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 Vittorio Ferrari · Martial Hebert
Cristian Sminchisescu
Yair Weiss (Eds.)
LNCS 11218

Computer Vision –
ECCV 2018
15th European Conference
Munich, Germany, September 8–14, 2018
Proceedings, Part XIV

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11218
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7412
Vittorio Ferrari Martial Hebert
•

Cristian Sminchisescu Yair Weiss (Eds.)

•

Computer Vision –
ECCV 2018
15th European Conference
Munich, Germany, September 8–14, 2018
Proceedings, Part XIV

123
Editors
Vittorio Ferrari Cristian Sminchisescu
Google Research Google Research
Zurich Zurich
Switzerland Switzerland
Martial Hebert Yair Weiss
Carnegie Mellon University Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Pittsburgh, PA Jerusalem
USA Israel

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-01263-2 ISBN 978-3-030-01264-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01264-9

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 Foreword

It was our great pleasure to host the European Conference on Computer Vision 2018 in
Munich, Germany. This constituted by far the largest ECCV event ever. With close to
2,900 registered participants and another 600 on the waiting list one month before the
conference, participation more than doubled since the last ECCV in Amsterdam. We
believe that this is due to a dramatic growth of the computer vision community
combined with the popularity of Munich as a major European hub of culture, science,
and industry. The conference took place in the heart of Munich in the concert hall
Gasteig with workshops and tutorials held at the downtown campus of the Technical
University of Munich.
One of the major innovations for ECCV 2018 was the free perpetual availability of
all conference and workshop papers, which is often referred to as open access. We note
that this is not precisely the same use of the term as in the Budapest declaration. Since
2013, CVPR and ICCV have had their papers hosted by the Computer Vision Foun-
dation (CVF), in parallel with the IEEE Xplore version. This has proved highly ben-
eficial to the computer vision community.
We are delighted to announce that for ECCV 2018 a very similar arrangement was
put in place with the cooperation of Springer. In particular, the author’s final version
will be freely available in perpetuity on a CVF page, while SpringerLink will continue
to host a version with further improvements, such as activating reference links and
including video. We believe that this will give readers the best of both worlds;
researchers who are focused on the technical content will have a freely available
version in an easily accessible place, while subscribers to SpringerLink will continue to
have the additional benefits that this provides. We thank Alfred Hofmann from
Springer for helping to negotiate this agreement, which we expect will continue for
future versions of ECCV.

September 2018 Horst Bischof

Daniel Cremers
Bernt Schiele
Ramin Zabih
 Preface

Welcome to the proceedings of the 2018 European Conference on Computer Vision

(ECCV 2018) held in Munich, Germany. We are delighted to present this volume
reflecting a strong and exciting program, the result of an extensive review process. In
total, we received 2,439 valid paper submissions. Of these, 776 were accepted (31.8%):
717 as posters (29.4%) and 59 as oral presentations (2.4%). All oral presentations were
presented as posters as well. The program selection process was complicated this year
by the large increase in the number of submitted papers, +65% over ECCV 2016, and
the use of CMT3 for the first time for a computer vision conference. The program
selection process was supported by four program co-chairs (PCs), 126 area chairs
(ACs), and 1,199 reviewers with reviews assigned.
We were primarily responsible for the design and execution of the review process.
Beyond administrative rejections, we were involved in acceptance decisions only in the
very few cases where the ACs were not able to agree on a decision. As PCs, and as is
customary in the field, we were not allowed to co-author a submission. General
co-chairs and other co-organizers who played no role in the review process were
permitted to submit papers, and were treated as any other author is.
Acceptance decisions were made by two independent ACs. The ACs also made a
joint recommendation for promoting papers to oral status. We decided on the final
selection of oral presentations based on the ACs’ recommendations. There were 126
ACs, selected according to their technical expertise, experience, and geographical
diversity (63 from European, nine from Asian/Australian, and 54 from North American
institutions). Indeed, 126 ACs is a substantial increase in the number of ACs due to the
natural increase in the number of papers and to our desire to maintain the number of
papers assigned to each AC to a manageable number so as to ensure quality. The ACs
were aided by the 1,199 reviewers to whom papers were assigned for reviewing. The
Program Committee was selected from committees of previous ECCV, ICCV, and
CVPR conferences and was extended on the basis of suggestions from the ACs. Having
a large pool of Program Committee members for reviewing allowed us to match
expertise while reducing reviewer loads. No more than eight papers were assigned to a
reviewer, maintaining the reviewers’ load at the same level as ECCV 2016 despite the
increase in the number of submitted papers.
Conflicts of interest between ACs, Program Committee members, and papers were
identified based on the home institutions, and on previous collaborations of all
researchers involved. To find institutional conflicts, all authors, Program Committee
members, and ACs were asked to list the Internet domains of their current institutions.
We assigned on average approximately 18 papers to each AC. The papers were
assigned using the affinity scores from the Toronto Paper Matching System (TPMS)
and additional data from the OpenReview system, managed by a UMass
group. OpenReview used additional information from ACs’ and authors’ records to
identify collaborations and to generate matches. OpenReview was invaluable in
VIII Preface

refining conflict definitions and in generating quality matches. The only glitch is that,
once the matches were generated, a small percentage of papers were unassigned
because of discrepancies between the OpenReview conflicts and the conflicts entered in
CMT3. We manually assigned these papers. This glitch is revealing of the challenge of
using multiple systems at once (CMT3 and OpenReview in this case), which needs to
be addressed in future.
After assignment of papers to ACs, the ACs suggested seven reviewers per paper
from the Program Committee pool. The selection and rank ordering were facilitated by
the TPMS affinity scores visible to the ACs for each paper/reviewer pair. The final
assignment of papers to reviewers was generated again through OpenReview in order
to account for refined conflict definitions. This required new features in the OpenRe-
view matching system to accommodate the ECCV workflow, in particular to incor-
porate selection ranking, and maximum reviewer load. Very few papers received fewer
than three reviewers after matching and were handled through manual assignment.
Reviewers were then asked to comment on the merit of each paper and to make an
initial recommendation ranging from definitely reject to definitely accept, including a
borderline rating. The reviewers were also asked to suggest explicit questions they
wanted to see answered in the authors’ rebuttal. The initial review period was five
weeks. Because of the delay in getting all the reviews in, we had to delay the final
release of the reviews by four days. However, because of the slack included at the tail
end of the schedule, we were able to maintain the decision target date with sufficient
time for all the phases. We reassigned over 100 reviews from 40 reviewers during the
review period. Unfortunately, the main reason for these reassignments was reviewers
declining to review, after having accepted to do so. Other reasons included technical
relevance and occasional unidentified conflicts. We express our thanks to the emer-
gency reviewers who generously accepted to perform these reviews under short notice.
In addition, a substantial number of manual corrections had to do with reviewers using
a different email address than the one that was used at the time of the reviewer
invitation. This is revealing of a broader issue with identifying users by email addresses
that change frequently enough to cause significant problems during the timespan of the
conference process.
The authors were then given the opportunity to rebut the reviews, to identify factual
errors, and to address the specific questions raised by the reviewers over a seven-day
rebuttal period. The exact format of the rebuttal was the object of considerable debate
among the organizers, as well as with prior organizers. At issue is to balance giving the
author the opportunity to respond completely and precisely to the reviewers, e.g., by
including graphs of experiments, while avoiding requests for completely new material
or experimental results not included in the original paper. In the end, we decided on the
two-page PDF document in conference format. Following this rebuttal period,
reviewers and ACs discussed papers at length, after which reviewers finalized their
evaluation and gave a final recommendation to the ACs. A significant percentage of the
reviewers did enter their final recommendation if it did not differ from their initial
recommendation. Given the tight schedule, we did not wait until all were entered.
After this discussion period, each paper was assigned to a second AC. The AC/paper
matching was again run through OpenReview. Again, the OpenReview team worked
quickly to implement the features specific to this process, in this case accounting for the
 Preface IX

existing AC assignment, as well as minimizing the fragmentation across ACs, so that

each AC had on average only 5.5 buddy ACs to communicate with. The largest number
was 11. Given the complexity of the conflicts, this was a very efficient set of assign-
ments from OpenReview. Each paper was then evaluated by its assigned pair of ACs.
For each paper, we required each of the two ACs assigned to certify both the final
recommendation and the metareview (aka consolidation report). In all cases, after
extensive discussions, the two ACs arrived at a common acceptance decision. We
maintained these decisions, with the caveat that we did evaluate, sometimes going back
to the ACs, a few papers for which the final acceptance decision substantially deviated
from the consensus from the reviewers, amending three decisions in the process.
We want to thank everyone involved in making ECCV 2018 possible. The success
of ECCV 2018 depended on the quality of papers submitted by the authors, and on the
very hard work of the ACs and the Program Committee members. We are particularly
grateful to the OpenReview team (Melisa Bok, Ari Kobren, Andrew McCallum,
Michael Spector) for their support, in particular their willingness to implement new
features, often on a tight schedule, to Laurent Charlin for the use of the Toronto Paper
Matching System, to the CMT3 team, in particular in dealing with all the issues that
arise when using a new system, to Friedrich Fraundorfer and Quirin Lohr for main-
taining the online version of the program, and to the CMU staff (Keyla Cook, Lynnetta
Miller, Ashley Song, Nora Kazour) for assisting with data entry/editing in CMT3.
Finally, the preparation of these proceedings would not have been possible without the
diligent effort of the publication chairs, Albert Ali Salah and Hamdi Dibeklioğlu, and of
Anna Kramer and Alfred Hofmann from Springer.

September 2018 Vittorio Ferrari

Martial Hebert
Cristian Sminchisescu
Yair Weiss
 Organization

General Chairs
Horst Bischof Graz University of Technology, Austria
Daniel Cremers Technical University of Munich, Germany
Bernt Schiele Saarland University, Max Planck Institute for Informatics,
Germany
Ramin Zabih CornellNYCTech, USA

Program Committee Co-chairs

Vittorio Ferrari University of Edinburgh, UK
Martial Hebert Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Cristian Sminchisescu Lund University, Sweden
Yair Weiss Hebrew University, Israel

Local Arrangements Chairs

Björn Menze Technical University of Munich, Germany
Matthias Niessner Technical University of Munich, Germany

Workshop Chairs
Stefan Roth TU Darmstadt, Germany
Laura Leal-Taixé Technical University of Munich, Germany

Tutorial Chairs
Michael Bronstein Università della Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland
Laura Leal-Taixé Technical University of Munich, Germany

Website Chair
Friedrich Fraundorfer Graz University of Technology, Austria

Demo Chairs
Federico Tombari Technical University of Munich, Germany
Joerg Stueckler Technical University of Munich, Germany
XII Organization

Publicity Chair
Giovanni Maria University of Catania, Italy
Farinella

Industrial Liaison Chairs

Florent Perronnin Naver Labs, France
Yunchao Gong Snap, USA
Helmut Grabner Logitech, Switzerland

Finance Chair
Gerard Medioni Amazon, University of Southern California, USA

Publication Chairs
Albert Ali Salah Boğaziçi University, Turkey
Hamdi Dibeklioğlu Bilkent University, Turkey

