - 382 Persons per square km ● National Aquatic Animal - Gangetic Dolphin
Important Mountant Peaks of Himalayas

Peaks Height (meters) Notes
Mount Everest 8,850 Highest peak in the world
Kanchenjunga 8586 Third highest peak in the world, Easternmost 8000m peak
Makalu 8463 East of Mt. Everest
Dhaulagiri 8167 West of Gandaki River
Nanga Parbat 8126 Westernmost peak of Himalayas, rises 7000m above Indus River.
Annapurna 8091 North of Pokhara
Nanda Devi 7816 Uttarakhand. Highest peak entirely within India.
Namcha Barwa 7782 Eastern end of Himalaya
Mount Kailash 6638 Sacred to four religions, sources of four major rivers.
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Highest Peaks in India: Top 10
Top 10 Highest Peaks in India
Mountain Peak Height Main Points

(in meters)
K2 (Godwin-Austen) 8611 ❖ The highest peak in Indian subcontinent lies between Baltistan and Xinjiang
and the second highest summit in the World.
Kangchenjunga 8586 ❖ The highest peak in India & the third highest summit in the World.
❖ Also known as the ‘five treasures of snow’
Nanda Devi 7816 ❖ It is the second-highest peak in India and is ranked the 23rd highest peak
across the world.
❖ The Nanda Devi National Park, located in the vicinity to the peak, consists
of the best high-altitude flora and fauna.
❖ This is the highest peak located entirely in India
Kamet 7756 ❖ The third highest peak in the country but not as accessible as others due to
its location.
❖ It is located near the Tibetan Plateau
Saltoro Kangri 7742 ❖ It is located near the Siachen Glacier, one of the longest glaciers in the world.
❖ The Santoro Kangri is ranked the 31st highest independent peak in the world.
Saser Kangri 7672 ❖ Located in Ladakh, it is a group of five majestic mountain peaks
❖ This mountain peak is the 35th highest mountain peak in the world.
Mamostong Kangri 7516 ❖ It is located near a remote area of Siachen Glacier

❖ It is the 48th independent peak in India
Rimo I 7385 ❖ The Rimo is a part of the Great Karakoram ranges. It is located about 20 km
northeast of the snout of the Siachen Glacier.
❖ It is the 71st highest peak in the world.
Hardeol 7151 ❖ This peak is also known as the ‘Temple of God’

❖ It is one of the oldest summits in the Kumaon Himalaya
Chaukhamba I 7138 ❖ It is located in the Garhwal himalayas of Uttarakhand.

❖ It is a part of the Gangotri Group of ranges which includes a total of four
peaks
Trisul 7120 ❖ The name of this mountain peak is taken from the weapon of Lord Shiva.
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❖ It is one of three mountain peaks located in the Kumaon Himalaya in

Uttarakhand.
Important Passes of Himalayas
Jammu & ❖ Mintaka pass: In Karakoram range, near the tri junction of India-Afghanistan- China.
Kashmir and ❖ Aghil pass: North of K2, joins Ladakh with Xinjiang. Remains closed in winters.
Ladakh ❖ Banihal pass: Across PirPanjal range and remains closed for winters.
❖ Khardungla: Near Leh in the Ladakh range and remains closed in winters. World’s highest
motorable pass.
❖ Pir-Panjal pass: A traditional pass on Mughal Road and provides shortest and easiest link
between Jammu and Kashmir.
❖ Zoji la: Provides important links between Srinagar and kargil and kargil and Leh.
Himachal ❖ Bara Lacha la: It is present in Zanskar range, provides link between Himachal and Jammu and
Pradesh Kashmir. NH connecting Mandi and Leh passes through here.
❖ Rohtang pass: Provides link between Kullu, Lahaul and Spiti.
❖ Shipki La: At Indo-China border and provides link between Himachal and Tibet. Remains snow
bound for most part of winter and Shipki La passes through Jhelum Gorge.
Uttarakhand ❖ Lipulekh: At the trijunction of India-China-Nepal in Pithoragarh district links India with
Tibet.
❖ Mana pass: Little bit north of Badrinath Dham near the Indo-China border. It connects
Uttarakhand with Tibet. Remains closed for 6 months due to snowfall.
❖ Mangsha Dhura: At Indo-China border in Pithoragarh and connects India and Tibet. Used
as a route to Kailash Mansarovar.
❖ Niti pass: At the Indo-China border across the great Himalayas and joins Uttarakhand with
Tibet.
Sikkim ❖ Nathu la: At Indo-China border and forms an off-shoot of ancient silk route. Connects Sikkim
with Tibet.
❖ Jelep la: Passes through Chumbi valley and is an important link between Sikkim and Lhasa.
Arunachal ❖ Bom Di la: Near the Eastern boundary of Bhutan and connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa.
Pradesh ❖ Dihang pass: Provides passage between Arunachal Pradesh and Myanmar.
❖ Dipher pass (Diphu La): At trijunction of India-Myanmar and China. It provides easy access
between India and Mandalay in Myanmar. It is an important trade route which is open all year.
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Major River System of India
Indus River System

Left Bank Tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Beas, Ravi, Sutlej and Zanskar.
Right Bank Tributaries: Shyok, Gilgit, Gomal and Kabul River.
Ganga River
Left Bank Tributaries: Garra, Ramganda, Gomti, Gandak, Kosi, Burhi Gandak, and Ghaghara.
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Right Bank Tributaries: Yamuna, Son, Punpun, and Damodar.

