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BEARING CAPACITY OF ROADS, RAILWAYS AND AIRFIELDS
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE BEARING CAPACITY
OF ROADS, RAILWAYS AND AIRFIELDS (BCRRA 2017), ATHENS, GREECE, 28–30 JUNE 2017

Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways

and Airfields

Editors
Andreas Loizos
National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Imad L. Al-Qadi
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

A. (Tom) Scarpas
Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

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ISBN: 978-1-138-29595-7 (Hbk + USB-card)

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 Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields – Loizos et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-29595-7

Table of contents

Preface xxiii
Organization xxv
Supporting organizations xxix

Subgrade soils
Evaluation of a resilient modulus model for unsaturated soil conditions 3
P. Thirthar Palanivelu & C.E. Zapata
Investigating correlations between stiffness indexes for Brazilian soils 11
M. dos Reis & R. Moura Fortes
Analysis of compaction and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test results of a mixture of iron
ore tailings with Brazilian tropical soil in different proportions for road construction purposes 21
A.A.N. Dantas, T.A. Mendes, A.J.A. Posse, L.F.M. Ribeiro & C.M.C. Gurjão
Suitability assessment of soils for pavement subgrade using gyratory compaction and
bearing capacity testing 27
A. Athanasopoulou & G. Kollaros
Experimental and statistical investigation of the mechanical properties of limestone rocks
in Lebanon 33
M. Mrad, G. Saad, G.R. Chehab & R. Mrad
Application of pattern classification techniques for anisotropic characterization
of pavement foundations 39
R.S. Ashtiani & M. Asadi
Plastic strains of a compacted clayey soil under repeated axial loading 49
Z.-S. Li & J.-M. Fleureau
Estimation of shakedown loads of flexible pavements 57
A.G. Stathas & K.V. Spiliopoulos
Bearing capacity on stockpiled fly ash 65
C.A. Lenngren
Tunnels interaction with surrounding alluvial soils 71
O. Naeemifar & R. Rahbari

Unbound granular materials

Structural characteristics of unbound aggregate materials in conventional flexible pavements 79
L. Wang & X.G. Xie
Investigation of resilient modulus values for base aggregates 85
B. Cliatt & A. Loizos
Unsaturated resilient strain behaviours of a granular material 93
P. Jing, C. Chazallon & H. Nowamooz
Laboratory investigation on unbound materials used in a highway with premature damage 101
D.M. Barbieri, I. Hoff & H. Mork

v
An investigation into relevance between fractal dimension and dynamic behavior
of pure granular materials 109
S. Altun, A. Sezer, A.B. Göktepe, T. Günay & P. Ahmedzade
Experimental characterization of unbound granular materials subjected to high
harmonic loads 117
G. Canon Falla, S. Leischner, F. Wellner & T. Spanier
Numerical simulation and laboratory testing of unbound base course materials considering
the effect of temperature 125
J. Patzak & F. Wellner
Some recent research on the hydraulic conductivity of road materials 135
P.J. Vardanega, S. Feng & C.J. Shepheard
Laboratory investigations of thermal properties of crushed rock materials 143
K. Rieksts, I. Hoff, E. Kuznetsova & J. Côté
Stiffness and permanent deformation characteristics of open-graded unbound granular materials 151
M.S. Rahman, S. Erlingsson & F. Hellman
Characterisation of permanent deformation behaviour of unbound granular materials
using repeated load triaxial testing 159
N. Zhalehjoo, A. Tolooiyan, R. Mackay & D. Bodin
Implementation of shakedown and packing theories for unbound granular materials 167
T.F. Yideti, A. Dawson & B. Birgisson

Asphalt mixes
Experimental study on the effects of angular rate on the torsional shear property
of asphalt mixture 179
Y. Li, Y. Li, G. Wang, S. Zhang, Y. Liu & J. Chen
Comparison of flexural strength and crack propagation test characteristics of SMA mixtures
including the ageing impact 185
P. Vacková, J. Valentin & P. Mondschein
Computational study of the influence of form and angularity of coarse aggregates
in the linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures 193
D. Castillo & S. Caro
Linear viscoelastic behaviour of bituminous mixtures with multi-Recycled Asphalt Pavement 201
A. Pedraza, H. Di Benedetto, C. Sauzéat & S. Pouget
Apps for modal analysis to characterize the complex modulus of asphalt concrete 209
A. Gudmarsson & N. Ryden
An implementation of the Illinois flexibility index testing protocol for balanced
asphalt mix designs 217
M.K. Barry, I.L. Al-Qadi, H. Ozer & F. Safi
Laboratory evaluation of stiffness and fatigue susceptibility of asphalt paving materials
incorporating environmental factors 223
A. Aljuboryl, G.D. Airey & J.R.A. Grenfell
Laboratory test and numerical simulation of microwave heating properties of asphalt mixture 231
H. Wang, P. Apostolidis, X. Liu, T. Scarpas, J. Yang & L. Xu
Influence of lateral confining pressure on flow number tests 237
E. Santagata, O. Baglieri, P.P. Riviera, M. Lanotte & M. Alam
Degradation of asphalt mixtures due to impact method of compaction 243
P. Singh & A.K. Swamy
Evaluation of mixing temperature impact on warm mix asphalt performance 251
A. Abed, N. Thom & J.R.A. Grenfell

vi
Effect of compaction temperatures on the warm mix asphalt volumetrics and stability 259
H.I. Ozturk & O.C. Pamuk
Comparison of DSR and BBR tests for determining the Performance Grade (PG) of asphalt
binder at low temperature 267
C. Riccardi, A. Cannone Falchetto, M.P. Wistuba & M. Losa
Aging of bituminous binders in asphalt pavements and laboratory tests 273
X. Lu, H. Soenen & O.-V. Laukkanen
Effects of mineral fillers and bitumen on ageing of asphalt mastics properties 281
R. Alfaqawi, G.D. Airey & J.R.A. Grenfell
Development of empirical models for the estimation of the rheological properties
of asphalt binders 289
F. Martinez, M. Cauhape Casaux & S. Angelone
An alternative method for determining thermal stress in asphalt binder based
on Laplace transform 297
A. Cannone Falchetto, C. Riccardi, D. Wang, M.P. Wistuba & K.H. Moon
Laboratory investigation of physical performance and FT-IR analysis of warm mix asphalt binders 305
J. Chen, W. Wang & B. Xu
Study of asphalt binder diffusion using atomic force microscopy 311
A. Savarnya, A. Kuity, S. Gupta, A. Chandra & A. Das