Area Chairs
Kalle Åström Lund University, Sweden
Zeynep Akata University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Joao Barreto University of Coimbra, Portugal
Ronen Basri Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
Dhruv Batra Georgia Tech and Facebook AI Research, USA
Serge Belongie Cornell University, USA
Rodrigo Benenson Google, Switzerland
Hakan Bilen University of Edinburgh, UK
Matthew Blaschko KU Leuven, Belgium
Edmond Boyer Inria, France
Gabriel Brostow University College London, UK
Thomas Brox University of Freiburg, Germany
Marcus Brubaker York University, Canada
Barbara Caputo Politecnico di Torino and the Italian Institute
of Technology, Italy
Tim Cootes University of Manchester, UK
Trevor Darrell University of California, Berkeley, USA
Larry Davis University of Maryland at College Park, USA
Andrew Davison Imperial College London, UK
Fernando de la Torre Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Irfan Essa GeorgiaTech, USA
Ali Farhadi University of Washington, USA
Paolo Favaro University of Bern, Switzerland
Michael Felsberg Linköping University, Sweden
 Organization XIII

Sanja Fidler University of Toronto, Canada

Andrew Fitzgibbon Microsoft, Cambridge, UK
David Forsyth University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Charless Fowlkes University of California, Irvine, USA
Bill Freeman MIT, USA
Mario Fritz MPII, Germany
Jürgen Gall University of Bonn, Germany
Dariu Gavrila TU Delft, The Netherlands
Andreas Geiger MPI-IS and University of Tübingen, Germany
Theo Gevers University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Ross Girshick Facebook AI Research, USA
Kristen Grauman Facebook AI Research and UT Austin, USA
Abhinav Gupta Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Kaiming He Facebook AI Research, USA
Martial Hebert Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Anders Heyden Lund University, Sweden
Timothy Hospedales University of Edinburgh, UK
Michal Irani Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
Phillip Isola University of California, Berkeley, USA
Hervé Jégou Facebook AI Research, France
David Jacobs University of Maryland, College Park, USA
Allan Jepson University of Toronto, Canada
Jiaya Jia Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR China
Fredrik Kahl Chalmers University, USA
Hedvig Kjellström KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Iasonas Kokkinos University College London and Facebook, UK
Vladlen Koltun Intel Labs, USA
Philipp Krähenbühl UT Austin, USA
M. Pawan Kumar University of Oxford, UK
Kyros Kutulakos University of Toronto, Canada
In Kweon KAIST, South Korea
Ivan Laptev Inria, France
Svetlana Lazebnik University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Laura Leal-Taixé Technical University of Munich, Germany
Erik Learned-Miller University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
Kyoung Mu Lee Seoul National University, South Korea
Bastian Leibe RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Aleš Leonardis University of Birmingham, UK
Vincent Lepetit University of Bordeaux, France and Graz University
of Technology, Austria
Fuxin Li Oregon State University, USA
Dahua Lin Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR China
Jim Little University of British Columbia, Canada
Ce Liu Google, USA
Chen Change Loy Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Jiri Matas Czech Technical University in Prague, Czechia
XIV Organization

Yasuyuki Matsushita Osaka University, Japan

Dimitris Metaxas Rutgers University, USA
Greg Mori Simon Fraser University, Canada
Vittorio Murino Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Italy
Richard Newcombe Oculus Research, USA
Minh Hoai Nguyen Stony Brook University, USA
Sebastian Nowozin Microsoft Research Cambridge, UK
Aude Oliva MIT, USA
Bjorn Ommer Heidelberg University, Germany
Tomas Pajdla Czech Technical University in Prague, Czechia
Maja Pantic Imperial College London and Samsung AI Research
Centre Cambridge, UK
Caroline Pantofaru Google, USA
Devi Parikh Georgia Tech and Facebook AI Research, USA
Sylvain Paris Adobe Research, USA
Vladimir Pavlovic Rutgers University, USA
Marcello Pelillo University of Venice, Italy
Patrick Pérez Valeo, France
Robert Pless George Washington University, USA
Thomas Pock Graz University of Technology, Austria
Jean Ponce Inria, France
Gerard Pons-Moll MPII, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany
Long Quan Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,
SAR China
Stefan Roth TU Darmstadt, Germany
Carsten Rother University of Heidelberg, Germany
Bryan Russell Adobe Research, USA
Kate Saenko Boston University, USA
Mathieu Salzmann EPFL, Switzerland
Dimitris Samaras Stony Brook University, USA
Yoichi Sato University of Tokyo, Japan
Silvio Savarese Stanford University, USA
Konrad Schindler ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Cordelia Schmid Inria, France and Google, France
Nicu Sebe University of Trento, Italy
Fei Sha University of Southern California, USA
Greg Shakhnarovich TTI Chicago, USA
Jianbo Shi University of Pennsylvania, USA
Abhinav Shrivastava UMD and Google, USA
Yan Shuicheng National University of Singapore, Singapore
Leonid Sigal University of British Columbia, Canada
Josef Sivic Czech Technical University in Prague, Czechia
Arnold Smeulders University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Deqing Sun NVIDIA, USA
Antonio Torralba MIT, USA
Zhuowen Tu University of California, San Diego, USA
 Organization XV

Tinne Tuytelaars KU Leuven, Belgium

Jasper Uijlings Google, Switzerland
Joost van de Weijer Computer Vision Center, Spain
Nuno Vasconcelos University of California, San Diego, USA
Andrea Vedaldi University of Oxford, UK
Olga Veksler University of Western Ontario, Canada
Jakob Verbeek Inria, France
Rene Vidal Johns Hopkins University, USA
Daphna Weinshall Hebrew University, Israel
Chris Williams University of Edinburgh, UK
Lior Wolf Tel Aviv University, Israel
Ming-Hsuan Yang University of California at Merced, USA
Todd Zickler Harvard University, USA
Andrew Zisserman University of Oxford, UK

Technical Program Committee

Hassan Abu Alhaija Peter Anderson Arunava Banerjee

Radhakrishna Achanta Juan Andrade-Cetto Atsuhiko Banno
Hanno Ackermann Mykhaylo Andriluka Aayush Bansal
Ehsan Adeli Anelia Angelova Yingze Bao
Lourdes Agapito Michel Antunes Md Jawadul Bappy
Aishwarya Agrawal Pablo Arbelaez Pierre Baqué
Antonio Agudo Vasileios Argyriou Dániel Baráth
Eirikur Agustsson Chetan Arora Adrian Barbu
Karim Ahmed Federica Arrigoni Kobus Barnard
Byeongjoo Ahn Vassilis Athitsos Nick Barnes
Unaiza Ahsan Mathieu Aubry Francisco Barranco
Emre Akbaş Shai Avidan Adrien Bartoli
Eren Aksoy Yannis Avrithis E. Bayro-Corrochano
Yağız Aksoy Samaneh Azadi Paul Beardlsey
Alexandre Alahi Hossein Azizpour Vasileios Belagiannis
Jean-Baptiste Alayrac Artem Babenko Sean Bell
Samuel Albanie Timur Bagautdinov Ismail Ben
Cenek Albl Andrew Bagdanov Boulbaba Ben Amor
Saad Ali Hessam Bagherinezhad Gil Ben-Artzi
Rahaf Aljundi Yuval Bahat Ohad Ben-Shahar
Jose M. Alvarez Min Bai Abhijit Bendale
Humam Alwassel Qinxun Bai Rodrigo Benenson
Toshiyuki Amano Song Bai Fabian Benitez-Quiroz
Mitsuru Ambai Xiang Bai Fethallah Benmansour
Mohamed Amer Peter Bajcsy Ryad Benosman
Senjian An Amr Bakry Filippo Bergamasco
Cosmin Ancuti Kavita Bala David Bermudez
XVI Organization

Jesus Bermudez-Cameo Xun Cao Erkang Cheng

Leonard Berrada Yanshuai Cao Jingchun Cheng
Gedas Bertasius Joao Carreira Ming-Ming Cheng
Ross Beveridge Dan Casas Wen-Huang Cheng
Lucas Beyer Daniel Castro Yuan Cheng
Bir Bhanu Jan Cech Anoop Cherian
S. Bhattacharya M. Emre Celebi Liang-Tien Chia
Binod Bhattarai Duygu Ceylan Naoki Chiba
Arnav Bhavsar Menglei Chai Shao-Yi Chien
Simone Bianco Ayan Chakrabarti Han-Pang Chiu
Adel Bibi Rudrasis Chakraborty Wei-Chen Chiu
Pia Bideau Shayok Chakraborty Nam Ik Cho
Josef Bigun Tat-Jen Cham Sunghyun Cho
Arijit Biswas Antonin Chambolle TaeEun Choe
Soma Biswas Antoni Chan Jongmoo Choi
Marten Bjoerkman Sharat Chandran Christopher Choy
Volker Blanz Hyun Sung Chang Wen-Sheng Chu
Vishnu Boddeti Ju Yong Chang Yung-Yu Chuang
Piotr Bojanowski Xiaojun Chang Ondrej Chum
Terrance Boult Soravit Changpinyo Joon Son Chung
Yuri Boykov Wei-Lun Chao Gökberk Cinbis
Hakan Boyraz Yu-Wei Chao James Clark
Eric Brachmann Visesh Chari Andrea Cohen
Samarth Brahmbhatt Rizwan Chaudhry Forrester Cole
Mathieu Bredif Siddhartha Chaudhuri Toby Collins
Francois Bremond Rama Chellappa John Collomosse
Michael Brown Chao Chen Camille Couprie
Luc Brun Chen Chen David Crandall
Shyamal Buch Cheng Chen Marco Cristani
Pradeep Buddharaju Chu-Song Chen Canton Cristian
Aurelie Bugeau Guang Chen James Crowley
Rudy Bunel Hsin-I Chen Yin Cui
Xavier Burgos Artizzu Hwann-Tzong Chen Zhaopeng Cui
Darius Burschka Kai Chen Bo Dai
Andrei Bursuc Kan Chen Jifeng Dai
Zoya Bylinskii Kevin Chen Qieyun Dai
Fabian Caba Liang-Chieh Chen Shengyang Dai
Daniel Cabrini Hauagge Lin Chen Yuchao Dai
Cesar Cadena Lerma Qifeng Chen Carlo Dal Mutto
Holger Caesar Ting Chen Dima Damen
Jianfei Cai Wei Chen Zachary Daniels
Junjie Cai Xi Chen Kostas Daniilidis
Zhaowei Cai Xilin Chen Donald Dansereau
Simone Calderara Xinlei Chen Mohamed Daoudi
Neill Campbell Yingcong Chen Abhishek Das
Octavia Camps Yixin Chen Samyak Datta
 Organization XVII

