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Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice 6

J. Russell Boulding
Editor

Elise Boulding:
A Pioneer in Peace
Research, Peacemaking,
Feminism, Future
Studies and the Family
From a Quaker Perspective
With foreword by Betty Reardon and preface by Úrsula Oswald Spring
Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science,
Engineering, Practice

Volume 6

Series editor
Hans Günter Brauch, Mosbach, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15230
http://www.afes-press-books.de/html/PAHSEP.htm
http://www.afes-press-books.de/html/PAHSEP_Elise_Boulding.htm
J. Russell Boulding
Editor

Elise Boulding: A Pioneer

in Peace Research,
Peacemaking, Feminism,
Future Studies and the Family
From a Quaker Perspective

123
Editor
J. Russell Boulding
Bloomington
IN
USA

Acknowledgement: I would like to express special appreciation to the National Peace

Academy for a grant to assist with travel expenses to spend time at the Elise Boulding
Collection at the University of Colorado Boulder Library Archives, and to archivist David
Hays, while I was there for his assistance and hospitality. Unless otherwise noted, all photos
in this volume were taken from the personal photo collection of the editor who also granted
the permission on their publication in this volume. Special thanks to Craig Moore at
http://www.travel-tips.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/ for permission to use the
photo of the United Nations building on the cover.
A book website with additional information on Elise Boulding, including videos and her
major book covers is at: http://www.afes-press-books.de/html/PAHSEP_Elise_Boulding.htm.

ISSN 2509-5579 ISSN 2509-5587 (electronic)

Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice
ISBN 978-3-319-31363-4 ISBN 978-3-319-31364-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-31364-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016944321

© The Author(s) 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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Copyediting: PD Dr. Hans Günter Brauch, AFES-PRESS e.V., Mosbach, Germany

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The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
For the 96th birthday of my mother Elise
Boulding
Elise and Kenneth Boulding with their oldest son J. Russell Boulding (1947). Source From the
personal photo collection of the Boulding family
Foreword

Elise Boulding: Scholarly Inventiveness, Peace Thinking

toward a Humanly Inclusive World View

“You have defined a new concept!” Elise surprised me with the element of delight
in this response to my effort to pry her loose, as subtly as possible, from a deep
engagement in a very rewarding conversation. (My guess is that it was at the UN or
an NGO office in that area of Manhattan—the memory of her declaration is clear—
that of the venue is not.) I had taken on the task of guiding her to appointments
while she stayed with me in Manhattan during a couple of days in the late 1970s.
We had just completed one of a number of visits to be made that day, and I was
explaining my signals to her to prepare to bring the conversation to as graceful a
closing as possible to avoid an abrupt, hurried departure as indicating “getting ready
to leave time.” What has kept the incident among the cherished memories I hold of
Elise is its embodiment of her delight at encountering new and potentially useful
ideas. To me Elise was a joyful learner, a sharp observer who looked below surfaces
and beyond the common range of vision to shed some light of meaning on much
that goes unnoticed or taken for granted. There is no more vivid evidence of this
than her work on women and peace. Her particular gift of conceptual inventiveness
comprised one of her most significant contributions to the evolution of feminist
peace research and peace studies. And her capacity to illuminate the unobserved
and the possible was an equally important contribution to futures studies.
Elise often surprised me as she observed aspects of the human condition, the
desperate and the transcendent, unseen even by those trying to perceive the multiple
forms of violence our field had begun to define. Another among many such sur-
prises that typifies her capacity to understand the core humanity of all occurred in
India in 1974, at a seminar in Delhi after the General Conference of IPRA held in
Varanasi. Again, I don’t remember the topic of the session nor of her presentation,
only a vivid verbal sketch she drew of a woman living, as were so many, on the
streets of Delhi. She gave us a picture of a young mother with an infant and a
toddler, spreading a cloth at the edge of traffic, setting out bits of food while smiling

vii
viii Foreword

and chatting to her children. While most of us foreign visitors saw only the
desperate poverty, Elise, acknowledging the suffering and struggle, also saw a
woman making a temporary home for her small family. As on many other occasions
in varying circumstances, she pointed out how women had exercised extraordinary
inventiveness in struggling to meet the needs of families. She made it clear that
women’s full participation in directing the course of present public policy and
building a humane and just future world society was to the benefit of all; that
without inclusiveness there would be little hope of justice. She also championed the
participation of youth in public affairs, arguing that they were to be the citizens
of the futures we envisioned.
The intellectual and professional formation of most researchers and educators is
influenced by the thinking of those who went before them in their respective fields.
But perhaps is even more strongly affected by those with whom they interact in the
development of their fundamental understanding of the fields in which they work.
In my case, being a feminist peace educator, Elise Boulding’s way of thinking
deeply affected me, as I am sure she affected many others in the various spheres
of the entire peace knowledge field: research, university studies, adult and school
education, and civic action directed toward developing and disseminating knowl-
edge needed to establish and sustain a just global peace. She was involved with all
spheres of the field. I had the privilege of direct interactions with Elise which
enabled me to appreciate her “inventive perception” of both the temporary cir-
cumstances and the lingering, sometimes seemingly perpetual conditions in the
world which became the substance of peace research. She observed and concep-
tualized throughout her life in peace research with the fresh and inventive eyes of a
newly minted scholar. She also brought a depth of understanding and wisdom to the
field that came from her life partnership with Kenneth Boulding, the family they
raised and years of community and civil society activism.
According to most current and often contradictory notions of feminism, Elise
was not a feminist as such. Indeed, she was free of the limits of most “isms” (save
perhaps for Quakerism—yet that, too, in a broad view of faith and the human spirit.)
She sought not only to balance the scales of gender injustice, but perhaps more
pointedly to make evident the degree to which women played essential roles in
most social and economic processes. She lead us to see that even in the political
realms of power, women, although marginalized, had influences which had to be
taken into account to fully understand the systems and processes of public power,
be it democratic or authoritarian. Thus she provided feminism with actual sub-
stantive ground on which to build arguments for the practical advantages of gender
equality in public affairs, that which the originators of UN Security Council
Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security sought in the crafting of that
landmark in the global movement for women’s full and equal participation in public
policy making, including and especially security policy.
Elise taught me that what was not seen by political-analytic eyes was not so
much invisible as out of the range of vision of those who looked at the world
through lenses crafted to a limited perspective, narrowed by patriarchal and other
exclusionary world views, among them even some peace perspectives. She helped
Foreword ix