Yamuna River Tributaries: Tons, Giri, Hindon, Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Ken.
1. Narmada River
Right Bank Tributaries: Hiran, Tendori, Barna, Kolar, Man, Uri, Hatni, and Orsang.
Left Bank Tributaries: Burner, Banjar, Sher, Shakkar, Dudhi, Tawa, Ganjal, Chhota Tawa, Kundi, Goi, and Karjan.
2. Tapi River
Right Bank Tributaries: Vaki, Gomai, Arunavati and Aner.
Left Bank Tributaries: Nesu, Arunavati, Buray, Panjhra, Bori, Girna, Vaghur, Purna, Mona and Sipna.
3. Godavari River
Right Bank Tributaries: Pravara, Manjra and Maner
Left Bank Tributaries: Purna, Penganga, Wardha, Wainganga, Pranhita , Indravati, and Sabri.
4. Mahanadi:
Right Bank Tributaries: Ong, parry, Jonk, Telen.
Left Bank Tributaries: Seonath, Mand, Ib, Hasdeo, Kelo.
5. Krishna River:
Right Bank Tributaries: Kudali (Niranjna) Venna, Koyna, Panchganga, Dudhaganga, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha,
Tungabhadra.
Left Bank Tributaries: Yerla, Bhima, Dindi, Musi, Paleru, Munneru.
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6. Kaveri River
Right Bank Tributaries: Lakshmana Tirtha, Kabini, Bhavani, Noyyal, Amaravati, Moyar.
Left Bank Tributaries: Harangi, Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavati, Sarabanga, Thirumanimutharu.
7. Pennar River
Right Bank Tributaries: Chiravati, Papagni and Cheyyeru.
Left Bank Tributaries: Jayamangali, Kunderu and Sagileru.
Left Bank Tributaries: Noadehing, Buridehing, Desang, Dikhow, Bhogdoi, Dhansiri (South), Kopilli, Kulsi, Krishnai,
Dhdhnoi and Jinjiran
Right Bank Tributaries: Subansiri, Ronganadi, Dikrong, Buroi, Borgong, Jiabharali, Dhansiri (North) Puthimari, Manas,
Beki, Aie, Sankosh , Kameng, Dihang and Tista and Sankosh
Major Waterfalls
Important Falls and their location
Falls Location/Significance
Sahastradhara Falls ❖ Two falls with the same name. One on Narmada River in Maheshwar (MP). Other is a
limestone formation near Dehradun
Elephant Falls ❖ Near Shillong, Meghalaya.
Chuliya Falls ❖ On Chambal near Kota (Rajasthan).
Dhuandhar Falls ❖ On Narmada near Jabalpur (MP).
Rajrappa Falls ❖ At the confluence of Damodar and Bhairavi in Jharkhand.
Duduma Falls ❖ On Machkund River on the border of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
Kapildhara Falls ❖ On Narmada near Amarkantak (MP)
Hundru Falls ❖ On Subarnarekha near Ranchi.
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Dudhsagar Falls ❖ On the Mandovi River in Goa.

Gokak Falls ❖ On Gokak River in Karnataka.
Shivasamudram Falls ❖ On Kaveri near Bangalore (Karnataka).
Nohkalikai Falls ❖ Near Cherrapunji, Meghalaya. One of the tallest falls in India.
Types of Vegetation
Vegetation Location Characteristics Species Found
Tropical ❖ Western slope of Western ❖ Annual temp: 25-27°C ❖ Rosewood, Mahogany,

Evergreen Ghat, Lakshadweep, ❖ Forest well stratified Aini, Ebony, Rubber
Forest Andaman & Nicobar ❖ Warm, wet and humid (Trees Height-60m or
Island & Tamil Nadu throughout years & Thick even more) and
Coast, Purvanchal hills. Canopy Epiphytes.
❖ Luxuriant vegetation
❖ No definite time for trees to
shed leaves, flowering &
fruition.
❖ No clear distinction between
the climate
Semi ❖ Western coast, Assam, ❖ Mixture of evergreen & moist ❖ Under growing
Evergreen Lower slopes of the deciduous climbers, cedar.
Forest Eastern Himalayas, ❖ Mean annual temperature 24
Odisha, Andamans. to 27 °C
❖ Transitional forest between
tropical evergreen and
tropical deciduous forests.
Less dense.
❖ Dry season is not as short as a
tropical evergreen forest
Tropical ❖ Northeast States along ❖ Mean annual temperature ❖ Teak, Sal, Shisham, Hurra,
Moist foothills of Himalayas, 27ºC. Mahua, Amla, Semul,
Deciduous eastern slopes of Western ❖ Occupying a much larger area Kusum & Sandalwood,
Forest Ghats & Odisha, Chota about large tracts under these Bamboo.
Nagpur Plateau, Manipur & forests have been cleared for
Mizoram. cultivation.
Tropical Dry ❖ Rainier areas of Peninsula & ❖ Parkland landscape ❖ Tendu, palas, amaltas,
Deciduous Plains: Uttar Pradesh & ❖ As dry season begins: trees shed bel, khair.
Bihar.
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Forest leaves
Tropical ❖ Semi-arid areas of south ❖ Mean annual temperature 25- ❖ Grasses and Shrubs,
Thorn west Punjab, Haryana, 30º C babool, ber, and wild
Forest Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya ❖ Trees are scattered and have date palm, khair, neem,
Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. long roots penetrating deep into khejri, palas, Acacias,
the soil to get moisture. palms, and cacti.
❖ The stems are succulent to
conserve water.
❖ Leaves are mostly thick and
small to minimise
evaporation.
❖ Xerophytic adaptation
Littoral & ❖ The deltas are the Ganga, ❖ Mud and silt accumulated on ❖ Salt-tolerant species of
Swamp Mahanadi, Krishna, such coasts. plants eg. Sundari
Forest Godavari, and Kaveri. ❖ Dense mangroves are the (durable hard timber).
(Wetlands) common varieties with roots ❖ Palm, coconut, keora,
of the plants submerged agar.
under water.
Mountain ❖ Western Ghats, the ❖ Vegetation is temperate in ❖ The temperate forests