Performance of asphalt mixes with additives

Performance properties of asphalt mixture containing Linz-Donawitz (LD) steel slag 319
J. Groenniger & M.P. Wistuba
Feasibility study on a thermoset polymer-coated emulsified warm-mix asphalt mixture 327
P.J. Yoo, B.S. Ohm, K.S. Park & I.L. Al-Qadi
Effect of new types of synthetic waxes designed for low-temperature asphalt mixtures 335
L. Benešová, J. Mastný & J. Valentin
An investigation of the mechanical properties of rubber modified asphalt mixtures using
a modified dry process 343
A. Subhy, G.D. Airey & D. Lo Presti
Rutting performance of bituminous mixtures composed with red mud 349
M.S.S. Lima, L.P. Thives & V. Haritonovs
An experimental study on waxy bitumens 357
J. Oner, B. Sengoz & G. Malkoc
Comparative investigation on the reinforcing effects of polymer-based fiber
into bituminous mixtures 365
E. Toraldo, E. Mariani & M. Crispino
Fibre behaviour and influence on the properties of asphalt mortar 371
M. Mohammed, T. Parry & J.R.A. Grenfell
Effect of waste metallic particles on asphalt induction heating 379
B. Gómez-Meijide, H. Ajam, A. García & H.S. Al Mahely
Improving the raveling resistance of porous asphalt with kraft lignin modified bitumen 387
N.R.Z. Poeran, B.W. Sluer, M.F.C. van de Ven & W.F. Gard
Usage of ion-irradiated recycled polypropylene as modifier in bituminous binder 397
P. Ahmedzade, T. Günay, S. Altun, B. Kultayev, A. Fainleib, O. Grigoryeva & O. Starostenko
Chemical and physical properties of an asphalt binder modified by the sap of Euphorbia
Tirucalli plant: Application in bituminous prime coat 403
L.M. Gondim, S.A. Soares, S.H.A. Barroso & C.M.C. Alecrin

vii
Physical properties of sepiolite clay nanofibers modified bitumen 411
T. Günay, P. Ahmedzade & S. Altun
High temperatures performance investigation of geopolymer modified bitumen binders 417
S.I.A. Ali, H.A.M. Yahia, A.N.H. Ibrahim & R.A. Al Mansob

Effect of traffic loading

Effects of super heavy trucks on the condition of road infrastructure 425
P. Kolisoja, T. Saarenketo & P. Varin
Dynamic pavement response coefficient to estimate the impact of variation in dynamic
vehicle load 433
S.-F. Kazemi, P.E. Sebaaly, R.V. Siddharthan, E.Y. Hajj,
A.J.T. Hand & Md. Ahsanuzzaman
Dynamic behavior of flexible inelastic pavements under moving loads 443
N.D. Beskou, A.P. Chassiakos & D.D. Theodorakopoulos
Responses and performance of flexible pavements in cold climate due to heavy
vehicle loading 451
S. Erlingsson & J. Ullberg
Impact of overloaded vehicles on load equivalency factors and service period
of flexible pavements 459
D. Rys, J. Judycki & J. Jaskula
Implications of changing the maximum legal truck load for the pavement service life 467
C.A. Lenngren & R. Salini
Modeling of dynamic loads in pavement structural response models 475
J.A. Ramos-García, F. Sánchez-Domínguez & J.M. Sanz-García
Impact of longer and heavier vehicles on the performance of asphalt pavements:
A laboratory study 483
A.W. Ahmed, M.S. Rahman & S. Erlingsson
Investigation of influence of heavy traffic loads on asphalt pavement response by SAFEM 491
P. Liu, D. Wang & M. Oeser
The increase of pavement cost due to the traffic overloads 497
J.C. Pais & P. Pereira

Structural design methods

A comparison of mechanistic-empirical pavement design methods for Norwegian conditions 507
I.E. Trangen & H. Mork
Tool for enhancing the 1993 AASHTO pavement design method to incorporate the dynamic
modulus of asphalt mixture 515
Y.S. Hamdar & G.R. Chehab
Determination of AASHTO 1993 layer coefficients considering time- and
temperature-dependency of the asphalt mixture 523
M. Lanotte & M.E. Kutay
A mechanistic empirical design concept for low volume flexible pavement using unbound
granular materials with application of concentration factor in a layered system 531
P.P. Biswas, M.K. Sahis, G.C. Mandal & D. Majumder
Perpetual flexible pavement design life 537
G. Kollaros, A. Athanasopoulou & A. Kokkalis
Mechanistic-empirical pavement design for unpaved roads: Development of a damage function
for structural rutting 543
J.-P. Bilodeau, G. Doré, M. Le Vern & P.M. Thiam

viii
Reliability demystified, at last 549
A.M. Ioannides & D.D. Rodriguez
Effect of treated subgrade layer on mechanistic-empirical pavement design 557
S. Islam, A. Sufian & M. Hossain
Comparison of practice for aggregate use in road construction—results from
an international survey 563
M. Fladvad, J. Aurstad & B.J. Wigum

In-situ measurements techniques and monitoring

Influences of measurement conditions on structural indicators obtained
from FWD data 573
C. Van Geem
A comparison of TSD and FWD deflections at Norwegian roads with an interpretation
of bearing capacity from TSD measurements 579
V. Antonsen & H. Mork
Assessment of pavement structures at traffic speed 585
A. Zofka, J. Sudyka & D. Sybilski
Integration of traffic speed deflectometer and ground penetrating radar for network-level
roadway structure evaluation 589
K.R. Maser, A. Carmichael, P. Schmalzer & B. Shaw
Methods for calculating deflections from traffic speed deflectometer data and impacts
on pavement design 595
P. Schmalzer & N. Weitzel
Quality control tool for asphalt emulsion-based chip seal curing times 603
M.A. Montoya, J.E. Haddock & W.J. Weiss
F/HWD international round robin tests on the STAC’s test facility 609
M. Broutin & S. Belon
Reproducibility of decisions for rehabilitation of existing roads based on deflection
measurements with curviameter or FWD 615
C. Van Geem
Investigation of sampling strategy on estimating strains in flexible pavements through
Response Surface Method (RSM) 623
R. Aswathy & A.K. Swamy
Effectiveness of Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) method for
pavement evaluation 631
A. Loizos, C. Plati, B. Cliatt & K. Gkyrtis
Continuous health monitoring of asphalt concrete pavements using surface-mounted
battery-free wireless sensors 637
H. Hasni, A.H. Alavi, K. Chatti & N. Lajnef
Instrumentation to evaluate the field performance of composite overlays using accelerated
pavement testing 645
H. Rizvi, A. Ali, Y. Mehta, A. Francoise, C. Purdy & A. Nolan
Assessment of the bearing capacity of pavements using fiber optic sensors 653
V. Papavasiliou & A. Loizos
Subgrade cracking monitoring using distributed optical fiber sensing technique 661
W. Liu, B. Wang, X. Chen & L. Li
Ensuring reliable robust FWD measurements on the English road network 669
S. Brittain, A. Wright, D. Gershkoff & R. Fairclough

ix
Inferring pavement layer properties from a moving measurement platform 675
S. Andersen, E. Levenberg & M.B. Andersen
Effect of embedment scheme on damage detection performance of self-powered pavement
monitoring sensor 683
A.H. Alavi, H. Hasni, K. Chatti & N. Lajnef