us all toward wider more comprehensive perceptions of the world and human
history; and even more significantly to appreciate and strive to apply multiple
perspectives to the problems that we early participants in the young fields of peace
research, peace studies and peace education were trying to understand.
Were I to identify her most important contribution to the field, I would name this
special gift of seeing below and beyond the focus of our attention as it was con-
ditioned by the dominant patriarchal paradigm that characterizes the common world
view. Elise was teaching us to develop alternative views that were truly global and
humanly inclusive, sensible to the conditions endured by the most vulnerable
among the human family. It was she who in one of our many memorable con-
versations, bought me to a painful awareness of the extent and severity of child
abuse years before the Declarations and Convention on the Rights of the Child put
the issue on the world’s public agenda, and that of a limited few peace researchers.
Such was common in those conversations which always challenged and stretched
understanding of the human condition, past, present and envisioned future.
Even I, with a master’s degree in history, experienced a stunning learning from
her notion of “the 200 year present,” a concept I was to apply and refer to many
times in my work as a peace educator. That concept was one of two of Elise’s
contributions (the other being futures imaging workshops) that helped to move
those of us working to conceptualize and learn ways to achieve a “positive peace”
from the realms of “idealism,” as our work was often perceived, to disciplined
inquiry into future possibilities. Her gift of vision helped both to broaden the way
issues are viewed and to open minds to the possibilities offered by wider, longer
range views of the human experience. This was an invaluable gift to those of us
actively seeking to learn ways to make the experience more positive for more of the
human family whose life chances are constrained by multiple forms of violence.
Elise saw the possibilities as clearly as she saw the violence, indeed she saw the
latter often more clearly and in greater human detail than many peace research
colleagues who worked primarily in the realms of abstract theory and analysis of
one dimensional data.
Nothing manifested her inventiveness and visionary capacities so much as her
futures imaging workshops in which participants were invited to envision a world
without weapons and war, to picture a transformed reality in practical, workable
detail. She based these mind opening experiences on a principle that has been
central to my own practice of peace education, i.e. to inspire commitment to act for
peace there is need for a belief in its possibility. Such belief can arise from the
process of envisioning the possible, keeping in mind that the process must be
followed by planning and taking action toward making the possible probable,
through strategies to overcome present obstacles to a just world peace. The politics
of transition to peace comprise one of the most promising and satisfying realms of
citizens’ peace action and rich learning soil from which to plan and to deliver
effective education for global citizenship. Elise advocated the cultivation of global
citizenship through engagement in civil society actions for justice and peace. She
surely would have welcomed the recent vigorous civil society embrace of action to
counter the effects of climate change.
x Foreword

Mary Lee Morrison and Úrsula Oswald Spring both refer to Elise’s contributions
to the development of peace knowledge through her own significant participation
in the realms of peace education, peace research and peace action. In those mul-
tiple realms of experience, she gleaned and shared learnings that contributed to
the substantive knowledge each realm contributes to preparing citizens for
peacemaking in the short range and developing their capacities for peace building
for the long range. As noted by all three of us, Elise cultivated knowledge relevant
to the immediate present as well as to a preferred future.
Two concrete examples of her major contributions to the development of the
field are her pivotal roles in establishing and setting the directions for the
International Peace Research Association (IPRA) and the Consortium on Peace
Research, Education and Development (COPRED) IPRA’s North American affili-
ate, now the Peace and Justice Studies Association. Her special gifts of seeing that
which is rich with possibilities, but largely invisible to those with less compre-
hensive views and inventive turns of mind helped to set the stage for the estab-
lishment of the IPRA. As a homemaker she regularly emptied the waste basket
containing the discarded envelopes in which Kenneth Boulding was receiving
correspondence from scholars around the world who had begun to devote research
efforts to the issues of war and peace; research that converged in the evolution
of the parameters of the field of peace research as practiced over the past six
decades. She saw in the return addresses on these envelopes a list of participants for
a gathering of a growing international network that resulted in the International
Peace Research Association.
All of these characteristics were complemented by a strong sense of the practical
and an ability to see need as clearly as she saw possibilities. Her practicality lead to
specifically directed action, a capacity that I think made it possible for her to be
such a disciplined futurist. Any effort that could bear fruit to be harvested for peace
knowledge was undertaken. When she saw the need for more in the field to become
familiar with the groundbreaking work of Fred Polak, she taught herself the Dutch
language so that she could translate his seminal work into English (Image of the
Future. Oceana Press. 1961.) Undaunted in her commitment to do the possible, she
took on even the most difficult of tasks, teaching oneself a language or creating a
study-reflection retreat, her beloved “Hermitage.” Undertakings few of us would
have tackled called forth the learner-doer in Elise Boulding.
We see this task oriented practicality in Elise’s work in the public sphere outside
both academy and family, but still in her view, integral to the thriving of both. Her
efforts within and in developing international civil society and some of her official
appointments to governmental and intergovernmental agencies have been important
to both spheres. Úrsula and Mary Lee make specific reference to some of these
public contributions from the perspective of the field. I make my comments on
those spheres from the perspective of a peace educator and a civil society activist.
As a peace educator, I owe a debt to Elise’s long view of the evolution of inter-
national civil society and her encapsulation of its functions, particularly as she
presents it in Building a Global Civic Culture: Education for an Interdependent
World (Teachers College Press, 1989). The book is invaluable for teaching basic
Foreword xi

introductory and advanced courses in peace education. It is especially useful in

those courses in which the United Nations is studied and observed as the venue for
much of the action undertaken by global civil society, particularly those non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) concerned with peace, development, envi-
ronment, human rights and gender equality. This slim volume well reflects her
special gifts for illuminating and interpreting factors and developments least
observed and most important to the evolution of NGOs, organizations that we have
come to see as highly significant actors in the international system, the full
dimension of which can only be revealed if viewed from “the underside”, not only
from the perspective of the dominant interstate perspective. Her later work on the
topic instructs us further in the importance of this view.

Elise Boulding (left), Sr. Kathleen Kanet of the Network for Peace through Dialogue and a
COPRED and PJSA member (middle) and Betty Reardon. The photo was taken at lunch in a
charming, small place near Elise’s assisted living residence. Source Betty Reardon’s personal
photo collection

Were we to try to epitomize core capacities of Elise Boulding, the scholar and Elise,
the woman we might look to two works in particular, The Underside of History: a
View of Women through Time (Sage Publications, 1992) and From a Monastery
Kitchen (Harper Row, 1989), the first editions of which were both published in
1976. This practical, creative inventor of thinking tools for peacemaking and
peacebuilding, this cosmopolitan researcher was as well a deeply spiritual person.
I believe it was the meeting of the practical and the spiritual that attracted her to the
lay Buddhist association, sponsors of the Boston Research Center (now the Ikeda
xii Foreword

Center for Peace, Learning and Dialogue) doing work close to her heart and to her
mind. So, too, her spiritual seeking made her “Hermitage” the place for scholarly
reflection and personal meditation that turned exhaustive research into a master
work of macro-history that illuminated women’s roles in the unfolding of human
history from the very earliest stages. It led her to retreat from time to time for
intellectual and spiritual restoration to a monastery north of New York City, other
occasions that prompted a visit on the way to or from the retreat. I savored her
recounting of sharing in end of day meal preparation with Brother Victor, the
nourishment of the wholesome food, augmented by a day of meditation and
rewarding conversation with the chef. Elise knew well that body, mind and soul all
need nourishment and restoration. That, too, was one of the life enhancing learnings
gleaned from colleagueship and friendship with Elise Boulding. I hope that those
who will know her through the writings in this volume will discern some of the
special human qualities that made these writings possible; incomparable scholarship
enriched by imagination, inventiveness, breadth of view, a profound humanity fully
realized in mind and spirit.