Forest Nilgiris, Anamalais, Palni the higher regions, are called Sholas also
hills, Kalakadu, states of subtropical in the lower known as rolling
Jammu and Kashmir, regions of Western Ghats, grasslands in the
Himachal Pradesh, especially in Kerala, Tamil Nilgiris, Anaimalai
Uttarakhand, West Nadu and Karnataka. and Palani hills.
Bengal, Sikkim, ❖ Pine, Fir, Oak, Maple,
Arunachal Pradesh, Deodar, Laurel Spruce,
Assam, Meghalaya, Ceder, broadleaved
Nagaland, Mundanthurai trees, and shrubs are
and Kanyakumari. found here
National Parks in India- State-wise List
State/Union Territory National Parks Name Establishment Year
Andaman & Nicobar Islands Campbell Bay National Park 1992
Galathea Bay National Park 1992
Mahatma Gandhi Marine (Wandoor) National Park 1983
Middle Button Island National Park 1979
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Mount Harriet National Park 1979
North Button Island National Park 1979
Rani Jhansi Marine National Park 1996
Saddle Peak National Park 1979
South Button Island National Park 1979
Andhra Pradesh Papikonda National Park 2008
Rajiv Gandhi (Rameswaram) National Park 2005
Sri Venkateswara National Park 1989
Arunachal Pradesh Mouling National Park 1982
Namdapha National Park 1983
Assam Dibru-Saikhowa National Park 1999
Kaziranga National Park 1974
Manas National Park 1990
Nameri National Park 1998
Rajiv Gandhi (Orang) National Park 1999
Bihar Valmiki National Park 1990
Chhattisgarh Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay) National Park 1981
Indravati (Kutru) National Park 1981
Kanger Valley National Park 1982
Goa Mollem National Park 1978
Gujarat Vansda National Park 1979
Blackbuck (Velavadar) National Park 1976
Gir National Park 1975
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Marine (Gulf of Kachchh) National Park 1982
Haryana Kalesar National Park 2003
SultaNational Parkur National Park 1989
Himachal Pradesh Great Himalayan National Park 1984
Inderkilla National Park 2010
Khirganga National Park 2010
Pin Valley National Park 1987
Simbalbara National Park 2010
Jammu and Kashmir City Forest (Salim Ali) National Park 1992
Dachigam National Park 1981
Kishtwar National Park 1981
Jharkhand Betla National Park 1986
Karnataka Anshi National Park 1987
Bandipur National Park 1974
Bannerghatta National Park 1974
Kudremukh National Park 1987
Nagarahole (Rajiv Gandhi) National Park 1988
Kerala Anamudi Shola National Park 2003
Eravikulam National Park 1978
Mathikettan Shola National Park 2003
Pambadum Shola National Park 2003
Periyar National Park 1982
Silent Valley National Park 1984
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Madhya Pradesh Bandhavgarh National Park 1968
Fossil National Park 1983
Indira Priyadarshini Pench National Park 1975
Kanha National Park 1955
Madhav National Park 1959
Panna National Park 1981
Sanjay National Park 1981
Satpura National Park 1981
Van Vihar National Park 1979
Maharashtra Chandoli National Park 2004
Gugamal National Park 1975
Nawegaon National Park 1975
Pench (Jawaharlal Nehru) National Park 1975
Sanjay Gandhi (Borivali) National Park 1983
Tadoba National Park 1955
Manipur Keibul-Lamjao National Park 1977
Meghalaya Balphakram National Park 1985
Nokrek Ridge National Park 1986
Mizoram Murlen National Park 1991
Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park 1992
Nagaland Intanki National Park 1993
Odisha Bhitarkanika National Park 1988
Simlipal National Park 1980
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Rajasthan Mukundra Hills National Park 2006
Desert National Park 1992
Keoladeo Ghana National Park 1981
Ranthambhore National Park 1980
Sariska National Park 1992
Sikkim Khangchendzonga National Park 1977
Tamil Nadu Guindy National Park 1976
Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park 1980
Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) National Park 1989
Mudumalai National Park 1990
Mukurthi National Park 1990
Ladakh Hemis National Park 1981
Telangana Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park 1994
Mahaveer Harina Vanasthali National Park 1994
Mrugavani National Park 1994
Tripura Clouded Leopard National Park 2007
Bison (Rajbari) National Park 2007
Uttar Pradesh Dudhwa National Park 1977
Uttarakhand Corbett National Park 1936
Gangotri National Park 1989
Govind National Park 1990
Nanda Devi National Park 1982
Rajaji National Park 1983
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Valley of Flowers National Park 1982
West Bengal Buxa National Park 1992
Gorumara National Park 1992
Jaldapara National Park 2014
Neora Valley National Park 1986
Singalila National Park 1986
Sunderban National Park 1984
Major Tribes in India