Backcalculation analyses of deflection measurements

Analysing FWD data—from the deflection bowl to material parameters 691
M. Čičković
A layered pavement structural and remaining capacity model by analysis of FWD and TSD data 701
J.D. Roberts
Determination of an optimum backcalculation cross-section for flexible pavements 711
K.A. Tutu & D.H. Timm
Backcalculation of asphalt concrete moduli using field-measured strain 719
M.M. Robbins, D.H. Timm & K.A. Tutu
Optimization of deflection bowl measurements 727
V. Le Boursicaud, J.-M. Simonin & P. Hornych
Evolution of asphalt modulus from falling weight deflectometer tests and challenges
associated with its interpretation and applications: A case study using LTPP data 735
M. Oshone, M. Elshaer, E. Dave & J.S. Daniel
Application of falling weight deflectometer for the estimation of in-situ shear strength
parameters of subgrade layer 743
H. Nabizadeh, E.Y. Hajj, R.V. Siddharthan, S. Elfass & M. Nimeri
A model to adjust the falling weight deflections due to temperature variations 751
J.C. Pais & P. Pereira
Development of a frequency temperature correction model for FWD back-calculated moduli
based on frequency-temperature superposition principle 757
J.M. Flores, P. Le Van, C.K. Park, W. Kim & H.J. Lee

Structural evaluation
Evaluation of soil bearing capacity by plate load test 767
Q. Al-Obaidi, A. Al-Shamoosi & A. Ahmed
Variability of Light Weight Deflectometer during laboratory and field applications for subgrade
soils under variable moisture conditions 773
M. Mazari, G. Garcia, I. Abdallah, J. Garibay & S. Nazarian
Comparing CBR values obtained from field with laboratory test results 779
S. Karahancer, E. Eriskin, O. Sarioglu, M. Saltan & S. Terzi
Contribution to lateritic soils calibration using the dynamic penetrometer PANDA 783
Y. Gansonré, C. Bacconnet, P. Breul, M. Benz, P. Moustan, R. Gourvès & S. De-Maistre
Using QC LWD data for improving pavement design and management in Chile and Peru 791
J.R. Marcobal, F. Cerrolaza, J. Arias & M.A. Moreno
E* prediction algorithm for pavement quality control assessment 799
K. Georgouli & A. Loizos
Implementation of modulus-based quality control testing for pavement construction
in Thailand 807
A. Sawangsuriya, P. Jitareekul, Y. Taesiri, S. Sirisak & W. Lawanwisut

x
A practical non-destructive testing based approach to improve the quality of the asphalt
compaction process 813
P. Georgiou & A. Loizos
Predicting roller-compacted concrete properties from mixture proportions 819
J. LaHucik & J. Roesler
Bearing capacity assessment of a flexible pavement subjected to seasonal effects 825
G. Bazi, S. Saboundjian, R. Briggs & P. Ullidtz
Evaluation of pavement load bearing capacity comprised of insulation layers during
thaw season 833
L. Hashemian, N. Tavafzadeh & A. Bayat
Evaluation of cement-bitumen treated material bearing capacity by in-situ tests 839
M. Meocci & F. La Torre
Quality assurance of traffic-speed structural condition surveys 847
A. Wright, S. Brittain, D. Gershkoff, P. Werro & R. Fairclough

Pavement serviceability condition

Non-destructive crack identification for concrete pavements: A case study 855
L.S. Salles, L. Khazanovich, J.T. Balbo & A. Cargnin
Review of pavement cracking data collection practices 861
B. Yang, H. Ceylan, O. Smadi, K. Gopalakrishnan, S. Kim, Y. Turkan,
A.A. Alhasan & O. Adarkwa
Structural Health Monitoring of pavement assets through acoustic signature 869
R. Fedele, F.G. Praticò, R. Carotenuto & F.G. Della Corte
Automated patch detection and quantification for pavement evaluation 877
G.M. Hadjidemetriou & S.E. Christodoulou
Challenges when modelling ravelling in porous friction courses 885
L. Manrique-Sanchez, S. Caro & S. Torres
Data driven frameworks for classifying pavement surface anomalies based on pattern
recognition techniques and smartphone technology 893
C. Kyriakou, S.E. Christodoulou & L. Dimitriou
Advanced analysis of pavement longitudinal profiles for rehabilitation diagnostic 901
J.-P. Bilodeau, G. Doré & L.-A. Grégoire
In-lab versus on-site measurement of surface performance of flexible pavements 907
F.G. Praticò, S. Noto & A. Astolfi
Comparative laboratory evaluation of macro texture depth of chip seal samples using
sand patch and outflow meter test methods 915
I. Gökalp, V.E. Uz & M. Saltan
Evaluation of highway pavement skid resistance performance made of Engineered
Cementitious Composite (ECC) 921
A.A. Bawono, N. Nguyen Dinh, E.H. Yang & B. Lechner
A laboratory evaluation on skid resistance performance of surface coatings manufactured
by both natural aggregates and by-products 929
I. Gökalp, V.E. Uz & M. Saltan
Estimating new road rolling resistance using neural networks 935
C.A. Lenngren & R. Salini
Pavement performance and durability through rational design 941
A. Mouratidis & G.P. Papageorgiou

xi
Sampling functional condition indices at traffic-speed 947
K.P. Drenth, F.H. Ju & J.Y. Tan
Assessment of tire-pavement noise by using On-Board Sound Intensity (OBSI) method
in the State of Qatar 953
M. Ohiduzzaman, O. Sirin & E. Kassem
Investigation of tire-pavement noise level using On-Board Sound Intensity (OBSI) system 961
A. Zofka, E. Zofka, T. Mechowski & A. Urbanik
Overview of California studies on noise reduction for asphalt and concrete surfaces 967
J. Harvey, R. Wu, I. Guada, Q. Lu, A. Ongel, A. Rezaei, E. Kohler & C. Reyes

Rehabilitation and maintenance issues

Assessment of the efficiency of pavement surface rehabilitation techniques 977
J. Neves & H. Simas
Assessment of shotblasting moving speed for pavement preservation—a pilot-case study 983
C. Plati, A. Loizos, T. Stergiou, M. Pomoni, F. Papadimitriou & K. Drimeris
Precast concrete pavements for rapid rehabilitation of high traffic volume highways—US state
of practice 989
S. Tayabji & S. Tyson
Road bridge decks sealing, joints and pavement practice, the Greek motorway experience 997
A. Kokkalis, A. Athanasopoulou, G. Kollaros & P. Panetsos
An efficiency based approach to multi-year network-level maintenance programming 1005
T. Lorino & P. Hankach
Road asset valuation system using long term pavement data analysis 1013
A. Heitor, J. Davis, P. Tobin & K. Bogie
Why PWL is a better quality measure for developing PRS 1021
S.W. Haider, G. Musunuru & K. Chatti
Effect of neglected maintenance for the Austrian State road network 1029
J. Litzka & A. Weninger-Vycudil
A low cost method of real time pavement condition data sharing to expedite maintenance
intervention 1035
W. Uddin, O.W. Uddin & J.V. Merighi
Macroeconomic and external costs caused by inefficient pavement management: Empirical
evidence from the A9 motorway in Germany 1045
W.H. Schulz, L. Heinrich & S. Scheler

