Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Textbook Chemical Ecology of Insects Applications and Associations With Plants and Microbes 1St Edition Jun Tabata Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Chemical Ecology of Insects Applications and Associations With Plants and Microbes 1St Edition Jun Tabata Ebook All Chapter PDF
https://textbookfull.com/product/coulson-and-richardsons-
chemical-engineering-fourth-edition-volume-3a-chemical-and-
biochemical-reactors-and-reaction-engineering-r-ravi/
https://textbookfull.com/product/synthetic-biology-and-metabolic-
engineering-in-plants-and-microbes-part-a-metabolism-in-
microbes-1st-edition-sarah-e-oconnor-eds/
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-ecology-of-plants-jessica-
gurevitch/
https://textbookfull.com/product/species-diversity-and-community-
structure-novel-patterns-and-processes-in-plants-insects-and-
fungi-1st-edition-teiji-sota/
Biodiversity and Conservation Characterization and
Utilization of Plants Microbes and Natural Resources
for Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Management
1st Edition Jeyabalan Sangeetha
https://textbookfull.com/product/biodiversity-and-conservation-
characterization-and-utilization-of-plants-microbes-and-natural-
resources-for-sustainable-development-and-ecosystem-
management-1st-edition-jeyabalan-sangeetha/
https://textbookfull.com/product/materials-selection-for-
hydrocarbon-and-chemical-plants-first-edition-hansen/
https://textbookfull.com/product/recombinant-microbes-for-
industrial-and-agricultural-applications-first-edition-imanaka/
https://textbookfull.com/product/fiber-plants-biology-
biotechnology-and-applications-1st-edition-k-g-ramawat/
Editor
Jun Tabata
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
Tsukuba
Japan
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
Cover illustration reproduced by kind courtesy of Scott Chimileski.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2018
2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the
validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the
copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to
publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let
us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted,
or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, includ-
ing photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written
permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com
(http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,
MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety
of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment
has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Jun Tabata
Tsukuba, Japan
March 2017
Contents
Preface v
Index 294
PART–A
Chemical Ecology of Insects and
Associated Plants and Microbes
CHAPTER
1
Plant Secondary Metabolites in
Host Selection of Butterfly
Hisashi Ômura
Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University
1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
E-mail: homura@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites have a role in defense against various
herbivores, but they also often attract particular species and stimulate their
oviposition and feeding behavior. Most butterflies are phytophagous in the
larval stage and have a strong relationship with a narrow range of plants
with a phylogenetic relationship and chemical similarity. Because larvae
and females can respond to various plant chemicals using chemotactile
(gustatory) receptors, behavioral and sensory adaptation to particular
compounds are presumed to lead to the evolution of host specificity.
From a limited range of butterfly species in the Pieridae, Papilionidae
and Nymphalidae, a variety of plant components have been identified as
semiochemicals for host selection, the majority of which are associated
with female oviposition. The oviposition stimulants identified so far are (i)
single compounds in relation to plant defensive chemicals or (ii) multiple
components including relatively ubiquitous derivatives from primary
metabolites. The finding that several closely related butterfly species use the
same or corresponding compounds in different plants for host acceptance
in part supports a putative evolutionary pathway in species diversification
and host shift at the tribe or subfamily level.
1. Introduction
Plants biosynthesize a diverse and complex range of secondary metabolites
as chemical barriers against herbivory (Rosenthal and Berenbaum 1991,
4 Chemical Ecology of Insects
Mithöfer and Boland 2012). Plant defensive chemicals are not noxious to
all herbivore species, and instead are often highly and selectively toxic
to particular species or otherwise have some negative effects on their
acceptability and performance. Therefore, most phytophagous insects
are specialized to feed on a narrow range of plant species as a result of
their physiological adaptations to particular defense chemicals (Städler
1992, Bernays and Chapman 1994). From chemical interactions between
angiosperms and butterflies, Ehrlich and Raven (1964) proposed a well-
known hypothesis of stepwise coevolution between plant chemical
defense to herbivory and herbivore counter-adaptation to plant chemicals,
which is regarded as a principal driving force of species diversification
from each other. Since then, plant–butterfly interactions have received
the most attention as an attractive model for ecological and evolutionary
studies of plant chemicals implicated in host preference and specificity of
phytophagous insects.
