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Blackstone’s
Handbook for Policing Students

Blackstone’s
Handbook
for Policing
Students
Eleventh Edition
Edited by
Professor Robin Bryant
and
Sarah Bryant
Contributors:
Dr Sofia Graça, Kevin Lawton-Barrett,
Dr Paul Gilbert, Graham Hooper, Nigel Jones,
Pete Lerpiniere, Trish McCormack, Susanna Mitchell,
James Nunn, Dr Martin O’Neill, Jane Owens,
Vince Straine-Francis, Robert Underwood, and
Dr Dominic Wood
1
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press, 2016
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in 2006
Eleventh Edition published in 2016
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence
Number C01P0000148 with the permission of OPSI
and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
ISBN 978–0–19–878300–8
Printed in Great Britain by
Bell & Bain Ltd., Glasgow
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
Contents
About the Authors xii
Table of Cases xv
Table of Legislation xx
Table of Secondary Legislation xxxi
Introductionxxxiv
Part I Overview
1 Introducing the Handbook 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Handbook as a Survival Guide 1
1.3 Using the Handbook 1
1.4 Key Aspects of Police Education and Training 3
1.5 Answer to Task6
2 Reference Material 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Chronology of Law Enforcement and Policing 7
2.3 Glossary of Terms Used in Policing 10
2.4 Police Ranks 25
2.5 Police Organization and Governance 27
2.6 Conventions for Conveying Information 29
2.7 IC and SDE Codes 30
2.8 Answers to Tasks31
Part II Policing in Context
3 Policing 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Policing and Law Enforcement Agencies 33
3.3 The Multi-agency Approach 34
3.4 The Extended Policing Family 36
3.5 Personal Authority and Legitimacy 40
3.6 Police Discretion 43
3.7 Policing as a Profession 47
3.8 Diversity and the Police 49
3.9 Approaches to Policing in England and Wales 52
3.10 Answers to Tasks 57
4 Crime and Criminality 61

4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Definitions of Crime 61
4.3 The Causes of Crime 63
4.4 Measuring Crime 64
vi Contents
4.5 Modelling Crime and Criminality 67

4.6 Crime Reduction 70
5 The Criminal Justice System in England and Wales 78

5.1 Introduction 78
5.2 The Law in England and Wales 78
5.3 Principles of Criminal Liability 79
5.4 Human Rights 81
5.5 The Criminal Justice System in Practice 83
5.6 The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) 85
5.7 Alternative Forms of Justice 87
Part III Qualifications and Training
6 Roles, Responsibilities, and Support 90

6.1 Introduction 90
6.2 Attestation and the Role of the Police Constable 90
6.3 The Code of Ethics 92
6.4 The Police Regulations and Conditions of Service 94
6.5 Ethical Decision-making in Policing 95
6.6 Misconduct and Complaints Procedures 99
6.7 Police Representative Organizations 104
6.8 Managing Police Information 106
6.9 Operating IT and Communication Systems 108
6.10 Police Equipment and Technology 111
6.11 Effective Interpersonal Communication 112
6.12 Health and Safety 117
7 Qualification and Professional Development 127

7.1 Introduction 127
7.2 The National Policing Curriculum 127
7.3 Overview of Qualifications 128
7.4 The Certificate and the Diploma 129
7.5 PIP Level 1 132
7.6 Professional Development 133
8 Education, Training, and Assessment 138

8.2 Applying to Join the Police 138
8.3 IPLDP 143
8.4 The Probationary Period and Confirmation 144
8.5 Assessment 149
8.6 Learning as a Trainee Police Officer 161
Contents vii
Part IV General Procedures
9 Stop, Search, and Entry 172

9.2 Definitions of Places and Other Locations 172
9.3 Stop and Account 173
9.4 Stop and Search Powers 173
9.5 Road Checks (s 4 of the PACE Act 1984) 182
9.6 Search of Premises on Arrest 182
9.7 Search Warrants for Evidence of Indictable Offences 184
9.8 Searching Premises, Vehicles, and Open Land 185
10 Initial Investigation, Arrest, Detention, and Disposal 189

10.2 The Pocket Notebook 190
10.3 Cautions 195
10.4 Unsolicited Comments by Suspects 197
10.5 Identification of Suspects by Witnesses 197
10.6 Arrest Without Warrant 200
10.7 Warrants of Arrest 205
10.8 Making an Arrest 206
10.9 Retaining Items in Relation to an Offence 210
10.10 Presentation of Suspects to Custody Officers 211
10.11 Statements from Witnesses and Victims 214
10.12 Duty Statements 217
10.13 Methods of Disposal of Criminal Suspects 219
10.14 Handover Procedures 226
11 Attending Incidents 229

11.2 General Procedures at Crime Scenes 230
11.3 Incidents Involving Deaths 238
11.4 Railway Incidents and Fires 242
11.5 Attending Emergency, Major, and Critical Incidents 245
11.6 Attending Scenes with Suspect Devices 249
11.7 Planned Operations 251
Part V Specific Incidents
12 Alcohol, Drugs, and Substance Abuse 256

12.2 Alcohol-related Offences and Powers 256
12.3 Alcohol and Young People 258
12.4 Premises Licensing Legislation 259
12.5 Unlawful Possession of a Controlled Drug 261
viii Contents
12.6 Production and Supply of Controlled Drugs 267

12.7 Volatile Substance Abuse 269
13 Protection from Violence, Abuse, and Neglect 272

13.2 Mentally Vulnerable People 272
13.3 Safeguarding Children 278
13.4 Missing Persons 281
13.5 Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery 284
13.6 Family Violence and Oppression 287
13.7 Support for Victims, Witnesses, and the General Public 297
13.8 The Prevention of Harm to Animals 301
14 Policing Public Order, Anti-social Behaviour, and Harassment 308

14.2 Countering Anti-social Behaviour 309
14.3 Breach of the Peace 314
14.4 The Public Order Act 1986 317
14.5 Protection from Harassment 324
14.6 Intimidation of Witnesses, Jurors, and Others 329
14.7 Sporting Events Offences 330
14.8 Criminal Trespass and Outdoor Gatherings 333
14.9 Firework Offences 335
14.10 Hate Crime 337
15 Unlawful Violence Against Persons and Premises 342

15.2 Common Assault and Occasioning Actual Bodily Harm 343
15.3 Unlawful and Malicious Wounding or Inflicting GBH 346
15.4 Assaulting, Resisting, or Obstructing Police Officers 347
15.5 General Defences to the Use of Violence 348
15.6 Threats to Kill 350
15.7 The Use of Violence to Enter Premises 351
15.8 Gang-related Violence 352
15.9 Managing Violent Offenders 354
16 Theft, Fraud, and Related Offences 356

16.2 The Definition of Theft 356
16.3 Robbery and Blackmail 358
16.4 Burglary and Trespassing 360
16.5 Stolen Goods and the Proceeds of Crime 364
16.6 Going Equipped 368
16.7 Abstracting Electricity 369
16.8 Theft of Vehicles and Related Offences 370
Contents ix
16.9 Fraud and Bribery Offences 375

17 Sexual Offences 383

17.2 Acts of a Sexual Nature in Public Places 384
17.3 Voyeurism 385
17.4 Sexual Images Offences 386
17.5 Prostitution 389
17.6 Sexual Assault, Rape, and Other Sexual Offences 391
17.7 Children, Young People, and Sexual Offences 396
17.8 Protecting the Public from Sexual Harm 400
18 Weapons Offences 403

18.2 Weapons Offences 403
18.3 General Firearms Legislation 408
18.4 Section 1 Firearms 411
18.5 Shotguns 412
18.6 Air Weapons 413
18.7 Prohibited Weapons 415
18.8 Imitation Firearms 416
19 Road and Traffic Policing 419

19.2 Definitions Relating to Vehicles and Roads 420
19.3 Vehicle and Driver Documents 424
19.4 Stopping a Vehicle and Examining Documents 435
19.5 Construction and Use of Vehicles 437
19.6 Pedestrian Crossings and Road Signs 450
19.7 Road Traffic Collisions 454
19.8 Offences Relating to Standards of Driving 458
19.9 Drink- and Drug-driving 464
19.10 Using Vehicles to Cause Alarm, Distress, and Annoyance 475
19.11 Other Offences Relating to Vehicles and Highways 476
19.12 Methods of Disposal for Motoring Offences 479
20 Damage to Buildings and Other Property 491

20.2 Criminal Damage 491
20.3 Arson 493
20.4 Threats to Damage 493
20.5 Possessing an Article with Intent to Cause Criminal Damage 494
20.6 Causing Damage to Heritage Sites 495
x Contents
21 Cybercrime 498
21.2 Examples of Cybercrime 499
21.3 Responding to Cybercrime 502
21.4 Legislation and Cybercrime Offences 504
21.5 Seizure and Packaging of Computers and Other Digital Devices 505
22 Attempts, Conspiracy, and Encouraging or Assisting Crime 509

22.2 Criminal Attempts 509
22.3 Conspiracy 511
22.4 Encouraging or Assisting Crime 512
22.5 Answer to Task515
Part VI Investigation and Prosecution
23 Intelligence 516
23.2 Covert Human Intelligence Sources 517
23.3 Surveillance 521
23.4 Other Sources of Intelligence 525
23.5 Managing, Processing, and Using Intelligence 526
23.6 The National Intelligence Model 529
24 Criminal Investigation 534

24.2 Key Principles for Investigations 535
24.3 The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 539
24.4 The Investigation Stage by Stage 542
24.5 Trainees and Investigations 549
25 Investigative Interviewing 551

25.2 Key Principles for Interviewing 551
25.3 The ‘PEACE’ Approach to Interviewing 552
25.4 The Needs of the Interviewee 556
25.5 Interviews with Suspects 557
25.6 Interviews with Witnesses 566
25.7 Interviews and Criminal Intelligence 567
26 Forensic Investigation 569

26.2 Principles of Forensic Investigation 570
26.3 Forensic Science and Investigations 573
Contents xi
26.4 Establishing the Time and Date of an Event 574

26.5 Types of Forensic Evidence 575
26.6 Taking Samples in Investigations 585
26.7 Seizure and Packaging Techniques 592
27 Prosecution and Court Procedures 597

27.2 The Role of the Crown Prosecution Service 597
27.3 The Charging Process 598
27.4 Preparing and Submitting Case Files 599
27.5 Giving Evidence in Court 601
Bibliography and References 613

Index625
About the Authors
Dr Paul Gilbert
Is a Senior Lecturer in Policing and Programme Director for the MA in Policing and Criminal
Justice at Canterbury Christ Church University. He formerly worked for 30 years in policing in
Northern Ireland both as a frontline officer and as a police trainer. Paul’s PhD research was on
the reform of policing in Northern Ireland.
Dr Sofia Graça
Is a Senior Lecturer and Director of postgraduate taught provision at the School of Law, Crim-
inal Justice and Computing at Canterbury Christ Church University. Sofia’s research interests
include domestic violence and individuals’ relationship with the justice system. She is also
interested in law enforcement and transnational cooperation, having been invited to develop
research for and present at conferences organised by Europol.
Graham Hooper
Is a Senior Lecturer and Director of Policing at Canterbury Christ Church University. Graham’s
professional background is in policing, having served for over 30 years as a police officer rising to
the rank of Assistant Chief Constable. During his police career he worked in two forces—Thames
Valley Police and (on secondment) to the Metropolitan Police, where he led an initiative to tackle
knife crime. Graham also has extensive experience of national policing having performed a variety
of senior appointments in organisations such as Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary, the
Home Office and the National Policing Improvement Agency.
Nigel Jones
Has been involved in cybercrime and digital forensics investigations since 1986. He created the
National High Tech Crime Training Centre for the UK Police Service and has been involved in
numerous cybercrime capacity building and training programmes for international organisa-
tions on a regional and global basis. He currently is a Principal Lecturer in Cybercrime at Can-
terbury Christ Church University.
Kevin Lawton-Barrett
Is a Senior Lecturer and former Programme Director for the BSc (Hons) in Forensic Investiga-
tion at Canterbury Christ Church University. Prior to this he was an operational Senior CSI at
Kent Police and a trainer attached to Kent Police College involved in the training and develop-
ment of CSIs, police recruits and detectives.
Pete Lerpiniere
Is a Lecturer and Tutor at Canterbury Christ Church University teaching Police Practice Policy
and Procedure as part of the Crime and Policing degree. He was formerly a Police Officer in
Kent Police where he served predominantly as a Response Officer but also as a Police Diver and
Firearms Officer. He served 31 years with Kent Police and a further six years as a Civilian Trainer
at Kent Police Training School teaching police recruits basic Police Law and Procedure.
Trish McCormack
Is an Instructor at Canterbury Christ Church University and has responsibility for delivery and
assessment of the modules relating to the Certificate in Knowledge of Policing within the BSc
(Hons) Policing Suite. Trish retired from Kent Police in 2012, leaving as an Inspector and her
last role was in the training department with responsibility for Foundation Training.
Susanna Mitchell
Joined Canterbury Christ Church University in 2015 and currently lectures in evidence in
relation to criminal investigation. Prior to this she was a Senior Crown Prosecutor for the CPS
About the Authors xiii
specialising in the prosecution of rape and serious sexual offences. She is still a practicing Law-
yer and is regularly instructed by the CPS.
James Nunn
Is a Roads Policing Inspector at the Metropolitan Police Service with over 28 years of experi-
ence, more than half of this within his specialism. He is also undertaking the MA in Policing
and Criminal Justice at Canterbury Christ Church University. He was lead for the implemen-
tation of drug drive over the prescribed limit enforcement and has advised the Canadian Min-
istry of Justice on this subject.
Dr Martin O’Neill
Is a Senior Lecturer in Criminal Investigation at Canterbury Christ Church University. He spe-
cialises in all aspects of criminal investigation and aspires to research areas such as sexual
offences, domestic abuse investigations, investigative decision making and death investigation.
Jane Owens
Is a Senior Lecturer in Policing at Canterbury Christ Church University. She has served as a
Police Officer in both Surrey and Bedfordshire Police Forces, ending her career seconded to the
National Policing Improvement Agency, where she was an Implementation Officer for the
development and delivery of national leadership and management training for Sergeants and
Inspectors. Her research interests include neighbourhood policing, police governance and ‘pri-
vate’ policing.
Vincent Straine-Francis
Is a Module Leader for the BSc (Hons) Policing Cyber Security and an Instructor on the Certif-
icate in Knowledge of Policing for Canterbury Christ Church University. He is a retired Metro-
politan and Kent Police Detective. He spent the last seven years of his career devising Kent
Police Detective training programs, and training new recruits and Specials.
Robert Underwood
Is a Senior Lecturer and Programme Director for the BSc in Policing Studies/Policing at Canter-
bury Christ Church University. He was formerly a Kent Police Officer and helped to devise the
Kent Student Officer Programme. Together with colleagues, he was jointly responsible for the
design of the Foundation Degree in Policing, which formed the basis of initial police learning
in Kent.
Dr Dominic Wood
Is Head of the School of Law, Criminal Justice and Computing at Canterbury Christ Church
University. After organising and chairing an international policing conference at CCCU on
Knowledge Led Policing, Dominic helped to establish the Higher Education Forum for Learn-
ing and Development in Policing.
Table of Cases
United Kingdom
Adams v DPP [2002] All ER (D) 125 (Mar) ��12.8
Akhurst v DPP [2009] WLR (D) 96 ��16.4.3
Atkin v DPP [1989] Crim LR 581 ��14.4.3.3
Austin v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2009] 1 AC 564 ��14.3.4
Baker v Crown Prosecution Service [2009] EWHC 299 (Admin) ��13.7.2