April 2015 Betty A. Reardon1

1
Betty A. Reardon (USA) is a feminist peace and human rights educator—activist with six decades
in the development and dissemination of the field. The founder of the International Institute on
Peace Education (IIPE) and the original peace education graduate specialization at Teachers
College Columbia University, and one of the civil society originators of UN Security Council
Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, she has worked in all world regions toward
international cooperation among peace educators. Widely published in peace education and gender
issues, including Sexism and the War System, Teachers College Press (1985), Women and Peace,
SUNY Press (1993), The Gender Imperative: Human Security vs State Security, Routledge (2010),
Betty Reardon: A Pioneer in Education for Peace and Human Rights, Springer (2014), and Betty
Reardon: Key Texts in Gender and Peace, Springer (2015), her publications are archived in the
Ward Canaday Special Collections at the University of Toledo Library.
Preface

The last and lasting image I have of Elise Boulding and her husband Kenneth
Boulding was during the 14th Conference of the International Peace Research
Association (IPRA) in July 1992 in Kyoto, when she was taking care of her hus-
band Kenneth in a wheel chair. We first met 25 years earlier during the 7th IPRA
conference in 1977 in Oaxtepec, Morelos in Mexico. This was a very depressing
period for Latin America when most countries were ruled by military dictatorships.
It was also the second conference in a Third World country after the 5th IPRA
conference in Varanasi, India in 1974. This also coincided with the Southern efforts
for a New International Economic Order in the aftermath of the oil shocks and the
global economic crisis of 1974.
During the Mexican conference, the Latin American Council of Peace Research
(CLAIP) was established when scholars, activists and former policy makers of all
Latin American countries were present. Hundreds of intellectual and political
refugees had fled from different military regimes in Latin American and were living,
researching and teaching in Mexico. After the Mexican conference, I had Elise and
Kenneth for lunch together in my home. We then discussed the limits of depen-
dency theory that did not address the underlying deep structures of patriarchy,
which has created inequality and conflicts all over the world. As a survivor of the
Burundi civil war in 1965, I had started to work on peace and conflict resolution.
With my Latin-American colleagues and friends, since 1977 I got actively involved
in IPRA’s and CLAIP’s activities. I agreed with Elise that food security was a key
issue for a peaceful future and that the chronic undernourishment of a child will
produce irreversible brain damages. Inspired and encouraged by Elise, I got fully
involved in IPRA as a council member, convener of the Food Study Group and later
of Ecology and Peace Commission (EPC), as an executive member of council, chair
of the council and as IPRA’s only female President (1998–2000).

xiii
xiv Preface

As activists, researchers and peacemakers working for a just and lasting peace
we were conscious about the unequal distribution of wealth on earth and within
countries. Together with Elise we agreed that the existing mechanisms of war,
violence and exploitation prevented a peaceful co-existence and that women were
systematically discriminated against. Elise insisted that the arms race could only be
overcome and the war system be eliminated if the United Nations would take a
more active role in promoting peace. To resolve the political problems related to
disarmament and peacebuilding, an active involvement of women would be nec-
essary. For Elise and Kenneth it was clear that human survival depended also on a
sustainable management of natural resources. Elise understood that the
well-educated white middle class used a disproportionate share of these resources,
but that a worldwide movement would be required to achieve a sustainable future.
Her example as a scientist, mother, spouse, and peace activist was for me a source
of inspiration. We understood the similarity and the cruelty of the civil wars and
genocides in Central America and of the Vietnam War. We also agreed that rec-
onciliation was necessary, but that each region had its different social contexts for
achieving a durable peace agreement. However, nonviolent efforts also require a
stable peace, where the involvement of women is essential. We joined efforts with
Betty Reardon and with the support of UNESCO we promoted peace initiatives at
the local level, including indigenous societies. During the 1980s Latin America
returned to democratically elected governments. Most refugees returned to their
countries, and many took over high-level responsibilities in governments and with
multilateral institutions. Nevertheless, the high inequality in Latin America did not
disappear and several male peace researchers, when they were in public office, had
forgotten that social inequality has been a root cause of violence. Therefore, it was
necessary to involve more women in decision-making processes. As a leading
American leader of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom
(WILPF), Elise pushed for an active role of women in developing countries. She
tried to overcome the social ‘invisibility’ of women and their work in any society,
when she concluded: “In all societies, women’s contribution has been auxiliary in
nature; helping to get things done rather than in work which assumes direct
responsibility and authority for what is done” (Boulding 1969: 307–308).
Elise provided with her writing, teaching and her daily life a solid grounding for
women’s participation and women’s contribution toward a peaceful social change.
In her daily life with five children and in her teaching and writing in the USA and
abroad, Elise Boulding combined also the local and the global. She always treated
people and other nations with respect, and tried to understand what other cultures
are contributing to peacebuilding and conflict resolution. Elise understood the
colonial imposition of roles, the laws and social organizations of conquered
countries and continents and she was aware that these processes of conquest have
Preface xv

impeded global efforts to learn and to deal differently with conflict and conflictive
situations:
The basic point is … that we have much to learn from people whom we have defined as our
‘pupils’–people we thought we were going to teach… [P]olitics depends on making people
category-conscious, and then bargaining for rights for each category–from status interna-
tionally to the right to community control of schools and a neighborhood… I am glad I am
an educator, and don’t have to either build up or tear down categories–but cut across
them… (EB archives, Box 12, folder 41, cited in Morrison, 2005: 93).

Elise Boulding had an enviable energy, centering her work in the daily tasks, but
without forgetting the global peace and conflict processes. She divided her time
among reading scientific articles, working on the IPRA newsletter, serving as
international Chair of WILPF, caring for her family as the mother of five children,
wife of Kenneth, teaching at the university, travelling to international meetings for
peace research and peacebuilding, being active within the Consortium on Peace,
Research, Education and Development (COPRED–now known as the Peace and
Justice Studies Association), contributing as an active member to the Quaker
community, participating in the Peace Education Commission (PEC) of IPRA, and
working to reduce the growing threat of increasing environmental deterioration. She
had to learn to deal with these competing demands and found a way to consolidate
her scientific career, nurturing her growing family, finding space for her spiritual
needs and having enough time to travel and be actively engaged with multiple
peace processes all over the world. Her life showed that it is possible to deal with all
these conflicting pressures and still have time for students or friends to talk with
them and to promote networking. Often she told that her most important educa-
tional space was her family and the family was the center for peacebuilding and
conflict resolution.
…because I am always aware of local-global connections myself wherever I am and
whatever I am doing, I try to share that sense of connectedness in whatever setting I find
myself … if we are to have more realistic and viable planning for world order, more people
must see the connections between the family, the local habitat and the international sphere
(Boulding 1989: 163).