Achal Dave Aykut Erdem Ryo Furukawa

Shalini De Mello Erkut Erdem Yasutaka Furukawa
Teofilo deCampos Hugo Jair Escalante Andrea Fusiello
Joseph DeGol Sergio Escalera Fatma Güney
Koichiro Deguchi Victor Escorcia Raghudeep Gadde
Alessio Del Bue Francisco Estrada Silvano Galliani
Stefanie Demirci Davide Eynard Orazio Gallo
Jia Deng Bin Fan Chuang Gan
Zhiwei Deng Jialue Fan Bin-Bin Gao
Joachim Denzler Quanfu Fan Jin Gao
Konstantinos Derpanis Chen Fang Junbin Gao
Aditya Deshpande Tian Fang Ruohan Gao
Alban Desmaison Yi Fang Shenghua Gao
Frédéric Devernay Hany Farid Animesh Garg
Abhinav Dhall Giovanni Farinella Ravi Garg
Michel Dhome Ryan Farrell Erik Gartner
Hamdi Dibeklioğlu Alireza Fathi Simone Gasparin
Mert Dikmen Christoph Feichtenhofer Jochen Gast
Cosimo Distante Wenxin Feng Leon A. Gatys
Ajay Divakaran Martin Fergie Stratis Gavves
Mandar Dixit Cornelia Fermuller Liuhao Ge
Carl Doersch Basura Fernando Timnit Gebru
Piotr Dollar Michael Firman James Gee
Bo Dong Bob Fisher Peter Gehler
Chao Dong John Fisher Xin Geng
Huang Dong Mathew Fisher Guido Gerig
Jian Dong Boris Flach David Geronimo
Jiangxin Dong Matt Flagg Bernard Ghanem
Weisheng Dong Francois Fleuret Michael Gharbi
Simon Donné David Fofi Golnaz Ghiasi
Gianfranco Doretto Ruth Fong Spyros Gidaris
Alexey Dosovitskiy Gian Luca Foresti Andrew Gilbert
Matthijs Douze Per-Erik Forssén Rohit Girdhar
Bruce Draper David Fouhey Ioannis Gkioulekas
Bertram Drost Katerina Fragkiadaki Georgia Gkioxari
Liang Du Victor Fragoso Guy Godin
Shichuan Du Jan-Michael Frahm Roland Goecke
Gregory Dudek Jean-Sebastien Franco Michael Goesele
Zoran Duric Ohad Fried Nuno Goncalves
Pınar Duygulu Simone Frintrop Boqing Gong
Hazım Ekenel Huazhu Fu Minglun Gong
Tarek El-Gaaly Yun Fu Yunchao Gong
Ehsan Elhamifar Olac Fuentes Abel Gonzalez-Garcia
Mohamed Elhoseiny Christopher Funk Daniel Gordon
Sabu Emmanuel Thomas Funkhouser Paulo Gotardo
Ian Endres Brian Funt Stephen Gould
XVIII Organization

Venu Govindu Wolfgang Heidrich Evren Imre

Helmut Grabner Janne Heikkila Eldar Insafutdinov
Petr Gronat Jared Heinly Go Irie
Steve Gu Mattias Heinrich Hossam Isack
Josechu Guerrero Lisa Anne Hendricks Ahmet Işcen
Anupam Guha Dan Hendrycks Daisuke Iwai
Jean-Yves Guillemaut Stephane Herbin Hamid Izadinia
Alp Güler Alexander Hermans Nathan Jacobs
Erhan Gündoğdu Luis Herranz Suyog Jain
Guodong Guo Aaron Hertzmann Varun Jampani
Xinqing Guo Adrian Hilton C. V. Jawahar
Ankush Gupta Michael Hirsch Dinesh Jayaraman
Mohit Gupta Steven Hoi Sadeep Jayasumana
Saurabh Gupta Seunghoon Hong Laszlo Jeni
Tanmay Gupta Wei Hong Hueihan Jhuang
Abner Guzman Rivera Anthony Hoogs Dinghuang Ji
Timo Hackel Radu Horaud Hui Ji
Sunil Hadap Yedid Hoshen Qiang Ji
Christian Haene Omid Hosseini Jafari Fan Jia
Ralf Haeusler Kuang-Jui Hsu Kui Jia
Levente Hajder Winston Hsu Xu Jia
David Hall Yinlin Hu Huaizu Jiang
Peter Hall Zhe Hu Jiayan Jiang
Stefan Haller Gang Hua Nianjuan Jiang
Ghassan Hamarneh Chen Huang Tingting Jiang
Fred Hamprecht De-An Huang Xiaoyi Jiang
Onur Hamsici Dong Huang Yu-Gang Jiang
Bohyung Han Gary Huang Long Jin
Junwei Han Heng Huang Suo Jinli
Xufeng Han Jia-Bin Huang Justin Johnson
Yahong Han Qixing Huang Nebojsa Jojic
Ankur Handa Rui Huang Michael Jones
Albert Haque Sheng Huang Hanbyul Joo
Tatsuya Harada Weilin Huang Jungseock Joo
Mehrtash Harandi Xiaolei Huang Ajjen Joshi
Bharath Hariharan Xinyu Huang Amin Jourabloo
Mahmudul Hasan Zhiwu Huang Frederic Jurie
Tal Hassner Tak-Wai Hui Achuta Kadambi
Kenji Hata Wei-Chih Hung Samuel Kadoury
Soren Hauberg Junhwa Hur Ioannis Kakadiaris
Michal Havlena Mohamed Hussein Zdenek Kalal
Zeeshan Hayder Wonjun Hwang Yannis Kalantidis
Junfeng He Anders Hyden Sinan Kalkan
Lei He Satoshi Ikehata Vicky Kalogeiton
Varsha Hedau Nazlı Ikizler-Cinbis Sunkavalli Kalyan
Felix Heide Viorela Ila J.-K. Kamarainen
 Organization XIX

Martin Kampel Dimitrios Kosmopoulos Victor Lempitsky

Kenichi Kanatani Satwik Kottur Spyridon Leonardos
Angjoo Kanazawa Balazs Kovacs Marius Leordeanu
Melih Kandemir Adarsh Kowdle Matt Leotta
Sing Bing Kang Mike Krainin Thomas Leung
Zhuoliang Kang Gregory Kramida Stefan Leutenegger
Mohan Kankanhalli Ranjay Krishna Gil Levi
Juho Kannala Ravi Krishnan Aviad Levis
Abhishek Kar Matej Kristan Jose Lezama
Amlan Kar Pavel Krsek Ang Li
Svebor Karaman Volker Krueger Dingzeyu Li
Leonid Karlinsky Alexander Krull Dong Li
Zoltan Kato Hilde Kuehne Haoxiang Li
Parneet Kaur Andreas Kuhn Hongdong Li
Hiroshi Kawasaki Arjan Kuijper Hongsheng Li
Misha Kazhdan Zuzana Kukelova Hongyang Li
Margret Keuper Kuldeep Kulkarni Jianguo Li
Sameh Khamis Shiro Kumano Kai Li
Naeemullah Khan Avinash Kumar Ruiyu Li
Salman Khan Vijay Kumar Wei Li
Hadi Kiapour Abhijit Kundu Wen Li
Joe Kileel Sebastian Kurtek Xi Li
Chanho Kim Junseok Kwon Xiaoxiao Li
Gunhee Kim Jan Kybic Xin Li
Hansung Kim Alexander Ladikos Xirong Li
Junmo Kim Shang-Hong Lai Xuelong Li
Junsik Kim Wei-Sheng Lai Xueting Li
Kihwan Kim Jean-Francois Lalonde Yeqing Li
Minyoung Kim John Lambert Yijun Li
Tae Hyun Kim Zhenzhong Lan Yin Li
Tae-Kyun Kim Charis Lanaras Yingwei Li
Akisato Kimura Oswald Lanz Yining Li
Zsolt Kira Dong Lao Yongjie Li
Alexander Kirillov Longin Jan Latecki Yu-Feng Li
Kris Kitani Justin Lazarow Zechao Li
Maria Klodt Huu Le Zhengqi Li
Patrick Knöbelreiter Chen-Yu Lee Zhenyang Li
Jan Knopp Gim Hee Lee Zhizhong Li
Reinhard Koch Honglak Lee Xiaodan Liang
Alexander Kolesnikov Hsin-Ying Lee Renjie Liao
Chen Kong Joon-Young Lee Zicheng Liao
Naejin Kong Seungyong Lee Bee Lim
Shu Kong Stefan Lee Jongwoo Lim
Piotr Koniusz Yong Jae Lee Joseph Lim
Simon Korman Zhen Lei Ser-Nam Lim
Andreas Koschan Ido Leichter Chen-Hsuan Lin
XX Organization

Shih-Yao Lin Simon Lucey Christopher Mei

Tsung-Yi Lin Jian-Hao Luo Heydi Mendez-Vazquez
Weiyao Lin Jiebo Luo Deyu Meng
Yen-Yu Lin Pablo Márquez-Neila Thomas Mensink
Haibin Ling Matthias Müller Bjoern Menze
Or Litany Chao Ma Domingo Mery
Roee Litman Chih-Yao Ma Qiguang Miao
Anan Liu Lin Ma Tomer Michaeli
Changsong Liu Shugao Ma Antoine Miech
Chen Liu Wei-Chiu Ma Ondrej Miksik
Ding Liu Zhanyu Ma Anton Milan
Dong Liu Oisin Mac Aodha Gregor Miller
Feng Liu Will Maddern Cai Minjie
Guangcan Liu Ludovic Magerand Majid Mirmehdi
Luoqi Liu Marcus Magnor Ishan Misra
Miaomiao Liu Vijay Mahadevan Niloy Mitra
Nian Liu Mohammad Mahoor Anurag Mittal
Risheng Liu Michael Maire Nirbhay Modhe
Shu Liu Subhransu Maji Davide Modolo
Shuaicheng Liu Ameesh Makadia Pritish Mohapatra
Sifei Liu Atsuto Maki Pascal Monasse
Tyng-Luh Liu Yasushi Makihara Mathew Monfort
Wanquan Liu Mateusz Malinowski Taesup Moon
Weiwei Liu Tomasz Malisiewicz Sandino Morales
Xialei Liu Arun Mallya Vlad Morariu
Xiaoming Liu Roberto Manduchi Philippos Mordohai
Yebin Liu Junhua Mao Francesc Moreno
Yiming Liu Dmitrii Marin Henrique Morimitsu
Ziwei Liu Joe Marino Yael Moses
Zongyi Liu Kenneth Marino Ben-Ezra Moshe
Liliana Lo Presti Elisabeta Marinoiu Roozbeh Mottaghi
Edgar Lobaton Ricardo Martin Yadong Mu
Chengjiang Long Aleix Martinez Lopamudra Mukherjee
Mingsheng Long Julieta Martinez Mario Munich
Roberto Lopez-Sastre Aaron Maschinot Ana Murillo
Amy Loufti Jonathan Masci Damien Muselet
Brian Lovell Bogdan Matei Armin Mustafa
Canyi Lu Diana Mateus Siva Karthik Mustikovela
Cewu Lu Stefan Mathe Moin Nabi
Feng Lu Kevin Matzen Sobhan Naderi
Huchuan Lu Bruce Maxwell Hajime Nagahara
Jiajun Lu Steve Maybank Varun Nagaraja
Jiasen Lu Walterio Mayol-Cuevas Tushar Nagarajan
Jiwen Lu Mason McGill Arsha Nagrani
Yang Lu Stephen Mckenna Nikhil Naik
Yujuan Lu Roey Mechrez Atsushi Nakazawa
 Organization XXI