Bielecki v DPP [2011] EWHC 2245 (Admin) ��19.9.5.1
Browne v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [2014] EWHC 3999 (QB) ��9.4.1.2
Brutus v Cozens [1973] AC 854 ��16.4.1
Buckley and Smith v DPP [2008] EWHC 136 (Admin) ��14.5.1.1
Burgoyne v Phillips [1982] RTR 49 ��19.8.6
Burns v Currell [1963] 2 QB 433 ��19.11.3
Burton v R [2011] EWCA Crim 1990 ��27.5.2.3
Caurti v DPP [2002] Crim LR 131 ��14.5.1.5

Chahal v DPP [2010] EWHC 439 (Admin) ��18.2.2.1
Chalupa v CPS [2009] EWHC 3082 (Admin) ��19.9.5
Charles v Crown Prosecution Service [2009] EWHC 3521 (Admin) ��10.3.1
Chief Constable of Hertfordshire v Van Colle; Smith v Chief Constable of Sussex [2008] UKHL 50 ��14.6
Chief Constable of West Yorkshire v Armstrong [2008] EWCA Civ 1582 ��10.6.2
Coates v CPS [2011] EWHC 2032 (Admin) ��19.2.1
Commissioner for Racial Equality v Dutton [1989] QB 783 ��14.10.5
Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis v Mohamed Raissi [2008] EWCA Civ 1237 ��10.6.2
CPS v Thompson [2007] EWHC 1841 (Admin) ��19.9.1
Cumberbatch v CPS; Ali v DPP [2009] All ER (D) 256 (Nov) ��15.4
Davey v Lee (1967) 51 Cr App R 303 ��22.2.1

Davies (by her mother and litigation friend) v Chief Constable of Merseyside Police [2015]
EWCA Civ 114 ��10.10.5
Dawkins v Crown Suppliers (Property Services Agency), The Times, 4 February 1993;
[1993] ICR 517 ��14.10.5
Dewar v DPP [2010] EWHC 1050 (Admin) ��15.5
DPP v D [2006] EWHC 314 ��19.11.2
DPP v Hardy [2008] All ER (D) 315 (Oct) ��14.5.1.1
DPP v Hastings [1993] 158 JP 118 ��19.8.6
DPP v Howard [2008] EWHC 608 (Admin) ��14.10.4
DPP v Jones [1997] 2Cr App R 155, HL ��21.4.1
DPP v Kay [1998] EWHC 258 (Admin) ��19.9.4.2
DPP v Little [1992] 1 All ER 299 ��15.2.1
DPP v Morrison [2003] EWHC 683 (Admin) ��11.2.1.3
DPP v Nock [1978] AC 979 ��22.3
DPP v Orum [1988] Crim LR 848 ��14.4.3.3
DPP v Ray [1974] AC 370 ��16.9.6
DPP v Roshan Kumar Pal (unreported, 3 February 2000) ��14.10.2
DPP v Saddington, The Times, 1 November 2000 (QBD) ��19.11.3
DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290; [1960] 3 All ER 161 ��15.3, 15.3.1
DPP v Smith (Michael Ross) [2006] EWHC 94 (Admin); [2006] 2 All ER 16 ��15.2.2
DPP v Wilson [2009] EWHC 1988 (Admin) ��19.9.4.2
Fraser Wood v DPP [2008] EWHC 1056 (Admin) ��10.8.3, 15.5.1
Gibson v Dalton [1980] RTR 410 ��19.12.5

Gleeson [2003] EWCA Crim 3357 ��27.5.1
Haque v R [2011] EWCA Crim 1871 ��14.5.1.5

Harvey v DPP [2011] EWCA Crim B1 ��14.4.3.3
Hayes v Chief Constable of Merseyside Police [2012] 1 WLR 517 ��10.6.4
xvi Table of Cases
Howarth v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2011] EWHC 2818 (QB) ��9.4.1.1
Hussain v DPP [2008] EWHC 901 ��19.9.5.1
James v CPS [2009] EWHC 2925 (Admin) ��14.5.1.1

JH Walker v Hussain [1996] ICR 291 ��14.10.5
JL v CPS [2007] WLR (D) 202 ��16.4.3
Johnson v DPP [2008] EWHC 509 (Admin) ��14.10.1
L v CPS (2013) QBD (Admin) ��22.2.1

Laporte v Chief Constable of Gloucestershire Constabulary [2007] 2 AC 105 ��14.3.4
Lau v DPP [2000] All ER (D) 224 ��14.5.1.1
Le Vine v DPP (2010) DC ��14.4.2
Leeson v DPP [2010] EWHC 994 (Admin); [2010] All ER (D) 84 (Apr); (2010) 174 JP 367 ��14.4.4.1
Logdon v DPP [1976] Crim LR 121 (DC) ��15.2.1.1
Lord Hanningfield of Chelmsford v Chief Constable of
Essex Police [2013] EWHC 243 (QB) ��9.6.1, 10.6.4.4
Marsh v DPP 2015 [2015] EWHC 1022 (Admin) ��15.5

McE (Northern Ireland), Re [2009] UKHL 15 ��23.3.2
McMillan v CPS [2008] EWHC 1457 (Admin) ��12.1
McNeil v DPP [2008] EWHC 1254 ��19.9.5.1
Mengesha v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2013] EWHC 1695 (Admin) ��14.3.4
Mills v DPP [2008] EWHC 3304 (Admin) ��19.3.1.5
Mohindra v DPP [2004] EWHC 490 (Admin) ��19.2.4
Moss v McLachlan [1985] 1 RLR 76 ��14.3.4
Norwood v DPP [2003] EWHC 1564 ��14.10.4
O (a juvenile) v DPP (1999) 163 JP 725 ��9.4.1.2

O’Hara (AP) v CC of the RUC [1997] 1 Cr App R 447 ��10.6.2
Palmer v R [1971] AC 814 ��15.5.1

Piggott v DPP [2008] WLR (D) 44 ��19.9.5.1
Plackett v DPP [2008] EWHC 1335 (Admin) ��19.9.5.1
Prosecution right of appeal (No 23 of 2007); sub nom R v R [2007] EWCA Crim 3312 ��18.2.1
R v Abdullahi (Osmund) Mohammed [2006] EWCA Crim 2060 ��17.7.5

R v Allpress; R v Symeou; R v Casal; R v Morris; R v Martin [2009] EWCA Crim 8 ��16.5.2.1, 16.10
R v Auguste [2003] EWCA Crim 3329 ��12.6.4
R v B [2006] EWCA Crim 2945 ��17.6.2
R v Bard (Theo) [2014] EWCA Crim 463 ��24.3.3
R v Barkshire [2011] EWCA Crim 1885 ��24.3.3
R v Bass (1953) 17 Cr App R 51 ��10.2.3
R v Bassett [2008] EWCA Crim 1174 ��17.3
R v Bellfield (2011) ��25.3.1
R v Bentham [2005] UKHL 18 ��18.3.3
R v Bird [1985] 2 All ER 513; [1985] 1 WLR 816 ��15.5
R v Bogacki [1973] 2 All ER 864 ��16.8.2, 16.8.2.1
R v Bovell [2005] 2 Cr App R 401 ��27.5.2.3
R v Boyle [1954] 2 QB 292; [1954] 2 All ER 721 ��16.4
R v Bree [2007] EWCA Crim 256 ��17.6.2
R v Bristol [2007] EWCA Crim 3214 ��9.4.1.2, 9.4.3.1
R v Brown (1969) ��16.5.1
R v Brown [1993] 2 All ER 75 ��15.1
R v Browning [2001] EWCA Crim 1831; [2002] 1 Cr App R (S) 88 ��19.8.1
R v Bundy (1977)��1.3.2
R v Buswell [1972] 1 WLR 64 ��12.8
R v C [2004] EWCA Crim 292 ��17.1
R v Campbell [1991] Crim LR 268 ��22.2.1
R v Cash [1985] QB 801; [1085] 2 All ER 128 ��16.5.1.2
R v Chan Fook [1994] 2 All ER 552; [1994] 1 WLR 689; 99 Cr App Rep 147; [1994]
Crim LR 432 ��15.2.2
Table of Cases xvii
R v Ciccarelli [2011] EWCA Crim 2665 ��17.6.2

R v Constanza [1997] Crim LR 576 ��15.2.1.1
R v Curtis [2010] EWCA Crim 123; [2010] 1 WLR 2770 ��14.5.1.1, 14.5.1.5
R v Davies [1962] 1 WLR 1111 ��12.2.1
R v Davis [1998] Crim LR 564 ��18.2.3
R v Donovan [1934] 2 KB 498; [1934] All ER Rep 207 ��15.2.2
R v DPP; B v DPP [2007] EWHC 739 (Admin); 171 JP 404 ��16.3.1
R v Dunlop [2001] 2 Cr App R (S) 27 ��27.5.2.2
R v Ellames [1974] 3 All ER 130 ��16.6
R v Fulling [1987] 2 All ER 65 ��25.5.1.1
R v G [2003] UKHL 50 ��20.2
R v Geary [2010] WLR (D) 228 ��16.5.2
R v Geddes [1996] Crim LR 894 ��22.2.1, 22.2.4
R v Ghosh [1982] QB 1053 ��16.2, 16.9.1, 16.9.5
R v Gilbert [2012] EWCA Crim 2392 ��16.9.1
R v Glidewell LTL 19/5/99, The Times, 14 May 1999 ��18.2.2.1
R v Gore; R v Maker [2009] EWCA Crim 1424; WLR (D) 240 ��10.13.2.1
R v Gortat and Pirog [1973] Crim LR 648 ��22.3
R v Griffiths (1974) 60 Cr App Rep 14 ��16.5.1.1
R v H [2005] EWCA Crim 732 ��17.6.5
R v Hale [1978] 68 Cr App R 415 ��16.3.1
R v Hall [1985] 1 QB 496 ��16.5.1.1
R v Hamer [2010] WLR (D) 235 ��10.13.2.1
R v Heggart and Heggart (November 2000) (CA) ��24.3.2
R v Hoey [2007] NICC 49 (20 December 2007) ��26.1
R v Howell [1981] 3 All ER 383 ��14.3.1, 14.3.2
R v Hughes (1841) ��17.6.3
R v Hughes [2013] UKSC 56 ��19.8.5
R v Ireland [1998] AC 147 (HL) ��15.2.2
R v Jheeta [2007] EWCA Crim 1699 ��17.6.2
R v Jones; R v Smith [1976] 3 All ER 54; [1976] 1 WLR 672 ��16.4.1
R v Konzani [2005] EWCA Crim 706 ��15.3
R v Lambert (2001) ��5.4
R v Lushington, ex p Otto [1894] 1 QB 420 ��11.2.6
R v Manning and Rogers (1871) CA ��16.4.1
R v Martin [2002] 2 WLR 1 ��15.5.1.1
R v Martindale (1986) 84 Cr App R 31 (CA) ��12.8
R v Mason [1987] 3 All ER 481 ��25.5.1.1, 25.5.4
R v Mayers (Jordan) [2008] EWCA Crim 2989 ��24.2.4
R v McAllister [2009] 1 Cr App R 129 ��25.3.1
R v McAngus [1994] Crim LR 602 ��16.6
R v McCalla (1988) 87 Cr App R 372 ��18.2.2.1
R v McGee [2012] EWCA Crim 613 ��12.6.4
R v McInnes [1971] 1 WLR 1600, CA ��6.12.5
R v McNally [2013] EWCA Crim 1051 ��17.6.2
R v Miller [1976] Crim LR 147 ��16.8.2
R v Morris [1972] RTR 201 ��16.8.2.1, 19.7.2.1, 19.9.4
R v Mushtaq [2005] UKHL 25 ��25.5.1.1
R v Neil [2011] EWCA Crim 461 ��17.4.2.1
R v Nelson and Rose [1998] 2 Cr App R 399 ��10.3
R v NW [2010] EWCA Crim 404 ��14.4.4.2
R v NW, SW, RC & CC [2008] EWCA Crim 2 ��16.5.2.1, 16.10
R v Okosi [1996] CLR 666 ��19.8.4
R v Olugboja [1982] QB 320 ��15.5
R v Omar Saddique [2013] EWCA Crim 1150 ��22.4.2
R v Pasaihou Garjo [2011] EWCA Crim 1169 ��9.4.3.1
R v Phipps and McGill [1970] RTR 209 (CA) ��16.8.2
R v Plavecz [2002] Crim LR 837 ��14.4.4.2, 14.11
R v Plunkett and Plunkett [2013] EWCA Crim 261 ��23.3.2
R v Prager [1972] 1 WLR 260 ��25.5.1.1
R v R [1992] 1 AC 599, HL ��17.1
R v Renouf [1986] 2 All ER 449 ��19.8.3
R v Rolfe (1952) 36 Cr App Rep 4 ��15.1
R v Rowley [1991] 4 All ER 649 ��17.9
R v Sanchez, The Times, 6 March 1996 ��14.4.4.1
R v Schama, R v Abramovich (1914) 11 Cr App Rep 45; 79 JP 184 ��16.5.1
xviii Table of Cases
R v Shivpuri [1987] AC 1; [1986] 2 All ER 334 ��12.6.2, 22.2.1