In multiple writings Elise expressed her view on the importance of working both
locally and globally for teaching peace. It appears that during her whole life, and
from this ‘glocal’ perspective she developed her central work: Cultures of Peace:
The Hidden Side of History (Boulding 2000). In cooperation with UNESCO
multiple discussions took place and it was the women’s side in the discussions
which influenced the plural of ‘cultures of peace’ and not only of a ‘culture of
peace’ in singular, because this singular was understood as an occidental imposi-
tion. Cultures of peace must move away from lectures and classrooms and she told
in her classes “…education for peace should ideally be a field in which
out-of-school education…” occurs, because students may get the impression that
school is isolated from their daily life and emerging conflicts.
The program promoted by UNESCO that was supported by many Nobel
Laureates led to the ‘Decade for a Culture of Nonviolence’ (2000–2010).
xvi Preface

Elise Boulding and Úrsula Oswald Spring near Elise’s assisted living residence. Source Úrsula
Oswald Spring’s personal photo collection

The UNESCO program included a definition of power as active nonviolence; the

promotion of people to build understanding, tolerant and solidarity; participative
democracy able to replace vertical and hierarchical power structures; abolishment of
warfare; open and free flow of information; power sharing among women and men;
empowered women as centers of peacebuilding and care and restoration of the
environment. This synthesis reflects the crucial ideas of Elise about peacemaking in
everyday life in families, at the workplace, in schools and communities. To promote
women and children as peace builders opens new space in world history and for
local scenarios for conflict resolution. Women and children were always considered
as the outsiders, the marginalized, so now they may be able to develop new
approaches to a more peaceful world order.
Without taking a radical feminist approach that women alone were able to bring
peace, Elise was more pragmatic. She stated that the traditional work done by
women, such as nurturing, educating kids, caring for children and the elderly, as
well as negotiating conflicts and tensions were typical women’s tasks. Her avail-
ability to take a job or to do a voluntary task was part of her character to serve any
peace initiative. During a severe crisis within IPRA she accepted to become its
Preface xvii

Secretary-General in 1988 up to 1990 when the Cold War was also winding down.
When she organized the next international conference, she was aware that many
young women and men from developing countries could not join the conference
without scholarships for flights and accommodation. Therefore, she became a
cofounder and accepted to become also president of the IPRA Foundation (IPRAF)
in 1989, to enable scholars and young people from developing countries to meet
and to work with peace researchers from the north. One of her favorite ideas she
stated was “a listening culture is any group of people who are really listening with
the heart to each other. They are practicing peace culture.”
Elise Boulding was able to combine in her work issues of peace, women,
environment and the future. Inspired by the American anthropologist Margaret
Mead, and the Swedish policymaker and diplomat Alva Myrdal, both peace edu-
cators and peace builders, she insisted that women possess power even if they are
not always aware of it. This women’s power is basically ‘power with’ and not
‘power over’, thus power relations that promote networking, connectedness and
establishing relationships, far away from hierarchy and dominance. It is probably
this understanding of power, which allowed Elise to achieve all her
often-contradicting tasks so effectively.
During her whole life Elise was conscious that she was an immigrant child from
Norway and that the views of her mother had tempered her vision on the USA as
materialistic, egoist and rude. Whenever she had the opportunity to help, she
understood other migrants, their difficult situation as undocumented migrants and
especially, the refugees who had to flee from a conflict region and live in difficult
conditions in a foreign country. These child experiences opened her mind and her
heart to understand other people and to find compassion for people in need. We
both worked for the United Nations University and we were both convinced that
only a transdisciplinary, international community of scholars, a solid think tank
may offer a capacity and bridge building between social science and the work of the
United Nations and that these abilities may support also developing countries.
Elise was aware of the dominant role of the USA in world politics and was
influential through her appointment by Jimmy Carter to the Congressional
Commission on Proposals for the National Academy of Peace and Conflict (later to
become the U.S. Institute of Peace). But she was never appointed to its board during
the Reagan Administration and thought that she must “have a big FBI file”.
Nevertheless, she continued to promote peace and conflict resolution at the national
and international level. When she retired from Dartmouth (1985), she returned to
Boulder and together with Kenneth they moved to the 624 Pearl Street apartment.
In the early 1990s Kenneth fell ill and Elise gave up most of her outside activities to
care for him. They went for the last time to teach together in Japan and it was
precisely in Kyoto where I saw both together for the last time during the 14th IPRA
conference in 1992. He was sick in a wheel chair and she cared with love for him.
Besides taking care of her husband, she participated in the discussion on peace in
the Middle East and was an active member throughout this conference. The results
were published in 1994 as Building Peace in the Middle East: Challenges for States
and Civil Society.
xviii Preface

After Kenneth died in 1993, she moved to live in an apartment built by her
daughter and son-in-law attached to their house in the Boston area and became
active in many Boston area peace and justice organizations, developing a special
relationship with the Boston Research Center for the Twenty-First Century (now
the Ikeda Center for Peace, Learning and Dialogue). We met for the last time in
2007 during the preparation for the book Handbook on Building Cultures of Peace,
edited by Joseph de Rivera (2009). Later I had the opportunity to meet her in her
apartment-room in North Hill Retirement Center, where she moved in 2000. It was
the last time we had tea together and had the opportunity to speak about peace and
peacebuilding I told her also how much she influenced me in my work in Mexico
and worldwide. Elise had introduced me also to several international organizations.
We shared the commitment for a peaceful, equal and sustainable world, where
women from North and South, East and West could promote a peaceful future
together with children. Elise has been one of my most important mentors, who
persuaded me to get deeply involved in international and Latin American peace
research and peacebuilding. Many thanks dear Elise and I hope that with this new
book we can promote and disseminate your precious ideas in order to promote a
more just, equal, equitable, sustainable and peaceful world.

April 2015 Úrsula Oswald Spring2

National Autonomous University of Mexico Center
for Regional Multidisciplinary Studies
Cuernavaca and Yautepec, México

References

Boulding, Elise, 1969: The Effects of Industrialization on the Participation of Women in Society
(Doctoral Dissertation, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan).
Boulding, Elise, 1989: One Small Plot of Heaven: Reflections on Family Life by a Quaker
Sociologist (Wallingford, PA: Pendle Hill Press).
Boulding, Elise 2000: Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History (Syracuse: Syracuse
University Press).
Morrison, Mary Lee, 2005: Elise Boulding: A Life in the Cause of Peace (Jefferson, NC:
McFarland & Co,).