P. J. Narayanan Hyun Soo Park Victor Prisacariu

Charlie Nash In Kyu Park Jan Prokaj
Lakshmanan Nataraj Jaesik Park Nicolas Pugeault
Fabian Nater Omkar Parkhi Luis Puig
Lukáš Neumann Alvaro Parra Bustos Ali Punjani
Natalia Neverova C. Alejandro Parraga Senthil Purushwalkam
Alejandro Newell Vishal Patel Guido Pusiol
Phuc Nguyen Deepak Pathak Guo-Jun Qi
Xiaohan Nie Ioannis Patras Xiaojuan Qi
David Nilsson Viorica Patraucean Hongwei Qin
Ko Nishino Genevieve Patterson Shi Qiu
Zhenxing Niu Kim Pedersen Faisal Qureshi
Shohei Nobuhara Robert Peharz Matthias Rüther
Klas Nordberg Selen Pehlivan Petia Radeva
Mohammed Norouzi Xi Peng Umer Rafi
David Novotny Bojan Pepik Rahul Raguram
Ifeoma Nwogu Talita Perciano Swaminathan Rahul
Matthew O’Toole Federico Pernici Varun Ramakrishna
Guillaume Obozinski Adrian Peter Kandan Ramakrishnan
Jean-Marc Odobez Stavros Petridis Ravi Ramamoorthi
Eyal Ofek Vladimir Petrovic Vignesh Ramanathan
Ferda Ofli Henning Petzka Vasili Ramanishka
Tae-Hyun Oh Tomas Pfister R. Ramasamy Selvaraju
Iason Oikonomidis Trung Pham Rene Ranftl
Takeshi Oishi Justus Piater Carolina Raposo
Takahiro Okabe Massimo Piccardi Nikhil Rasiwasia
Takayuki Okatani Sudeep Pillai Nalini Ratha
Vlad Olaru Pedro Pinheiro Sai Ravela
Michael Opitz Lerrel Pinto Avinash Ravichandran
Jose Oramas Bernardo Pires Ramin Raziperchikolaei
Vicente Ordonez Aleksis Pirinen Sylvestre-Alvise Rebuffi
Ivan Oseledets Fiora Pirri Adria Recasens
Aljosa Osep Leonid Pischulin Joe Redmon
Magnus Oskarsson Tobias Ploetz Timo Rehfeld
Martin R. Oswald Bryan Plummer Michal Reinstein
Wanli Ouyang Yair Poleg Konstantinos Rematas
Andrew Owens Jean Ponce Haibing Ren
Mustafa Özuysal Gerard Pons-Moll Shaoqing Ren
Jinshan Pan Jordi Pont-Tuset Wenqi Ren
Xingang Pan Alin Popa Zhile Ren
Rameswar Panda Fatih Porikli Hamid Rezatofighi
Sharath Pankanti Horst Possegger Nicholas Rhinehart
Julien Pansiot Viraj Prabhu Helge Rhodin
Nicolas Papadakis Andrea Prati Elisa Ricci
George Papandreou Maria Priisalu Eitan Richardson
N. Papanikolopoulos Véronique Prinet Stephan Richter
XXII Organization

Gernot Riegler Torsten Sattler Tianmin Shu

Hayko Riemenschneider Bogdan Savchynskyy Zhixin Shu
Tammy Riklin Raviv Johannes Schönberger Kaleem Siddiqi
Ergys Ristani Hanno Scharr Gunnar Sigurdsson
Tobias Ritschel Walter Scheirer Nathan Silberman
Mariano Rivera Bernt Schiele Tomas Simon
Samuel Rivera Frank Schmidt Abhishek Singh
Antonio Robles-Kelly Tanner Schmidt Gautam Singh
Ignacio Rocco Dirk Schnieders Maneesh Singh
Jason Rock Samuel Schulter Praveer Singh
Emanuele Rodola William Schwartz Richa Singh
Mikel Rodriguez Alexander Schwing Saurabh Singh
Gregory Rogez Ozan Sener Sudipta Sinha
Marcus Rohrbach Soumyadip Sengupta Vladimir Smutny
Gemma Roig Laura Sevilla-Lara Noah Snavely
Javier Romero Mubarak Shah Cees Snoek
Olaf Ronneberger Shishir Shah Kihyuk Sohn
Amir Rosenfeld Fahad Shahbaz Khan Eric Sommerlade
Bodo Rosenhahn Amir Shahroudy Sanghyun Son
Guy Rosman Jing Shao Bi Song
Arun Ross Xiaowei Shao Shiyu Song
Samuel Rota Bulò Roman Shapovalov Shuran Song
Peter Roth Nataliya Shapovalova Xuan Song
Constantin Rothkopf Ali Sharif Razavian Yale Song
Sebastien Roy Gaurav Sharma Yang Song
Amit Roy-Chowdhury Mohit Sharma Yibing Song
Ognjen Rudovic Pramod Sharma Lorenzo Sorgi
Adria Ruiz Viktoriia Sharmanska Humberto Sossa
Javier Ruiz-del-Solar Eli Shechtman Pratul Srinivasan
Christian Rupprecht Mark Sheinin Michael Stark
Olga Russakovsky Evan Shelhamer Bjorn Stenger
Chris Russell Chunhua Shen Rainer Stiefelhagen
Alexandre Sablayrolles Li Shen Joerg Stueckler
Fereshteh Sadeghi Wei Shen Jan Stuehmer
Ryusuke Sagawa Xiaohui Shen Hang Su
Hideo Saito Xiaoyong Shen Hao Su
Elham Sakhaee Ziyi Shen Shuochen Su
Albert Ali Salah Lu Sheng R. Subramanian
Conrad Sanderson Baoguang Shi Yusuke Sugano
Koppal Sanjeev Boxin Shi Akihiro Sugimoto
Aswin Sankaranarayanan Kevin Shih Baochen Sun
Elham Saraee Hyunjung Shim Chen Sun
Jason Saragih Ilan Shimshoni Jian Sun
Sudeep Sarkar Young Min Shin Jin Sun
Imari Sato Koichi Shinoda Lin Sun
Shin’ichi Satoh Matthew Shreve Min Sun
 Organization XXIII

Qing Sun Chetan Tonde Matthias Vestner

Zhaohui Sun Xin Tong Minh Vo
David Suter Akihiko Torii Christoph Vogel
Eran Swears Andrea Torsello Michele Volpi
Raza Syed Hussain Florian Trammer Carl Vondrick
T. Syeda-Mahmood Du Tran Sven Wachsmuth
Christian Szegedy Quoc-Huy Tran Toshikazu Wada
Duy-Nguyen Ta Rudolph Triebel Michael Waechter
Tolga Taşdizen Alejandro Troccoli Catherine Wah
Hemant Tagare Leonardo Trujillo Jacob Walker
Yuichi Taguchi Tomasz Trzcinski Jun Wan
Ying Tai Sam Tsai Boyu Wang
Yu-Wing Tai Yi-Hsuan Tsai Chen Wang
Jun Takamatsu Hung-Yu Tseng Chunyu Wang
Hugues Talbot Vagia Tsiminaki De Wang
Toru Tamak Aggeliki Tsoli Fang Wang
Robert Tamburo Wei-Chih Tu Hongxing Wang
Chaowei Tan Shubham Tulsiani Hua Wang
Meng Tang Fred Tung Jiang Wang
Peng Tang Tony Tung Jingdong Wang
Siyu Tang Matt Turek Jinglu Wang
Wei Tang Oncel Tuzel Jue Wang
Junli Tao Georgios Tzimiropoulos Le Wang
Ran Tao Ilkay Ulusoy Lei Wang
Xin Tao Osman Ulusoy Lezi Wang
Makarand Tapaswi Dmitry Ulyanov Liang Wang
Jean-Philippe Tarel Paul Upchurch Lichao Wang
Maxim Tatarchenko Ben Usman Lijun Wang
Bugra Tekin Evgeniya Ustinova Limin Wang
Demetri Terzopoulos Himanshu Vajaria Liwei Wang
Christian Theobalt Alexander Vakhitov Naiyan Wang
Diego Thomas Jack Valmadre Oliver Wang
Rajat Thomas Ernest Valveny Qi Wang
Qi Tian Jan van Gemert Ruiping Wang
Xinmei Tian Grant Van Horn Shenlong Wang
YingLi Tian Jagannadan Varadarajan Shu Wang
Yonghong Tian Gul Varol Song Wang
Yonglong Tian Sebastiano Vascon Tao Wang
Joseph Tighe Francisco Vasconcelos Xiaofang Wang
Radu Timofte Mayank Vatsa Xiaolong Wang
Massimo Tistarelli Javier Vazquez-Corral Xinchao Wang
Sinisa Todorovic Ramakrishna Vedantam Xinggang Wang
Pavel Tokmakov Ashok Veeraraghavan Xintao Wang
Giorgos Tolias Andreas Veit Yang Wang
Federico Tombari Raviteja Vemulapalli Yu-Chiang Frank Wang
Tatiana Tommasi Jonathan Ventura Yu-Xiong Wang
XXIV Organization

Zhaowen Wang Jin Xie Michael Ying Yang

Zhe Wang Lingxi Xie Ming Yang
Anne Wannenwetsch Pengtao Xie Ruiduo Yang
Simon Warfield Saining Xie Ruigang Yang
Scott Wehrwein Wenxuan Xie Shuo Yang
Donglai Wei Yuchen Xie Wei Yang
Ping Wei Bo Xin Xiaodong Yang
Shih-En Wei Junliang Xing Yanchao Yang
Xiu-Shen Wei Peng Xingchao Yi Yang
Yichen Wei Bo Xiong Angela Yao
Xie Weidi Fei Xiong Bangpeng Yao
Philippe Weinzaepfel Xuehan Xiong Cong Yao
Longyin Wen Yuanjun Xiong Jian Yao
Eric Wengrowski Chenliang Xu Ting Yao
Tomas Werner Danfei Xu Julian Yarkony
Michael Wilber Huijuan Xu Mark Yatskar
Rick Wildes Jia Xu Jinwei Ye
Olivia Wiles Weipeng Xu Mao Ye
Kyle Wilson Xiangyu Xu Mei-Chen Yeh
David Wipf Yan Xu Raymond Yeh
Kwan-Yee Wong Yuanlu Xu Serena Yeung
Daniel Worrall Jia Xue Kwang Moo Yi
John Wright Tianfan Xue Shuai Yi
Baoyuan Wu Erdem Yörük Alper Yılmaz
Chao-Yuan Wu Abhay Yadav Lijun Yin
Jiajun Wu Deshraj Yadav Xi Yin
Jianxin Wu Payman Yadollahpour Zhaozheng Yin
Tianfu Wu Yasushi Yagi Xianghua Ying
Xiaodong Wu Toshihiko Yamasaki Ryo Yonetani
Xiaohe Wu Fei Yan Donghyun Yoo
Xinxiao Wu Hang Yan Ju Hong Yoon
Yang Wu Junchi Yan Kuk-Jin Yoon
Yi Wu Junjie Yan Chong You
Ying Wu Sijie Yan Shaodi You
Yuxin Wu Keiji Yanai Aron Yu
Zheng Wu Bin Yang Fisher Yu
Stefanie Wuhrer Chih-Yuan Yang Gang Yu
Yin Xia Dong Yang Jingyi Yu
Tao Xiang Herb Yang Ke Yu
Yu Xiang Jianchao Yang Licheng Yu
Lei Xiao Jianwei Yang Pei Yu
Tong Xiao Jiaolong Yang Qian Yu
Yang Xiao Jie Yang Rong Yu
Cihang Xie Jimei Yang Shoou-I Yu
Dan Xie Jufeng Yang Stella Yu
Jianwen Xie Linjie Yang Xiang Yu
 Organization XXV