❖ Andhra Pradesh: Andh, Sadhu Andh, Bhagata, Bhil, Chenchus (Chenchawar), Gadabas, Gond, Goundu, Jatapus,
Kammara, Kattunayakan, Kolawar, Kolam, Konda, Manna Dhora, Pardhan, Rona, Savaras, Dabba Yerukula, Nakkala,
Dhulia, Thoti, Sugalis, Banjara, Kondareddis, Koya, Mukha Dhora, Valmiki, Yenadis, Sugalis, Lambadis.
❖ Arunachal Pradesh: Apatanis, Abor, Dafla, Galong, Momba, Sherdukpen, Singpho, Nyishi, Mishmi, Idu, Taroan, Tagin,
Adi, Monpa, Wancho
❖ Assam: Chakma, Chutiya, Dimasa, Hajong, Garos, Khasis, Gangte, Karbi, Boro, Boro Kachari, Kachari, Sonwal, Miri,
Rabha, Garo
❖ Bihar: Asur, Baiga, Birhor, Birjia, Chero, Gond, Parhaiya, Santhals, Savar, Kharwar, Banjara, Oraon, Santal, Tharu
❖ Chhattisgarh: Agariya, Bhaina, Bhattra, Biar, Khond, Mawasi, Nagasia, Gond, Binjhwar, Halba, Halbi, Kawar, Sawar,
❖ Goa: Dhodia, Dubia, Naikda, Siddi,Varli, Gawda.
❖ Gujarat: Barda, Bamcha, Bhil, Charan, Dhodia, Gamta, Paradhi, Patelia, Dhanka, Dubla, Talavia, Halpati, Kokna, Naikda,
Patelia, Rathawa, Siddi.
❖ Himachal Pradesh: Gaddis, Gujjars, Khas, Lamba, Lahaulas, Pangwala, Swangla, Beta, Beda Bhot, Bodh.
❖ Jammu and Kashmir: Bakarwal, Balti, Beda, Gaddi, Garra, Mon, Purigpa, Sippi, Changpa, Gujjar.
❖ Jharkhand: Birhors, Bhumij, Gonds, Kharia, Mundas, Santhals, Savar, Bedia, Ho, Kharwar, Lohra, Mahli, Parhaiya,
Santal, Kol, Banjara.
❖ Karnataka: Adiyan, Barda, Gond, Bhil, Iruliga, Koraga, Patelia, Yerava, Hasalaru, Koli Dhor, Marati , Meda, Naikda,
Soligaru.
❖ Kerala: Adiyan, Arandan, Eravallan, Kurumbas, Malai arayan, Moplahs, Uralis, Irular, Kanikaran, Kattunayakan,
Kurichchan, Muthuvan.
❖ Madhya Pradesh: Baigas, Bhils, Bharia, Birhors, Gonds, Katkari, kharia, Khond, Kol, Murias, Korku, Mawasi, Pardhan,
Sahariya,
❖ Maharashtra: Bhaina, Bhunjia, Dhodia, Katkari, Khond, Rathawa, Warlis, Dhanka, Halba, Kathodi, Kokna, Koli
Mahadev, Pardhi, Thakur,
❖ Manipur: Naga, Kuki, Meitei, Aimol, Angami, Chiru, Maram, Monsang, Paite, Purum, Thadou, Anal, Mao, Tangkhul,
Thadou, Poumai Naga.
❖ Meghalaya: Chakma, Garos, Hajong, Jaintias Khasis, Lakher, Pawai, Raba, Mikir.
❖ Mizoram: Chakma, Dimasa, Khasi, Kuki, Lakher, Pawi, Raba, Synteng, Lushai
❖ Nagaland: Angami, Garo, Kachari, Kuki, Mikir, Nagas, Sema, Ao, Chakhesang, Konyak, Lotha, Phom, Rengma,
Sangtam,
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❖ Odisha: Gadaba, Ghara, Kharia, Khond, Matya, Oraons, Rajuar, Santhals, Bathudi, Bathuri, Bhottada, Bhumij, Gond,
Juang, Kisan, Kolha, Kora, Khayara, Koya, Munda, Paroja, Saora, Shabar, Lodha.
❖ Rajasthan: Bhils, Damaria, Dhanka, Meenas(Minas), Patelia, Sahariya, Naikda, Nayaka, Kathodi.
❖ Sikkim: Bhutia, Khas, Lepchas, Limboo, Tamang
❖ Tamil Nadu: Adiyan, Aranadan, Eravallan, Irular, Kadar, Kanikar, Kotas, Todas, Kurumans, Malayali,
❖ Telangana: Chenchus.
❖ Tripura: Bhil, Bhutia, Chaimal, Chakma, Halam, Khasia, Lushai, Mizel, Namte, Mag, Munda, Riang,
❖ Uttarakhand: Bhotias, Buksa, Jannsari, Khas, Raji, Tharu.
❖ Uttar Pradesh: Bhotia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Kol, Raji, Tharu, Gond, Kharwar, Saharya , Parahiya, Baiga, Agariya, Chero
❖ West Bengal: Asur, Khond, Hajong, Ho, Parhaiya, Rabha, Santhals, Savar, Bhumij, Bhutia, Chik Baraik, Kisan, Kora,
Lodha, Kheria, Khariam, Mahali, Mal Pahariya, Oraon,
❖ Andaman and Nicobar: Oraons, Onges, Sentinelese, Shompens.
Demography of India
Important Facts about Census 2011
2001 2011 Differences
Population 1,02,87,37,436 1,21,01,93,422 +18,14,55,986
1. Male 53,22,23,090 (51.73%) 62,37,24,248 (51.54%) +9,15,01,158
2. Female 49,65,14,346 (48.27%) 58,64,69,174 (48.53%) +9,10,70,373
Urban Population 27.80% 31.16% +3.36%
Decadal Growth Rate 21.54% 17.64% –3.9%
Annual Growth Rate 1.97% 1.64% –0.33%
Sex Ratio 933:1000 943:1000 +10
Literacy 64.83% 74.04% + 9.21%
1. Male 75.26% 82.14% +6.88%
2. Female 53.67% 65.46% +11.79%
Density (Persons per sq km) 324 382 +58
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GEOGRAPHY: UTTAR PRADESH

Uttar Pradesh is a frontier state located in the north-central of India. It is located between 23°52’ to 30°24’ northern latitude and
77°05’ to 84°38’ east longitude. It measures 650 km from east to west and 240 km from south to north. Uttar Pradesh has a total
area of 243,286 sq km, which is 7.33% of the total area of India.
Geological Structure of UP
❖ The geological structure of Uttar Pradesh is primarily composed of sedimentary rock formations.
❖ The present geological structure is a part of Gondwana land which is the oldest landmass of India.
Physical Divisions of Uttar Pradesh
Physiographic Regions Associated Facts
Bhabar and Terai Belt ❖ The Bhabar Belt is a narrow zone of porous and rocky soil at the base of the Himalayan
foothills.
❖ This area covers the Districts of Bijnor, Lakhimpur Kheri, Shahjahanpur and Pilibhit.
❖ The Terai Belt lies south of the Bhabar Belt and is characterized by fertile alluvial soil,
wetlands, marshes, and dense forests.
❖ This region covers Districts of saharanpur, Bijnor, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Gonda, Basti,
Pilibhit,Bahraich, and Lakhimpur kheri.
Gangetic Plain ❖ It is formed by the alluvial deposits brought by the rivers, primarily the Ganges and Yamuna
and their doab is considered as one of the most fertile lands.
❖ Triveni Sangam in prayagraj has the sangam of three rivers, Ganga, Yamuna and the
Saraswati.
❖ Bhangar belt which comprises old alluvial plains.
❖ Khadar belt that are newly formed alluvial plains.
Plateau region of South ❖ This region is also known as the Bundelkhand plateau. This plateau is composed of ancient
Gneiss rocks.
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Drainage System of Uttar Pradesh