2
Úrsula Oswald Spring (Mexico) has a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology with a specialization in
Ecology. She is a full-time researcher at the Regional Centre of Multidisciplinary Research at
UNAM, and held the first Chair of Social Vulnerability at the United Nations University
(UNU-EHS). She has been Minister of the Environment in the State of Morelos. She is a member
of the National Researchers System SNI, level III, was a lead author of the chapter on human
security of the AR5 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and member of
UNESCO’s World Social Science Report. She has written and edited 51 books and 315 articles
and book chapters. She was awarded the Environment Prize in the State of Tlaxcala, the Sor Juana
Inés de la Cruz Award, the Fourth Decade of Development by the UN, and Academic Women
of the Year in 1991 and Women of the Year 2000.
Contents

Part I On and About Elise Boulding

1 Biographical Information About Elise Boulding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Elise Boulding: A Life in the Cause of Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Chronology of Elise Boulding’s Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Bibliography of Elise Boulding’s Published and Selected
Unpublished Writings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 21
2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 21
2.2 Books, Monographs/Pamphlets (>50 Pages)
and Edited Volumes (in Chronological Order) . . . . . . . . . .... 22
2.3 Articles, Chapters, Short Pamphlets, Prefaces, Forewords,
Introductions and Book Reviews (in Chronological Order
by Decade and Half Decade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 25
2.4 Methodology for Selecting the Texts in This Series . . . . . .... 49
3 Other Scholars and Activists on Elise Boulding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1 Tributes and Remembrances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1.1 Virginia Benson: Remembering Elise Boulding . . . . . . 51
3.1.2 Philip Boulding: For Elise Boulding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.1.3 Kevin Clements: Elise Boulding—Co-founder
of IPRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57
3.1.4 David Hartsough: Elise Boulding–Peaceworkers
and the Nonviolent Peaceforce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
3.1.5 Hazel Henderson: In Praise of Elise Boulding . . . . . .. 60
3.1.6 Daisaku Ikeda, President, Soka Gakkai International:
Message of Condolence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62
3.1.7 Louis Kriesberg: Remembering Elise Boulding . . . . .. 63
3.1.8 Patricia Mische: Elise Boulding–Lodestar . . . . . . . . .. 65
3.1.9 LeRoy Moore: For Elise Boulding, Peacemaker
of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66

xix
xx Contents

3.1.10 Virginia Swain: Remembrances of Elise Boulding

as Mentor and Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 69
3.1.11 Paul Wehr: Elise the Builder . . . . . . . . ........... 71
3.2 Bibliography of Writings About Elise Boulding . ........... 71

Part II Writings by Elise Boulding on Peace Research

and Peacemaking
4 Peace Research: The New Intellectual Frontier (1963) . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 The Dialectics of Peace (1990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.1 The Seeds of Peace in the War System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.2 Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.3 The 10,000 Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.4 The 168 Nation States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.5 Looking for Peace Potentials in Current Events . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.6 International Nongovernmental Organizations as Peace
Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 88
5.7 Mental Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 89
5.8 Thinking About Social Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 89
6 Feminist Inventions in the Art of Peacemaking:
A Century Overview (1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 91
6.1 Women Imaging the Future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 95
6.2 Seeing Wholes: Systems Modeling, Interdependence,
and the Web of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.2.1 Perspectives from the Biosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.2.2 Perspectives from the Sociosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.2.3 The Invention of Global Sisterhood:
Adventures in Networking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 103
6.3 Inventive Practitioners of Peacemaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 108
6.3.1 Kamaladevi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 108
6.3.2 Marjorie Sykes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 109
6.3.3 Muriel Lester. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 110
6.4 PeaceBuilding Inventions of the Women’s Peace Movement ..... 111
6.4.1 Peace Education Movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 111
6.4.2 Peace on the March, Peace on Strike,
Peace Journeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.4.3 Peace Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.4.4 Global Peace Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.4.5 Inventing a Peace Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7 Peace Culture: An Overview (2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8 Reflections on Activism in One’s Eighties (2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Contents xxi

Part III Writings by Elise Boulding on the Family, the Future,

Feminism and Quakerism
9 The Family as an Agent of Social Change (1972). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.1 Family Is a Workshop in Social Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
9.2 Creating the Future: The Family Through History . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.3 Optimal Household Size May Shrink or Expand . . . . . . . . . . . 130
9.4 Family Groupings Expand and Contract Through History . . . . . 131
9.5 The Change Potential in the Contemporary Family. . . . . . . . . . 133
9.6 Two Groups of Non-conformists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
9.7 Family Experiments Aim at Greater Equality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10 Translator’s Preface to The Image of the Future by Fred
Polak (1973) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
11 Preface to Women in the Twentieth Century World (1977) . . . . . . . . 139
12 Human Time Tracks, from Children’s Rights
and the Wheel of Life (1979) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
13 Expanding Our Sense of Time and History: The 200-Year
Present, from Building a Global Civic Culture (1988) . . . . . . . . . . . 155
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
14 Friends Testimonies in the Home (1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
15 Foreword to The Underside of History (1992). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
15.1 Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
About Elise Boulding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
About the Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
 Part I
On and About Elise Boulding
Marriage photo of Kenneth and Elise Boulding in August 1941. Source From the personal photo
collection of the Boulding family
Chapter 1
Biographical Information About Elise
Boulding

1.1 Elise Boulding: A Life in the Cause of Peace

Elise Boulding has been called the ‘matriarch’ of the twentieth century peace
research movement. Boulding, sociologist emeritus from Dartmouth College, is
noted for her scholarly accomplishments in three key academic areas of study—
peace, women and futures. She was in “on the ground floor” of each of these
emerging disciplines and eventually played pivotal leadership roles within each.
Prior to her scholarly career, formally beginning for her at age fifty, Boulding
was making major contributions in other areas, most notably as a peace educator
and an activist, and as a leading member of the Religious Society of Friends
(Quakers). Boulding was the recipient of over nineteen major awards for her work
in peace. She was a 1990 nominee for the Nobel Peace Prize.
Elise Boulding’s theoretical work on the role of the family in educating toward
social change, and the role women have played in peacemaking, predate the later
work discussing women’s unique capacities for connections, networking and peace.
The various stages of Boulding’s life: child, student, young wife, Quaker, activist,
sociologist and scholar, retiree and elder are bound together, metaphorically as a
hologram. Always eschewing dichotomy, her life has been a constant attempt to
integrate, both privately and in her public life, the human needs for both autonomy
and connectedness. Elise Boulding’s ideas on transnational networks and their
relationship to global understanding are considered seminal contributions to
twentieth century peace education thought.
As a key player in the beginning of academic peace studies in the 1950s and
early 1960s, continuing this work through the decades of the 1970s and 1980s when
peace studies established itself as a legitimate academic discipline, Elise Boulding
helped to shape and define this field. Through the study of her life, issues relevant to

© The Author(s) 2017 3

J.R Boulding (ed.), Elise Boulding: A Pioneer in Peace Research, Peacemaking,
Feminism, Future Studies and the Family, Pioneers in Arts, Humanities,
Science, Engineering, Practice 6, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-31364-1_1
4 1 Biographical Information About Elise Boulding