Stabilization and reinforcement

The stabilization of a soft soil subgrade layer using a new sustainable binder produced from
free-cement blending of waste materials fly ashes 1053
H.M. Jafer, W. Atherton, F. Ruddock & E. Loffill
Geosynthetic impact on subgrade bearing capacity and their possible improvement 1061
K. Pospisil & P. Zednik
Swelling pressure and consolidation of soft clay stabilized with bagasse ash and lime 1069
H. Hasan, L. Dang, H. Khabbaz & B. Fatahi
US highway 65 emergency pavement subgrade improvement 1077
R.L. Boudreau, J.P. Donahue & R.W. Brown
Influences of curing conditions on strength and microstructure of lime-amended fly ash 1083
A. Pani & S.P. Singh

xii
Compressive and tensile behaviour of polymer-treated pavement foundation materials 1091
R.N. Georgees, R.A. Hassan, R.P. Evans & P. Jegatheesan
Pavement subgrade soil bearing capacity as influenced by stabilization process 1097
A. Athanasopoulou & G. Kollaros
Pavement design considerations for subgrades stabilized with recycled materials 1105
N. Bandara, E. Jensen & T. Binoy
Design of mortars for controlled modulus columns: From laboratory to field experiments 1115
G. Blanc, G. Escadeillas, A. Turatsinze, A.-C. Ariane & B. Quandalle
Implication of the mechanically stabilised granular layer for access road over saline soils
at uranium in situ leaching mine in South Kazakhstan 1121
A. Kuznetsova, C. Doulala-Rigby, G. Solovyev & E. Orlov
Sustainable field applications of quarry byproducts mixed with large size
unconventional aggregates 1127
I. Qamhia, E. Tutumluer, H. Ozer & H. Kazmee
Bearing capacity of a stabilised granular layer on clay subgrade 1135
A.S. Lees
Mechanical characteristics and insolubilization effect of incineration bottom ash from
MSW using aging method 1143
K. Sato & T. Fujikawa
Analytical and numerical design approaches for stabilized road pavement base layers 1147
P. Skels, A. Zarins, K. Bondars & V. Haritonovs
Geosynthetic sub-base stabilization of roads and artificial turf installations 1153
C. van Gurp, T. Messinella, M. Hazenkamp & F. Harmeling
Geogrid in paved and unpaved road systems: A review of mechanisms
and design methods 1161
M. Sharbaf, N. Ghafoori & N. Dumitru
Laboratory evaluation of triangular aperture geogrid reinforced flexible pavements 1169
M. Sharbaf & N. Ghafoori
In situ damage evaluation of geogrid used in asphalt concrete pavement 1177
C. Chazallon, T.C. Nguyen, M.L. Nguyen, P. Hornych, D. Doligez,
L. Brissaud & E. Godard
High-performance synthetic microfibers for the structural reinforcement of hot mix asphalts 1183
M. Pasetto, E. Pasquini, G. Giacomello, A. Baliello & N. Baldo
Bituminous pavements reinforcement with interlayer systems: Proposing a routine laboratory
cyclic flexural testing procedure 1191
P. Pezzano, C. Sangiorgi, P. Tataranni, N. Bonucchi & C. Lantieri
Assessment of fiber reinforced HMA and WMA mixes using viscoelastic continuum
damage model 1197
H.A. Kassem, G.R. Chehab, N.F. Saleh & A. Zalghout
Lifetime prediction of asphalt interlayer systems, and the correlation between a simplified
design method and real cases 1205
P. Pezzano, A. Simone, F. Mazzotta, C. Sangiorgi, V. Vignali & G. Dondi

Recycled materials and techniques

Performance evaluation of a 100% recycled asphalt pavement mixture using a polymer
binder: A pilot study 1217
E.Y. Hajj, M. Piratheepan & P.E. Sebaaly

xiii
Maximising asphalt recycling in road surface courses: The importance of a preliminary
binder design 1225
G.M. Pires, A. Jiménez del Barco Carrión, G.D. Airey & D. Lo Presti
Structural evaluation of cold recycling mixture with foamed asphalt 1235
F.V. Guatimosim, K.L. Vasconcelos & L.L.B. Bernucci
Effects of vibratory and static compaction in laboratory to strength properties of cold
recycled materials 1243
K. Mollenhauer
Towards high quality re-use of porous asphalt 1253
J. Qiu, M. Huurman, M.H.T. Frunt & R. Gelpke
Mechanical performance of recycled aggregates in cyclic triaxial testing 1261
C. Grégoire, A. Van der Wielen & B. Janssens
Performance of warm recycled mixtures in field trial sections 1267
A. Stimilli, F. Frigio, F. Cardone & F. Canestrari
Instrumented test section for analyzing the curing process of cold-recycled mixtures 1275
C. Godenzoni, A. Graziani, M. Bocci, A. Grilli & E. Bocci
Sustainability evaluation of pavements using recycled materials 1283
Y. Zhang, D. Goulias & A. Aydilek
Moisture effects on the properties of RAP-foamed bitumen mixtures 1293
D.B. Sánchez, G.D. Airey, J.R.A. Grenfell & S. Caro
Influence of bio-based additives on RAP clustering and asphalt binder rheology 1301
M. Orešković, S. Bressi, G. Di Mino & D. Lo Presti
Evaluation of bituminous binders miscibility for warm-mix recycling techniques 1307
S. Vassaux, V. Gaudefroy, L. Jean Soro, A. Pévère, V. Mouillet, L. Boulangé & V. Barragan-Montero