R v Skinner (1994) 99 Cr App R 212 ��10.2.3
R v Solanke [1970] 1 WLR 1 ��15.6
R v Sparks (1964) ��24.2.5
R v Spurge [1961] 2 All ER 688 ��19.8.3
R v Stamford [1972] 2 QB 391 ��17.4.2.1
R v Stokes [1982] Crim LR 695 ��16.8.2
R v Sundas [2011] EWCA Crim 985 ��18.2.1
R v Tagg [2002] 1 Cr App R 2 ��12.2.1
R v Tao [1976] 3 All ER 65 ��12.6.4
R v Turnbull [1976] 3 All ER 549; 63 Cr App R 132 ��5.2, 10.5, 10.5.1
R v Turner (No 2) [1971] 1 WLR 901 ��16.2
R v Vasil Tsap [2008] EWCA Crim 2679 ��18.2.2.1
R v Veneroso [2002] Crim LR 306 (Crown Ct) ��10.8.1.2, 13.7.2
R v Vinall [2011] EWCA Crim 6252 ��16.3.1
R v Walker [1996] 1 Cr App R 111 ��17.2
R v Walkington [1979] 2 All ER 716; [1979] 1 WLR 1169 ��16.4.1
R v Widdows [2011] EWCA Crim 1500; (2011) 175 JP 345 ��14.5.1.1, 14.5.1.5
R v Williams [2000] All ER (D) 1393 ��16.2.1
R v Williams (Gladstone) [1987] 3 All ER 411; 78 Cr App Rep 276 ��15.5.1
R v Wilson (1983) ��16.4.1.1
R (on the application of Castle) v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis
[2011] EWHC 2317 ��14.3.4
R (on the application of Delezuch) v Chief Constable; R (on the application of Duggan)
v ACPO [2014] EWCA Civ 1635 ��10.2.3
R (on the application of Ebrahim) v Feltham Magistrates Court (2001) ��26.5.5.3
R (on the application of McClure and Moos) v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis
[2012] EWCA Civ 12 ��14.3.4
R (on the application of Rawlinson & Hunter Trustees) v Central Criminal Court; R (Tchenguiz
and R20 Limited) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office [2012] EWHC 2254 (Admin) ��10.6.2
R (on the application of Roberts) v Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police [2012]
EWHC 1977 (Admin) ��9.4.3.2
R (on the application of Saunders) v Association of Chief Police Officers [2008] EWHC
(Admin) 2372 ��10.2.3
R (on the application of W) v Chief Constable of Hampshire Constabulary [2006] EWHC
1904 (Admin) ��10.13.2.2
R (on the application of W) v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis
[2004] EWCA Civ 458 ��14.2.2.1, 14.2.4
Rice v Connolly [1966] 2 QB 414 ��14.2.1.9, 14.2.4
Richardson v Chief Constable of West Midlands Police [2011] 2 Cr App R 1; [2011]
EWHC 773 (QB) ��5.6.1, 10.6.4
Robson v Hallett [1967] 2 QB 939 ��14.3.2
Rogers (Simon) v R [2011] EWCA Crim 1549 ��18.4
Rweikiza v DPP [2008] EWHC 386 (Admin) ��19.9.5.1
Seide v Gillette Industries [1980] IRLR 427 ��14.10.5

Semple v Luton and South Bedfordshire Magistrates’ Court [2009] EWHC 3241 (Admin) ��12.4.1
Sheldrake v DPP [2003] 2 All ER 497 ��19.9.1
Shields v Merseyside Police [2010] EWCA Civ 1281 ��10.6.1
Smith v Desmond [1965] AC 960; [1964] 3 All 587 ��16.3.1
Smith v Hughes [1960] 1 WLR 830; [1960] 2 All ER 859 ��17.2, 19.2.2
Stevens v Gourley (1859) 7 CBNS 99 ��16.4.1
Swanston v DPP (1997) 161 JP 203 ��14.4.3.3, 14.11
Swinney v Chief Constable of Northumbria [1996] EWCA Civ 1322 ��23.2.4.1
Syed v DPP [2010] EWHC 81 (Admin) ��13.7.2
Talbot v Oxford City Justices, The Times, 15 February 2000 ��16.4.3

Thomas v News Group Newspapers Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 1233; [2002] EMLR 78 ��14.5.1.5
Tyler v Whatmore [1975] RTR 83 ��19.8.6
Vehicle Inspectorate v Nuttall [1999] 1 WLR 629 ��19.2.4
Watmore v Jenkins [1961] 2 All ER 868 ��19.8.3

Webber v DPP [1998] RTR 111 ��19.9.6.1, 19.13
Table of Cases xix
Whiteside v DPP [2011] EWCA 3471 (Admin) ��19.12.5

Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462 ��5.3.3
European Court of Human Rights

A v UK [1999] 27 EHRR��15.5
Al-Khawaja & Tahery v UK [2012] 2 Costs LO 139��27.5.2.3
Osman v United Kingdom (1998) 29 EHRR 245��14.6
Table of Legislation
United Kingdom Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing
Act 2014 (ASBCPA)�� 10.13.2.1,
An Act to Prevent the Cruel and Improper 14.2, 14.2.1.1, 14.2.1.2,
Treatment of Cattle 1822�� 13.8 14.2.1.4, 14.2.2, 14.2.4,
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological 15.8.1, 17.7.6.2
Areas Act 1979 �� 20.6.1.1 s 2(1)(a) �� 14.11
s 9�� 20.6.1.1 s 34�� 14.2.2.4, 14.2.8
s 28�� 20.6.1.1 s 118�� 17.7.6.2
s 42�� 20.6.1.1 s 120�� 13.6.3
Animal Health Act 1981 s 121�� 13.6.3
s 61�� 10.8.1.2 s 176�� 16.2
Animal Welfare Act 2006 �� 9.4.3.3, 13.8, Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security
13.8.1, 13.8.2.2 Act 2001�� 1.3.2
s 2�� 13.9 Arbitration Act 1950�� 5.7.2
s 4�� 10.8.1.2, 13.8.1, Arbitration Act 1996�� 5.7.2
13.8.1.8, 13.9 s 46�� 5.7.2
s 4(1) �� 13.8.1.1 Asylum and Immigration Act 2004
s 4(2) �� 13.8.1.1 s 4�� 13.5.1
s 4(3) �� 13.8.1.1 Bail Act 1976
s 4(4) �� 13.8.1.1 s 6(1) �� 10.15
s 5�� 10.8.1.2, 13.8.1, 13.8.1.8 s 7(1) �� 10.7
s 5(1) �� 13.8.1.3 s 7(3) �� 10.6.6
s 5(2) �� 13.8.1.3 Bribery Act 2010�� 16.9.8
s 6�� 13.8.1, 13.8.1.3 s 1(1) �� 16.9.7.1
s 6(1) �� 10.8.1.2, 13.8.1.8 s 1(2) �� 16.9.7.1
s 6(2) �� 10.8.1.2, 13.8.1.8 s 1(3) �� 16.9.7.1
s 7�� 10.8.1.2, 13.8.1, 13.8.1.8 s 1(5) �� 16.9.7.1
s 7(1) �� 13.8.1.4 s 2(1) �� 16.9.7.2
s 7(2) �� 13.8.1.4 s 2(2) �� 16.9.7.2
s 8�� 13.8.1 s 2(3) �� 16.9.7.2
s 8(1) �� 10.8.1.2, 13.8.1.6, 13.8.1.8 s 2(4) �� 16.9.7.2
s 8(2) �� 10.8.1.2, 13.8.1.6, s 3�� 16.9.8
13.8.1.8 s 4�� 16.9.8
s 8(3) �� 13.8.1.6 British Transport Commission
s 9�� 13.8.1 Act 1949�� 11.4.1.1
s 9(1) �� 13.8.1.2 s 55�� 10.13.2.1, 11.4.1.1
s 9(2) �� 13.8.1.2 s 56�� 10.13.2.1, 11.4.1.2
s 11�� 13.8.1 Children Act 198913.3, 13.3.3, 13.3.3.3, 13.7.3.1
s 11(1) �� 13.8.1.5 Pt 1�� 13.6.1.1
s 11(2) �� 13.8.1.5 s 2�� 13.3.3.3
s 11(3) �� 13.8.1.5 s 2(1) �� 13.3.3.3
s 18�� 13.8.1.7 s 2(2) �� 13.3.3.3
s 18(1) �� 13.8.1.7 s 2(4) �� 13.3.3.3
s 18(2) �� 13.8.1.7 s 2(5) �� 13.3.3.3
s 18(3) �� 13.8.1.7 s 2(6) �� 13.3.3.3
s 18(4) �� 13.8.1.7 s 2(7) �� 13.3.3.3
s 18(5) �� 13.8.1.7 s 3�� 13.3.3.3
s 18(6) �� 13.8.1.7 s 8�� 13.6.1.1
s 18(7) �� 13.8.1.7 s 17�� 13.3
s 18(8) �� 13.8.1.7 s 31(9) �� 13.3.2
s 18(12) �� 13.8.1.7 s 44�� 13.6.4.2
s 19�� 13.8.1.7, 13.8.2.2, 13.9 s 46�� 13.3.1, 13.3.3, 13.5.3, 13.6.4.2
s 19(1) �� 9.4.3.3, 13.8.1.7, 13.8.1.8 s 46(1) �� 13.3.3.1
s 19(4) �� 13.8.1.7, 13.9 s 46(3) �� 13.3.3.2
s 22(1) �� 9.4.3.3, 13.8.1.6 s 46(4) �� 13.3.3.2
s 22(2) �� 13.8.1.6, 13.8.1.8 s 46(6) �� 13.3.3
s 54(1) �� 9.4.3, 9.4.3.3, 13.8.1.8 s 47�� 13.3, 13.3.1
s 54(4) �� 9.4.3.3, 13.8.1.8 s 48�� 13.6.1.3
Animals (Scientific Procedures) s 105�� 13.3
Act 1986�� 13.8.1.1 Children Act 2004�� 13.3
Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 �� 10.13.2.1 s 10�� 15.8.1.1
s 54�� 12.7 s 11�� 9.4.1, 13.3.3, 14.3.4
s 54(1) �� 20.2 s 58(1) �� 15.5
Table of Legislation xxi
Children and Families Act 2014 s 66ZB(1) �� 10.13.2.3

s 10�� 5.7.1 s 66ZB(2) �� 10.13.2.3
Children and Young Persons Act 1933 Criminal Attempts Act 1981�� 22.2.1, 22.2.4
(CYPA)�� 13.3.2 s 1(1) �� 16.8.2.2, 22.2, 22.2.1
s 1�� 13.9, 15.5 s 1(2) �� 22.2.2
s 1(1) �� 13.3.2.1 s 1(3)(b)�� 22.2.1
s 7(1) �� 13.3.2.2 s 1(4) �� 22.2.3
s 7(1A)�� 13.3.2.2 s 9�� 10.6.4.2
s 7(2) �� 13.3.2.2 s 9(1) �� 16.8.2.2
s 7(3) �� 13.3.2.2 Criminal Damage Act 1971 �� 5.2, 14.10.3, 20.1
s 11�� 13.3.2.3 s 1�� 20.4, 20.5
Children and Young Persons Act 1969 s 1(1) �� 10.13.2.1, 20.2, 20.4
s 32(1A)�� 10.6.6 s 1(2) �� 20.2.1, 20.4
Civil Contingencies Act 2004�� 11.5 s 1(3) �� 20.3
s 1�� 11.5 s 2�� 20.4
Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment s 3�� 20.5
Act 2005 Criminal Justice Act 1967
s 4�� 19.11.2 s 6(3) �� 14.10
Communications Act 2003 s 9�� 27.5.2.3
s 127�� 14.5.3.2 s 91�� 10.13.2.1
s 127(1) �� 14.5.3.2 s 91(1) �� 12.2.2
s 127(2) �� 10.13.2.1, 14.5.3.2 Criminal Justice Act 1972
Computer Misuse Act 1990 (CMA)�� 19.9.1, s 34(1) �� 12.2.3, 12.8
21.1, 21.4, 21.4.1 Criminal Justice Act 1988
s 1�� 21.4.1 s 12�� 18.2.5
s 2�� 21.4.1 s 39�� 10.13.1.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.2.1.2, 15.10
s 3�� 21.4.1 s 139(1) �� 18.2.3
s 3A �� 21.4.1 s 139A �� 18.2.4
Confiscation of Alcohol (Young Persons) s 139A(1)�� 18.2.4
Act 1997 s 139A(2)�� 18.2.4
s 1(1) �� 12.3.1 s 139A(6)�� 18.2.4
s 1(2) �� 12.3.1 s 139AA�� 18.2.5
s 1(4) �� 12.3.1 s 139B �� 18.2.4
s 1AA�� 12.3.1 s 141�� 18.2.1, 18.2.7
s 1AB �� 12.3.1 s 141A(1)�� 18.2.7.1
Consumer Protection Act 1987 s 160�� 17.4.2.2
s 12(1) �� 14.9.1 s 160(1) �� 17.4.2.1
Coroners and Justice Act 2009�� 24.2.4, 25.7 s 160(2) �� 17.4.2.1
s 62(1) �� 17.4.1.1, 17.4.2.3 Criminal Justice Act 2003�� 4.3.4, 24.2.5
s 64�� 17.4.2.3 ss 22–27�� 10.13.2.2
s 71�� 13.5, 13.5.1 s 24A �� 10.13.2.2
Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 s 29(1) �� 10.13.1.1
s 36�� 13.3.2 s 29(2) �� 10.13.1.1
Crime and Courts Act 2013 �� 5.5.2, 14.4.3 s 100�� 27.5.2.3
s 56�� 19.9.3.2 s 101(1) �� 27.5.2.3
Crime and Disorder Act 1998�� 1.3.2, 3.3, 3.3.2, s 112�� 24.2.5
3.3.3, 3.9.1, 14.10 s 114�� 27.5.2.3
s 28(1) �� 14.10.1 s 116�� 24.4.1.2
s 28(1)(a) �� 14.10.1 s 120�� 27.5.2.3
s 28(1)(b)�� 14.10.1 s 139�� 27.5.3.1
s 28(3) �� 14.10.1 s 154�� 5.5.2
s 28(4) �� 14.10.1 Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 �� 5.2
s 28(5) �� 1.3.2, 14.10.1 s 33(1) �� 17.4.3
s 29(1) �� 14.10.2 s 33(3) �� 17.4.3
ss 29–32�� 14.10.1 s 33(4) �� 17.4.3
s 30�� 14.10.3 s 33(5) �� 17.4.3
s 31�� 14.10.4 Criminal Justice and Immigration
s 31(1)(a) �� 14.10.4, 14.10.5 Act 2008�� 15.9
s 31(1)(b)�� 14.10.4, 14.10.5 s 63(1) �� 17.4.1, 17.4.1.1
s 31(1)(c) �� 14.10.4 s 63(2) �� 17.4.1
s 32�� 14.10.5 s 63(3) �� 17.4.1, 17.4.1.1
s 32(5) �� 14.10.5 s 63(7) �� 17.4.1
s 32(6) �� 14.10.5 s 63(8) �� 17.4.1
s 66A �� 10.13.2.3 s 64(2) �� 17.4.1
s 66A(1)�� 10.13.2.3 s 65�� 17.4.1
s 66A(6A)�� 10.13.2.3 s 65(1) �� 17.4.1
s 66B(1)–(6)�� 10.13.2.3 s 65(2) �� 17.4.1
s 66Z(1) �� 10.13.2.3 s 76(1)–(10) �� 15.5.1
s 66ZA(2)�� 10.13.2.3 s 76(2)(a) �� 15.5.1
xxii Table of Legislation
s 76(2)(aa) �� 15.5.1 s 5(2) �� 10.13.2.1