Yang Yu Quanshi Zhang Guang-Tong Zhou

Zhiding Yu Richard Zhang Huiyu Zhou
Ganzhao Yuan Runze Zhang Jiahuan Zhou
Jing Yuan Shanshan Zhang S. Kevin Zhou
Junsong Yuan Shiliang Zhang Tinghui Zhou
Lu Yuan Shu Zhang Wengang Zhou
Stefanos Zafeiriou Ting Zhang Xiaowei Zhou
Sergey Zagoruyko Xiangyu Zhang Xingyi Zhou
Amir Zamir Xiaofan Zhang Yin Zhou
K. Zampogiannis Xu Zhang Zihan Zhou
Andrei Zanfir Yimin Zhang Fan Zhu
Mihai Zanfir Yinda Zhang Guangming Zhu
Pablo Zegers Yongqiang Zhang Ji Zhu
Eyasu Zemene Yuting Zhang Jiejie Zhu
Andy Zeng Zhanpeng Zhang Jun-Yan Zhu
Xingyu Zeng Ziyu Zhang Shizhan Zhu
Yun Zeng Bin Zhao Siyu Zhu
De-Chuan Zhan Chen Zhao Xiangxin Zhu
Cheng Zhang Hang Zhao Xiatian Zhu
Dong Zhang Hengshuang Zhao Yan Zhu
Guofeng Zhang Qijun Zhao Yingying Zhu
Han Zhang Rui Zhao Yixin Zhu
Hang Zhang Yue Zhao Yuke Zhu
Hanwang Zhang Enliang Zheng Zhenyao Zhu
Jian Zhang Liang Zheng Liansheng Zhuang
Jianguo Zhang Stephan Zheng Zeeshan Zia
Jianming Zhang Wei-Shi Zheng Karel Zimmermann
Jiawei Zhang Wenming Zheng Daniel Zoran
Junping Zhang Yin Zheng Danping Zou
Lei Zhang Yinqiang Zheng Qi Zou
Linguang Zhang Yuanjie Zheng Silvia Zuffi
Ning Zhang Guangyu Zhong Wangmeng Zuo
Qing Zhang Bolei Zhou Xinxin Zuo
 Contents – Part XIV

Poster Session

Shift-Net: Image Inpainting via Deep Feature Rearrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Zhaoyi Yan, Xiaoming Li, Mu Li, Wangmeng Zuo, and Shiguang Shan

Interactive Boundary Prediction for Object Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Hoang Le, Long Mai, Brian Price, Scott Cohen, Hailin Jin,
and Feng Liu

X-Ray Computed Tomography Through Scatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Adam Geva, Yoav Y. Schechner, Yonatan Chernyak, and Rajiv Gupta

Video Re-localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Yang Feng, Lin Ma, Wei Liu, Tong Zhang, and Jiebo Luo

Mask TextSpotter: An End-to-End Trainable Neural Network for Spotting

Text with Arbitrary Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Pengyuan Lyu, Minghui Liao, Cong Yao, Wenhao Wu, and Xiang Bai

DFT-based Transformation Invariant Pooling Layer for

Visual Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Jongbin Ryu, Ming-Hsuan Yang, and Jongwoo Lim

Appearance-Based Gaze Estimation via Evaluation-Guided

Asymmetric Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Yihua Cheng, Feng Lu, and Xucong Zhang

ShuffleNet V2: Practical Guidelines for Efficient CNN

Architecture Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Ningning Ma, Xiangyu Zhang, Hai-Tao Zheng,
and Jian Sun

Deep Clustering for Unsupervised Learning of Visual Features . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Mathilde Caron, Piotr Bojanowski, Armand Joulin, and Matthijs Douze

Modular Generative Adversarial Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Bo Zhao, Bo Chang, Zequn Jie, and Leonid Sigal

Graph Distillation for Action Detection with Privileged Modalities . . . . . . . . 174

Zelun Luo, Jun-Ting Hsieh, Lu Jiang, Juan Carlos Niebles,
and Li Fei-Fei
XXVIII Contents – Part XIV

Weakly-Supervised Video Summarization Using Variational

Encoder-Decoder and Web Prior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Sijia Cai, Wangmeng Zuo, Larry S. Davis, and Lei Zhang

Single Image Intrinsic Decomposition Without a Single Intrinsic Image . . . . . 211

Wei-Chiu Ma, Hang Chu, Bolei Zhou, Raquel Urtasun,
and Antonio Torralba

Learning to Dodge A Bullet: Concyclic View Morphing via

Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Shi Jin, Ruiynag Liu, Yu Ji, Jinwei Ye, and Jingyi Yu

Compositional Learning for Human Object Interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Keizo Kato, Yin Li, and Abhinav Gupta

Viewpoint Estimation—Insights and Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Gilad Divon and Ayellet Tal

PersonLab: Person Pose Estimation and Instance Segmentation

with a Bottom-Up, Part-Based, Geometric Embedding Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
George Papandreou, Tyler Zhu, Liang-Chieh Chen, Spyros Gidaris,
Jonathan Tompson, and Kevin Murphy

Task-Driven Webpage Saliency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Quanlong Zheng, Jianbo Jiao, Ying Cao, and Rynson W. H. Lau

Deep Image Demosaicking Using a Cascade of Convolutional

Residual Denoising Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Filippos Kokkinos and Stamatios Lefkimmiatis

A New Large Scale Dynamic Texture Dataset with Application

to ConvNet Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Isma Hadji and Richard P. Wildes

Deep Feature Factorization for Concept Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Edo Collins, Radhakrishna Achanta, and Sabine Süsstrunk

Deep Regression Tracking with Shrinkage Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Xiankai Lu, Chao Ma, Bingbing Ni, Xiaokang Yang, Ian Reid,
and Ming-Hsuan Yang

Dist-GAN: An Improved GAN Using Distance Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

Ngoc-Trung Tran, Tuan-Anh Bui, and Ngai-Man Cheung

Pivot Correlational Neural Network for Multimodal Video Categorization . . . 402

Sunghun Kang, Junyeong Kim, Hyunsoo Choi, Sungjin Kim,
and Chang D. Yoo
 Contents – Part XIV XXIX

Part-Aligned Bilinear Representations for Person Re-identification. . . . . . . . . 418

Yumin Suh, Jingdong Wang, Siyu Tang, Tao Mei, and Kyoung Mu Lee

Learning to Navigate for Fine-Grained Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Ze Yang, Tiange Luo, Dong Wang, Zhiqiang Hu, Jun Gao,
and Liwei Wang

NAM: Non-Adversarial Unsupervised Domain Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

Yedid Hoshen and Lior Wolf

Transferable Adversarial Perturbations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

Wen Zhou, Xin Hou, Yongjun Chen, Mengyun Tang, Xiangqi Huang,
Xiang Gan, and Yong Yang

Semantically Aware Urban 3D Reconstruction with

Plane-Based Regularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Thomas Holzmann, Michael Maurer, Friedrich Fraundorfer,
and Horst Bischof

Joint 3D Tracking of a Deformable Object in Interaction with a Hand . . . . . . 504

Aggeliki Tsoli and Antonis A. Argyros

HBE: Hand Branch Ensemble Network for Real-Time 3D Hand

Pose Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Yidan Zhou, Jian Lu, Kuo Du, Xiangbo Lin, Yi Sun, and Xiaohong Ma

Sequential Clique Optimization for Video Object Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . 537

Yeong Jun Koh, Young-Yoon Lee, and Chang-Su Kim

Joint 3D Face Reconstruction and Dense Alignment with Position Map

Regression Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Yao Feng, Fan Wu, Xiaohu Shao, Yanfeng Wang, and Xi Zhou

Efficient Relative Attribute Learning Using Graph Neural Networks . . . . . . . 575

Zihang Meng, Nagesh Adluru, Hyunwoo J. Kim, Glenn Fung,
and Vikas Singh

Deep Kalman Filtering Network for Video Compression

Artifact Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Guo Lu, Wanli Ouyang, Dong Xu, Xiaoyun Zhang,
Zhiyong Gao, and Ming-Ting Sun

A Deeply-Initialized Coarse-to-fine Ensemble of Regression Trees

for Face Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Roberto Valle, José M. Buenaposada, Antonio Valdés,
and Luis Baumela
XXX Contents – Part XIV

DeepVS: A Deep Learning Based Video Saliency Prediction Approach . . . . . 625

Lai Jiang, Mai Xu, Tie Liu, Minglang Qiao, and Zulin Wang

Learning Efficient Single-Stage Pedestrian Detectors by Asymptotic

Localization Fitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Wei Liu, Shengcai Liao, Weidong Hu, Xuezhi Liang, and Xiao Chen

Scenes-Objects-Actions: A Multi-task, Multi-label Video Dataset . . . . . . . . . 660

Jamie Ray, Heng Wang, Du Tran, Yufei Wang, Matt Feiszli,
Lorenzo Torresani, and Manohar Paluri

Accelerating Dynamic Programs via Nested Benders Decomposition

with Application to Multi-Person Pose Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Shaofei Wang, Alexander Ihler, Konrad Kording, and Julian Yarkony

Human Motion Analysis with Deep Metric Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

Huseyin Coskun, David Joseph Tan, Sailesh Conjeti, Nassir Navab,
and Federico Tombari

Exploring Visual Relationship for Image Captioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Ting Yao, Yingwei Pan, Yehao Li, and Tao Mei

Single Shot Scene Text Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728

Lluís Gómez, Andrés Mafla, Marçal Rusiñol, and Dimosthenis Karatzas

Folded Recurrent Neural Networks for Future Video Prediction . . . . . . . . . . 745

Marc Oliu, Javier Selva, and Sergio Escalera

Matching and Recognition

CornerNet: Detecting Objects as Paired Keypoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765

Hei Law and Jia Deng

RelocNet: Continuous Metric Learning Relocalisation Using Neural Nets. . . . 782

Vassileios Balntas, Shuda Li, and Victor Prisacariu

The Contextual Loss for Image Transformation with Non-aligned Data . . . . . 800
Roey Mechrez, Itamar Talmi, and Lihi Zelnik-Manor

Acquisition of Localization Confidence for Accurate Object Detection. . . . . . 816

Borui Jiang, Ruixuan Luo, Jiayuan Mao, Tete Xiao, and Yuning Jiang

Deep Model-Based 6D Pose Refinement in RGB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