Performance modeling
3D-FE Modeling and dynamic response analysis of asphalt pavements subjected
to FWD impact loads 1317
W. Uddin, Y. Nanagiri & S. Garza
Road pavement responses estimated through finite element modeling analysis 1327
B. Cliatt, A. Loizos & K. Gkyrtis
Infinite element technology of adaptive FEMOL applied in mechanical analysis of layered
elastic systems for asphalt pavement 1335
Y. Dong, Q. Xing, S. Yuan & N. Fang
Structural pavement responses using nonlinear finite element analysis of unbound materials 1343
A. Loizos, K.V. Spiliopoulos, B. Cliatt & K. Gkyrtis
3D modeling and measuring of tire-pavement contact pressure 1351
E.Y. Manyo, I. Leandry, B. Picoux, P. Reynaud, F. Allou & C. Petit
Prediction of heavy vehicle impact on rut development using PEDRO model 1359
S.F. Said & A.W. Ahmed
Evaluation of rutting potential in cold bituminous emulsion mixture using finite element analysis 1367
H.K. Shanbara, F. Ruddock, W. Atherton & G. Rothwell
Pavement rutting prediction models for the coastal roads of southern Norway 1375
E. Taddesse
Analytical modeling of rutting for asphalt concrete pavement 1383
B.A. Feyissa
Permanent deformation measurements under flexible pavements using image correlation 1391
A. Bowman & S. Haigh

xiv
Prediction of HMA fatigue performances using different Visco-Elastic Continuum
Damage (VECD) models 1399
M. Lanotte & M.E. Kutay
Modelling of reflective cracking in composite pavements 1407
E. Manola, A.C. Collop & N. Thom
Research on cracking of asphalt pavement based on cohesive zone model and extended
finite element method 1415
Y. Sun, K. Li, X. Yuan, Z. Ma & J. Wang
Fatigue performance evaluation of high modulus asphalt binder using the LAS test
and S-VECD model 1423
J. Zhang, H. Zhang & C. Wang
Analysis of expansive reactions in cement concrete pavement structures
by microscopical methods 1429
J. Stryk, A. Frybort, J. Stulirova, K. Pospisil & M. Gregerova
Influence of layer thickness on the flow of asphalt under simulated compaction 1435
E. Ghafoori Roozbahany, M.N. Partl & A. Guarin
Thin overlay analysis using finite element method 1443
H. Dhasmana, H. Ozer & I.L. Al-Qadi
A three-dimensional finite element analysis of temperature distribution in hot mix asphalt
pothole repair 1449
J. Byzyka, M. Rahman & D.A. Chamberlain
Determination of asphalt layer thickness above which axle load-induced strains initiate
top-down Cracking 1457
A. Nikolaides & E. Manthos
Cold and hot asphalt pavements modelling 1465
H.K. Shanbara, A. Dulaimi, F. Ruddock, W. Atherton & G. Rothwell
Assessment of moisture sensitivity of warm mix asphalt using advanced 3-D imaging technique 1473
M.O. Hamzah, S.Y. Teh, B. Golchin & J. Voskuilen
Analysis of the relationship between asphalt mix design and functional performance 1481
J. Qiu, M.M.J. Jacobs, M.H.T. Frunt & A. Rering
Estimation of optimal pavement performance models for highways 1489
M. Khadka & A. Paz
Performance evaluation of perpetual pavement after ten years 1495
S. Islam, A. Sufian, M. Hossain & D. Gedafa

Mechanics of layers interfaces

Analysis of the behavior of pavement layers interfaces from in situ measurements 1503
N.S. Duong, J. Blanc & P. Hornych
Static and cyclic evaluation of interlayer bonding 1511
C. Raab, M.N. Partl, E. Fourquet & A.O. Abd El Halim
Characterization of the bond between asphalt layers and glass grid layer with help
of a wedge splitting test 1517
M. Gharbi, M.L. Nguyen, S. Trichet & A. Chabot
Interface shear fatigue performance of asphalt pavement structures in function of normal
stress and temperature 1525
I. Isailović, M.P. Wistuba, S. Büchler & A. Cannone Falchetto
Research on the crack resistance of HVASSAL based on the nonlinear contact
between layers 1531
Y. Sun, Z. Gu, J. Pan & K. Li

xv
Effect of glass fibre grids on the bonding strength between two asphalt layers 1537
L. Sagnol, C. Chazallon & M. Stöckner

Geophysical assessment
A comparative investigation of the pavement layer dielectrics by FDTD modelling
and reflection amplitude GPR data 1545
F. Tosti, A.M. Alani, A. Benedetto, L. Bianchini Ciampoli,
M.G. Brancadoro & L. Pajewski
Signal processing for optimisation of low-powered GPR data with application
in transportation engineering (roads and railways) 1553
L. Bianchini Ciampoli, F. D’Amico, A. Calvi, F. Benedetto & F. Tosti
Pavement thickness evaluation with air-coupled GPR systems 1559
V. Marecos, M. Solla, S. Fontul & M.L. Antunes
Imaging boulders using the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method 1567
A. Vafidis, N. Economou, G. Kritikakis, M. Galetakis, A. Vasiliou,
G. Apostolopoulos & T. Michalakopoulos
Second-generation analysis approach for condition assessment of transportation
infrastructure using Step-Frequency (SF) Ground-Penetrating-Radar (GPR) array system 1573
N. Gagarin, J.R. Mekemson & D. Goulias
Soft soils boundaries detection by GPR (the Case of Port Antioquia Survey, Colombia) 1583
Y.A. Sukhobok, V.V. Pupatenko, G.M. Stoyanovich & E.V. Fedorenko
Study on the use of low field nuclear magnetic resonance for detecting asphalt aging 1589
I. Menapace, E. Masad, M. Nogueira d’Eurydice, P. Galvosas, M.W. Hunter & O. Sirin
Assessment of pavement structures using non-invasive imaging and geotechnical testing 1597
N. Khoury, C. Saad, Y. Maalouf & M. Nasr
How to create a full-wave GPR model of a 3D domain of railway track bed? 1603
M.G. Brancadoro, F. Tosti, L. Bianchini Ciampoli, L. Pajewski, D. Pirrone,
A. Benedetto & A.M. Alani

Airfield pavements structures

Development of new FAA design procedures for extended airport pavement life 1611
D.R. Brill & T.A. Parsons
Development of rational ACN/PCN system 1619
C. Fabre & G. Vaurs
Why can’t the PCN index be uniquely defined? 1629
A. Loizos, A. Armeni & B. Cliatt
Harmonizing PCN reporting on extended airport maneuver areas 1637
C. Busch & A. Rolim
Towards airfield pavement design using cold recycled bound materials 1647
H.I. Lacalle Jimenez, N. Thom & B. Hakim
Design of rigid and flexible airfield pavements on cement-treated base 1653
C. Rabaiotti, D. Tsirantonaki & M. Schnyder
Innovative construction techniques and functional verification on airfield
pavements—a Dutch case study 1663
F.R. Bijleveld, A.H. de Bondt, R. Khedoe & M. Stet
Effect of winter contaminants removal techniques on airfield pavement surfaces 1671
S. Anastasio, I. Hoff, K.R. Holm, L. Fensholt & L. Næsbø

