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Energy Technology 2018
Carbon Dioxide Management and
Other Technologies

Edited by
Ziqi Sun
Cong Wang
Donna Post Guillen
Neale R. Neelameggham
Lei Zhang
John A. Howarter
Tao Wang
Elsa Olivetti
Mingming Zhang
Dirk Verhulst
Xiaofei Guan
Allie Anderson
Shadia Ikhmayies
York R. Smith
Amit Pandey
Sarma Pisupati
Huimin Lu
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
Ziqi Sun Cong Wang Donna Post Guillen
• •

Neale R. Neelameggham
Lei Zhang John A. Howarter
•

Tao Wang Elsa Olivetti

•

Mingming Zhang Dirk Verhulst

•

Xiaofei Guan Allie Anderson

•

Shadia Ikhmayies York R. Smith

•

Amit Pandey Sarma Pisupati

•

Huimin Lu
Editors

Energy Technology 2018

Carbon Dioxide Management and Other
Technologies

123
Editors

See next page

ISSN 2367-1181 ISSN 2367-1696 (electronic)

The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
ISBN 978-3-319-72361-7 ISBN 978-3-319-72362-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72362-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017960927

© The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Ziqi Sun Dirk Verhulst
Queensland University of Technology Reno, NV
Brisbane, QLD USA
Australia
Xiaofei Guan
Cong Wang Watertown, MA
Northeastern University USA
Shenyamg
China Allie Anderson
Gopher Resource
Donna Post Guillen Tampa, FL
Idaho National Laboratory USA
Idaho Falls, ID
USA Shadia Ikhmayies
Al Isra University
Neale R. Neelameggham Amman
IND LLC Jordan
South Jordan, UT
USA York R. Smith
University of Utah
Lei Zhang Salt Lake City, UT
University of Alaska Fairbanks USA
Fairbanks, AK
USA Amit Pandey
LG Fuel Cell Systems
John A. Howarter North Canton, OH
Purdue University USA
West Lafayette, IN
USA Sarma Pisupati
The Pennsylvania State University
Tao Wang University Park, PA
Nucor Steel USA
Blytheville, AR
USA Huimin Lu
Beihang University
Elsa Olivetti Beijing
Massachusetts Institute of Technology China
Cambridge, MA
USA

Mingming Zhang
ArcelorMittal Global R&D
East Chicago, IN
USA
Preface

This volume contains selected papers presented at the Energy Technologies

Symposium organized in conjunction with the TMS 2018 Annual Meeting &
Exhibition in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, and organized by the TMS Energy
Committee. The papers in this volume intend to address the issues, intricacies, and
the challenges relating to energy and environmental science. This volume also
contains selected papers from the following symposia: Deriving Value from
Challenging Waste Streams: Recycling and Sustainability Joint Session, Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Solar Cell Silicon, and Stored Renewable
Energy in Coal.
The Energy Technologies Symposium was open to participants from both
industry and academia and focused on energy efficient technologies including
innovative ore beneficiation, smelting technologies, recycling, and waste heat
recovery. The volume also covers various technological aspects of sustainable
energy ecosystems, processes that improve energy efficiency, reduce thermal
emissions, and reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse emissions. Papers
addressing renewable energy resources for metals and materials production, waste
heat recovery and other industrial energy efficient technologies, new concepts or
devices for energy generation and conversion, energy efficiency improvement in
process engineering, sustainability and life cycle assessment of energy systems, as
well as the thermodynamics and modeling for sustainable metallurgical processes
are included. This volume also includes topics on CO2 sequestration and reduction
in greenhouse gas emissions from process engineering, sustainable technologies in
extractive metallurgy, as well as the materials processing and manufacturing
industries with reduced energy consumption and CO2 emission. Contributions from
all areas of nonnuclear and nontraditional energy sources, such as solar, wind, and
biomass are also included in this volume.
We hope this volume will provide a reference for the materials scientists and
engineers as well as metallurgists for exploring innovative energy technologies and
novel energy materials processing.
We would like to acknowledge the contributions from the authors of the papers
in this volume, the efforts of the reviewers dedicated to the manuscripts review

vii
viii Preface

process, and the help received from the publisher. We appreciate the efforts of
Energy Committee members for enhancing this proceedings volume. We also
acknowledge the organizers of the four other symposia that contributed papers.