the twentieth century peace movement may be illuminated. This is particularly

interesting given the historical evolution of the concept of peace education and
particularly the relationship between peace education, research and peace activism.
Early perceptions of peace education were that it was education toward the
abolition of war and that it was an ‘arm’ of the peace research movement. In the
years following the Second World War, and particularly in the last thirty years, new
ideas have expanded the concept of peace education. Boulding’s writings and those
of other feminists in the 1970s laid the groundwork for the work of later educators
who embraced ideas of connectedness, caring and imaging and the importance of
thinking globally and acting locally. Many of Boulding’s ideas predated contem-
porary thinking on the importance of ecological sustainability and the dangers
inherent in “cultures of war.”
In a field long dominated by men, Elise Boulding has left an indelible mark and
made major contributions to the ongoing theoretical work on peace and social
change, including the importance of linking individuals to their communities and to
the global world. Her life and work speak to the significant presence of cultures and
societies of peace, while most media attention and scholarly publications focus on
the extreme violence in today’s society. Her last book, Cultures of Peace: the
Hidden Side of History (Syracuse, 2000), was the culmination of her life’s work
and was written as a recognition of her long-time associations with UNESCO and
with the United Nations. The UN designated the decade (2000–2010) as
the Decade for a Culture of Peace and Nonviolence for the Children of the World,
an initiative of all of the living peace Nobel laureates. The title of Elise’s latest
volume is taken as a play on words from her earlier work, a history of the world’s
women, The Underside of History: a View of Women Through Time (1976).
Born in 1920 in Norway, Elise Boulding’s contributions to peace, and the
grounding she received for her subsequent theoretical work, began in her early life,
as an immigrant child born to parents with high expectations. These continued
throughout her marriage to and dynamic partnership with Kenneth Boulding,
internationally known Quaker economist and poet, whom she credits as the major
influence on her adult life.
Elise was able, throughout her life, to use her immediate life experiences to add
meaning to whatever she was doing. Her activities were grounded in the basic
human experience that begins with the child and involves the family. She, to
paraphrase a family friend, “was a person who was able to stretch so far the limits
of human experience that she could address the United Nations with no problem
and then, in the next second, stoop to tie a child’s shoe and be aware of the needs of
both at the same time” (Holly Giffen, Boulder, CO).
Elise Boulding’s ideas on feminism and peace are rooted in the nineteenth and
early twentieth century ideas on social reform, heralded by such women as Jane
Addams, who founded the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom
(WILPF) and Fannie Fern Andrews. Contemporary mentors for Elise included
sociologist Alva Myrdal, who befriended Elise when she and Kenneth were asso-
ciated with the League of Nations in Princeton in the early 1940s, and
1.1 Elise Boulding: A Life in the Cause of Peace 5

anthropologist Margaret Mead, with whom Elise worked in the 1960s in developing
international women’s exchanges under the auspices of WILPF.
As a sociologist, Elise was tireless in her devotion to furthering the cause of
women in the profession. During the 1970s, she took key leadership roles on
several committees of the American Sociological Association and of the
International Sociological Association; on sex roles in society (an outgrowth of her
doctoral work), on women in the profession, and on women and world conflict.
Boulding helped to found Peace Studies programs at both the University of
Colorado and later at Dartmouth, where she moved in 1978.
In 1967, as the family was preparing to relocate from Ann Arbor, Michigan, to
Boulder, Colorado, she was elected international chair of WILPF. She was a
co-founder of the International Peace Research Association (IPRA) in 1965 and of
the Consortium on Peace, Research and Education (COPRED) in 1970, now
known as the Peace and Justice Studies Association. She was elected international
secretary-general of IPRA in the late 1980s.
In the years following the founding of both IPRA and COPRED, Elise and other
female colleagues consistently argued for the inclusion of the contributions of
women in peace research. She was criticized by more militant feminists for her
arguments in favor of the idea of men and women partnering for peace in families,
neighborhoods and in the world. Elise espoused the notion that, because of
women’s experiences, they have superior peacemaking skills and her writings
stressed the importance and empowerment of women teaching these to men. It is
the multiplicity of roles, through “breeding, feeding” and productive labor, done
mostly “out of sight and mind” that have given women the necessary skills to build
peace and to envision healthy futures, literally to keep the world going, according to
Elise.
In 1979 President Jimmy Carter appointed Elise to the Congressional
Commission on Proposals for a National Academy of Peace and Conflict
Resolution, now known as the United States Institute of Peace. She was the sole
woman appointed to the Matsunaga Commission. A look at Boulding’s role in the
process leading up to the final Commission report and the subsequent founding of
the United States Institute of Peace provides a fascinating look at the Commission
process itself and the events leading up to it as well as a view of some of the
inherent conflicts.
Appointed to the Commission by Carter in the waning days of his administra-
tion, Elise Boulding’s primary role in the process was two-fold. First was to pro-
mote the ideals and practices of peace research, in its broadest definition, as a new
and different way of viewing human security and to ensure that this retained a
strong place in the mission of the Institute. Secondly, in part due to the multiple
roles played out in her own life up until that time—scholar-academic with inter-
national credentials; theorist in the fields of women’s studies, futures studies and
peace; activist; mother; and, finally, well-known Quaker—Boulding’s gifts shone in
her role as mediator between many of the ‘sparring’ constituencies represented on
the Commission with vested interests both for and against the subsequent estab-
lishment of USIP.
6 1 Biographical Information About Elise Boulding

Being the sole woman on the Commission, while a distinction, was secondary to
what Boulding contributed in passion, knowledge and sheer hard work. Commis-
sioners and staff recognized her deep commitment to peace and her skills in walking a
fine line between being tough when it was called for and infusing a soft, ‘maternal’
influence, using her intuitive knowledge and “people skills” to a distinct advantage.

The Commission on Proposals for the National Academy of Peace and Conflict Resolution
enjoying a joke made by Mrs. Coretta Scott King, Atlanta 1980 (Sitting left to right are Elise
Boulding, Commission Vice Chair, Dr. James H. Laue, Commission Staff Director,
William J. Spencer, Commissioner William F. Lincoln). Source William Spencer’s personal
photo collection; used by permission

Elise Boulding said of her role:

I was the person identifiable as a peace researcher. I was trying to make the case for peace
research as being relevant for national security and for its place in dealing with international
conflicts. This had relevance for the State Department and I believed it should be available
to it, although we always were very careful that the USIP should not be under the State
Department and that it should be completely independent. But we realized that the input
that USIP could be bringing would be a set of assumptions and that gaining new under-
standings was what was needed, that [traditional views of ] threat power [were] weak in
terms of the goals you want to achieve. Integrative power comes through listening and
mediation and conflict resolution. Integrative power is more useful to national security than
threat power. So I was always trying to present peace research as a problem-solving model
and as a viable and superior alternative to the threat power of the military. Believing that
this would be better, accepting national security as a goal, of course, in the scholarly
community, I had to make the case that peace research was a bona fide field of scholarship,
that it wasn’t a peace movement. We needed to make a distinction between the peace
movement and the field of peace research (Boulding interview 2005).