The drainage system of a place is affected by its landforms, slopes, nature of rocks, and availability of water. Here are some Key
features of the drainage system of Uttar Pradesh:
Ganga River System:
❖ Origin: Gangotri Glacier (State of Uttarakhand).
❖ It enters the state near the town of Bijnor.
❖ Ganges flows southeast through the northern Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West
Bengal.
❖ Ganga river passes through 28 districts of Uttar Pradesh and then enters Bihar State.
❖ Right Bank Tributaries:
➢ Yamuna: It originates from Yamunotri glacier on the slopes of Bandar punch in Uttarakhand. It is the largest tributary
of Ganga.It merges with Ganga River at Triveni sangam in Prayagraj. Its Right bank tributaries are Chambal, Betwa,
Sindh and Ken. Left Bank tributaries are Hindon, Varuna, Sengar and Rind.
➢ Son: The Son River originates near the Amarkantak Plateau in the state of Madhya Pradesh. It flows in Mirzapur and
Sonbhadra districts of Uttar Pradesh. It joins the Ganges near Patna.
➢ Karmanasa: The Karmanasa River originates in the Kaimur Range and serves as a border river between Uttar Pradesh
and Bihar. It flows through the Sonbhadra district in Uttar Pradesh.
❖ Left Bank Tributaries:
➢ Ramganga: Ramganga River originates in the southern slopes of Dudhatoli Hill in Chamoli district of the Indian state
of Uttarakhand, enters the plains at Kalagarh in Bijnor district of Uttar Pradesh.
➢ Gomti River: The Gomti River originates in the Gomat Taal also known as Fulhaar Jheel near Pilibhit, merges with
the Ganga near Ghazipur district in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Some of the major tributaries include the Sai River and the
Sarayan River.
➢ Ghaghra River: The Ghagra River originates in the Himalayas near the Mansarovar Lake in Tibet. It passes through
the districts of Bahraich, Gonda, Barabanki, and Faizabad Some of the major tributaries include the Sarayu River, Rapti
River, and Sharda River.
➢ Gandak River: The Gandak River originates in the Tibetan plateau, enters UP from Maharajganj district. It eventually
joins the Ganges River near Patna.
➢ Varuna River: It rises near Phulpur Prayagraj District of Uttar Pradesh. It meets the Ganga River near Varanasi.
❖ Tributaries of Yamuna River
➢ Chambal River:One of the largest tributaries of the Yamuna. It originates in the Vindhya Range in Madhya Pradesh
and flows through Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh before joining the Yamuna near Etawah. Chambal River is known for
its rugged and pristine landscapes.
➢ Betwa River: It originates in the Vindhya Range in Madhya Pradesh. The Betwa River merges with the Yamuna near
Hamirpur.
➢ Hindon River: It flows through the states of Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. It originates in the Saharanpur district of Uttar
Pradesh and joins Yamuna near Noida.
➢ Sindh River: It originates in the Vindhya Range and joins the Yamuna near the town of Narora in Uttar Pradesh.
➢ Ken River:It originates in the Maikal Range in Madhya Pradesh and joins the Yamuna near Chilla village, Banda.
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Important Places along River
Ganga Garmukhteshwar, Fatehgarh, Bithur, Kanpur, Unnao, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Ballia
Yamuna Baghpat, Mathura, Agra, Etawah, Hamirpur, Kaushambi, Prayagraj
Gomti Lucknow, Jaunpur, Sultanpur
Saryu Ayodhya
Rapti Gorakhpur
Betwa Hamirpur
Ramganga Moradabad
Hindon Ghaziabad
Sai Pratapgarh
Forests and Soils in Uttar Pradesh

Types of Forest:
❖ Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests are found in major parts of the plain and usually in eastern and western regions. Important
trees are Sal, Palas, Amaltas, Bel, Neem, Peepal, Sheesham, Mango, etc. Shrubs and losses are found only in Dry Deciduous
Forests.
❖ Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests are found in Bhabar and Terai areas of UP with 100 to 150 cm of rainfall. These forests
have average temperature between 26 to 27 degree centigrade and have considerable humidity. In Moist Deciduous Forests,
Sal, Bel, Fig, Mahua, Gooseberry, Jamun, Bamboo and Cane trees, etc. are found.
❖ Tropical Thorn Forests are found in the southern part of the state, where the average annual rainfall is 50 to 75 cm.Trees
of Acacia, Thorny Legumes, Euphorbias, Inflated Shrubs, Catechu, Kakko, Dhaman, Reunjha and Neem etc. are found in
these forests.
Types of Soils:
Soils of Bhabar and Terai Region
❖ Soil of Bhabar Region:The soil in this region is very shallow and it is not fit for agriculture. It consists of pebbles. The
Bhabar is about 8-16 km wide running along the Shivalik foothills
❖ Soil of Terai Region:Soil in the Terai region is rich in organic matter and nitrogen which makes it suitable for all types of
plant bodies and crops.The re-emergence of the underground streams makes this belt swampy lowland.
Soil of Gangetic Plains
These soils have good water holding capacity and are well drained.Wheat, rice , gram ,maize are the major crops.
❖ Bangar Soil: This type of soil is not very fertile because of the presence of gravel and also because of the regular use of it
in agriculture. It covers the largest part of the gangetic plain, and is generally found in flood free regions.
❖ Khadar Soil: This soil is found in flood plains region of Uttar Pradesh. It is fine, light brown colour, porous. It is very
suitable for extensive cultivation as the soil. It is made of new alluvium and fine granules. Lime, potash, magnesium and
organic matter are found in this soil.
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❖ Apart from this, some amount of saline, alkaline, desert, Bhud and black soils are also found in this region.
Soil of Southern Plateau
This region exhibits hilly terrain and arid conditions. Soils are generally generated from vindhyan rocks. Soil possess mixed red
and black hues. The major crops planted in the regions are wheat, sorghum, bajra, gram etc.
❖ Red soil: It is formed by weathering of red sandstone rocks and is red in colour because of the presence of iron oxide. The
soil is mainly found in the Southern part of Prayagraj, Mirzapur, Jhansi, Sonbhadra, Banda, Hamirpur and Chandauli.
❖ Black soil or Regur soil: It is found in the Western district and Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh like Mirzapur, Jhansi,
and Sonbhadra districts.
❖ Parwa Soil: It is a light red-brownish colour of sandy loam soil, which is low in organic matter. It is found in Hamirpur,
Jalaun and coastal part of river Yamunal especially in ravines. The soil responds well to excellent yields of millet and gram.
❖ Maar Soil: It is black in colour and largely clayey in nature like black or regur soil but not as fertile. The soil is highly
retentive of moisture.
❖ Rakar Soil: The sloped areas of hilly and plateau regions are covered with this soil. Generally, crops like sesame or
grams/Rabi are grown in this soil.
❖ Monta Soil:The Monta soil is reddish in nature and is generally fit to grow cereals like millets. Found in the Vindhyan hilly
areas, the form of this soil is broken pebbles.
Climate of Uttar Pradesh