s 76(2)(b)�� 15.5.1 Criminal Law Act 1977�� 22.3
s 76(5)(a) �� 15.5.1.1 s 1�� 22.3
s 99�� 15.9 s 1(b) �� 22.3
s 99(4) �� 15.9 s 1A �� 22.3
s 102�� 15.9 s 2�� 22.3
s 119(1) �� 14.2.1.6, 14.2.5 s 6�� 10.8.1.2
s 120(1) �� 14.2.1.6, 14.2.5 s 6(1) �� 15.7, 15.10
Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001�� 14.5.2, s 6(1)(a) �� 15.7
14.6.2 s 6(1)(b)�� 15.7
s 1�� 12.4.2, 12.4.4 s 6(4)(b)�� 15.7
ss 1–11�� 10.13.2.1 s 7�� 10.8.1.2, 15.7
s 2(1) �� 10.13.2.1 s 8�� 10.8.1.2, 16.4.3
s 7A �� 14.5.2.2 s 12�� 15.7
s 39(1) �� 14.6.1 s 12A �� 15.7
s 40(1) �� 14.6.1 Sch 12 �� 15.6
s 42�� 14.5.2.1 Criminal Procedure and Investigations
s 42(1) �� 14.5.2.2 Act 1996 (CPIA) �� 2.3, 10.2, 11.2.6, 24.1,
s 42(2) �� 14.5.2.2 24.2.1, 24.3, 24.3.1.2, 24.4.1.2,
s 42(6) �� 14.5.2.2 25.2, 25.3.1, 25.3.5, 26.3.1,
s 42A �� 14.5.2.1 26.5.5.3, 27.5.1
Criminal Justice and Public Order s 6�� 24.2.4
Act 1994 (CJPOA)�� 2.3, 24.1, 25.2 s 21A �� 24.2.4
Pt III�� 10.4, 25.2 s 22�� 24.1, 24.3
s 25�� 10.13.1.2 Criminal Procedure (Attendance of Witnesses)
s 34�� 25.2, 25.5.9.2 Act 1965
ss 34–37�� 25.5.9.2 s 4�� 10.7
s 36�� 25.2, 25.5.9.1, 25.5.9.2 Crossbows Act 1987
s 36(2) �� 25.5.9.1 s 4�� 9.4.3
s 37�� 25.2, 25.5.9.1, 25.5.9.2 Customs and Excise Management Act 1979
s 51(1) �� 14.6.2 s 5(A)�� 15.8.1
s 51(2) �� 14.6.2 s 50�� 15.8.1
s 51(3) �� 14.6.2 s 170�� 12.6.5
s 51(4) �� 14.6.2 Dangerous Dogs Act 1991
s 51(7) �� 14.6.2 s 1�� 14.2.1.8, 14.2.7
s 51(8) �� 14.6.2 s 3(1) �� 14.2.1.8, 14.2.7
s 60�� 9.4.3, 9.4.3.2 Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA)�� 6.8, 6.8.1,
s 60(1)(aa) �� 9.4.3.2 6.8.2, 24.3.1
s 60(5) �� 9.4.3.2 Sch 2 �� 6.8
s 60(6) �� 9.4.3.2 Sch 3 �� 6.8
s 60(8) �� 9.4.3.2 Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003
s 60AA(2)(b)�� 9.4.3.2 s 1�� 20.6.2
s 60AA(7)�� 9.4.3.2 Disability and Equality Act 2010 �� 3.8.2
s 61(1) �� 14.8.1 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 �� 2.3
s 61(4) �� 14.8.1 Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims
s 61(9) �� 14.8.3 Act 2004�� 2.3, 13.6.1.1
s 62�� 14.8.1 s 9�� 13.6.1.6
s 62(1) �� 14.8.1 Education and Inspections Act 2006
s 63�� 14.8.3, 14.8.3.1, 14.8.3.2 Pt 7�� 18.1
s 63(2) �� 14.8.3.1 s 93�� 5.6.1, 10.6.2
s 63(3) �� 14.8.3.1 Emergency Workers (Obstruction) Act 2006
s 63(4) �� 14.8.3.1 (EWOA)�� 11.4.2.2
s 63(6) �� 14.8.3.1 s 1�� 11.4.2.2
s 63(7) �� 14.8.3.1 s 2�� 11.4.2.2
s 63(7A)�� 14.8.3.1 Environmental Protection Act 1990
s 64�� 14.8.3, 14.8.3.2 s 87(1) �� 10.13.2.1
s 64(1) �� 14.8.3.2 s 87(5) �� 10.13.2.1
s 64(3) �� 14.8.3.2 Equality Act 2010�� 3.8.2, 3.8.3, 10.6
s 65�� 14.8.3, 14.8.3.1 Equality Act 2012�� 5.6.1
s 65(1) �� 14.8.3.1 Explosives Act 1875 �� 14.9
s 68�� 14.8.2 s 80�� 10.6.4.2, 10.13.2.1, 14.9
s 68(1) �� 14.8.2 Family Law Act 1996 (FLA)�� 2.3, 13.6.1.1
s 69�� 14.8.2 s 33�� 13.6.1.1
s 69(3) �� 14.8.2 s 33(3) �� 13.6.1.1
s 76�� 10.8.1.2 s 42A �� 13.6.1.1
s 77�� 19.11.2 s 47(1) �� 13.6.1.1
Criminal Law Act 1967 s 62(3) �� 13.6.1.1
s 3�� 6.12.5, 10.8.3, 13.7.2 Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 �� 13.6.4
s 3(1) �� 5.6.1, 10.8.3, 15.5.1 s 1(1) �� 13.6.4.1
Table of Legislation xxiii
Finance Act 2014�� 19.3.5 s 3�� 14.7.2

Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 �� 11.4.2.2 s 3(1) �� 14.7.2
s 1(4) �� 13.6.4.1 s 3(2) �� 14.7.2
s 2�� 13.6.4.1 s 4�� 14.7.2
s 3�� 13.6.4.1 Fraud Act 2006 �� 16.9, 21.4
s 3A �� 13.6.4.1 s 1�� 16.5, 16.5.2.1, 16.9, 16.9.6, 16.10
s 4A �� 13.6.4.3 s 2�� 16.9, 16.9.1, 19.3.2
s 5A �� 13.6.4.4 s 2(2) �� 16.9.1
s 5B �� 13.6.4.3 s 2(5) �� 16.9.1
s 44�� 11.4.2.2 s 3�� 16.9, 16.9.2, 19.3.2
s 44(1) �� 11.4.2.2 s 4�� 16.9, 16.9.3
s 44(2) �� 11.4.2.2 s 4(2) �� 16.9.3
s 49�� 10.13.2.1 s 5(3) �� 16.9
Sch 2 �� 13.6.4.4 s 5(4) �� 16.9
Fire Services Act 1947 s 6�� 16.9.4
s 31�� 10.13.2.1 s 7�� 16.9.4
Firearms Act 1968�� 16.4.2, 18.3.4, 18.3.6, s 11�� 16.9.5, 16.9.6, 16.10
18.3.8, 18.9 Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FoI)��2.3, 2.8,
s 1�� 18.3.1, 18.3.2, 18.4, 18.5, 18.5.1, 18.6, 6.1, 6.8, 6.8.3
18.8, 18.9 Further and Higher Education Act 1992
s 1(3)(a) �� 18.5 s 14(5) �� 18.2.4
s 2(1) �� 18.5.1 Greater London Council (General Powers)
s 2(2) �� 18.5.1 Act 1974
s 2(A)�� 15.8.1 s 59�� 19.13
s 3(1) �� 18.3.7 Health Act 2006
s 5�� 18.6, 18.7 s 7�� 14.2.1.7, 14.2.6
s 5(1) �� 18.7 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
s 16A �� 18.3.3 (HSWA)�� 19.1
s 17(2) �� 18.3.3 s 2(2) �� 6.12.1
s 18�� 18.3.4 ss 2–7�� 6.12
s 19�� 18.3.3, 18.8.2, 18.9 s 7(a) �� 6.12.2
s 20(1) �� 18.3.4 s 7(b) �� 6.12.2
s 20(2) �� 18.3.4 Highways Act 1835�� 19.2.1
s 21A �� 18.9 s 5�� 19.2.2
s 21A(1)�� 18.6.1 s 72�� 19.11.3, 19.13
s 21A(2)�� 18.6.1 Highways Act 1980�� 19.1
s 22(1) �� 18.3.6, 18.6.1 s 137�� 10.6.4.2, 19.11.2, 19.13
s 22(4) �� 18.6.1 s 139(1) �� 19.11.2
s 23(1) �� 18.6.1 s 139(2) �� 19.11.2
s 23(1A)�� 18.6.1 s 139(3) �� 19.11.2
s 23(2) �� 18.6.1 s 139(4) �� 19.11.2
s 24�� 18.3.6 s 161�� 19.11.2
s 24(1) �� 18.3.6 s 329�� 19.2.2
s 24(2) �� 18.3.6 s 329(1) �� 19.2.2
s 24(3) �� 18.5 Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA)�� 2.3, 3.5.3.2,
s 24(4) �� 18.6.2 3.10, 5.4, 5.4.1, 5.4.2, 6.8.1,
s 24(5) �� 18.3.6, 18.5, 18.6.2 6.8.2, 7.4, 10.1, 10.6, 10.9.1,
s 24A �� 18.8.1, 18.8.2 11.7.2, 13.4.1.1, 14.3, 23.2.3,
s 24ZA (1)�� 18.6.2 23.3.2.2, 23.3.3, 24.1, 24.3.1,
s 47�� 5.8, 9.4, 9.4.3, 18.3.5 25.2, 26.6.1, 26.6.1.2
s 47(1) �� 18.3.4 Art 1�� 5.4.1
s 47(2) �� 18.3.4 Art 2�� 5.4.1
s 47(3) �� 18.3.5 Art 3�� 5.4, 5.4.1, 15.5, 25.5.1.1
s 47(4) �� 18.3.5 Art 4�� 5.4.1
s 47(5) �� 18.3.5 Art 5�� 5.4.1, 14.3
s 48(1) �� 18.3.2 Art 6�� 5.4.1
s 48(2) �� 18.3.2 Art 7�� 5.4.1
s 57�� 9.4.3.2 Art 8�� 5.4.1
s 57(1) �� 18.3.1 Art 9�� 5.4.1, 14.1
s 57(4) �� 18.4 Art 10�� 5.4.1, 14.1, 14.3
Firearms Act 1982�� 18.8 Art 11�� 5.4.1, 14.1, 14.3
s 1(5) �� 18.8.1 Art 12�� 5.4.1
s 1(6) �� 18.8.1 Art 13�� 5.4.1
Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 Art 14�� 5.4.1
s 1�� 18.7, 18.9 Sch 1, Art 6 �� 24.2.5
Fireworks Act 2003�� 14.9 Hunting Act 2004�� 13.8, 13.8.2, 13.8.2.3
s 11�� 10.13.2.1, 14.9.3 Identity Documents Act 2010�� 16.9.7
Football (Offences) Act 1991�� 14.7, 14.7.2, 14.10 s 4(1) �� 16.9.7
s 2�� 14.7.2 s 6(1) �� 16.9.7
xxiv Table of Legislation
Immigration Act 1971�� 26.6.1.8 Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA)�� 13.2, 13.2.4,
Sch 2 �� 10.6.6 13.2.4.1, 13.2.4.4, 13.6.3
Sch 2, para 18(2)�� 26.6.1.8 s 1(1) �� 13.2.4.1
Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 s 1(2) �� 13.2.4.1
s 141(7) �� 26.6.1.8 s 1(3) �� 13.2.4.1
Intoxicating Substances (Supply) Act 1985 ��12.7 s 1(4) �� 13.2.4.1
Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of s 1(5) �� 13.2.4.1
Offenders Act 2012 s 1(6) �� 13.2.4.1
s 144�� 10.8.1.2, 15.7 s 2(1) �� 13.2.4.2
s 144(1) �� 14.8.4 s 2(2) �� 13.2.4.2
s 144(1)(c) �� 14.8.4 s 2(3) �� 13.2.4.2
s 144(2) �� 14.8.4 s 2(5) �� 13.2.4
s 144(3) �� 14.8.4 s 3�� 13.2.4.2
Licensing Act 1872 s 4�� 13.2.4.3
s 12�� 10.13.2.1 s 5�� 13.2.4, 13.2.4.3
Licensing Act 1902 s 6�� 13.2.4.3
s 2�� 12.2.3 s 44�� 13.2.4.5
Licensing Act 2003�� 12.4, 12.4.3 Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA)�� 13.2, 13.2.3.2,
s 97(1)(a) �� 12.4.3 13.2.3.3, 13.2.4, 13.2.4.5
s 97(1)(b)�� 12.4.3 s 1(3) �� 13.2
s 97(2) �� 12.4.3 s 1(4) �� 13.2
s 108(1) �� 12.4.3 s 5�� 13.2.2.1
s 140(1) �� 12.4, 12.4.1 s 6�� 13.2.3.3
s 141�� 10.13.2.1 s 135�� 13.2.3.1
s 141(1) �� 12.4.2 s 136�� 10.6.6, 13.2.2, 13.2.4, 13.2.4.5
s 142(1) �� 12.4.2 s 136(2) �� 13.2.2.1
s 143(1) �� 12.4.1 s 163�� 13.2.2.1
s 143(4) �� 12.4.1 Mental Health Act 2007�� 3.8.2
s 146(1) �� 10.13.2.1, 12.4.4 Misuse of Drugs Act 1971�� 9.7, 12.5.1
s 146(3) �� 10.13.2.1 s 2(1)(a)(ii)�� 12.5.1
s 147(1) �� 12.4.4 s 3(1) �� 12.6.5
s 147A �� 12.4.4 s 4(2) �� 12.6.1
s 149(3) �� 10.13.2.1 s 4(3) �� 12.6.2, 12.6.3
s 149(4) �� 10.13.2.1 ss 4–6�� 12.6
s 150(1) �� 10.13.2.1 s 4A �� 12.6.2
s 150(2) �� 10.13.2.1 s 5�� 12.5.6
s 151�� 10.13.2.1 s 5(1) �� 19.9.3.2
s 180(1) �� 12.4.3 s 5(2) �� 10.13.2.1, 12.5, 12.5.2
s 180(2) �� 12.4.3 s 5(3) �� 12.6.3
s 191(1) �� 12.2 s 5(4) �� 12.5.6
s 193�� 12.4.3 s 6(2) �� 12.6.1
Local Government Act 1972 s 7�� 12.5.4
s 235�� 12.2.4 s 8�� 12.6.4
Magistrates’ Court Act 1980 s 23�� 5.8, 9.4.1.1, 9.4.1.2, 9.4.3, 9.4.3.1,
s 22�� 16.8.2.1, 20.2 12.5.2, 12.5.6, 12.6.5, 12.8
ss 22–22A�� 5.5.1 s 23(2) �� 12.5
s 22A �� 16.2 s 23(3) �� 12.5.6
s 32�� 5.5.1 s 23(4) �� 9.4.3.1
s 55(2) �� 10.7 s 28�� 12.5.6, 12.6, 12.6.1, 12.6.2, 12.6.3
s 76(1) �� 10.7 s 28(3)(b)(i) �� 12.5.6
s 76(2) �� 10.7 s 28(3)(b)(ii)�� 12.5.6
s 97�� 10.7 Mobile Telephones (Re-programming) Act 2002
s 125�� 10.7 (MTRA)
s 132�� 5.5.2 s 1�� 21.4
Sch 1 �� 5.5.1 Modern Slavery Act 2015�� 13.5
Malicious Communications Act 1988 Pt 4�� 13.5
s 1�� 14.5.3.1 s 1�� 13.5.1
s 1(1)(a)(i) �� 14.5.3.1 s 1(4)(a) �� 13.5.1
s 1(1)(a)(ii)�� 14.5.3.1 s 1(4)(b)�� 13.5.1
s 1(1)(a)(iii) �� 14.5.3.1 s 2�� 13.5
s 1(1)(b)�� 14.5.3.1 s 5�� 13.5
s 2�� 14.5.3.1 s 14�� 13.5
s 2A(a) �� 14.5.3.1 s 23�� 13.5
s 2A(b)�� 14.5.3.1 s 52�� 13.5.2
s 3�� 14.5.3.1 s 54�� 13.5.1
Malicious Damage Act 1861 Municipal Corporations Act 1835 �� 2.2
s 35�� 11.4.1.2 New Roads and Street Works Act 1980�� 19.1
Medicines Act 1968�� 12.7, 14.7.1.2 Oaths Act 1978�� 27.5.2.2
Table of Legislation xxv
Offences Against the Person Act 1861�� 11.4.1.2, s 17(1)(e) �� 13.2.3.1, 13.7.2, 13.9, 20.1
13.3.2, 15.1, 15.2, 19.8.1.1, 19.8.6 s 17(2) �� 10.8.1.2
s 16�� 15.6 s 17(4) �� 10.8.1.2, 13.7.2
s 18�� 14.10.2, 15.1, 15.3.2, 16.4.1.1 s 18 �� 5.8, 9.1, 9.6, 9.6.1, 9.6.2, 9.7,
s 20�� 14.10.2, 15.1, 15.3, 15.3.2 9.8.3, 10.8.5, 11.2.3.2
s 32�� 11.4.1.2 s 18(1) �� 9.6.2
s 33�� 11.4.1.2 s 18(2) �� 9.6.2
s 34�� 11.4.1.2 s 18(3) �� 9.6
s 35�� 19.8, 19.8.4, 19.8.6 s 18(4) �� 9.6.2
s 38�� 15.1, 15.4, 15.10 s 18(5) �� 9.6.2
s 47�� 8.5.1.2, 14.10.2, 15.1, 15.2.2, 15.10 s 19�� 9.6.1, 9.8.2.1, 11.2.6, 21.5
s 64�� 18.2.6 s 20�� 9.6, 11.2.6, 21.5
Parks Regulation (Amendment) Act 1926 s 22�� 9.6.2, 9.8.2.1, 10.9.1, 11.2.6
s 2(1) �� 10.13.2.1 s 22(4) �� 10.9.1
Parliament Square (Improvements) Act 1949 1.5 s 23�� 9.2
Perjury Act 1911�� 27.5.2.2 s 24 �� 5.6.1, 10.6, 10.6.1, 10.6.3, 10.6.4, 10.10.2,
s 1(1) �� 27.5.2.2 10.13.3.1, 13.2.2, 19.9.2, 19.9.4.4
s 1(2) �� 27.5.2.2 s 24(1)(a) �� 10.6.3
s 1(6) �� 27.5.2.2 s 24(1)(b)�� 10.6.3
s 7(1) �� 27.5.2.2 s 24(1)(c) �� 10.6.3
s 13�� 27.5.2.2 s 24(1)(d)�� 10.6.3
Petroleum (Consolidation) Act 1928�� 12.7 s 24(2) �� 10.6.3
Police Act 1996�� 12.4.3 s 24(3)(a) �� 10.6.3
s 29�� 6.2.1 s 24(5) �� 10.6.4
s 39A(5)�� 6.3 s 24A(2)�� 10.6.5
s 64(1) �� 6.7.1 s 24A(3)(b)�� 10.6.5
s 89�� 15.1, 15.4 s 28�� 10.8.2
s 89(1) �� 15.1, 15.4 s 28(1) �� 10.8.2
s 89(2) �� 15.4 s 28(2) �� 10.8.2, 10.15
Sch 4 �� 6.2.1 s 28(3) �� 10.15
Police and Crime Act 2009 s 30(1) �� 10.8.6
s 30�� 12.3.2 s 30(7) �� 10.8.7
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 s 30(10) �� 10.8.6
(PACE)�� 2.2, 3.10, 5.6, 5.6.1, 6.12.5, s 30A �� 10.13.3.1
10.1, 10.2, 10.3.1, 10.8.3, 10.8.8, s 30A(3A)�� 10.13.3.1
10.10.2, 13.2.2, 24.1, 24.4, 25.1, 25.2, ss 30A–30D �� 10.13.3.1
25.3.1, 25.4.1, 25.5.7.2, 26.5.2.1, s 30D �� 10.13.3.1
26.6.1, 26.6.1.1, 26.6.1.7, 26.6.1.8 s 31�� 10.8.8
s 1�� 5.8, 6.12.4, 8.5.4.2, 9.1, 9.4, s 32�� 5.8, 9.1, 9.6, 9.6.1, 9.7, 10.8.4, 13.2.2
9.4.1.1, 9.4.2, 9.4.2.1, 9.4.2.2, 9.4.2.3, s 32(1) �� 10.8.4
9.4.3, 9.4.3.1, 9.4.3.4, 12.5, 16.5.2.1, s 32(2)(i)�� 10.8.4
16.9.4, 18.2.2, 18.2.3 s 32(2)(ii)�� 10.8.4
s 1(1)(a) �� 9.2 s 32(2)(b)�� 9.6.1, 10.8.5
s 1(1)(b)�� 9.4.2.1 s 32(3) �� 9.6, 10.8.4
s 1(2)(a) �� 9.4.2.2, 20.5 s 32(4) �� 10.8.4
s 1(4) �� 9.4.2.1 s 32(8) �� 9.6
s 1(5)(a) �� 9.4.2.1 s 32(9) �� 9.6
s 1(5)(b)�� 9.4.2.1 s 34(5) �� 10.13.3.2
s 1(6) �� 9.4.2 s 37(2) �� 10.10.3, 10.13.3.2
s 1(9) �� 9.4.2.3, 9.4.3.2 s 37(7)(a) �� 10.13.3.2
s 2�� 9.4.1, 9.4.1.2, 9.4.3.2, 16.5.2, 18.3.5, 20.5 s 37(7)(d)�� 10.13.3.2
s 2(2) �� 9.4.3.1 s 38(1) �� 10.13.1.2
s 2(7) �� 9.4.1.4 s 40A(2)�� 10.10.3
s 3�� 9.4.1.4 s 41(2) �� 10.10.1, 10.10.3
s 3(2)(a) �� 9.4.1.4 s 45A �� 10.10.3
s 3(2)(b)�� 9.4.1.4 s 46A �� 10.6.6
s 4�� 9.4, 9.5 s 46A(1)�� 10.13.3.2
s 4(5) �� 9.5 s 54�� 10.10.5
s 8�� 9.1, 9.7, 11.2.1.3 s 54(3) �� 10.10.5
s 15�� 9.7 s 54(4) �� 10.10.5
s 16�� 9.7, 11.2.3.2 s 54(6) �� 10.10.5
s 17�� 5.8, 11.4.2.1, 13.6.1.3, 13.7.2, 13.8.1.8, s 54(7) �� 10.10.5
13.9, 14.4.3.3, 14.8.4, 15.7, 19.4.1 s 54(9) �� 10.10.5
s 17(1) �� 10.8.1.2 s 55(1) �� 10.10.5
s 17(1)(a) �� 10.7 s 56�� 10.10.4.1, 10.10.4.2
s 17(1)(a)(i) �� 10.7 s 58�� 10.10.4.2
s 17(1)(c)(iiia)�� 19.9.2 s 63B �� 12.6.1
s 17(1)(ca) �� 10.8.1.2 s 64A(1A)�� 10.8.4, 10.13.2.1
xxvi Table of Legislation
s 64A(2)�� 10.8.4, 10.13.2.1 s 1(2) �� 14.5.1, 14.5.1.2