xvi
Comparing near surface aircraft pavement responses calculated by finite element
and layered elastic methods 1677
G. White & W. Smith
Assessment of critical loading conditions on rigid airfield pavements by means
of numerical simulation 1687
D. Mounier, J.-M. Piau & O. Chupin
Domain analysis for airfield pavement: Moving forward from point responses 1693
J.A. Hernandez, A. Gamez & I.L. Al-Qadi
Airfield pavement management program of Hellenic air force 1701
E. Adamidou & P. Gomatou
Nondestructive detection of voids under airfield pavement 1707
M. Abbasghorbani, A. Bamdad & N. Tabatabaee
Effect of subbase quality on performance of rapid-setting replacement slabs for airfield pavements 1713
J.S. Tingle, H.P. Bell, L.P. Priddy & L. Edwards
Implementing the traffic speed deflectometer for airfield runway assessment 1721
D.D. Rodriguez & L. Edwards
Managing the impact of more demanding aircraft 1727
G. White
Expedient runway upgrade technologies 1735
G. White
Preliminary analysis of pavement life indicators of large- and medium-hub airport runways 1743
T.A. Parsons & D.R. Brill
Impact of joint filling materials on cracking in concrete gutters at large airfields 1751
R. Breitenbuecher
Asphalt Pavement Analyzer—laboratory tool for characterization of rutting performance
of airport pavement Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) 1757
N. Garg, Q. Li & J. Stein
Neural networks prediction of critical responses related to top-down and bottom-up cracking
in airfield concrete pavement 1765
A. Rezaei-Tarahomi, O. Kaya, H. Ceylan, K. Gopalakrishnan, S. Kim & D.R. Brill
Influence of airfield pavement roughness and ponding on gear life and safety
of commercial aircraft 1773
J.V. Merighi & W. Uddin
Life cycle cost analysis of runway reconstruction alternatives for commercial service airports 1783
M.T. McNerney & G.P. Vittas
Perpetual pavement responses under single and dual wheel aircraft gear loading 1791
H. Wang, M. Li & N. Garg

Railway track structures

Experimental study on cyclic deformation and particle breakage of railway ballast 1801
X. Bian, D. Sun & W. Li
Ballast degradation analysis by Los Angeles Abrasion test and image analysis method 1811
Y.L. Guo & G.Q. Jing
Influence of parallel grading on hydro-mechanical characteristics of unsaturated fouled ballast 1817
T. Ishikawa, S. Matsutani, T. Tokoro, T. Nakamura & Y. Momoya
Analysis and improvement of the dynamic track behaviour in transition zone 1827
H. Wang & V.L. Markine

xvii
Influence of water content and triaxial size effects on determination of bearing capacity
of fouled ballast 1837
A.K. Rohrman, Z. Yang, H.F. Kashani & C.L. Ho
Roadbed improvement of an existing railway line located in cold region by reusing
crushed deteriorated ballast 1845
L.L. Fu, J.H. Xiao, S.H. Zhou, D. Zhang, Y.H. Wang, W.J. Liu & L.H. Jiang
Laboratory characterisation of rigid polyurethane foam reinforced ballast 1851
R.F. du Plooy, P.J. Gräbe & C. Turner
Engineering performance of steel slag as railway ballast 1859
C.-M. Kuo & C.-C. Lin
Effect of temperature and traffic on mix-design of bituminous asphalt for railway
sub-ballast layer 1865
F. Martinez Soto, G. Di Mino & F. Acuto
Some results on the properties and behavior of railway ballast 1877
E. Fortunato, A. Paixão, S. Fontul & J. Pires
Theoretical assessment of railway ballast degradation under cyclic loading 1885
P.K. Bajpai & A. Das
Performance testing of geogrid-stabilised ballast and sub-ballast subjected to
high speed rail forces 1891
Z. Yu, D.P. Connolly, P.K. Woodward, M. Horton & T.L.H. Oliver
Cumulative deformation characteristic and shakedown limit of railway ballast under
cyclic loading 1899
J.H. Xiao, D. Zhang, Y.H. Wang & Z. Luo
The impact of heavy freight train on the roadbed 1905
A.V. Petriaev
Track defects and the dynamic loads due to suspended (sprung) masses of railway vehicles 1911
K. Giannakos
Ensuring of railway ballast and subballast bearing capacity in terms of heavy axle load
train operation 1921
A.A. Konon
Performance of track transition remedies implemented in high tonnage heavy axle
load environment 1925
D. Li, J. Baillargeon & L. Maal
Design optimization of the modern tram track infrastructure in soft soil area 1931
Y. Shan, J. Zhang, S.H. Zhou, Q. Gong & B. Wang
Towards analytical asphalt trackbed design 1937
B. Hakim, C. Bonney, M. Brough & C. Govan
Study on the evaluation of track support stiffness of the ballasted track using the FWD 1945
H. Tanigawa, T. Nakamura & Y. Momoya
Use of ballast support condition back-calculator for quantification of ballast pressure
distribution under concrete sleepers 1955
Z. Gao, M.S. Dersch, Y. Qian, M.V. Csenge & J.R. Edwards
Effect of stiffness and bearing capacity of railway components on track behaviour:
A laboratory approach for design optimization of railway tracks 1961
M. Sol-Sánchez, L. Pirozzolo, F. Moreno-Navarro, G. Martínez-Montes & M.C. Rubio-Gámez
Laboratory evaluation of under-ballast mat effectiveness to mitigate differential movement
problem in railway transition zones 1969
A. de O. Lima, M.S. Dersch, Y. Qian, E. Tutumluer & J.R. Edwards

xviii
Bearing capacity evaluation of a subgrade in a heavy haul railway in Brazil 1977
R. Costa, R. Motta, L.L.B. Bernucci, E. Moura, J. Pires & L. Oliveira
Laser triangulation measurement system: Application on railway track 1985
S. Cafiso, C. D’Agostino, E. Delfino, A. Di Graziano, R. Fox-Ivey & J. Laurent
Introduction of new systems for evaluation of ballast bearing capacity 1993
S. Cafiso, B. Capace, C. D’Agostino, E. Delfino & A. Di Graziano
Evaluation of the ballast aggregates shape properties using digital image
processing techniques 2003
D.F. Diógenes, R.S. Maia & V.T.F. Castelo Branco
Finite element model on stress distribution of ballasted railway subgrade and its validation 2009
Y. Feng, C. Zhao & X. Zhang
Modeling the viscoplastic creep behavior of asphalt concrete for use in ballastless railway
tracks in tunnels 2015
O. Lopez Polanco, N. Calon, T. Gabet & P. Hornych
Effect of creep and destructuration under Sebou high speed railway line embankment 2023
A.H. Mridakh, F. Lahlou, A. Mridekh, H. Ejjaaouani & H. Labied
Effect of uneven subgrade settlement in high-speed railway on double-block ballastless
track regularity 2031
Y. Guo & W.M. Zhai
Railway track vibration and degradation under train operation 2037
M.J.M.M. Steenbergen, A. Zoeteman, H.J. de Graaf & R. van Dommelen
Impact hammer testing of a railway track 2041
E. Balic, C. McNally & D. Hester
Effects of model scale on lateral resistance characteristic of sleepers in railway
ballasted tracks 2047
H. Tomita, K. Hayano & P.T. Anh
Prediction of railway ballast service life 2055
R. Nålsund
Study on the mechanism and inspection method of railway pumping 2063
C.P. Kuo, C.H. Hsu, C.W. Wu, P.L. Liu & D.W. Chen
Next problems with the railway prestressed sleepers cracking in concrete as an effect
of delayed ettringite formation 2069
J. Jasiczak & Z. Owsiak