❖ Uttar Pradesh is mainly divided into two climatic regions, these are:
❖ Humid and Tropical Region:
➢ Terai Region:
✓ This region includes Bijnor, Basti, Bareilly, Rampur etc.
✓ The average temperature is 18° to 30°C in January and July respectively.
✓ Average rainfall is 120-150 cm.
➢ Eastern Uttar Pradesh:
✓ This region includes Sitapur,Jaunpur,Varanasi,Prayagraj etc.
✓ Average rainfall is about 100-200 cm.
❖ Moderate Humid and Tropical Region:
➢ Central Plains:
✓ It covers Farrukhabad, Kanpur, Unnao, Lucknow, Sultanpur, Raebareli, Fatehpur, and Hardoi.
✓ Average rainfall in this region is 80-100cm. During the winter season, temperature may vary from 15°-16°C.
➢ Western Plains:
✓ It covers Saharanpur, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Moradabad, Aligarh,Baghpat and
Muzaffarnagar districts.
✓ Average rainfall is 65cm to 80cm.
✓ During the winter season the average temperature varies from 12°C to 14°C.
➢ Plateau region of Bundelkhand:
✓ It covers Jalaun, Mahoba, Banda, Hamirpur, Lalitpur and Jhansi.
✓ Average rainfall is around 80 cm to 100 cm.
✓ During the summer season, temperature may vary from 40°C to 45° C. During winter, temperature may vary from
18°C to 19°C.
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Seasons of UP:
❖ Winter: (December to February)
➢ Winter in Uttar Pradesh is generally cold and chilly.
➢ The average temperature during this season ranges from 5°C to 15°C.
➢ Foggy conditions are common.Due to western disturbances rainfall occurs during the winters which is beneficial for
Rabi crops.
❖ Summer: (March to June)
➢ Summers in Uttar Pradesh are hot and dry.
➢ The average temperature during this season ranges from 30°C to 45°C.
➢ Local wind Loo also affects the climate of Uttar Pradesh during summers.
❖ Monsoon: (July to September)
➢ The state receives a significant amount of rainfall during this season due to the southwest monsoon winds.
➢ Rainfall is unevenly distributed across different parts of the state, with the eastern and southeastern regions receiving
higher rainfall compared to the western parts.
➢ The average rainfall in Uttar Pradesh ranges from 800 to 1,200 millimeters during the monsoon season.
❖ Post Monsoon: (October and November):
➢ After the monsoon season, Uttar Pradesh experiences a transition period characterized by mild and pleasant weather.
➢ The temperature gradually starts to decrease, and the humidity levels begin to decrease as well. The post-monsoon
season sees occasional rainfall, primarily in the form of retreating monsoon showers.
Agro-Climatic Zones of Uttar Pradesh

❖ There are 15 agro-climatic zones in India which are further divided into homogeneous 72 sub zones.
➢ Zone 1- Western Himalayan Region: Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh

➢ Zone 2 - Eastern Himalayan Region: Assam, Sikkim, West Bengal and all North-Eastern states.
➢ Zone 3 - Lower Gangetic Plains Region: West Bengal.
➢ Zone 4 - Middle Gangetic Plains Region: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar.
➢ Zone 5 - Upper Gangetic Plains Region: Uttar Pradesh.
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➢ Zone 6 - Trans-Gangetic Plains Region: Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and Rajasthan.

➢ Zone 7 - Eastern Plateau and Hills Region: Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal.
➢ Zone 8 - Central Plateau and Hills Region: MP, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh.
➢ Zone 9 - Western Plateau and Hills Region: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
➢ Zone 10 - Southern Plateau and Hills Region: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.
➢ Zone 11 - East Coast Plains and Hills Region: Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry.
➢ Zone 12 - West Coast Plains and Ghat Region: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra.
➢ Zone 13 - Gujarat Plains and Hills Region: Gujarat.
➢ Zone 14 - Western Dry Region: Rajasthan.
➢ Zone 15 - The Islands Region: Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep.
❖ Uttar Pradesh is divided into 9 agro-climatic regions or zones.
Agro-Climatic Zone Associated Facts:
Bhabar and Tarai Districts: Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor, Moradabad, Rampur, Bareilly, Pilibhit,
Zone Shahjahanpur, Lakhimpur Kheri, Bahraich and Shravasti.
❖ Soil type:
➢ Alluvial:least to medium
➢ phosphorus: medium to high
➢ Potassium and organic matter are present in high quantities.
❖ Average Annual Rainfall: 1400 mm
❖ Temperature:5.5 to 38.4 Celsius
❖ Major crops: Rice, Wheat and Sugarcane.
Western Plain Zone Districts: Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Bagpat,. Ghaziabad, Gautam Budh Nagar and
Bulandshahr.
❖ Soil type:
➢ Alluvial pH values normal to alkaline and organic matter are present in minimum to
medium quantities.
➢ Average Annual Rainfall: 795 mm
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❖ Temperature: 1.50 to 43.3 Celsius

Mid-Western Plain Districts: Bareilly, Badaun, Pilibhit, Moradabad, Rampur, Bijnor,