Fabian Manhardt, Wadim Kehl, Nassir Navab, and Federico Tombari

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

Poster Session
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
good deal of work was done by the Civil Service Committee of the
House, and none at all by the corresponding committee of the
Senate. The three chairmen of the House committee were Mr.
Lehlbach, Mr. Andrew, and Mr. De Forest. All three were able and
conscientious men and stanch supporters of the law. The chairman
in the 52d Congress, Mr. John F. Andrew, was throughout his whole
term of service one of the ablest, most fearless, and most effective
champions of the cause of the reform in the House. Among the other
members of the committee, in different Congresses, who stood up
valiantly for the reform, were Mr. Hopkins, of Illinois, Mr. Butterworth,
of Ohio, Mr. Boatner, of Louisiana, and Mr. Dargan and Mr. Brawley,
of South Carolina. Occasionally there have been on the committee
members who were hostile to the reform, such as Mr. Alderson, of
West Virginia; but these have not been men carrying weight in the
House. The men of intelligence and ability who once familiarize
themselves with the workings of the system, as they are bound to do
if they are on the committee, are sure to become its supporters. In
both the 51st and the 52d Congresses charges were made against
the Commission, and investigations were held into its actions and
into the workings of the law by the House committee. In each case,
in its report the committee not only heartily applauded the conduct of
the Commission, but no less heartily approved the workings of the
law, and submitted bills to increase the power of the Commission
and to render the law still more wide-reaching and drastic. These
bills, unfortunately, were never acted on in the House.
The main fight in each session comes on the Appropriation bill.
There is not the slightest danger that the law will be repealed, and
there is not much danger that any President will suffer it to be so
laxly administered as to deprive it of all value; though there is always
need to keep a vigilant lookout for fear of such lax administration.
The danger-point is in the appropriations. The first Civil Service
Commission, established in the days of President Grant, was starved
out by Congress refusing to appropriate for it. A hostile Congress
could repeat the same course now; and, as a matter of fact, in every
Congress resolute efforts are made by the champions of foul
government and dishonest politics to cut off the Commission’s
supplies. The bolder men, who come from districts where little is
known of the law, and where there is no adequate expression of
intelligent and honest opinion on the subject, attack it openly. They
are always joined by a number who make the attack covertly under
some point of order, or because of a nominal desire for economy.
These are quite as dangerous as the others, and deserve exposure.
Every man interested in decent government should keep an eye on
his Congressman and see how he votes on the question of
appropriations for the Commission.
The opposition to the reform is generally well led by skilled
parliamentarians, and they fight with the vindictiveness natural to
men who see a chance of striking at the institution which has baffled
their ferocious greed. As a rule, the rank and file are composed of
politicians who could not rise in public life because of their attitude
on any public question, and who derive most of their power from the
skill with which they manipulate the patronage of their districts.
These men have a gift at office-mongering, just as other men have a
peculiar knack in picking pockets; and they are joined by all the
honest dull men, who vote wrong out of pure ignorance, and by a
very few sincere and intelligent, but wholly misguided people. Many
of the spoils leaders are both efficient and fearless, and able to strike
hard blows. In consequence, the leaders on the side of decency
must themselves be men of ability and force, or the cause will suffer.
For our good fortune, we have never yet lacked such leaders.
The Appropriation committees, both in the House and Senate,
almost invariably show a friendly disposition toward the law. They
are composed of men of prominence, who have a sense of the
responsibilities of their positions and an earnest desire to do well for
the country and to make an honorable record for their party in
matters of legislation. They are usually above resorting to the arts of
low cunning or of sheer demagogy to which the foes of the reform
system are inevitably driven, and in consequence they can be relied
upon to give, if not what is needed, at least enough to prevent any
retrogression. It is in the open House and in Committee of the Whole
that the fight is waged. The most dangerous fight occurs in
Committee of the Whole, for there the members do not vote by aye
and no, and in consequence a mean politician who wishes ill to the
law, but is afraid of his constituents, votes against it in committee,
but does not dare to do so when the ayes and noes are called in the
House. One result of this has been that more than once the whole
appropriation has been stricken out in Committee of the Whole, and
then voted back again by substantial majorities by the same men
sitting in open House.
In the debate on the appropriation the whole question of the
workings of the law is usually discussed, and those members who
are opposed to it attack not only the law itself, but the Commission
which administers it. The occasion is, therefore, invariably seized as
an opportunity for a pitched battle between the friends and foes of
the system, the former trying to secure such an increase of
appropriation as will permit the Commission to extend its work, and
the latter striving to abolish the law outright by refusing all
appropriations. In the 51st and 52d Congresses, Mr. Lodge, of
Massachusetts, led the fight for the reform in the Lower House. He
was supported by such party leaders as Messrs. Reed, of Maine,
and McKinley, of Ohio, among the Republicans, and Messrs. Wilson,
of West Virginia, and Sayers, of Texas, among the Democrats.
Among the other champions of the law on the floor of the House
were Messrs. Hopkins and Butterworth, Mr. Greenhalge, of
Massachusetts, Mr. Henderson, of Iowa, Messrs. Payne, Tracey, and
Coombs, of New York. I wish I had the space to chronicle the names
of all, and to give a complete list of those who voted for the law.
Among the chief opponents of it were Messrs. Spinola, of New York,
Enloe, of Tennessee, Stockdale, of Mississippi, Grosvenor, of Ohio,
and Bowers, of California. The task of the defenders of the law was,
in one way easy, for they had no arguments to meet, the speeches
of their adversaries being invariably divisible into mere declamation
and direct misstatement of facts. In the Senate, Senators Hoar, of
Massachusetts, Allison, of Iowa, Hawley, of Connecticut, Wolcott, of
Colorado, Perkins, of California, Cockrell, of Missouri, and Butler, of
South Carolina, always supported the Commission against unjust
attack. Senator Gorman was naturally the chief leader of the
assaults upon the Commission. Senators Harris, Plumb, Stewart,
and Ingalls were among his allies.
 In each session the net result of the fight was an increase in the
appropriation for the Commission. The most important increase was
that obtained in the first session of the 53d Congress. On this
occasion Mr. Lodge was no longer in the House, having been
elected to the Senate. The work of the Commission had grown so
that it was impossible to perform it without a great increase of force;
and it would have been impossible to have put into effect the
extensions of the classified service had this increase not been
allowed. In the House the Committee on Appropriations, of which Mr.
Sayers was chairman, allowed the increase, but it was stricken out in
the House itself after an acrimonious debate, in which the cause of
the law was sustained by Messrs. Henderson and Hopkins, Mr.
McCall, of Massachusetts, Mr. Coombs, Mr. Crain, of Texas, Mr.
Storer, of Ohio, and many others, while the spoils-mongers were led
by Messrs. Stockdale and Williams, of Mississippi, Pendelton, of
West Virginia, Fithian, of Illinois, and others less important.
When the bill went over to the Senate, however, Mr. Lodge, well
supported by Messrs. Allison, Cockrell, Wolcott, and Teller, had the
provision for the increase of appropriation for the Commission
restored and increased, thereby adding by one half to the efficiency
of the Commission’s work. Had it not been for this the Commission
would have been quite unable to have undertaken the extensions
recently ordered by President Cleveland.
It is noteworthy that the men who have done most effective work
for the law in Washington in the departments, and more especially in
the House and Senate, are men of spotless character, who show by
their whole course in public life that they are not only able and
resolute, but also devoted to a high ideal. Much of what they have
done has received little comment in public, because much of the
work in committee, and some of the work in the House, such as
making or combating points of order, and pointing out the danger or
merit of certain bills, is not of a kind readily understood or
appreciated by an outsider; yet no men have deserved better of the
country, for there is in American public life no one other cause so
fruitful of harm to the body-politic as the spoils system, and the
legislators and administrative officers who have done the best work
toward its destruction merit a peculiar meed of praise from all well-
wishers of the Republic.
I have spoken above of the good that would come from a thorough
and intelligent knowledge as to who were the friends and who were
the foes of the law in Washington. Departmental officers, the heads
of bureaus, and, above all, the Commissioners themselves, should
be carefully watched by all friends of the reform. They should be
supported when they do well, and condemned when they do ill; and
attention should be called not only to what they do, but to what they
fail to do. To an even greater extent, of course, this applies to the
President. As regards the Senators and Congressmen also there is
urgent need of careful supervision by the friends of the law. We need
criticism by those who are unable to do their part in action; but the
criticism, to be useful, must be both honest and intelligent, and the
critics must remember that the system has its stanch friends and
bitter foes among both party men and men of no party—among
Republicans, Democrats, and Independents. Each Congressman
should be made to feel that it is his duty to support the law, and that
he will be held to account if he fails to support it. Especially is it
necessary to concentrate effort in working for each step of reform. In
legislative matters, for instance, there is need of increase of
appropriations for the Commission, and there is a chance of putting
through the bill to reform the Consular service. This has received
substantial backing in the Senate, and has the support of the
majority of the Foreign Affairs Committee. Instead of wasting efforts
by a diffuse support of eight or ten bills, it would be well to bend
every energy to securing the passage of the Consular bill; and to do
this it is necessary to arouse not only the Civil Service Reform
Associations, but the Boards of Trade throughout the country, and to
make the Congressmen and Senators feel individually the pressure
from those of their constituents who are resolved no longer to
tolerate the peculiarly gross manifestation of the spoils system which
now obtains in the consular service, with its attendant discredit to the
national honor abroad.
People sometimes grow a little down-hearted about the reform.
When they feel in this mood it would be well for them to reflect on
what has actually been gained in the past six years. By the inclusion
of the railway mail service, the smaller free-delivery offices, the
Indian School service, the Internal Revenue service, and other less
important branches, the extent of the public service which is under
the protection of the law has been more than doubled, and there are
now nearly fifty thousand employees of the Federal Government who
have been withdrawn from the degrading influences that rule under
the spoils system. This of itself is a great success and a great
advance, though, of course, it ought only to spur us on to renewed
effort. In the fall of 1894 the people of the State of New York, by a
popular vote, put into their constitution a provision providing for a
merit system in the affairs of the State and its municipalities; and the
following spring the great city of Chicago voted, by an overwhelming
majority, in favor of applying in its municipal affairs the advanced and
radical Civil Service Reform Law, which had already passed the
Illinois Legislature. Undoubtedly, after every success there comes a
moment of reaction. The friends of the reform grow temporarily
lukewarm, or, because it fails to secure everything they hoped, they
neglect to lay proper stress upon all that it does secure. Yet, in spite
of all rebuffs, in spite of all disappointments and opposition, the
growth of the principle of Civil Service reform has been continually
more rapid, and every year has taken us measurably nearer that
ideal of pure and decent government which is dear to the heart of
every honest American citizen.