Environmental challenges
Evaluation of Norwegian gradation based regulation for frost susceptibility of crushed rock
aggregates in roads and railways 2077
B. Loranger, E. Kuznetsova, I. Hoff, J. Aksnes & K.A. Skoglund
Seasonal temperature distribution in rigid pavements 2087
K. Bayraktarova, L. Eberhardsteiner & R. Blab
Longitude profiling as a tool for evaluation of frost actions active pavement section 2095
T. Edeskär, V. Perez, J. Ullberg & P. Ekdal
A method to assess climate change induced damage on flexible pavements with
machine learning 2103
Y. Qiao, Y. Zhang, M. Elshaer & J.S. Daniel
Testing and modeling the behavior of water saturated asphalt concrete under freezing
conditions in relation to pavement damaging 2111
V.-T. Vu, O. Chupin, J.-M. Piau, F. Hammoum & P. Lecontee

xix
Predicting subgrade soil strength using FWD and meteorological time series data 2117
L. Gáspár, M. Karoliny & C. Tóth
Bearing capacity analysis of pavement structures for short term flooding events 2127
M. Elshaer, M. Ghayoomi & J.S. Daniel
The importance of maintaining pavement roughness to reduce carbon footprint 2135
A. Drainakis, M. Pomoni & C. Plati
Thermal energy harvesting from asphalt pavement roadways 2141
U. Datta, S. Dessouky & A.T. Papagiannakis
Water-heat response of embankments on permafrost to increasing precipitation 2149
Z. Wen, Z.H. Bao, P.G. Liao, M.L. Zhang, Z.Z. Sun & S.J. Zhang
A water preservation base for pervious pavement of traffic road 2155
S.-Y. Wu, H.-J. Liao & Y.-T. Huang
Applications of an innovative load bearing permeable concrete pavement 2159
Y.H. Lee, H.W. Ker, N.S. Chou & J.W. Chen
Accumulation managing pavement—design, construction and performance for confined areas 2169
A. Dodhiya, M. Dave, P. Modi & J. Shah
The effect of highway geometry on fuel consumption of heavy-duty vehicles operating
in eco-driving mode 2179
G.K. Booto, R.A. Bohne, H. Vignisdottir, K. Pitera, G. Marinelli, H. Brattebø,
H. Wallbaum & B. Ebrahimi
Detoxication of the heavy metal ions in water resources by means of mineral geoantidotes 2187
A.S. Sakharova, L.B. Svatovskaya, M.M. Baidarashvili & A.V. Petriaev

Life cycle assessment and sustainability

Sustainable pavement rehabilitation strategy using consequential life cycle assessment:
An example of interstate 95 2193
C. DeCarlo, W. Mo, E. Dave & J. Locore
Sustainable implementation of future smart road solutions: A case study on the electrified road 2201
F. Chen, R. Balieu & N. Kringos
Life cycle assessment of an optimized network arch highway bridge utilizing timber 2209
R. O’Born, K. Vertes, G. Pytten, L.O. Hortemo & A. Brændhagen
Economic benefit calculation of quality improvements in road construction 2215
M. Granden, J.M. Johansen & L. Bakløkk
Pay adjustment of asphalt pavement based on the Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)
and a brief case study in China 2221
X. Zhao, A. Sha & Z. Liu

Full-scale testing
Deflections and dynamic responses of asphalt pavement with graded-broken-stone base:
An investigation based on Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) 2229
A. Sha, Z. Liu, W. Zhao, L. Hu, J. Wang & Z. Han
Fast Falling Weight Deflectometer (FastFWD) for Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) 2235
M. Manosalvas-Paredes, A. Navarro Comes, M. Francesconi, S. Khosravifar & P. Ullidtz
Pavement strengthening with respect to frost penetration: A laboratory study using
a full-scale heavy vehicle simulator 2243
J.-P. Bilodeau, J.-P. Cloutier, G. Doré & P.M. Thiam

xx
Use of accelerated pavement testing for degree of risk due to road cavity 2251
H.M. Park, Y.T. Kim, J.Y. Choi & B. Kim
Full-scale accelerated pavement testing of geogrid stabilized roads 2255
J.S. Tingle, G.J. Norwood, W.J. Robinson, M.H. Wayne & J. Kwon

Case histories
Case study of a performance based contract for asphalt pavement overlay in Korea 2265
J. Lee, B. Kim, J. Lim & Y. Kim
Design of Ultra-Thin Continuously Reinforced Concrete (UTCRC) and Enrobé à Module
Élevé (EME) implemented as alternative remedial actions 2271
S.J. Bredenhann, J.L. van Heerden, P.J. Strauss & P.J. Joubert
Resurfacing of the Queen Elizabeth II bridge: Binder selection and evaluation 2281
I. Artamendi, B. Allen, C. Allpress, P. Phillips & C. Wingrove
Geotechnical assessment strategy for bridge maintenance—case study 2289
O. Hamza

Author index 2299

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 Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields – Loizos et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-29595-7

Preface

The series of international conferences on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields
(BCRRA) provides a unique opportunity for professionals and practitioners to interact, exchange
concepts, discuss best practices, innovative solutions and relevant experience for pavement materials,
laboratory and field testing, design, construction, maintenance and rehabilitation aspects related to trans-
portation infrastructure issues.
Traditionally, the selection and testing of materials intended for the design, construction and reha-
bilitation of transportation infrastructure has been one of the most critical challenges facing industry
professionals, researchers and practitioners involved in transportation infrastructure engineering. This
continues to be the case and enhanced bearing capacity design and analysis still remain challenging issues
as they aim at often interrelated goals towards constructing and maintaining sustainable and resilient
infrastructure systems that are resistant to even more demanding traffic and environmental loads.
The BCRRA 2017 is the 10th conference in the series initiated in Trondheim (Norway), back in 1982,
and over the years it has been held four more times in Trondheim as well as in Plymouth (UK), Minne-
apolis (USA), Lisbon (Portugal) and Urbana-Champaign (USA). The conference was initially organized
under the title “Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields—BCRA”. During the organization of the sixth
BCRA conference in Lisbon, Portugal, the third component (Railways) was added to the overall scope
of the conference as it constitutes a vital and critical element for transportation infrastructure world-
wide. The acronym BCRRA was first adopted during the organization of the 8th conference in Urbana-
Champaign, Illinois, USA to emphasize infrastructure problems that all three transportation modes have
concerning bearing capacity challenges. The current 10th BCRRA conference is jointly organized by
the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
(UIUC) and the Delft University of Technology (TU DELFT).
Throughout the previous conferences the term “bearing capacity” has been notably broadened and was
further applied to describe the response and performance of a broader range of pavement materials based
on research progress, technological advances and increasing environmental awareness. Also, new materials
and methods have been and are continuing to be developed that demand an improved and/or smoother
transition towards the implementation of mechanistic concepts for the design of sustainable pavements
and railroad track structures. In setting up the BCRRA 2017 conference, a decision was made to adopt
this wider definition and invite contributions spanning the whole range of pavement and railway materials
and engineering, including advanced mechanical testing and characterization and serviceability condition
assessment. The significant number of contributions from around the world with original content and
high scientific level covering the overall spectrum of roads, railways and airfields infrastructure justifies
this BCRRA 2017 initiative.
All submitted contributions were subject to a rigorous refereed peer review procedure by a minimum
of two qualified reviewers, often including members of the conference Scientific Committee. Based on the
reviewers’ recommendations, those contributions that best suited the conference goals, scientific level and
objectives were chosen. In total, more than 300 contributions were presented and discussed during the
conference sessions.
Although not included in the proceedings book, it should be noted that in the framework of the organi-
zation of the BCRRA 2017, multiple pre-conference workshops have also been organized with subjects
related to life cycle assessment and sustainability, vehicle-tire-pavement interaction, airport pavement
design procedures, railway track monitoring and maintenance and infrastructure engineering in cold cli-
matic conditions.