Most butterflies are phytophagous insects in the larval stage, in which
they feed on particular plant species from only one or a few genera or a
single family or subfamily (Ehrlich and Raven 1964, Janz and Nylin 1998).
Of a wide variety of physiological and ecological factors, non-volatile
plant chemicals play a significant role to limit the host range of butterflies
because these substances directly mediate and regulate the behaviors
of larval feeding and female oviposition (Thompson and Pellmyr 1991,
Honda 1995). Therefore, suitable host plants are chemically characterized
by possessing compounds that act as behavioral stimulants and lacking
those act as behavioral deterrents. An array of host plants for a particular
herbivore species, in general, exhibit chemical similarity, which is
often strongly associated with historical patterns of host shifts within
herbivore lineages (Becerra 1997). Comparative phylogenetic studies have
proposed several possible pathways of diversification and switching of
butterfly hosts at the within-family or subfamily level (Janz et al. 2001,
Fordyce 2010, Ferrer-Paris et al. 2013). However, only a limited number
of semiochemicals in relation to host selection have been identified in a
few butterfly families. The purpose of this review is to compile available
knowledge on plant chemicals that serve as chemotactile (gustatory) cues
for host selection by butterflies and to discuss chemical trends in their host
usage.
2003, Kvello et al. 2006). The apical part of the cuticle is perforated,
allowing non-volatile compounds to enter the lumen and stimulate the
receptor neurons. Each receptor neuron responds to a broad range of
chemicals or only to a specific type of molecule, and conveys information
concerning these particular substances to the central nervous system (CNS)
separately from other kinds of information. The information from single
receptor neurons receiving particular molecules serves as a stimulatory
or deterrent trigger for particular behaviors, such as female oviposition
and larval feeding. This is called labeled line coding in the insect taste
receptor system, in which particular plant secondary metabolites serve as
host-indicating signals.
In butterflies, female adults encounter more plant species than larvae
because of their high mobility. Therefore, host selection (oviposition) by
females is more critical for offspring than that (feeding) by larvae. Gravid
females depend on a wide variety of sensory cues to recognize available
host plants (Renwick and Chew 1994, Carrasco et al. 2015). In searching
and orientation at long distance, olfactory and visual cues from host
plants play important roles. After alighting on a plant, the forelegs make
contact with the leaf and other parts of a plant in order to receive both
physical and chemical cues. This behavior is called drumming, in which
they respond to various plant chemicals mainly with hair-like sensilla
(sensilla trichodea) on the surface of foretarsi.
Like ovipositing females, larvae also use various sensory cues to
assess plant food quality. Olfaction is used for initial orientation to and
discrimination of possible hosts, whereas gustation is used to determine
and initiate feeding (Hanson and Dethier 1973). Freshly hatched larvae
feed first on its eggshell and then on plant tissues around the egg. Because
plant tissues, even in their host plants, sometimes contain toxic or growth-
inhibitive components, larvae need to avoid intake of these noxious
substances. They mainly use peg-like sensilla (sensilla styloconica) on the
maxilla for the assessment of plant chemistry (Frazier 1992).
o=f-
H
R=
UCH -CH 2 2
-
H 2 C=CH-CH 2 - CH 3 -
8 - - D-Giucosyl Sinigrin (2) Giucocapparin (8)
I
R-C
\\N-0804- 0
II
0
II
H 3 C-S-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - H C-S-CH -CH -CH-
3 II 2 2 2
1991, Loon et al. 1992, Renwick et al. 1992). On the other hand, particular
alkyl and thioalkyl glucosinolates, allyl glucosinolate (sinigrin, 2) and
(R)-3-methylsulfinylpropyl glucosinolate (glucoiberin, 3), serve as strong
oviposition stimulants for P. oleracea (Huang and Renwick 1994). In an
oviposition choice between cabbage and wintercress (Barbarea vulgaris),
P. rapae shows no preference, whereas P. oleracea prefers B. vulgaris. The
oviposition preference of P. oleracea for B. vulgaris is attributed to a higher
abundance of (2R)-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl glucosinolate (glucobarbarin,
4) (Huang et al. 1994).