Zone and Shahjahanpur.
❖ Soil type:
➢ Almost alluvial, pH normal to slightly alkaline and organic matter are present in medium
quantities.
❖ Average Rainfall: 1032 mm
South Western Semi- Districts:Agra, Firozabad, Aligarh, Hathras, Mathura, Mainpuri and Etah.
Arid Zone ❖ Soil type: Alluvial
❖ Temperature:4.0 to 47 Celsius
❖ Major crops: Rice, Wheat and Sugarcane
Central Plain Zone Districts: Shahjahanpur, Kanpur Nagar, Kanpur Dehat, Etawah, Auraiya, Farrukhabad, Kannauj,
Lucknow, Unnao, Raebareli, Hardoi, Lakhimpur Kheri, Sitapur and Fatehpur.
❖ Soil type:
➢ Alluvial, PH normal to alkaline and containing carbonic matter from least to medium
quantity.
Bundelkhand Zone Districts: Lalitpur, Jhansi, Jalaun, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Banda and Chitrakoot.
❖ Soil type:
➢ Rakar, Parwa, Kabar and Maar
❖ Major crops: Wheat, groundnut etc.
North Eastern Plain Districts: Gorakhpur, Maharajganj, Deoria, Kushinagar, Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar, Siddharthnagar,
Zone Gonda, Bahraich, Balrampur and Shrawasti.
❖ Soil type:
➢ Alluvial, calcareous.
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Eastern Plain Zone Districts: Azamgarh, Mau, Ballia, Pratapgarh, Faizabad, Ambedkar Nagar, Barabanki, Sultanpur,
Varanasi, Chandauli, Jaunpur, Ghazipur and Sant Ravidas Nagar.
❖ Soil type:
➢ Alluvial-alkaline.
Vindhyan Zone Districts: Prayagraj, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Mirzapur and Sonbhadra
❖ Soil type:
➢ Kali, Bhari red granules and alluvial soil in the plane area.
Major Lakes in UP
Lake Place
Ramgarh Taal Gorakhpur
Bakhira Jheel Sant Kabir Nagar
Nawabganj Jheel, Kundra Samundra Unnao
Payag Jheel Bahraich
Parvati Arga Lake Gonda
Bhugetaal and Visaithataal Raebareli
Liloor Jheel Bareli
Thithoora Jheel, Morai Taal Fatehpur
Beti, Ajgara and Nuiya Jheel Pratapgarh
Surha Taal Balia
Gaur Jheel Rampur
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Shukrataal Muzzafanagar
Raam Taal Meerut
Keetham Lake Agra
Sheikh Jheel Aligarh
Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar (Artificial Lake) Sonbhadra
Alwara Jheel Kaushambi
Aundhi Taal Varanasi
Bhojpur Taal Sultanpur
Darwan Jheel Faizabad
Lakshmi Taal, Baruasagar and Bhasneh Jhansi
Sagar Taal Badaun
Madan Sagar Mahoba
Pangaili Fulhar or Gomti Taal Pilibhit
Dahar Jheel, Bhijwaan Jheel Hardoi
Bhakha Jheel Etawah
Nauh Jheel Mathura
Moti Jheel Kanpur
Chittora Lake Bahraich
Bela Sagar Tal Mahoba
Sources of Irrigation in UP
❖ Uttar Pradesh has the largest area under well irrigation in India. It is followed by Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,
Gujarat, Maharashtra and Bihar.
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Source Percentage Area
Tubewells 74.9
Canals 15.2
Wells 8.8
Ponds, lakes 0.5
Others 0.6
❖ Tubewell Irrigation:
➢ Uttar Pradesh has the highest tube-well irrigation area in India. The first tube well was dug in 1930.
➢ 28.19% of the tube well-irrigated area of India was in Uttar Pradesh.
➢ Meerut, Firozabad, Etawah, Farrukhabad, Bulandshahar, Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur and Aligarh are the regions where
tubewell irrigation takes place.
❖ Canal Irrigation:
➢ Canal irrigation which is 30.91 percent of the total canal-irrigated area of the state.
➢ It is one of the most important sources of irrigation in the state.
➢ Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Shamli, Hapur, Meerut, and Ghaziabad are the major districts that are irrigated by Canals.
Canals Benefitted Regions
Eastern Yamuna Canal Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut and Ghaziabad
Upper Ganga Canal Haridwar, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr, Aligarh, Etah, Mathura,
Firozabad, Mainpuri and Agra
Agra Canal System Faridabad and Gurgaon districts of Haryana, Mathura and Agra district of Uttar Pradesh and
Bharatpur district of Rajasthan.
Lower Ganga Canal Aligarh, Etah, Firozabad, Mainpuri, Farrukhabad, Etawah, Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar, Fatehpur
and Prayagraj.
Rihand Valley Project Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, Varanasi and Prayagraj.
Central Ganga Canal Bulandshahar, Aligarh, Ghaziabad, Hathras, Mathura and Firozabad.
Ken Canal Banda
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Rani Lakshmi Bai Dam Hamirpur, Jalaun, Jhansi and Lalit.

Canals
Ramganga Canal Bijnor, Amroha, Moradabad and Rampur
Agra Canal Delhi, Gurgaon, Bharatpur and Agra.
Meja reservoir canal Prayagraj and Mirzapur
Sharda Canal System Nainital, Peelibhit, Bareilly, Lakhimpur Kheiri, Shahjahanpur, Hardoi, Unnao, Lucknow,
Barabanki, Raebareli, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Ghazipur and Prayagraj.
Sharda Sahayak project Lucknow, Rae Bareilly, Barabanki, Ayodhya, Ambedkar Nagar, Sultanpur, Pratapgarh, Prayagraj,
Bhadohi, Varanasi, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Mau, Ghazipur and Ballia.
Betwa Canal System Jhansi, Hamirpur and Jalauna districts of Uttar Pradesh and Datiya, Gwalior and Tikamgarh districts
of Madhya Pradesh
Dhasan Canal System Hamirpur
Saryu Canal Project Bahraich, Gonda, Balrampur, Sravasti, Siddharthnagar, Santkabirnagar, Basti and Gorakhpur
districts
Ban Sagar Project Made for equal distribution of Son River Water among Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Rajghat Canal Project Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh will be benefited through Betwa river.
Major Dams and Barrages of UP
Name of Dam/ Barrage River Location
Adwa Dam Adwa Mirzapur
Arjun Dam Arjun Mahoba
Bachara Dam — Meja
Barwa Sagar Dam Barwa Nala Jhansi
Chandra Prabha Dam Chandraprabha Chandauli
Dhandhraul Dam Ghaghar Sonbhadra
Dongri Dam Pahuj Jhansi
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Ghori Dam — Mirzapur
Govind Sagar Dam Shahzad River Lalitpur
Jamini Dam Jamini Lalitpur
Matatila Dam Betwa Lalitpur
Nagwa Dam Karamnasa Sonbhadra
Naugarh Dam Karamnasa Chandauli
Obra Dam Rihand Sonbhadra
Rajghat Dam Betwa Lalitpur
Rihand Dam Rihand Sonbhadra
Rohini Dam Rohini Lalitpur
Salarpur Dam Kardia Mahoba
Sharda Sagar Dam Sharda Pilibhit
Sukma Dukma Dam Betwa Jhansi
Parichha Dam Betwa Jhansi
Hathnikund Barrage Yamuna river Saharanpur
Gokul Barrage Yamuna river Mathura
Luv- Kush Barrage Ganga Kanpur
Agra Barrage Yamuna River Agra
Energy Resources of UP
Thermal Power Generation
❖ Harduaganj Thermal Power Station: The oldest power station in the state was established in 1942 near Aligarh.This
thermal house was renovated in 1967 with the help of Russia.
❖ Pariksha Thermal Project: This project located near Jhansi has a pre-installed capacity of 640 MW.
❖ Obra Thermal Power Station: This thermal power station was established from 1967 to 1971 in Sonbhadra with the help
of the former Soviet Union.The total installed capacity of this plant is 1288 MW.
39
❖ Anpara ‘A’ and ‘D’ Thermal Power Station: The installed capacity of this thermal power station located in Sonbhadra.
❖ Panki Expansion Thermal Project: The 210 MW 50-year-old thermal project of the State Power Generation Corporation
at Panki in Kanpur.
Private Sector Units
❖ Rosa Thermal Power Project – This 4×300 MW coal-based project has been established in Shahjahanpur. The project
belonged to the private sector Aditya Birla Group but was acquired by the Reliance Group in 2006.
❖ Bara (Sangam) Thermal Power Station – Production has started from all the units of the 3×660 MW thermal power project
set up by JP Group but taken over by Tata Group in Bara Tehsil of Prayagraj.
❖ Lalitpur Thermal Power Station – The first unit (660 MW) of 3×660 MW thermal power station set up by Bajaj Group at
Lalitpur was commissioned in September 2015.
Hydro-power Generation
According to the provisions of the year 2000, the Jal Vidyut Utpadan Nigam is responsible for the operation, maintenance and
survey, research and construction of all hydro power houses in the state. The production projects of the corporation are as follows-
❖ Rihand Dam Hydroelectric Project – In this project, a dam and an artificial lake named Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar have
been built on Rihand river at a place called Pipri in Sonbhadra district of the state, in which 6 units of 50 MW each have
been installed.
❖ Obra Hydroelectric Power Station – About 25 km from Rihand Dam in the north, at a place called Obra (Sonbhadra),
another dam has been built on the Rihand river, which is called the Obra dam. The production capacity of this power house
is 99 MW.
❖ The Ganges Power System located on the Upper Ganga Canal – There are many small hydropower stations on this canal,
which are called the Ganges Power System as a whole. Their total installed capacity is 13.70 MW.
❖ Eastern Yamuna Canal Hydroelectric Project – Under this project, many small hydroelectric power houses have been
established at Belka, Babel etc. on the Eastern Yamuna Canal with a total installed capacity of 6 MW.
❖ Sheetla Hydro Electric Project – This 3.6 MW project has been constructed by the corporation in Jhansi.
❖ Khara Hydroelectric Project – This 72 MW hydroelectric project has been set up by the Corporation on the Yamuna Canal
in Saharanpur.
❖ Pareeksha Hydroelectric Power Station – This project of 2×110 MW capacity near Jhansi is under construction on Betwa
river.
❖ Rajghat Hydroelectric Project – This joint project of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh is being constructed by the
Corporation on the Betwa River in Lalitpur district.
❖ Matatila Hydro Electric Project – This dam is built on Betwa river in Lalitpur district. The power generation capacity of
this power house, built in collaboration with Madhya Pradesh, is 30.6 MW. From here electricity is supplied to the nearby
districts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
NTPC Centres
Amla Bareilly
Auraiya Auraiya
Rihand Sonbhadra
Tanda Ambedkar Nagar
40
Unchahar Raebareli
Singrauli Sonbhadra
Dadri Gautam Buddha Nagar
Nuclear Power
Two nuclear reactors of indigenous design, advanced pressurized and heavy water based 220-220 MW capacity are working near
the Ganga at a place named Narora in Bulandshahr district of the state. The first of these two was commissioned in January
1991 and the second in July 1992.
Biogas and Biomass Power
❖ Combustion Based Biomass Power Project – Three grid connected power plants have been set up in Ghazipur, Mathura
and Kanpur in the private sector to generate electricity by combustion technology using biomass.
❖ Bagasse Based Power Projects – Additional power can be generated from bagasse available in various sugar mills of Uttar
Pradesh.
Solar Energy
❖ Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant – Grid connected solar photovoltaic power plants of 100-100 kW
capacity were established in 1992 as a research project in Saraysadi village (Mau), Kalyanpur village (Aligarh) and Harraiya
(Basti) in the state.
❖ Aditya Solar Shop Yojana – Aditya Solar Shops are being established in different cities of the state with the objective of
ensuring easy availability of solar and other plants to the buyers of energy plants. Funded by the Ministry of Non-
Conventional Energy Sources, Government of India.
❖ Solar City Program – Central Government is giving assistance to develop Agra, Prayagraj and Moradabad as Solar Cities.