FOOTNOTES:
[13] Scribner’s Magazine, August, 1895.
 VIII
ADMINISTERING THE NEW YORK POLICE
FORCE[14]

In New York, in the fall of 1894, Tammany Hall was overthrown by

a coalition composed partly of the regular republicans, partly of anti-
Tammany democrats, and partly of independents. Under the latter
head must be included a great many men who in national politics
habitually act with one or the other of the two great parties, but who
feel that in municipal politics good citizens should act independently.
The tidal wave, which was running high against the democratic party,
was undoubtedly very influential in bringing about the anti-Tammany
victory; but the chief factor in producing the result was the wide-
spread anger and disgust felt by decent citizens at the corruption
which, under the sway of Tammany, had honey-combed every
department of the city government, but especially the police force. A
few well-meaning people have at times tried to show that this
corruption was not really so very great. In reality it would be difficult
to overestimate the utter rottenness of many branches of the city
administration. There were a few honorable and high-minded
Tammany officials, and there were a few bureaus which were
administered with more or less efficiency, although dishonestly. But
the corruption had become so wide-spread as seriously to impair the
work of administration, and to bring us back within measurable
distance of the days of Tweed.
 The chief centre of corruption was the Police Department. No man
not intimately acquainted with both the lower and humbler sides of
New York life—for there is a wide distinction between the two—can
realize how far this corruption extended. Except in rare instances,
where prominent politicians made demands which could not be
refused, both promotions and appointments towards the close of
Tammany rule were made almost solely for money, and the prices
were discussed with cynical frankness. There was a well-recognized
tariff of charges, ranging from two or three hundred dollars for
appointment as a patrolman, to twelve or fifteen thousand dollars for
promotion to the position of captain. The money was reimbursed to
those who paid it by an elaborate system of blackmail. This was
chiefly carried on at the expense of gamblers, liquor sellers, and
keepers of disorderly houses; but every form of vice and crime
contributed more or less, and a great many respectable people who
were ignorant or timid were blackmailed under pretence of forbidding
or allowing them to violate obscure ordinances and the like. From top
to bottom the New York police force was utterly demoralized by the
gangrene of such a system, where venality and blackmail went hand
in hand with the basest forms of low ward politics, and where the
policeman, the ward politician, the liquor seller, and the criminal
alternately preyed on one another and helped one another to prey on
the general public.
In May, 1895, I was made president of the newly appointed police
board, whose duty it was to cut out the chief source of civic
corruption in New York by cleansing the police department. The
police board consisted of four members. All four of the new men
were appointed by Mayor Strong, the reform Mayor, who had taken
office in January.
With me, was associated, as treasurer of the Board, Mr. Avery D.
Andrews. He was a democrat and I a republican, and there were
questions of national politics on which we disagreed widely; but such
questions could not enter into the administration of the New York
police, if that administration was to be both honest and efficient; and
as a matter of fact, during my two years’ service, Mr. Andrews and I
worked in absolute harmony on every important question of policy
which arose. The prevention of blackmail and corruption, the
repression of crime and violence, safeguarding of life and property,
securing honest elections, and rewarding efficient and punishing
inefficient police service, are not, and cannot properly be made,
questions of party difference. In other words, such a body as the
police force of New York can be wisely and properly administered
only upon a non-partisan basis, and both Mr. Andrews and myself
were quite incapable of managing it on any other. There were many
men who helped us in our work; and among them all, the man who
helped us most, by advice and counsel, by stalwart, loyal friendship,
and by ardent championship of all that was good against all that was
evil, was Jacob A. Riis, the author of How the Other Half Lives.
Certain of the difficulties we had to face were merely those which
confronted the entire reform administration in its management of the
municipality. Many worthy people expected that this reform
administration would work an absolute revolution, not merely in the
government, but in the minds of the citizens as a whole; and felt
vaguely that they had been cheated because there was not an
immediate cleansing of every bad influence in civic or social life.
Moreover, the different bodies forming the victorious coalition felt the
pressure of conflicting interests and hopes. The mass of effective
strength was given by the republican organization, and not only all
the enrolled party workers, but a great number of well-meaning
republicans who had no personal interest at stake, expected the
administration to be used to further the fortunes of their own party.
Another great body of the administration’s supporters took a
diametrically opposite view, and believed that the administration
should be administered without the least reference whatever to party.
In theory they were quite right, and I cordially sympathized with
them; but as a matter of fact the victory could not have been won by
the votes of this class of people alone, and it was out of the question
to put these theories into complete effect. Like all other men who
actually try to do things instead of confining themselves to saying
how they should be done, the members of the new city government
were obliged to face the facts and to do the best they could in the
effort to get some kind of good result out of the conflicting forces.
They had to disregard party so far as was possible; and yet they
could not afford to disregard all party connections so utterly as to
bring the whole administration to grief.
In addition to these two large groups of supporters of the
administration, there were other groups, also possessing influence
who expected to receive recognition distinctly as democrats, but as
anti-Tammany democrats; and such members of any victorious
coalition are always sure to overestimate their own services, and to
feel ill-treated.
It is of course an easy thing to show on paper that the municipal
administration should have been administered without the slightest
reference to national party lines, and if the bulk of the people saw
things with entire clearness the truth would seem so obvious as to
need no demonstration. But as a matter of fact the bulk of the people
who voted the new administration into power neither saw this nor
realized it, and in politics, as in life generally, conditions must be
faced as they are, and not as they ought to be. The regular
democratic organization, not only in the city but in the State, was
completely under the dominion of Tammany Hall and its allies, and
they fought us at every step with wholly unscrupulous hatred. In the
State and the city alike the democratic campaign was waged against
the reform administration in New York. The Tammany officials who
were still left in power in the city, headed by the comptroller, Mr.
Fitch, did everything in their power to prevent the efficient
administration of the government. The democratic members of the
Legislature acted as their faithful allies in all such efforts. Whatever
was accomplished by the reform administration—and a very great
deal was accomplished—was due to the action of the republican
majority in the constitutional convention, and especially to the
republican Governor, Mr. Morton, and the republican majority in the
Legislature, who enacted laws giving to the newly chosen Mayor, Mr.
Strong, the great powers necessary for properly administering his
office. Without these laws the Mayor would have been very nearly
powerless. He certainly could not have done a tenth part of what
actually was done.
Now, of course, the republican politicians who gave Mayor Strong
all these powers, in the teeth of violent democratic opposition to
every law for the betterment of civic conditions in New York, ought
not, under ideal conditions, to have expected the slightest reward.
They should have been contented with showing the public that their
only purpose was to serve the public, and that the republican party
wished no better reward than the consciousness of having done its
duty by the State and the city. But as a whole they had not reached
such a standard. There were some who had reached it; there were
others who, though perfectly honest, and wishing to see good
government prosper, yet felt that somehow it ought to be combined
with party advantage of a tangible sort; and finally, there were yet
others who were not honest at all and cared nothing for the victory
unless it resulted in some way to their own personal advantage. In
short, the problem presented was of the kind which usually is
presented when dealing with men as a mass. The Mayor and his
administration had to keep in touch with the republican party or they
could have accomplished nothing; and on the other hand there was
much that the republican machine asked which they could not do,
because a surrender on certain vital points meant the abandonment
of the effort to obtain good administration.
The undesirability of breaking with the republican organization was
shown by what happened in the administration of the police
department. This being the great centre of power was the especial
object of the republican machine leaders. Toward the close of
Tammany rule, of the four Police Commissioners, two had been
machine republicans, whose actions were in no wise to be
distinguished from those of their Tammany colleagues; and
immediately after the new board was appointed to office the machine
got through the Legislature the so-called bi-partisan or Lexow law,
under which the department is at present administered; and a more
foolish or vicious law was never enacted by any legislative body. It
modelled the government of the police force somewhat on the lines
of the Polish parliament, and it was avowedly designed to make it
difficult to get effective action. It provided for a four-headed board, so
that it was difficult to get a majority anyhow; but, lest we should get
such a majority, it gave each member power to veto the actions of
his colleagues in certain very important matters; and, lest we should
do too much when we were unanimous, it provided that the chief, our
nominal subordinate, should have entirely independent action in the
most important matters, and should be practically irremovable,
except for proved corruption; so that he was responsible to nobody.
The Mayor was similarly hindered from removing any Police
Commissioner, so that when one of our colleagues began
obstructing the work of the board, and thwarting its effort to reform
the force, the Mayor in vain strove to turn him out. In short, there was
a complete divorce of power and responsibility, and it was
exceedingly difficult either to do anything, or to place anywhere, the
responsibility for not doing it.
If, by any reasonable concessions, if, indeed, by the performance
of any act not incompatible with our oaths of office, we could have
stood on good terms with the machine, we would certainly have
made the effort, even at the cost of sacrificing many of our ideals;
and in almost any other department we could probably have avoided
a break, but in the police force such a compromise was not possible.
What was demanded of us usually took some such form as the
refusal to enforce certain laws, or the protection of certain law-
breakers, or the promotion of the least fit men to positions of high
power and grave responsibility; and on such points it was not
possible to yield. We were obliged to treat all questions that arose
purely on their merits, without reference to the desires of the
politicians. We went into this course with our eyes open, for we knew
the trouble it would cause us personally, and, what was far more
important, the way in which our efforts for reform would consequently
be hampered. However, there was no alternative, and we had to
abide by the result. We had counted the cost before we adopted our
course, and we followed it resolutely to the end. We could not
accomplish all that we should have liked to accomplish for we were
shackled by preposterous legislation, and by the opposition and
intrigues of the basest machine politicians, which cost us the
support, sometimes of one, and sometimes of both, of our
colleagues. Nevertheless, the net result of our two years of work was
that we did more to increase the efficiency and honesty of the police
department than had ever previously been done in its history.
 But a decent people will have to show by emphatic action that they
are in the majority if they wish this result to be permanent; for under
such a law as the “bi-partisan” law it is almost impossible to keep the
department honest and efficient for any length of time; and the
machine politicians, by their opposition outside the board, and by the
aid of any tool or ally whom they can get on the board, can always
hamper and cripple the honest members of the board, no matter how
resolute and able the latter may be, if they do not have an aroused
and determined public opinion behind them.
Besides suffering, in aggravated form, from the difficulties which
beset the course of the entire administration, the police board had to
encounter—and honest and efficient police boards must always
encounter—certain special and peculiar difficulties. It is not a
pleasant thing to deal with criminals and purveyors of vice. It is very
rough work, and it cannot always be done in a nice manner. The
man with the night stick, the man in the blue coat with the helmet,
can keep order and repress open violence on the streets; but most
kinds of crime and vice are ordinarily carried on furtively and by
stealth, perhaps at night, perhaps behind closed doors. It is possible
to reach them only by the employment of the man in plain clothes,
the detective. Now the function of the detective is primarily that of the
spy, and it is always easy to arouse feeling against a spy. It is
absolutely necessary to employ him. Ninety per cent. of the most
dangerous criminals and purveyors of vice cannot be reached in any
other way. But the average citizen who does not think deeply fails to
realize the necessity for any such employment. In a vague way he
desires vice and crime put down; but, also in a vague way, he
objects to the only possible means by which they can be put down. It
is easy to mislead him into denouncing what is necessarily done in
order to carry out the very policy for which he is clamoring. The
Tammany officials of New York, headed by the Comptroller, made a
systematic effort to excite public hostility against the police for their
warfare on vice. The law-breaking liquor seller, the keeper of
disorderly houses, and the gambler, had been influential allies of
Tammany, and head contributors to its campaign chest. Naturally
Tammany fought for them; and the effective way in which to carry on
such a fight was to portray with gross exaggeration and
misstatement the methods necessarily employed by every police
force which honestly endeavors to do its work. The methods are
unpleasant, just as the methods employed in any surgical operation
are unpleasant; and the Tammany champions were able to arouse
more or less feeling against the police board for precisely the same
reason that a century ago it was easy to arouse what were called