Elise Boulding was in on the ground floor as the movement for the designation
of the decade devoted to peace and nonviolence progressed within UNESCO and
the UN General Assembly during the late 1980s. Moving to Boston in the
1.1 Elise Boulding: A Life in the Cause of Peace 7

mid-1990s, in her later life Elise continued her activities on behalf of peace, albeit at
a slower pace. She developed a close working relationship with the Boston
Research Center for the 21st century shortly after her move from Colorado in 1996,
which honored her with their first Global Citizen’s Award. In 1997 she received the
World Futures Studies Federation Award. Boulding was a sought after speaker.
In 2000 she moved into a lifetime care facility in Needham, Massachusetts.
Having moved into assisted living in the summer of 2008, she continued to enjoy
hosting visitors and was an avid reader of the many publications devoted to peace.
Elise Boulding died in 2010, just shy of her 90th birthday. Boulding’s legacy lives
on, as a major player in the founding of the modern movements of peace research,
peace education, women’s and futures studies.
March 1, 2015 Mary Lee Morrison1
Hartford, Connecticut

Mary Lee Morrison with Elise Boulding at a book signing for Cultures of Peace at the Boston
Research Center for the 21st Century, 1999 (now Ikeda Center for Peace, Learning and Dialogue).
Source From the personal photo collection of the Boulding family

1
Mary Lee Morrison is the author of Elise Boulding: A Life in the Cause of Peace (Jefferson, NC:
McFarland) and the founder and director emeritus of Pax Educare, The Connecticut Center for
Peace Education in Hartford, CT. She served as co-editor for a special issue of the Journal of
Peace Education on the life and work of Elise Boulding published August, 2012.
Another random document with
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1796 Ryan Charles
G 10
Richardson John June
1820 5 I
C 11
June
1951 Ratcliff J 4 I
14
16 Aug
5878 Reed R
I 16
13 Aug
6572 Robinson D
G 23
Rice H M, Sut’s 9 Aug
7400
C’k - 31
Sept
9413 Riley M 5A
21
9 Sept
9483 Reeves S J
D 21
2 Sept
10015 Reed C
C 29
10017 Rogers L 4F Sept
29
4 Dec
12264 Russel E
G 12
8 Dec
12287 Raiser A 64
C 14
April
451 Stout John 5A
9
5 April
599 Shuffleton J
H 17
April
641 Seeley Norman 9B
20
10 July
2712 Smith R F, Cor
H 1
30 July
2845 Shutter J
K 3
July
3060 Sparks M J 5K
9
5 July
4178 Sutton S
H 28
Smith Charles, 20 Aug
4773
Cor F 4
30 Aug
5410 Starr C F
H 12
16 Aug
5892 Sheddle G
C 16
3 Sept
7954 Seims Wm
D 6
13 Sept
8200 Smith J
A 8
5 Sept
9209 Smith O
D 19
9125 Sherman J W 3 I Sept
 17
5 Sept
9234 Spears J Cav
H 19
Sept
9367 Smith D Cav 3B
20
5 Nov
11789 Shaw W W
H 4
16 Mch
12729 Smice W 65
E 4
Oct
10884 Sayres W 5E 64
14
June
1981 Taiping Wm 5K
15
5 July
3986 Thopson M
G 25
Aug
6687 Tivis C 5A
24
4 Sept
9720 Tomme B Cav
M 25
3 Nov
11708 Thier A F
- 1
Voke John C, Oct
10351 5E
Cor 5
Whitman O R, June
1674 5E
Cor 6
June
2162 Wells F, S’t 5 I
19
June
2213 Wittesrick A K 9K
20
July
2855 Wolf B F 8E
4
2 Aug
4916 Wolfe J H
C 6
6934 Wheelan J, S’t 26 Aug
D 26
Sept
8101 Walworth C, S’t 5K
17
Woolston S P, 13 Sept
8131
S’t H 8
Sept
9221 Ward O R 3E
29
13 Sept
9486 Wagner Joseph
E 21
31 Sept
9727 Wersbrod Y
A 25
10 Oct
10848 Wilson P D
G 13
Woodward J, 9 Oct
10942
Sut - 14
5 Oct
11114 Whiting J
H 18
Oct
11141 Whitehead N B Cav 5L
19
57 Mch
12741 Wen C 65
C 6
Total 174.

KANSAS.
Freeman F J, S’t 8 June
1614 64
F 4
8 June
1935 Gensarde Thos
A 14
1 Nov
12127 Sweeney M
H 22
11139 Weidman W 8 Oct
B 19
8 June
1663 Williams C A
A 6
Total 5.