Several cruciferous plants possess oviposition deterrents for Pieris
butterflies. Candytuft Iberis amara is omnipresent in grain fields in Europe
and is sometimes observed to have eggs of P. oleracea. In addition to
sinigrin, this plant is found to biosynthesize cucurbitacins (5), which
are strong oviposition deterrents for P. rapae but only weak deterrents
for P. oleracea (Huang et al. 1993a). Wormseed mustard Erysimum
cheiranthoides is a preferential host for P. oleracea due to the presence of
thioalkyl glucosinolates, e.g., 3-methylsulfonylpropyl glucosinolate
(glucocheirolin, 6) and glucoiberin (Huang et al. 1993b). However, P. rapae
never oviposits on E. cheiranthoides because its cardenolide components
including erysimoside (7) serve as strong oviposition deterrents (Renwick
et al. 1989, Sachedev-Gupta et al. 1990).
HO
HOn,HO
'•·. 0
OH
.... ,QH
HO . 0
OH
OH
2-0-P-D-Giucopyranosyl cucurbitacin I (5) Erysimoside (7)
OH
"'lt,~
HO
HO .
H O : : x ; x o HO'" 0
OH '''O H
"o?:t 1 "o?:t L
OH
::xx:~ HO ; 0 ~ HO ~ 0 ~
OH OH OH
D-(+)-Pin itol (12) Linamarin (13) Lotaustralin (14)
OH
OCH3
H3 co
HO::y:O
(
HO
'OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
< 0
HO
OH
Aristolochic acid I (17) Sequoyitol (18)
OH
HO
OH
OX~"
OH
0 HO
OH
OH
HO
0
O'Q·" OH Quercetin 3-0-13-glucopyranoside (21)
H0 ··••,, COOH
six compounds (22, 28, 31-34) from C. unshiu leaves (Honda 1986, 1990,
Honda and Hayashi 1995a). Of the six compounds, hesperidin (22),
(−)-synephrine (28), and (−)-stachydrine (31) were common oviposition
stimulants between P. protenor and P. xuthus. In addition, chlorogenic acid
(35) present in Zanthoxylum (Fagara) ailanthoides synergistically stimulated
oviposition by P. protenor (Honda, 1990). The gustatory receptor gene
involved in the recognition of synephrine, PxutGr1, has been identified
from the tarsal sensilla of P. xuthus females (Ozaki et al. 2011). On the other
hand, P. xuthus larvae also depend on a mixture of 11 plant components
in feeding on C. unshiu (Murata et al. 2011). Except for (−)-stachydrine,
10 of the larval feeding stimulants were not coincident with the female
oviposition stimulants of P. xuthus.
R, OH
Rutinosyi·O
R,
HO HO~NR 1 R 2
~} H
OH 0 OH 0 5-Hydroxy-Nw-methyltryptamine (26)
Hesperidin (22) R1: OCH 3 R2 : OH Rutin (24) R1 : 0-Rutinosyl R2 ,R3 : H R4 : OH R1 : H R2: CH3
Narirutin (23) R1 : OH R2 H Vicenin-2 (25) R1,R4 : H R2 ,R3 : C-Giucosyl Bufotenin (27) R1 ,R2 : CH3
&>
OH
""~ ~
OH
N/
H
"":Cx""
HO .
OH
'''O H
\
C)_coo ·
N
/+"".