s 73�� 19.3.1.5 s 1(3) �� 14.5.1.2
s 76�� 25.2, 25.5.1.1, 25.5.7.1, 27.5.3.3 ss 1–5�� 14.5.1
s 78�� 10.8.1.2, 13.7.2, 23.2.5, 23.3.2, s 2�� 14.5.1, 14.5.1.2, 14.5.1.5, 14.5.1.6,
25.2, 25.5.1.1, 25.5.7.1 14.5.1.7, 14.10.5
s 78(1) �� 5.6.1 s 2(1) �� 14.5.1.2, 14.5.1.3
s 82�� 25.5.1.1 s 2A �� 14.5.1, 14.5.1.3, 14.5.1.6
s 117�� 6.12.5, 9.4.1.3, 9.8.2.1, s 2A(2)(a)�� 14.5.1.3
10.8.3, 13.7.2, 15.5.1 s 2A(2)(c)�� 14.5.1.3
Police and Justice Act 2006�� 21.4.1 s 3�� 14.5.1.4, 14.11
Police (Health and Safety) Act 1997�� 6.12 s 3(1) �� 14.1, 14.5.1.4
Police Reform Act 2002�� 3.9.1.3, 11.2.3.2 s 3(6) �� 14.5.1
s 38�� 11.2.3.2 s 4 �� 14.5.1, 14.5.1.5, 14.5.1.6,
s 50(1) �� 14.11 14.5.1.7, 14.10.5
s 50(2) �� 14.11 s 4A �� 14.5.1, 14.5.1.6
s 59�� 19.10 s 4A(1)�� 14.5.1.6
s 59(6) �� 19.10 s 4A(1)(a)�� 14.5.1.6
s 83�� 6.2.1 s 4A(1)(b)(i)�� 14.5.1.6
Sch 3 �� 6.6.5 s 4A(1)(b)(ii)�� 14.5.1.6
Sch 4, Pt 1 �� 11.4.2.1 s 4A(2)�� 14.5.1.6
Police Reform and Social Responsibility s 4A(3)�� 14.5.1.6
Act 2011�� 1.3.2, 1.5, 2.3, 2.5.1.1, 2.5.2 s 4A(4)�� 14.5.1.6
Pt 3�� 1.5 s 4A(7)�� 14.5.1.6
s 142�� 1.5 s 5�� 14.5.1.7
s 142(2) �� 1.5 s 5(1) �� 14.5.1.7
ss 142–147�� 1.5 s 5(5) �� 14.5.1, 14.5.1.7
Policing and Crime Act 2009�� 17.5.1 s 5A �� 14.5.1.7
s 14�� 5.3.2 s 7(2) �� 14.5.1
s 34�� 15.8.1 s 7(3)(a) �� 14.5.1.1
s 34(3) �� 14.2.1.9, 14.2.8, 15.8.1.1 s 7(3)(b)�� 14.5.1.1
s 34(5) �� 14.2.8, 15.8 s 7(3A)�� 14.5.1.1, 14.5.1.2, 14.5.1.3
s 43(2) �� 14.2.1.9, 14.2.8 s 7(5) �� 14.5.1
Prevention of Crime Act 1953 �� 18.2.1, 18.2.3 Protection of Children Act 1978�� 21.1
s 1(1) �� 18.2.2 s 1�� 17.4.2, 17.4.2.2
s 1(4) �� 18.2.1 s 1(2) �� 17.4.2.2
s 1A �� 18.2.5 s 1(4) �� 17.4.2.2
s 10�� 18.2.5 s 7(2) �� 17.4.2.2
Prison Act 1952 s 7(6) �� 17.4.2.2
s 49�� 10.6.6 s 7(7) �� 17.4.2.2
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (POCA)�� 2.3, 4.7, Protection of Freedoms Act 2012�� 5.6.1, 19.11.1
16.5, 16.5.2, 16.10, 23.4 ss 29–35�� 23.3.1
s 289(1) �� 16.5.2 s 37�� 23.2
s 289(2) �� 16.5.2 s 38�� 23.2
s 289(3) �� 9.4.3, 16.5.2 s 54(1) �� 19.11.1
s 304(1) �� 16.5.2 s 54(1)(a) �� 19.11.1
s 327�� 16.5.2.1 s 54(1)(b)�� 19.11.1
s 327(1) �� 16.5.2, 16.5.2.1 s 54(2) �� 19.11.1
s 327(2) �� 16.5.2.1 s 54(3) �� 19.11.1
s 327(2)A�� 16.5.2.1 s 54(4) �� 19.11.1
s 328�� 16.5.2.1 Protection of Military Remains
s 328(1) �� 16.5.2, 16.5.2.1, 16.10 Act 1986�� 20.6.1.2
s 329�� 16.5.2.1 Protection of Wrecks Act 1973�� 20.6.1.2
s 329(1) �� 16.5.2, 16.5.2.1 Public Order Act 1936
s 340(2) �� 16.5.2 s 1�� 10.8.1.2
s 340(3) �� 16.5.2 Public Order Act 1986�� 14.4, 14.4.1, 14.4.4,
s 340(9) �� 16.5.2 14.4.5, 14.10
Prosecution of Offences Act 1985�� 27.2 s 1�� 14.4, 14.4.4
s 3(2)(c) �� 14.3.3 s 1(1) �� 14.4.4.2
Protection from Harassment Act 1997�� 14.4.2, ss 1–3�� 14.4.4
14.5.1 s 2�� 14.4, 14.4.4, 14.4.4.2
s 1�� 14.5.1.5 s 2(2) �� 14.4.4.2
s 1(1) �� 14.5.1.1 s 3�� 14.4, 14.4.4, 14.4.4.1
s 1(1)(a) �� 14.5.1.1, 14.5.1.3 s 3(1) �� 14.4.4.1
s 1(1)(b)�� 14.5.1.1 s 3(2) �� 14.4.4.1
s 1(1A)(a)�� 14.5.1.1, 14.5.1.2, 14.5.1.3 s 3(3) �� 14.4.4.1
s 1(1A)(b)�� 14.5.1.1, 14.5.1.2 s 3(4) �� 14.4.4.1
s 1(1A)(c)(i) �� 14.5.1.2 s 4�� 8.5.1.2, 10.8.1.2, 14.4, 14.4.2, 14.4.3,
s 1(1A)(c)(ii)�� 14.5.1.2 14.4.3.3, 14.10.4, 15.6, 20.4
Table of Legislation xxvii
s 4A �� 14.4, 14.4.1, 14.4.2, 14.4.3, 14.4.3.2, s 4�� 10.8.1.2, 19.2.2, 19.8.5, 19.9,
14.4.3.3, 14.10.4 19.9.1, 19.9.2, 19.9.3.1, 19.9.4.1,
s 4A(3)(a)�� 14.4.3.2 19.9.4.2, 19.9.4.3, 19.9.4.4,
s 4A(3)(b)�� 14.4.3.2 19.9.5, 19.9.5.1, 19.9.5.2
s 5�� 10.6.6, 10.13.2.1, 14.4, s 4(1) �� 19.9.2
14.4.2, 14.4.3, 14.4.3.1, 14.4.3.3, s 4(2) �� 19.9.1, 19.9.2
14.10.1, 14.10.4, 17.9 s 5�� 12.2.1, 19.2.2,
s 5(3) �� 14.4.3.1 19.8.5, 19.9, 19.9.1, 19.9.3, 19.9.3.1,
s 6(2) �� 14.4.4.1, 14.4.4.2 19.9.3.2, 19.9.5, 19.9.5.2
s 6(5) �� 14.4.1 s 5(1)(b)�� 10.3.1, 19.9.1, 19.9.4.2
s 8�� 9.2, 14.4.4 s 5A �� 19.2.2, 19.8.5, 19.9, 19.9.1,
s 17�� 14.4.5 19.9.2, 19.9.3, 19.9.3.1, 19.9.3.2,
s 18�� 14.4.5 19.9.4.3, 19.9.4.4, 19.9.5, 19.9.5.2
s 19�� 14.4.5 s 5A(1)(a)�� 19.9.3.1
s 20�� 14.4.5 s 5A(1)(b)�� 19.9.1, 19.9.3.1
s 21�� 14.4.5 s 5A(3)(a)�� 19.9.3.2
s 22�� 14.4.5 s 5A(3)(b)�� 19.9.3.2
s 23�� 14.4.5 s 5A(3)(c)�� 19.9.3.2
s 29A �� 14.4.5 s 5A(4)(a)�� 19.9.3.2
s 29AB �� 14.4.5 s 5A(4)(b)�� 19.9.3.2
s 29B �� 14.4.5 s 6�� 19.9.4.4
s 29C �� 14.4.5 s 6(6) �� 19.9.4.4, 19.9.6.1
s 29D �� 14.4.5 s 6A �� 19.9.4
s 29E�� 14.4.5 s 6B �� 19.9.4
s 29F�� 14.4.5 s 6C �� 19.9.4
s 29G�� 14.4.5 s 6D �� 10.6.6
Public Passenger Vehicles Act 1981 �� 19.9.5.3 s 6D(1)�� 19.9.4.2
Public Stores Act 1875 s 6D(2)��
s 6�� 9.4.3 s 6D(3)�� 19.9.4.2, 19.9.6.1
Railway Regulation Act 1840 s 6E�� 19.9.4
s 16�� 11.4.1.1 s 7�� 19.8.5
Railway Regulation Act 1842 s 7(2) �� 19.9.5.1
s 17�� 11.4.1.2 s 7(3) �� 19.9.5, 19.9.5.2
Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 s 7(6) �� 19.9.5.1, 19.9.5.2, 19.9.6.1
s 24�� 6.2.1 s 7(7) �� 19.9.5.1, 19.9.6.1
Regulation of Investigatory Powers s 7A(3)�� 19.9.6.1
Act 2000 (RIPA)�� 2.3, 23.1.1, s 7A(4)�� 19.9.6.1
23.2.1, 23.2.3, 23.3, s 7A(6)�� 19.8.5, 19.9.6.1
23.3.2, 23.3.3, 24.1 s 8(1) �� 19.9.5.1
Pt II �� 23.3.2 s 9�� 19.9.6
s 21�� 23.3.3 s 9(1) �� 19.9.6.1
s 26(2) �� 23.3.2 s 9(1A)�� 19.9.6.1
s 26(3) �� 23.3.2 s 11(2) �� 19.9.5.1
s 26(8) �� 23.2.1 s 11(3) �� 19.9.5.1
s 26(9) �� 23.3.2 s 13A �� 19.8.3
s 26(9)(b)–(c)�� 23.2.1 s 14�� 19.5.3.5, 19.13
s 28(4)(a) �� 23.3.2 s 15�� 19.5.3.5
s 28(4)(b)�� 23.3.2 s 15(2) �� 19.13
s 28(5) �� 23.3.2 s 15(4) �� 19.13
s 48(1) �� 23.3.2 s 15A �� 19.5.3.5
Sch 1 �� 23.3.1 s 15B �� 19.5.3.5
Regulation of Railways Act 1868 �� 11.4.1.1 s 16�� 19.5.3.4, 19.13
s 23�� 11.4.1.1 s 19�� 19.13
Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 s 22�� 19.11.2, 19.12
s 1�� 18.2.7 s 22A �� 19.11.2, 19.13
Road Traffic Act 1988 �� 2.3, 8.5.4.2, s 23�� 19.13
10.3, 19.2.2, 19.4.3, 19.5, s 24�� 19.13
19.7.2, 19.8, 19.8.4, 19.8.5, 19.9 s 26(1) �� 19.11.2
s 1�� 19.2.2, 19.8, 19.8.5 s 28�� 19.4.2.2
s 1A �� 19.8, 19.8.6 s 28(1) �� 19.8.4
s 2�� 19.4.2.2, 19.8, 19.8.1 s 29�� 19.4.2.2, 19.8, 19.8.4
s 2A(1)�� 19.8.1 s 34�� 19.8, 19.8.8, 19.10
s 2A(2)�� 19.8.1 s 35�� 11.4.2.1, 19.13
s 2B �� 19.2.2., 19.8, 19.8.5 s 36�� 19.6.3, 19.13
s 3�� 19.4.2.2, 19.8, 19.8.2, 19.8.3, 19.10 s 36(1) �� 19.6.3
s 3A �� 19.2.2, 19.8, 19.8.5, 19.9.5, 19.9.5.1 s 37�� 11.4.2.1
s 3ZA(2)�� 19.8.2 s 40A �� 19.5.3, 19.13
s 3ZB �� 19.2.2, 19.8, 19.8.5 s 41�� 5.2
xxviii Table of Legislation
s 41A �� 19.13 Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984�� 19.9.5.3,

s 41B �� 19.13 19.6.1.2
s 42�� 19.5.3.3, 19.13 s 5(1) �� 19.13
s 47�� 19.3.4 s 8(1) �� 19.13
s 47(2) �� 19.3.4 s 11�� 19.13
s 47(3) �� 19.3.4 s 13�� 19.13
s 67�� 19.5 s 16(1) �� 19.13
s 87(1) �� 19.3.1, 19.3.1.4, 19.8.5, 19.13 s 17(4) �� 10.6.4.2, 19.13
s 87(2) �� 19.3.1 s 18(3) �� 19.13
s 99(5) �� 19.3.1 s 20(5) �� 19.13
s 103(1) �� 19.3.1.5 s 25(5) �� 19.13
s 103(1)(a) �� 19.3.1.5 s 28�� 19.6.4
s 103(1)(b)�� 19.3.1.5, 19.8.5 s 28(2) �� 19.6.4
s 108�� 19.2.1 s 28(3) �� 19.6.4
s 143�� 19.8.5 s 29(3) �� 19.13
s 143(1) �� 19.2.2, 19.3.2 s 35A(1)�� 19.13
s 143(2) �� 19.3.2 s 47(1) �� 19.13
s 143(3) �� 19.3.2.1 s 53(5) �� 19.13
s 144A �� 19.3.2.1 s 53(6) �� 19.13
s 145(3)(a) �� 19.3.2 s 88(7) �� 19.13
s 147�� 19.3.2 s 89(1) �� 19.8.7, 19.12.5, 19.12.6, 19.13
s 163�� 9.5, 10.8.1.2, 11.4.2.1, Sale of Goods Act 1979
16.10, 19.4.1, 19.13 s 14�� 5.3.2
s 164(1) �� 19.4.2.1 Serious Crime Act 2007�� 22.4
s 164(1)(d)�� 19.4.2.1 s 44�� 22.4.1, 22.4.2, 22.4.3
s 164(2) �� 19.4.2.2 s 45�� 22.4.2, 22.4.3
s 164(4A)�� 19.4.2.1 s 46�� 22.4.2, 22.4.3
s 164(6) �� 19.4.2.3 s 50�� 22.4.3
s 165(1) �� 19.4.2.1, 19.4.2.2 s 51�� 22.4
s 165(2A)�� 19.4.2.3 Serious Crime Act 2015�� 13.6.1, 13.6.4.4
s 165(3) �� 19.4.2.3 Serious Organised Crime and Police
s 165A �� 19.3.2, 19.3.2.1, 19.4.3 Act 2005 (SOCPA) ��2.3, 23.2.4,
s 165A(6)�� 19.4.3 24.1, 24.2.4.1, 24.4
s 168�� 19.4.2.2 s 71�� 24.2.4.1
s 170�� 19.2.2, 19.7.2, 19.7.2.1, 19.7.2.2 s 72�� 24.2.4.1
s 170(1) �� 19.7.2.1 Sexual Offences Act 1956�� 17.1
s 170(2) �� 19.7.2.2 s 33A �� 13.5.1
s 170(3) �� 19.7.2.2 Sexual Offences Act 2003�� 13.3.2, 17.1, 17.6.2
s 170(4) �� 19.7.2.2 Pt 1�� 13.5.1
s 170(5) �� 19.7.2.2 Pt 2�� 3.3.1, 17.8
s 170(6) �� 19.7.2.2 s 1�� 17.6, 17.6.3, 17.7.1, 17.7.1.1, 17.7.6.1
s 170(7) �� 19.7.2.2 s 1(1)(a) �� 13.5.1
s 172�� 19.13 s 1(2) �� 17.6.2
s 172(2) �� 19.12.5 ss 1–4�� 17.7, 17.7.2
s 172(3) �� 19.12.5 s 2�� 17.6, 17.6.4
s 185�� 19.2.1 s 3�� 17.6, 17.6.5
s 191�� 19.2.1 s 4�� 17.6
s 192�� 19.2.2 s 4(1) �� 17.6.6
Road Traffic (New Drivers) s 4(4) �� 17.6.6
Act 1995�� 19.3.1.6 s 5�� 17.7.1, 17.7.1.1
s 2(1)(b)�� 19.3.1.6 ss 5–8�� 17.7
s 2(1)(d)�� 19.3.1.6 s 6�� 17.7.1.1, 17.7.2, 17.7.3
s 7�� 19.3.1.6 s 7�� 17.7.2, 17.7.2.1, 17.7.3
Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988�� 19.6.1.2, s 7(1) �� 17.7.2
19.6.2, 19.9.5.3 s 8�� 17.7, 17.7.4
Pt III�� 19.12.4 s 8(1) �� 17.7.4
s 1(1) �� 19.12.5 s 8(2) �� 17.7.4
s 1(1)(a) �� 19.12.5 s 9�� 17.7.3
s 1(1)(b)�� 19.12.5 s 9(1) �� 17.7.3, 17.9
s 1(1)(c) �� 19.12.5 s 9(2) �� 17.7.3
s 2(2) �� 19.12.5 ss 9–12�� 17.7, 17.7.1, 17.7.3
s 15(2) �� 19.9.5.3 s 10�� 17.7.4
s 40A �� 19.5.3 s 10(1) �� 17.7.4
s 54�� 19.12.4, 19.12.4.2 s 10(2) �� 17.7.4
s 62(1) �� 19.12.4.1 s 11�� 17.7.5
s 75�� 19.12.4.3 s 12�� 17.7.5
Sch 1 �� 19.12.5 s 13�� 17.7
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Fig. 21), the vine (Fig. 47), and the tall reeds and grasses of the
marsh (Fig. 119) are also imitated.[249]
Fig. 119.—Marsh vegetation; from Layard.