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Passing Through Countries/States

Equator ● South America: Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil.

Prime Meridian (8 ● Europe: UK, France, Spain

Tropic of Cancer (16 ● North America: Bahamas (Archipelago), Mexico

● India: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal,

Tropic of Capricorn (10 ● South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay

Heat Zones of the Earth

Parameter Torrid/Tropical Zone Temperate Zone Frigid Zone

Heat Maximum Moderate Least (very Cold)

Major and Minor Plates of the World

Major Plates Minor Plates

Important Mountain Ranges And Peaks of the Worlds

Sr. No. Mountain Range Important/Highest Peaks Location

1 Rocky Mountains Mt. Elbert North America

2 Appalachian Mountains Mt. Mitchell North America

3 Alps Mont Blanc Europe

4 Sierra Nevada Mt. Whitney USA

5 Alaska Range Mt. McKinley North America

6 Altai Mountains Belukha mountain Central Asia

7 Andes Mountains Mt. Aconcagua South America

8 Atlas Mountains Mt. Toubkal North western Africa

9 Drakensberg Mountains Mt. Lesotho South Africa

10 Caucasus Mountain Mt. Elbrus Europe

11 Ural Mountains Mt. Narodnaya Russia

12 Hindu Kush Mountains Mt. Trich Mir Afghanistan, Pakistan

13 Himalayas Mt. Everest Nepal

14 Arakan Yoma Mt. Kennedy Myanmar

15 Kunlun Mountains Mt. Muztag Western china

16 Vosges Mt. Grand Ballon Eastern France

17 Great Dividing Range Mt. Kosciuszko Australia

Troposphere ● Lowest layer of the atmosphere.

● All changes in climate and weather take place in this layer.

Stratosphere ● Found above the tropopause and extends up to a height of 50 km.

Mesosphere ● Lies above the stratosphere, which extends up to 80 km.

Ionosphere ● Located between 80 & 400 km above the Mesopause.

Exosphere ● The outermost layer of our atmosphere.

Important Local winds of the World

Cold Winds Hot Winds

Bora: Chinook (Snow eaters)

● It is beneficial to ranchers east of the rockies as it keeps the

Blizzard: Foehn or Fohn:

Major Deserts of the World

Taklamakan Cool Winter China

World Climate Types

Major lakes of the world

1 Caspian Sea Russia (northwest), Saline

2 Superior Canada Fresh

3 Victoria Tanzania Fresh

4 Huron Canada Fresh

5 Michigan United States Fresh

6 Tanganyika Tanzania Fresh

7 Baikal Russia and Mongolia Fresh

8 Great Bear Lake Canada Fresh

9 Malawi Malawi Fresh

10 Great Slave Lake Canada Fresh

11 Erie Canada Fresh

12 Winnipeg Canada Fresh

13 Ontario Canada Fresh

14 Ladoga Russia and Finland Fresh

15 Balkhash Kazakhstan Saline

16 Vostok Antarctica Fresh

17 Onega Russia Fresh

18 Titicaca Peru Fresh