'~-"'"''o~o~o"""L5 ··""
yyOH 0
Ho '' COOH
0-roo~o~~~(~·""
H O Ho '' COOH
Naringin (32) (-)- Quinic acid (33 ) L-(-)- Proline (34) Chlorogenic acid (35)
OH
HO
H i : r -0
0~ HO~x(
/( "COOH
HO,,,·· ··,,,OH
0 HO H
COOH
OH
H
:1co
OH -
COOH ~ /; OCH3
5-{[2-0-(~-o-Apiofuranosyl ) H3CO OH
~-o -glucopyranosyl]oxy}-2-
hydroxybenzoic acid (38) 3,4-0-Disyri ngoyl-a ldaric acid (39)
HO ,, .. J--~ ·. COOH
~OH (v)(
I H
Glucosyl-0
········V trans-4-Hyd roxy-N-methyi-L-proline (41 )
OH HO ,
OH 0
Phellamurin (40)
HO /~X\ ~, COO H
Trigonelline (43)
H OH
2-C-Methyi-D-erythronic acid (42)
Plant Secondary Metabolites in Host Selection of Butterfly 15
OH
OH
HOY!O
OH
HO '',,,··y U
HOYYO
o o Luteorin 7-0-(6 "-0 -malonyl)-~-o-glucopyranoside (44) Tyramine (45)
HO
HO HO 0-Giucosyl
that species diversification within the Melitaeini followed this host shift
(Fordyce 2010).
OH
Q.
HO 0 Glucosyl-0 0H
OH
OH 0
plants (e.g., DiTommaso and Losey 2003, Davis and Cipollini 2014). In
general, the potential host range of butterfly larvae is often wider than the
range of plants actually utilized by females (Wiklund 1975, Smiley 1978).
In several papilionid species, female oviposition preference is controlled
primarily by one or more loci on the X chromosome, which are not linked
to larval feeding preference and developmental performance (Thompson
et al. 1990, Scriber et al. 1991). Therefore, female oviposition, especially
host recognition and acceptance, is critically important in determining
host plant range (Janz and Nylin 1997). In the chemical (olfactory and
taste) sense of Drosophila, although the CNS is quite similar between
adults and larvae, differences in the peripheral chemosensory system
are relatively prominent, e.g., the number of gustatory receptor neurons
(GRNs) on the head is estimated to be 300 for adults and 80 for larvae
(Vosshall et al. 2007). It is highly likely that female butterflies have a larger
number of GRNs than larvae in order to conduct precise host selection for
oviposition. Comparative studies between adults and larvae are needed
for certain butterfly species to reveal the variety of peripheral receptor
neurons and the structure of the CNS involved in host selection.
Recent progress in molecular phylogeny has indicated the possible
evolutionary history of host plant associations for several butterfly species
(Janz et al. 2001, Fordyce 2010, Ferrer-Paris et al. 2013). However, host shift
depending on plant chemistry has so far been discussed only within a
narrow range of butterfly species in the same subfamily or tribe. In spite
of accumulating ecological data on butterfly host usage, there has been
slow progress in the structural elucidation of the semiochemicals because
bioactivity-guided fractionation to identify active compounds is time-
consuming and labor intensive. With respect to semiochemicals for host
selection in other butterfly families, oxalic acid, a larval feeding stimulant
of Zizeeria (Pseudozizeeria) maha (Yamaguchi et al. 2016), has been identified
only in the Lycaenidae, and there has been no structural elucidation in the
Hesperiidae. To further understand host specialization, diversification,
and switching within and across butterfly families, further studies should
be performed on behavioral and sensory responses to host plant chemicals
using various butterfly species.
REFERENCES
Aubert, J., L. Legal, H. Descimon and F. Michel. 1999. Molecular phylogeny of
swallowtail butterflies of the tribe Papilionini (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera).
Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 12: 156–167.
Baur, R., M. Haribal, J.A.A. Renwick and E. Städler. 1998. Contact chemoreception
related to host selection and oviposition behaviour in the monarch butterfly,
Danaus plexippus. Physiol. Entomol. 23: 7–19.
20 Chemical Ecology of Insects
« Je vais demander s’il n’y aurait pas moyen, pour une partie
tout au moins de ces actes notariés, de faire établir des
procurations. Mais je crains que pour certains d’entre eux ma
présence soit nécessaire. Je serai fixé demain, — après-demain
au plus tard, et je vous écrirai aussitôt.
« Mes souvenirs affectueux.
« Robert Nordement. »