We feel that the sculptor wished to reproduce all those
subordinate features of nature by which his eye was amused on the
Assyrian plains; he seems almost to have taken photographs from
nature, and then to have transferred them to the palace walls by the
aid of his patient chisel. Look, for instance, at the reliefs in which the
process of building Sennacherib’s palace is narrated. The sculptor is
not content with retracing, in a spirit of uncompromising reality, all
the operations implied by so great an undertaking; he gives
backgrounds to his pictures in which he introduces, on a smaller
scale, many details that have nothing to do with the main subject of
the relief. Thus we find a passage in which men are shown carting
timber, and another in which they are dragging a winged bull, both
surmounted by a grove of cypresses, while still higher on the slab,
and, therefore, in the intention of the sculptor, on a more distant
horizon, we see a river, upon which boatmen propel their clumsy
vessels, and fishermen, astride on inflated skins, drift with the
stream, while fishes nibble at their baited lines.[250]
Neither boatmen nor fishermen have anything to do with the
building of the great edifice that occupies so many minds and arms
within a stone’s throw of where they labour. They are introduced
merely to amuse the eye of the spectator by the faithful
representation of life; a passage of what we call genre has crept into
an historical picture. Elsewhere it is landscape proper that is thus
introduced. One of the slabs of this same series ends in a row of
precipitous heights covered with cypresses, vines, fig and
pomegranate trees, and a sort of dwarf palm or chamærops.[251]
They thought no doubt that the spectators of such pictures would
be delighted to have the shadowy freshness of the orchards that
bordered the Tigris, the variety of their foliage and the abundant fruit
under which their branches bent to the ground, thus recalled to their
minds. The group of houses that we have figured for the sake of their
domed roofs, forms a part of one of these landscape backgrounds
(Vol. I. Fig. 43).[252]
We might multiply examples if we chose. There is hardly a relief
from Sennacherib’s palace in which some of those details which
excite curiosity by their anecdotic and picturesque character are not
introduced.[253] We find evidence of the same propensity in the
decoration of the long, inclined passage that led from the summit of
the mound down to the banks of the Tigris. There the sculptor has
represented what must have actually taken place in the passage
every day; on the one hand grooms leading their horses to water, on
the other servants carrying up meat, fruit, and drink for the service of
the royal table and for the army of officers and dependants of every
kind that found lodging in the palace.[254]
This active desire to imitate reality as faithfully as possible had
another consequence. It led to the multiplication of figures, and
therefore to the diminution of their scale. No figures like those that
occupy the whole heights of the slabs at Nimroud and Khorsabad
have been found in the palace of Sennacherib. In the latter a slab is
sometimes cut up into seven or eight horizontal divisions.[255] The
same landscape, the same people, the same action is continued
from one division to another over the whole side of a room. The
subjects were not apportioned by slabs, but by horizontal bands;
whence we may conclude that the limestone or alabaster was
chiselled in place and not in the sculptor’s studio.
We have not engraved one of these reliefs in its entirety; with its
half-dozen compartments one above another and its hundred or
hundred and fifty figures, it would have been necessary to reduce
the latter to such a degree that they could only be seen properly with
a magnifying glass. The originals themselves, or the large plates
given by Layard in his Monuments, must be consulted before the
dangers of this mode of proceeding can be appreciated. The
confusion to which we have pointed as one of the cardinal defects of
Assyrian sculpture, is nowhere more conspicuous than in the battle
pictures from Sennacherib’s palace. It is, however, only to be found
in the historical subjects. When the sculptor has to deal with religious
scenes he returns to the simplicity of composition and the dignity of
pose that we noticed in the reliefs of Assurnazirpal.
This may be seen in the figures carved on the rock of Bavian by
the orders of Sennacherib. The village which has given its name to
this monument lies about five and thirty miles north-north-east of
Mossoul, at the foot of the first Kurdistan hills and at the mouth of a
narrow and picturesque valley, through which flows the rapid and
noisy Gomel on its way to the ancient Bumados, the modern Ghazir,
which in its turn flows southwards into the Zab.
The sculptures consist of several separate groups cut on one of
the lofty walls of the ravine. Some are accompanied by inscriptions,
but the latter speak of canals cut by the king for the irrigation of his
country and of military expeditions, and do not explain why such
elaborate sculptures should have been carried out in a solitary
gorge, through which no important road can ever have passed.[256]
The valley, which is very narrow, is a cul-de-sac. May we
suppose that during the summer heats the king set up his tent in it
and passed his time in hunting? According to Layard’s description
the scene is charming and picturesque. “The place, from its
picturesque beauty and its cool refreshing shade even in the hottest
day of summer, is a grateful retreat, well suited to devotion and to
holy rites. The brawling stream almost fills the bed of the narrow
ravine with its clear and limpid waters. The beetling cliffs rise
abruptly on each side and above them tower the wooded declivities
of the Kurdish hills. As the valley opens into the plain the sides of the
limestone mountains are broken into a series of distinct strata, and
resemble a vast flight of steps leading up to the high lands of central
Asia. The banks of the torrent are clothed with shrubs and dwarf
trees, among which are the green myrtle and the gay oleander
bending under the weight of its rosy blossoms.”[257] Such a gorge
left no room for a palace and its mound,[258] but a subterranean
temple may have been cut in the limestone rock for one of the great
Assyrian deities, and its entrance may now be hidden, or even its
chambers filled up and obliterated, by landslips and falling rocks, and
two huge masses of stone that now obstruct the flow of the torrent
may be fragments from its decoration. They bear the figures of two
winged bulls, standing back to back and separated by the genius
who is called the lion-strangler.[259]
Fig. 120.—The great bas-relief at Bavian; from Layard.
The principal relief fills up a frame 30 feet 4 inches wide and 29
feet high (see Fig. 120). The bed has been cut away by the chisel to
a depth of about 8 inches. Sheltered by the raised edge thus left
standing the figures would have been in excellent condition but for
the unhappy idea that struck some one in later years, of opening
chambers in the rock at the back and cutting entrances to them
actually through the figures. These hypogea do not seem to have
been tombs. They contain no receptacles for bodies, but only
benches. They were, in all probability, cells for Christian hermits, cut
at the time when monastic life was first developed and placed where
we see them with the idea of at once desecrating pagan idols and
sanctifying a site which they had polluted. In Phrygia and
Cappadocia we found many rock-cut chambers in which evidence of
the presence of these pious hermits was still to be gathered. In
some, for instance, we found the remains of religious paintings. As
examples we may mention the royal tombs of Amasia, which were
thus converted into oratories.[260]
The composition contains four figures. Two in the middle face
each other and seem to be supported by animals resembling dogs in
their general outlines. They are crowned with tiaras, cylindrical in
shape and surrounded with horns. One of these figures has its right
hand raised and its left lowered; his companion’s gesture is the
same, but reversed. The general attitudes, too, are similar, but the
head of one figure has disappeared, so that we can not tell whether
it was bearded like its companion or not. They each carry a sceptre
ending in a palmette and with a ring attached to it at about the
middle of the staff. In the centre of this ring a small standing figure
may be distinguished. Behind each of these two chief personages,
and near the frame of the relief, two subordinate figures appear. In
attitude and costume they are the repetition of each other. Their right
hands are raised in worship, while in their left they hold short, ball-
headed sceptres.
The two figures in the centre must represent gods. The king is
never placed on the backs of living animals in this singular fashion;
but we can understand how, by an easily-followed sequence of
ideas, such a method of suggesting the omnipotence of the deity
was arrived at. Neither did the kings of the period we are considering
wear this cylindrical tiara. In the palaces of the Sargonids it is
reserved for the winged bulls. It is larger than the royal tiara, from
which it is also distinguished by its embracing horns. Finally, the
ringed sceptre is identical with the one held by Samas, in the
Sippara tablet (Vol. I. Fig. 71). No one will hesitate as to the real
character of these two personages; the only point doubtful is as to
whether the one on the left is a god or a goddess. The mantle worn
by the right hand figure is wanting; but the question cannot be
decided, because the head has been completely destroyed. In any
case, the difference of costume proves that two separate deities,
between whom there was some relation that escapes our grasp,
were here represented.
As for the two figures placed behind the gods, they would have
been quite similar had they been in equally good condition. They
represent Sennacherib himself, with the head-dress and robes that
he wears in the sculptures of his palace at Nineveh. He caused his
image to be carved on both sides of the relief, not for the sake of
symmetry, but in order to show that his worship was addressed no
less to one than the other of the two deities.
This rock-cut picture is not the only evidence of Sennacherib’s
desire to leave a tangible witness of his piety and glory in this narrow
valley. In another frame we find some more colossal figures, only
one of which is fairly well preserved; it is that of a cavalier who, with
his lance at rest, seems to be in act to charge an enemy. His attitude
and movement recall those of a mediæval knight at a tournament.
[261]
Layard counted eleven smaller reliefs sprinkled over the face of

the rock. Some are easily accessible, while others are situated so
high up that they can hardly be distinguished from below. Each of
these has an arched top like that of the royal steles (see Fig. 116)
and incloses a figure of the king about five feet six inches high.
Above his head symbols like those on the Babylonian landmarks
(see Figs. 43 and 111) and the Assyrian steles (Fig. 116) are
introduced.[262] Three of these reliefs had inscriptions, and to copy
them Layard caused himself to be let down by ropes from the top of
the cliff, the ropes being held by Kurds who could hardly have had
much experience of such employment. The illustration we have
borrowed from his pages shows the adventurous explorer swinging
between sky and earth (Fig. 120).
As a last example of these works cut in the rock, we may here
mention a fountain that was cleared and for the moment restored to
its original state by Mr. Layard (Fig. 121). By means of conduits cut
in the living rock, they had managed to lead the water of the stream
to a series of basins cut one below the other. The sketch we
reproduce shows the lowest basin, which is close to the path. The
face of the rock above it is smoothed and carved into a not inelegant
relief. The water seems to pour from the neck of a large vase, seen
in greatly foreshortened perspective. Two lions, symmetrically
arranged, lean with their fore-feet upon the edge of the vase.[263]
The work is interesting, as it is the only thing left to show how the
Assyrians decorated a fountain.
Fig. 121.—Fountain; from Layard.

The Assyrians thus found, in the very neighbourhood of their
capital, great surfaces of rock almost smooth and irresistibly inviting
to the chisel. Their unceasing expeditions led them into countries
where, on every hand, they were tempted by similar facilities for
wedding the likenesses of their princes to the very substance of the
soil, for confiding the record of their victories to those walls of living
rock that would seem, to them, unassailable by time or weather.
Their confidence was often misplaced. In some places the water has
poured down the face of the rock and worn away the figures; in
others, landslips have carried the cliff and its sculptures bodily into
the valley. In some instances, no doubt, the accumulations cover
figures still in excellent condition, but several of these fallen
sculptures have already been cleared.
Fig. 122.—Assyrian bas-relief in the Nahr-el-Kelb.
Drawn by P. Sellier.
We have already spoken of the bas-relief of Korkhar;[264] it is