“doctors’ mobs” against surgeons who cut up dead bodies. In neither
case is the operation attractive, and it is one which readily lends
itself to denunciation; but in both cases it is necessary if there is a
real intention to get at the disease. Tammany of course found its best
allies in the sensational newspapers. Of all the forces that tend for
evil in a great city like New York, probably none are so potent as the
sensational papers. Until one has had experience with them it is
difficult to realize the reckless indifference to truth or decency
displayed by papers such as the two that have the largest circulation
in New York City. Scandal forms the breath of the nostrils of such
papers, and they are quite as ready to create as to describe it. To
sustain law and order is humdrum, and does not readily lend itself to
flaunting woodcuts; but if the editor will stoop, and make his
subordinates stoop, to raking the gutters of human depravity, to
upholding the wrong-doer, and furiously assailing what is upright and
honest, he can make money, just as other types of pander make it.
The man who is to do honorable work in any form of civic politics
must make up his mind (and if he is a man of properly robust
character he will make it up without difficulty) to treat the assaults of
papers like these with absolute indifference, and to go his way
unheeded. Indeed he will have to make up his mind to be criticised,
sometimes justly, and more often unjustly, even by decent people;
and he must not be so thin-skinned as to mind such criticism
overmuch.
In administering the police force we found, as might be expected,
that there was no need of genius, nor indeed of any very unusual
qualities. What was needed was exercise of the plain, ordinary
virtues, of a rather commonplace type, which all good citizens should
be expected to possess. Common sense, common honesty,
courage, energy, resolution, readiness to learn, and a desire to be as
pleasant with everybody as was compatible with a strict performance
of duty—these were the qualities most called for. We soon found
that, in spite of the wide-spread corruption which had obtained in the
New York police department, the bulk of the men were heartily
desirous of being honest. There were some who were incurably
dishonest, just as there were some who had remained decent in
spite of terrific temptation and pressure; but the great mass came in
between. Although not possessing the stamina to war against
corruption when the odds seemed well-nigh hopeless, they were
nevertheless heartily glad to be decent and to welcome the change
to a system under which they were rewarded for doing well, and
punished for doing ill.
Our methods for restoring order and discipline were simple, and
indeed so were our methods for securing efficiency. We made
frequent personal inspections, especially at night, turning up
anywhere, at any time. We thus speedily got an idea of whom
among our upper subordinates we could trust and whom we could
not. We then proceeded to punish those guilty of shortcomings, and
to reward those who did well, refusing to pay any heed whatever in
either case to anything except the man’s own character and record.
A very few of these promotions and dismissals sufficed to show our
subordinates that at last they were dealing with superiors who meant
what they said, and that the days of political “pull” were over while
we had the power. The effect was immediate. The decent men took
heart, and those who were not decent feared longer to offend. The
morale of the entire force improved steadily.
A similar course was followed in reference to the relations
between the police and citizens generally. There had formerly been
much complaint of the brutal treatment by police of innocent citizens.
This was stopped peremptorily by the simple expedient of dismissing
from the force the first two or three men who were found guilty of
brutality. On the other hand we made the force understand that in the
event of any emergency requiring them to use their weapons against
either a mob or an individual criminal, the police board backed them
up without reservation. Our sympathy was for the friends, and not
the foes, of order. If a mob threatened violence we were glad to have
the mob hurt. If a criminal showed fight we expected the officer to
use any weapon that was necessary to overcome him on the instant;
and even, if it became necessary, to take life. All that the board
required was to be convinced that the necessity really existed. We
did not possess a particle of that maudlin sympathy for the criminal,
disorderly, and lawless classes which is such a particularly unhealthy
sign of social development; and we were bound that the
improvement in the fighting efficiency of the police should go hand in
hand with the improvement in their moral tone.
To break up the system of blackmail and corruption was less easy.
It was not at all difficult to protect decent people in their rights, and
this was accomplished at once. But the criminal who is blackmailed
has a direct interest in paying the blackmailer, and it is not easy to
get information about it. Nevertheless, we put a complete stop to
most of the blackmail by the simple process of rigorously enforcing
the laws, not only against crime, but against vice.
It was the enforcement of the liquor law which caused most
excitement. In New York we suffer from the altogether too common
tendency to make any law which a certain section of the community
wants, and then to allow that law to be more or less of a dead-letter if
any other section of the community objects to it. The multiplication of
laws by the Legislature, and their partial enforcement by the
executive authorities, go hand in hand, and offer one of the many
serious problems with which we are confronted in striving to better
civic conditions. New York State felt that liquor should not be sold on
Sunday. The larger part of New York City wished to drink liquor on
Sunday. Any man who studies the social condition of the poor knows
that liquor works more ruin than any other one cause. He knows
also, however, that it is simply impracticable to extirpate the habit
entirely, and that to attempt too much often merely results in
accomplishing too little; and he knows, moreover, that for a man
alone to drink whiskey in a bar-room is one thing, and for men with
their families to drink light wines or beer in respectable restaurants is
quite a different thing. The average citizen, who doesn’t think at all,
and the average politician of the baser sort, who only thinks about
his own personal advantage, find it easiest to disregard these facts,
and to pass a liquor law which will please the temperance people,
and then trust to the police department to enforce it with such laxity
as to please the intemperate.
The results of this pleasing system were evident in New York when
our board came into power. The Sunday liquor law was by no means
a dead letter in New York City. On the contrary no less than eight
thousand arrests for its violation had been made under the Tammany
regime the year before we came in. It was very much alive; but it
was only executed against those who either had no political pull, or
who refused to pay money. The liquor business does not stand on
the same footing with other occupations. It always tends to produce
criminality in the population at large, and law-breaking among the
saloonkeepers themselves. It is absolutely necessary to supervise it
rigidly, and impose restrictions upon the traffic. In large cities the
traffic cannot be stopped; but the evils can at least be minimized.
In New York the saloonkeepers have always stood high among
professional politicians. Nearly two thirds of the political leaders of
Tammany Hall have, at one time or another, been in the liquor
business. The saloon is the natural club and meeting place for the
ward heelers and leaders, and the bar-room politician is one of the
most common and best recognized factors, in local political
government. The saloonkeepers are always hand in glove with the
professional politicians, and occupy toward them a position such as
is not held by any other class of men. The influence they wield in
local politics has always been very great, and until our board took
office no man ever dared seriously to threaten them for their flagrant
violations of the law. The powerful and influential saloonkeeper was
glad to see his neighbors closed, for it gave him business. On the
other hand, a corrupt police captain, or the corrupt politician who
controlled him, could always extort money from a saloonkeeper by
threatening to close him and let his neighbor remain open. Gradually
the greed of corrupt police officials and of corrupt politicians, grew by
what it fed on, until they began to blackmail all but the very most
influential liquor sellers; and as liquor sellers were very numerous,
and the profits of the liquor business great, the amount collected was
enormous.
 The reputable saloonkeepers themselves found this condition of
blackmail and political favoritism almost intolerable. The law which
we found on the statute books had been put on by a Tammany
Legislature three years before we took office. A couple of months
after we took office, Mr. J. P. Smith, the editor of the liquor-dealers’
organ, The Wine and Spirit Gazette, gave out the following interview,
which is of such an extraordinary character that I insert it almost in
full:
“Governor Flower, as well as the Legislature of 1892, was elected
upon distinct pledges that relief would be given by the Democratic
party to the liquor dealers, especially of the cities of the State. In
accordance with this promise a Sunday-opening clause was inserted
in the excise bill of 1892. Governor Flower then said that he could
not approve the Sunday-opening clause; whereupon the Liquor
Dealers’ Association, which had charge of the bill, struck the
Sunday-opening clause out. After Governor Hill had been elected for
the second term I had several interviews with him on that very
subject. He told me, ‘You know I am the friend of the liquor dealers
and will go to almost any length to help them and give them relief;
but do not ask me to recommend to the Legislature the passage of
the law opening the saloons on Sunday. I cannot do it, for it will ruin
the Democratic party in the State.’ He gave the same interview to
various members of the State Liquor Dealers’ Association, who
waited upon him for the purpose of getting relief from the blackmail
of the police, stating that the lack of having the Sunday question
properly regulated was at the bottom of the trouble. Blackmail had
been brought to such a state of perfection, and had become so
oppressive to the liquor dealers themselves, that they communicated
first with Governor Hill and then with Mr. Croker. The Wine and Spirit
Gazette had taken up the subject because of gross discrimination
made by the police in the enforcement of the Sunday-closing law.
The paper again and again called upon the police commissioners to
either uniformly enforce the law or uniformly disregard it. A
committee of the Central Association of Liquor Dealers of this city
then took up the matter and called upon Police Commissioner
Martin.[15] An agreement was then made between the leaders of
Tammany Hall and the liquor dealers, according to which the monthly
blackmail paid to the police should be discontinued in return for
political support.[16] In other words, the retail dealers should bind
themselves to solidly support the Tammany ticket in consideration of
the discontinuance of the monthly blackmail by the police. This
agreement was carried out. Now what was the consequence? If the
liquor dealer, after the monthly blackmail ceased, showed any signs
of independence, the Tammany Hall district leader would give the tip
to the police captain, and that man would be pulled and arrested on
the following Sunday.”
Continuing, Mr. Smith inveighed against the law, but said:
“The (present) police commissioners are honestly endeavoring to
have the law impartially carried out. They are no respectors of
persons. And our information from all classes of liquor-dealers is that
the rich and the poor, the influential and the uninfluential, are
required equally to obey the law.”
There is really some difficulty in commenting upon the statements
of this interview, statements which were never denied.
The law was not in the least a dead-letter; it was enforced, but it
was corruptly and partially enforced. It was a prominent factor in the
Tammany scheme of government. It afforded a most effective means
for blackmailing a large portion of the liquor sellers and for the
wholesale corruption of the police department. The high Tammany
officials and police captains and patrolmen blackmailed and bullied
the small liquor sellers without a pull, and turned them into abject
slaves of Tammany Hall. On the other hand, the wealthy and
politically influential liquor sellers controlled the police, and made or
marred captains, sergeants, and patrolmen at their pleasure. In
some of the precincts most of the saloons were closed; in others
almost all were open. The rich and powerful liquor seller violated the
law at will, unless he had fallen under the ban of the police or the
ward boss, when he was not allowed to violate it at all.
Under these circumstances the new police board had one of two
courses to follow. We could either instruct the police to allow all the
saloonkeepers to become law-breakers, or else we could instruct
them to allow none to be law-breakers. We followed the latter
course, because we had some regard for our oaths of office. For two
or three months we had a regular fight, and on Sundays had to
employ half the force to enforce the liquor law; for the Tammany
legislators had drawn the law so as to make it easy of enforcement
for purposes of blackmail, but not easy of enforcement generally,
certain provisions being deliberately inserted with the intention to
make it difficult of universal execution. However, when once the
liquor sellers and their allies understood that we had not the slightest
intention of being bullied, threatened or cajoled out of following the
course which we had laid down, resistance practically ceased.
During the year after we took office the number of arrests for
violation of the Sunday liquor law sank to about one half of what they
had been during the last year of the Tammany rule; and yet the
saloons were practically closed, whereas under Tammany most of
them had been open. We adopted no new methods, save in so far
as honesty could be called a new method. We did not enforce the
law with unusual severity; we merely enforced it against the man
with a pull, just as much as against the man without a pull. We
refused to discriminate in favor of influential law-breakers. The
professional politicians of low type, the liquor sellers, the editors of
some German newspapers, and the sensational press generally,
attacked us with a ferocity which really verged on insanity.
We went our way without regarding this opposition, and gave a
very wholesome lesson to the effect that a law should not be put on
the statute books if it was not meant to be enforced, and that even
an excise law could be honestly enforced in New York if the public
officials so desired. The rich brewers and liquor sellers, who had
made money hand over fist by violating the excise law with the
corrupt connivance of the police, raved with anger, and every corrupt
politician and newspaper in the city gave them clamorous
assistance; but the poor man, and notably the poor man’s wife and
children, benefited very greatly by what we did. The hospital
surgeons found that their Monday labors were lessened by nearly
one half, owing to the startling diminution in cases of injury due to
drunken brawls; the work of the magistrates who sat in the city
courts on Monday for the trial of the offenders of the preceding