xxiii
 It is the editors’ ambition that the proceedings book will offer valuable updated information to the
worldwide scientific community with identifiable advances in the relevant knowledge for professionals,
researchers and practitioners. The editors would like to take the time to thank the Scientific Committee
members and individual reviewers for their dedication and contributions of their time and efforts to
ensure the noted scientific and technical quality of the accepted papers. In addition, the guidance and
continued input from the International Advisory Committee members was essential for the planning of
the conference, and is deeply appreciated. Finally, we would like to gratefully acknowledge the Organizing
Committee members for their help in local logistics of the conference, suggestions and contributions to
the management of the conference affairs.

Andreas Loizos, Imad L. Al-Qadi, Tom Scarpas

Athens, Greece, June 2017

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 Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields – Loizos et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-29595-7

Organization

CHAIRMEN

Andreas Loizos, National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Imad Al-Qadi, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
A. (Tom) Scarpas, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Leif Bakløkk (Chair), Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Norway

Andreas Loizos (Co-chair), National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Christina Plati (Secretary), National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Imad L. Al-Qadi, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

Alessandra Bianchini, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, USA
David R. Brill, Federal Aviation Administration, USA
Antonio Gomes Correia, University of Minho/DEC, Portugal
David D. Davis, Association of American Railroads, USA
Andrew Dawson, The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
Rolf Dollevoet, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Guy Doré, Laval University, Canada
Sigurdur Erlingsson, University of Iceland and Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute,
Iceland and Sweden
Brian Ferne, Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), United Kingdom
Ralph Fischer, Deutsche Bahn AG - DB Systemtechnik, Germany
Rita Moura Fortes, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Brasil
Gregers Hildebrand, COWI, Denmark
Inge Hoff, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Buddhima Indraratna, University of Wollongong, Australia
Geoff Jameson, ARRB Transport Research Ltd., Australia
Elias Kassa, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Pauli Kolisoja, Tampere University of Technology, Finland
Jens Melsom, Norwegian National Rail Administration, Norway
Helge Mork, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Jean Michel Piau, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks, France
Tom Scarpas, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Ramesh Sinhal, Highways Agency, United Kingdom
Ted Sussmann, University of Hartford/ Volpe Transportation Center, USA
Susana Svetlicic, DRI Investment Management, Slovenia
Mark Swanlund, Federal Highway Administration, USA
Dariusz Sybilski, Road and Bridge Research Institute, Poland
Gabriele Tebaldi, University of Parma, Italy
Erol Tutumluer, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Xinglong Wang, Heilongjiang Institute of Highway and Transport Research, P.R. China
Tomas Winnerholt, Swedish Transport Administration, Sweden
Benjamin Worel, Minnesota Department of Transportation, USA

xxv
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Gordon Airey, The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom

Jostein Aksnes, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Norway
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Joralf Aurstad, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Norway
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xxvi
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xxvii
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xxviii
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
It was no use to run, but they ran anyway. This was what Sam meant
when he said he knew what Jim was going to do. Jim Cochran was
completely blackballed in his own profession. As he said, he couldn't
have gotten a job stirring with a wooden paddle in a soap factory.
Tom Banning and his family went with them. They went as far north
as they could and finally stopped running on the edge of the
Canadian wilderness. They pooled their funds and bought some
wheat land and some cattle stock and tried to stop thinking beyond
the end of each day.
They were grateful for the absence of television, but they kept a
radio. Through it, they learned when the Apollo finally took off with its
three-man crew. They followed its two and a half day journey through
space and heard the voice of Captain Allan Wright announce they
were in lunar orbit.
A few hours later the landing capsule was disengaged from the
spaceship and Captain Wright and William Chambers rode it down.
Their voices were heard in exultation as they announced their first
steps on the surface of the moon.
It was night in northern Canada when the landing was made. Jim and
Sam and Tom and their families were outside watching the full moon,
trying to imagine how it was up there. From the house they heard the
radio relaying the voices of the astronauts. The voices were relayed
to earth through the more powerful transmitter of the orbiting Apollo,
but as the spaceship circled the moon the voices of the men on the
surface were lost. Then they returned once more as the ship came
over their horizon.
For five orbits their voices came and went as they described their
sensations and exulted in the first minutes of their achievement.
Then, on the sixth orbit, there were no voices. There was only the
sudden, shrill cry of the third crewman, Don Anderson, who manned
the orbiting ship.
"Allan! Bill! Apollo to capsule: Come in, please. Bill—where are you—
I can't even see your capsule. I'm passing right over the spot. Apollo
to Base: I can't locate the capsule through the telescope. It looks like
a big crevasse right where the capsule was, but it wasn't there before.
Allan—Bill—Come in! Come in!"
Jim heard the sudden sob that shook Mary. He put his arm about her
shoulders and led her into the house.
Don Anderson remained in lunar orbit for two more days. Then he
was ordered home. He landed safely.
There were expressions of national sorrow over the unexplained loss
of the two astronauts, but plans were renewed for the next voyage.
The President said that sacrifices must be expected if this great goal
were to be achieved, and that it would be a betrayal of those who had
already given their lives if the work were to stop now.
In Canada that winter, Jim was sure the wolves howled on cold,
moonlit nights more than ever before. And something new was
happening to the moon. The silver light was taking on a faint tint of
orange. The radio told of a very learned report by some astronomer
who spoke obscurely of changes in albedo and percentages of
atmospheric dust and angstroms of sunlight. Any fool could see the
moon was changing color.
Jim listened to the wolves howling in the forest, and he thought of
Cramer's Pond when he was a boy, and of a machine tumbling into a
crevasse where a terrible darkness lay, and he wondered how long it
would be.
THE END
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STAY OFF THE
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