about three hundred miles from Nineveh, but the Assyrian
conquerors left traces of their passage even farther from the capital
than that, in the famous pass of the Lycos, for instance, near modern
Beyrout, and now called Nahr-el-Kelb, or river of the dog. A rock-cut
road passes through it, which has been followed from the remotest
times by armies advancing from the north upon Egypt, or from the
latter country towards Damascus and the fords of the Euphrates.
Following the Pharaohs of the nineteenth dynasty, Esarhaddon
caused his own image and royal titles to be cut in this defile; they
may still be seen there, on rocks whose feet stand in the bed of the
torrent (Fig. 122).[265]
Without going so far as northern Syria we might find, if we may
believe the natives of the country, plenty of sculptures in the valleys
that open upon the Assyrian plain if they were carefully explored.
Near Ghunduk, a village about forty-five miles north-west of
Mossoul, Layard noticed two reliefs of the kind, one representing a
hunt, the other a religious sacrifice.[266] But after Bavian the most
important of all these remains yet discovered is that at Malthaï. This
village is about seventy-five miles north of Mossoul, in a valley
forming one of the natural gateways of Kurdistan. The road by which
the traveller reaches Armenia and Lake Van runs through the valley.
[267] There, in the fertile stretch of country that lies between two
spurs standing out from the main chain, stands a tell, or mound,
which seems to have been raised by the hand of man. Place opened
trenches in it without result, but he himself confesses that his
explorations were not carried far enough, and, the beauty of the site
and other things being considered, he persists in believing that the
kings of Assyria must have had a palace, or at least a country lodge,
in the valley. However this may be, the bas-reliefs, of which Place
was the first to make an exact copy, suffice to prove that this site
attracted particular attention from the Assyrians (see Fig. 123). They
are to be found on the mountain side, at about two-thirds of its total
height, or some thousand feet above the level of the valley. In former
days they must have been inaccessible without artificial aids. It is
only by successive falls of rock that the rough zig-zag path by which
we can now approach them has been formed. The figures, larger
than nature, are arranged in a long row and in a single plane. Place
was obliged, by the size and shape of his page, to give them in two
instalments in the plate of which our Fig. 123 is a copy. In the
absence of a protecting edge they have suffered more than the
figures at Bavian. They have, indeed, a slight projection or cornice
above, but its salience is hardly greater than that of the figures
themselves.
Fig. 123.—The bas-reliefs of Malthaï; from Place. About one forty-fifth of actual
size.
The composition contains three groups, or rather one group
repeated three times without sensible differences. The middle group,
which is divided between the upper and lower parts in our woodcut,
has been more seriously injured by the weather than those on each
side of it; three of its figures have almost disappeared. The first
group to the right in the upper division has part of its surface cut
away by a door giving access to a rock-cut chamber behind the
relief, like those at Bavian. It is, then, in the left-hand group that the
subject and treatment can now be most clearly grasped.
In the first place, we may see at a glance that the theme is
practically the same as at Bavian; it is a king adoring the great
national gods. But the latter are now seven in number instead of two;
instead of being face to face they are all turned in one direction,
towards the king; but the latter is none the less repeated behind
each group. There are some other differences. Among the animals
who serve to raise the gods above the level of mere humanity we
may distinguish the dog, the lion, the horse, and the winged bull. The
gods are in the same attitude as at Bavian; their insignia are the
same, those sceptres with a ring in the middle, which we never find
except in the hands of deities. The sixth in the row also grasps the
triple-pointed object that we have already recognised as the
prototype of the Greek thunderbolt.[268] Finally, each god has the
short Assyrian sword upon his thigh. To this there is one exception,
in the second figure of each group. This figure is seated upon a
richly-decorated throne, and has no beard, so that we may look upon
it as representing a goddess. The last of the seven deities is also
beardless, and, in spite of the sword and the standing attitude, may
also be taken to represent a goddess. The tiaras, which are like
those of Bavian in shape, each bear a star, the Assyrian ideogram
for God.[269]
There is no inscription, but both Place and Layard agree that the
proportions of the figures, and their execution, and the costume of
the king, declare the work to have been carried out in the time of the
Sargonids, probably under Sennacherib, but if not, during the reign
either of his father, his son, or his grandson.
We have been led to give a reproduction and detailed description
of these reliefs, chiefly because they acted as a school for the
people about them. We find this habit of cutting great sculpturesque
compositions on cliff-faces followed, on the one hand by the natives
of Iran, on the other by those of Cappadocia, and in the works they
produced there are points of likeness to the Assyrian reliefs that can
by no means be accidental. When the proper time comes we shall,
we believe, be able to show that there was direct and deliberate
imitation.
It was not only on these rock-cut sculptures that the gods

appeared thus perched on the backs of animals; the motive was
carried far afield by small and easily-portable objects, on which it
very often occurs. It is to be found on many of the cylinders; we
reproduce two as examples. Each of these shows us an individual in
an attitude of worship before a god standing on a bull’s back. The
main difference between the two is one of style. The cylinder
engraved in Fig. 124 dates from the early Chaldæan monarchy,
while its companion (Fig. 125) is ascribed by M. Ménant to the
Assyrian dynasty of Calah.[270]
By their simplicity of arrangement and the nudity of their field, the
sculptures of Bavian and Malthaï belong in some sense to the
archaic period, but their figures are designed with that finer sense of
proportion that distinguished Assyrian art from the reign of
Sennacherib onwards. It was, however, in the palaces that the new
tendency towards grace and slenderness chiefly made itself felt. We
have no sculptures to speak of from the time of Esarhaddon, but no
monarch has left us monuments more numerous or in better
preservation than his son Assurbanipal. A visit to London is
necessary, however, for their proper examination, as they have not
yet been made the subject of any such publication as that devoted
by Mr. Layard to remains from the time of Sennacherib and
Assurnazirpal. Some idea of them may be formed, however, from the
numerous fragments figured in these pages (Vol. I., Figs. 5, 27, 28;
below, Figs. 162, 172, 174, 177–180, 188).
Fig. 124.—Chaldæan Cylinder. Hematite.[271]
Fig. 125.—Assyrian Cylinder.[272]
Speaking generally, the sculptors of Assurbanipal were the pupils
of those of Sennacherib, with, perhaps, a larger endowment of taste
and skill. Under them Assyrian art aimed higher than ever before. It
was fascinated by movement, and endeavoured to render its
accidents and unforeseen turns. From this point of view we must
draw particular attention to the pictures representing the campaign of
Assurbanipal against the Elamites. In these the figures are more
numerous and more closely packed than anywhere else, and the
chisel has attacked episodes more complicated and more difficult to
treat. Here, for instance, is a chariot upset upon the battle-field; it is
turned completely over, while the struggling horses pull different
ways, and the occupants are thrown out head foremost. There are
many technical defects and mistakes of drawing, but the attempt is
none the less interesting.
Some of the reliefs show the same confused accumulation of
figures as in the time of Sennacherib. Now and then we find as many
as six horizontal divisions, each from ten to fourteen inches high. But
their height obeys no regular or constant rule. The central division,
with the king in his chariot, is two feet high. No attempt is made to
distinguish planes by varying the size of the figures, to mark the
successive moments of the action by dividing the groups, or to give
prominence to the main incidents; the confusion is unbroken. Here,
as in all the battle pieces, a very singular convention may be noticed.
There are no dead or beaten Assyrians. If we may believe the artist,
the kings of Nineveh won all their battles without losing a man!
The hunting scenes are arranged with more judgment. In certain
respects we might place them in the same class as the great reliefs
from Nimroud. By right of their dignity and breadth, the latter must be
considered the masterpieces of Assyrian sculpture, but these later
works can boast an amount of energy and vitality and a truthfulness
of handling that are worthy of no stinted praise. The master by whom
the conception was thought out abandoned the overloaded
backgrounds that his immediate predecessors had brought into
vogue. He concentrated his attention on the figures, to which he
gave all the value he could. They stand out with singular force
against a field whose unbroken surfaces happily suggest the
immensity of the naked plains on which the hunts took place. We
have already shown how well the distinctive features and
movements of the dog, the lion, and the wild ass are rendered; in our
Fig. 126 we give another example of the same kind. A sentiment of
real interest is stirred in us on behalf of these wild goats with their
young, who run and feed on the steppe while horsemen and beaters
prepare to drive them into the treacherous nets.
Fig. 126.—Wild goats. British Museum. Drawn by Wallet.
Fig. 127.—The feast of Assurbanipal. British Museum. Drawn
by Saint-Elme Gautier.
Elsewhere, on the other hand, the sculptor has furnished the
beds of his reliefs with certain vegetable and floral forms chiselled
with the greatest care. We may give, as an example, the kind of
royal park or garden in which we saw a pair of tame lions (see
above, Fig. 77). Behind the animals, to the right, there is a tree round
which a vine clings and mounts. It is heavy with clusters of ripe fruit,
and even the curling tendrils with which its branches end are not
forgotten. On the left there is a palm tree, or, at least, its trunk.
Between the vine and the palm tall flowering stems rear their heads.
The artist has wished us to understand that fruits, sweet-smelling
flowers, and umbrageous leafage, combined to make these gardens
the most agreeable of retreats for a king fatigued with war against
human enemies or the beasts of the desert. The same intention is
traceable on the famous slab already figured (Vol. I. Figs. 27 and
28), which shows the king and queen at table in one of these royal
gardens. We reproduce the chief group on a larger scale in order
that the beauty of the execution may have a chance of making itself
felt (Fig. 127). Notice the treatment of the vine that bends over the
heads of the royal couple. The heads themselves have suffered, but
all the rest of the plaque is in excellent condition. Notice the pattern
on the royal robes, and the details of the furniture. The latter may be
recognized as truthful renderings of the magnificent chairs and
tables of bronze, inlaid with ivory and lapis-lazuli, of which so many
fragments have been found in the Assyrian palaces. Every detail that
the chisel could render has been faithfully copied. Except in colour
and material, the objects themselves are before us. The fringed
coverlet thrown over the king’s knees, the cushion on which he
leans, the garland thrown over the arm of his couch, the system of
metal uprights and cross pieces of which the queen’s throne, the
king’s bed, and the small table placed between them consist, might
all be restored without difficulty. The chiselled feet of all these objects
resemble fir-cones in shape. In the case of the table they are
connected with its body by lion’s paws. On the lower bar of the
queen’s chair there is a small couchant lion.

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Blackstone’s Handbook for Policing

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Handbook for Policing Students

1 Introducing the Handbook 1

Part II Policing in Context

4 Crime and Criminality 61

4.5 Modelling Crime and Criminality 67

5 The Criminal Justice System in England and Wales 78

Part III Qualifications and Training

6 Roles, Responsibilities, and Support 90

7 Qualification and Professional Development 127

8 Education, Training, and Assessment 138

Part IV General Procedures

9 Stop, Search, and Entry 172

10 Initial Investigation, Arrest, Detention, and Disposal 189

11 Attending Incidents 229

Part V Specific Incidents

12 Alcohol, Drugs, and Substance Abuse 256

12.6 Production and Supply of Controlled Drugs 267

13 Protection from Violence, Abuse, and Neglect 272

14 Policing Public Order, Anti-social Behaviour, and Harassment 308

15 Unlawful Violence Against Persons and Premises 342

16 Theft, Fraud, and Related Offences 356

16.9 Fraud and Bribery Offences 375

17 Sexual Offences 383

18 Weapons Offences 403

19 Road and Traffic Policing 419

20 Damage to Buildings and Other Property 491

22 Attempts, Conspiracy, and Encouraging or Assisting Crime 509

Part VI Investigation and Prosecution

24 Criminal Investigation 534

25 Investigative Interviewing 551

26 Forensic Investigation 569

26.4 Establishing the Time and Date of an Event 574

27 Prosecution and Court Procedures 597

Bibliography and References 613

Baker v Crown Prosecution Service [2009] EWHC 299 (Admin) ����������������������������������������������������13.7.2

Fraser Wood v DPP [2008] EWHC 1056 (Admin) ��������������������������������������������������������������10.8.3, 15.5.1

James v CPS [2009] EWHC 2925 (Admin) �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������14.5.1.1

Marsh v DPP 2015 [2015] EWHC 1022 (Admin) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������15.5

R v Abdullahi (Osmund) Mohammed [2006] EWCA Crim 2060 ��������������������������������������������������17.7.5

R v Shivpuri [1987] AC 1; [1986] 2 All ER 334 ��������������������������������������������������������������������12.6.2, 22.2.1

Seide v Gillette Industries [1980] IRLR 427 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������14.10.5

Talbot v Oxford City Justices, The Times, 15 February 2000 ����������������������������������������������������������16.4.3

Vehicle Inspectorate v Nuttall [1999] 1 WLR 629 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������19.2.4

Whiteside v DPP [2011] EWCA 3471 (Admin) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������19.12.5

European Court of Human Rights

Children and Families Act 2014 s 66ZB(1) �������������������������������������������� 10.13.2.3

s 64A(2)���������������������������������� 10.8.4, 10.13.2.1 s 1(2) ���������������������������������������� 14.5.1, 14.5.1.2

s 41A �������������������������������������������������������� 19.13 Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984����������� 19.9.5.3,

Fig. 119.—Marsh vegetation; from Layard.

Layard counted eleven smaller reliefs sprinkled over the face of

Fig. 121.—Fountain; from Layard.

We have already spoken of the bas-relief of Korkhar;[264] it is

It was not only on these rock-cut sculptures that the gods

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1 Introducing the Handbook 1

4 Crime and Criminality 61

4.5 Modelling Crime and Criminality 67

5 The Criminal Justice System in England and Wales 78

6 Roles, Responsibilities, and Support 90

7 Qualification and Professional Development 127

8 Education, Training, and Assessment 138

9 Stop, Search, and Entry 172

10 Initial Investigation, Arrest, Detention, and Disposal 189

11 Attending Incidents 229

12 Alcohol, Drugs, and Substance Abuse 256

12.6 Production and Supply of Controlled Drugs 267

13 Protection from Violence, Abuse, and Neglect 272

14 Policing Public Order, Anti-social Behaviour, and Harassment 308

15 Unlawful Violence Against Persons and Premises 342

16 Theft, Fraud, and Related Offences 356

16.9 Fraud and Bribery Offences 375

17 Sexual Offences 383

18 Weapons Offences 403

19 Road and Traffic Policing 419

20 Damage to Buildings and Other Property 491

22 Attempts, Conspiracy, and Encouraging or Assisting Crime 509

24 Criminal Investigation 534

25 Investigative Interviewing 551

26 Forensic Investigation 569

26.4 Establishing the Time and Date of an Event 574

27 Prosecution and Court Procedures 597

Bibliography and References 613

Baker v Crown Prosecution Service [2009] EWHC 299 (Admin) ��13.7.2

Fraser Wood v DPP [2008] EWHC 1056 (Admin) ��10.8.3, 15.5.1

James v CPS [2009] EWHC 2925 (Admin) ��14.5.1.1

Marsh v DPP 2015 [2015] EWHC 1022 (Admin) ��15.5

R v Abdullahi (Osmund) Mohammed [2006] EWCA Crim 2060 ��17.7.5

R v Shivpuri [1987] AC 1; [1986] 2 All ER 334 ��12.6.2, 22.2.1

Seide v Gillette Industries [1980] IRLR 427 ��14.10.5

Talbot v Oxford City Justices, The Times, 15 February 2000 ��16.4.3

Vehicle Inspectorate v Nuttall [1999] 1 WLR 629 ��19.2.4

Whiteside v DPP [2011] EWCA 3471 (Admin) ��19.12.5

Children and Families Act 2014 s 66ZB(1) �� 10.13.2.3

s 64A(2)�� 10.8.4, 10.13.2.1 s 1(2) �� 14.5.1, 14.5.1.2

s 41A �� 19.13 Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984�� 19.9.5.3,