KENTUCKY.
Allen Sam’l S, 13 April
329 64
Cor F 2
11 April
674 Alford George Cav
B 22
11 May
1575 Anderson S Cav
D 3
July
3385 Adams J D Cav 1 I
16
July
3759 Ashley J M Cav 1L
22
11 Aug
4723 Allen Wm, Cor Cav
C 4
39 Aug
4894 Atkins A Cav
H 6
18 Aug
6093 Anghlin J A, Cor C
B 18
13 Aug
6720 Arnett H S Cav
A 24
15 Oct
10514 Adamson Wm “
K 8
27 Nov
11759 Adams J L
G 3
4 Jan
12426 Arthur D 65
G 9
12528 Ayers E 52 Jan
A 26
52 Jan
12703 Ayers S 65
A 26
Jan
12593 Arnett T Cav 4F
5
1 Mch
193 Bow James “ 64
- 27
Mch
201 Burrows Wm “ 1K
31
11 April
366 Byesly Wm “
E 2
1 April
379 Baker Isaac “
H 5
12 April
413 Basham S “
E 7
11 April
419 Button Ed “
D 18
6 April
608 Burret B “
D 18
4 April
609 Bloomer H “
G 18
3 April
803 Baker A W “
C 29
12 May
832 Boley Peter
L 1
11 May
891 Bird W T Cav
H 5
14 May
857 Bailey A W
G 2
May
1167 Burton Tillman Cav 1F
17
1200 Butner L B, S’t “ 6 I May
 18
11 May
1263 Bell P B “
I 21
8 May
1362 Barnett James “
H 25
12 June
1566 Baird Sam’l J “
D 2
11 June
1789 Bishop D L “
A 10
11 June
2022 Bowman G “
D 15
9 June
2423 Bray H N, Cor “
H 24
12 June
2529 Buchanan S “
F 26
11 July
2760 Ball David “
B 2
1 July
3087 Beard J C, S’t “
C 9
July
3228 Brophy M “ 5 I
12
4 July
3433 Bailey F M “
G 17
11 July
3909 Banner J “
C 24
July
3998 Bridell S, Cor “ 3F
26
16 Aug
4562 Booth Z, S’t “
E 2
Aug
4653 Barger George “ 5 I
3
Aug
4835 Baker Wm “ 3 I
6
4971 Bigler A “ 6B Aug
7
11 Aug
5471 Bailey J H “
A 12
1 Aug
5644 Branan H “
G 14
27 Aug
6576 Boston J “
E 23
1 Aug
6727 Bottoms J M “
H 24
11 Aug
9551 Brinton W J, S’t “
C 23
12 Sept
9568 Barnett A “
K 23
10 Sept
9628 Brown J “
I 24
13 Sept
9740 Boyd M “
A 25
5 Oct
10147 Batt W
G 1
Oct
10202 Byron H M, S’t C 1 I
2
Oct
10451 Bill B S Cav 1K
7
Oct
10816 Bodkins P, Cor “ 1K
12
11 Oct
10859 Bagley T “
- 13
Oct
11052 Brickey W L 4F
17
11 Oct
12256 Baldwin J W
H 21
11303 Brown E W 4F Oct
 22
4 Oct
11491 Barber T Cav
H 26
Nov
12066 Brannon J 3B
13
Dec
12304 Beatty R 5B
18
11 Dec
12333 Barnes J
D 25
11 Dec
12360 Brodus O Cav
A 30
45 Jan
12421 Britton J 65
F 9
11 Aug
5098 Bowman Henry C 64
F 9
12 Mch
12777 Balson L
B 15
10 Oct
11483 Cranch J P
D 26
14 Mch
240 Conler Wm
I 30
12 April
484 Caldwell Wm Cav
I 9
12 April
509 Cook Theo “
D 12
11 April
672 Colvin George “
D 22
11 May
877 Christmas J “
F 4
12 May
906 Collague M “
E 8
May
1268 Cash Phillip “ 1 I
21
1600 Cole W C “ 1 June
C 4
Christenburg R 12 June
1676 “
I, S’t G 6
11 June
1687 Callihan Pat Cav 64
A 6
11 June
1856 Clane H “
E 12
40 June
2152 Clinge W H
A 18
June
2293 Cox A B Cav 6 I
21
June
2339 Chippendale C “ 1B
22
June
2446 Carlisle J “ 6 I
25
11 July
2823 Cummings J
F 3
18 July
2912 Cleming Thos
I 5
11 July
3184 Carter W Cav
H 11
4 July
60 Cristian John “
C 4
11 July
4044 Clark A H
I 27
11 Aug
4809 Chapman
H 5
23 Aug
6387 Coulter M
B 21
Sept
9835 Conrad R P 4B
27
11179 Clun W H Cav 11 Oct
 L 19
6 Oct
11486 Chatsin W M “
H 26
4 Jan
12447 Carcanright 65
C 13
4 Jan
12700 Cook J P
G 26
June
2223 Corbitt Thos 5A 64
20
11 Sept
8113 Coyle C Cav
I 7
1 Aug
4740 Chance A J “
C 5
12 Apr
421 Dupon F
G 7
11 May
1388 Delaney M Cav
I 26
12 May
1414 Dugean J R, S’t
K 27
11 June
1568 DeBarnes P M
C 2
1 June
1027 Demody Thos
H 4
12 June
1867 Drake J H
G 12
5 July
2736 Davis B
C 1
12 Apr
23 Duncan E Cav
G 15
39 July
3623 Dodson E
H 20
Apr
27 Derine George Cav 1 I
17
3924 Davis G C 12 July
F 25
11 July
3966 Derringer H
I 25
11 Aug
4510 Dulrebeck H
E 1
4 Aug
4556 Delaney H Cav
H 2
Aug
5088 Dounty P 5F
8
Aug
5899 Daniel R 9F
16
6 Oct
11405 Disque F, S’t Cav
G 24
Dec
12280 Duland D W 3K
13
4 Feb
12623 Dannard W 65
D 9
Feb
12684 Dipple S 4E
21
May
1109 Dinsman H Cav 4E 64
15
13 July
2805 Davis J P
A 3
6 June
2117 Davis C Cav
D 30
Apr
639 Eodus James 1F
20
11 May
1174 Edminston J W
A 17
Edwards H S, May
1439 8K
Cor 27
2544 Emery J 10 June
 G 27
Aug
2341 Errbanks J Cav 1A
11
Oct
12277 Esteff J 1L
22
1 May
1447 East R
G 29
Apr
384 Falconburg I K 1A
5
4 June
2540 Fleming R
D 27
July
3640 Forteen John 8A
20
1 July
4344 Fenkstine M
D 30
6 Aug
6763 Featherstone J
C 25
4 Aug
7068 Fritz J Cav
G 28
Oct
10280 Funk L 1 I
4
23 Oct
11549 Frazier C R
H 27
17 Nov
11720 Fletcher T
E 1
11 June
1612 Gritton G Cav
D 4
18 June
1618 Graves G
C 4
11 June
1841 Gritton M Cav
B 11
June
2583 Gibson John 6L
27
3680 Griffin B 11 July
E 20
July
3663 Glassman P Cav 4B
20
4 July
3888 Gonns J M
H 24
July
4438 Gather M Cav 4F 64
31
45 Aug
5779 Gullett A
K 15
11 Aug
7197 Green J B, S’t
I 29
Sept
7817 Grabul B 1F
4
4 Sept
8049 Gury J
H 6
20 Sept
8903 Gray C D
G 18
40 Sept
9318 Gett John, S’t
G 20
11 Sept
9950 Gill W J Cav
H 28
13 Sept
10053 Gower J C
A 30
Oct
10650 Gibson A Cav 8K
10
Oct
10831 Grulach J, S’t 4K
13
Nov
11910 Grimstead J R 1E
8
11 Nov
12022 Griffin R
E 15
1235 Gregory H Cav 12 May
 D 20
12 Mar
81 Hauns J B
K 20
Holloway Mar
237 4 I
Richard 29
40 Apr
289 Harley Alfred
K 1
Apr
292 Hood G Cav 5F
1
1 Apr
348 Hammond J W
G 2
1 Apr
376 Harper J
C 5
13 Apr
402 Harlow Harvey
I 6
12 Apr
614 Hess Wm F Cav
M 18
11 Apr
643 Hendree A, S’t
F 20
11 May
1026 Hillard Geo
D 11
11 May
1127 Hoffman C Cav
E 15
Hughes Thos, 9 June
1584
S’t G 3
28 June
1760 Hennesey J
D 9
4 June
1878 Hundley G W Cav
- 12
18 June
1956 Hazlewood J H
G 14
June
1990 Hamner A 9B
15
2490 Huison J W, S’t 9B June
26
June
2705 Hillard S Cav 1 I
30
18 July
3239 Henderson J
B 12
11 Apr
26 Hooper Saml Cav
D 16
1 July
3944 Hooper J
H 25
45 July
3994 Hickworth J
H 26
1 July
4313 Hall J H Cav
C 30
June
4420 Hammontius P 6L
30
1 Aug
4970 Hayner E
D 7
12 Aug
5059 Haines J
D 8
15 Aug
5091 Harrington C
K 8
Aug
5793 Hatfield L 1F
15
11 Aug
6193 Hendrie Wm Cav
F 19
23 Aug
6801 Hardison G
I 25
Sept
8032 Hise P 4 I
6
11 Sept
8111 Hicks P Cav
F 7
8181 Heglen C “ 4 I Sept
 8
18 Sept
9376 Hanker R “
F 20
11 Sept
9599 Hyrommus Jas “
H 23
Oct
10683 Halton S M 2K
11
Oct
11054 Halligan J 4A
17
Oct
11095 Hall F Cav 1F
18
11 Oct
11132 Hazer John
I 18
12 Oct
11251 Harter F Cav
M 21
Dec
12293 Hays J F 5A
15
4 Jan
12518 Hasting J 65
H 24
Feb
12638 Hudson B F 4A
11
24 Aug
5734 Inman John 64
A 15
3 Sept
9757 Isabell J M
H 25
11 Oct
11392 Inman W Cav
H 24
Dec
12203 Isabel A 1K
1
45 Apr
649 Jackson John
D 20
June
2679 Jeffries Wm Cav 1A
30