Energy Technologies Symposium Organizers

Ziqi Sun, Queensland University of Technology, Australia

Cong Wang, Northeastern University, China
Donna Post Guillen, Idaho National Laboratory, USA
Lei Zhang, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
Neale R. Neelameggham, IND LLC, USA
Tao Wang, Nucor Steel, USA
John A. Howarter, Purdue University, USA
Contents

Part I Energy Technologies and CO2 Management Symposium

Gas Hydrate-Based CO2 Separation Process: Quantitative Assessment
of the Effectiveness of Various Chemical Additives Involved in the
Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Hossein Dashti and Xia Lou
Tar Removal from Hot Coke Oven Gas for H2 Amplification with in
Situ CO2 Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Huaqing Xie, Qin Qin and Qingbo Yu
An Evaluation Method for Material and Energy Conversion Effect
with Steel Manufacturing Process Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Shipeng Huang, Zhong Zheng, Xiaoqiang Gao, Shenglong Jiang
and Zhaojun Xu
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Waste
Ion-Exchange Resin for CO2 Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Mengqi Wei, Qingbo Yu, Qiang Guo, Zongliang Zuo and Qin Qin
Evaluation of Variation in the Life Cycle Based Environmental
Impacts for Copper Concentrate Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Will Sikora, Trevor Saldanha and Nawshad Haque
Direct Reduction of Copper Slag Composite Pellets Within Lignite
Using Biomass as Binder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Zongliang Zuo, Qingbo Yu, Huaqing Xie, Qin Qin and Mengqi Wei
Thermodynamic Analysis of Incineration Treatment of Waste
Disposable Syringes in an EAF Steelmaking Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Maryam Ghodrat and Bijan Samali
The Reduction Kinetic of the Combined Cu-Based Oxygen Carrier
Used for Chemical Looping Gasification Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Kun Wang, Weipeng Luan, Qingbo Yu and Qin Qin

ix
x Contents

Synergistic Effect Between Fat Coal and Poplar During Co-Pyrolysis

with Thermal Behavior and ATR-FTIR Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Qingyun Zhang, Shengfu Zhang, Rongjin Zhu, Shuxing Qiu and Yue Wu
Flow Characteristic of Two-Phase Bubble Reactor for Slag Waste
Heat Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Wenjun Duan, Qingbo Yu, Zhimei Wang and Tianwei Wu
Improving Energy Efficiency in Direct Method for Continuous
Casting of Lead Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Arun Prabhakar, Joanna Mielnicka, Mark Jolly and Konstantinos Salonitis
Research on High Efficiency Energy Conversion Technology for
Modern Hot Blast Stove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Fuming Zhang, Xin Li and Zurui Hu
An Exergy Study of Cowper Stove Operations with an Iron Blast
Furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Patrick E. Krane and Matthew John M. Krane
Waste Heat Recovery from Aluminum Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Miao Yu, Maria S. Gudjonsdottir, Pall Valdimarsson
and Gudrun Saevarsdottir
Leaching and Carbonation of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Slag Under
a Microwave Field for Mineral Carbonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Zhibo Tong, Guojun Ma, Xiang Zhang, Junjie Liu and Langsha Shao
A Novel Preparation of Bi2O3 and Their Potent Photocatalytic Activity
Under Visible-Light Irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
C. Jun, Z. Jing, L. Qihou, Z. Yumeng and L. Hui
Energy Conservation in Sintering Ignition Process Based on
Comprehensive Ignition Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Wen Pan, Xia Zhao, Si-bin Zhang, Jun-hua Zhao, Huai-ying Ma
and Zhi-xing Zhao

Part II Deriving Value from Challenging Waste Streams: Recycling

and Sustainability Joint Session
Behavior of Co, Ni and Precious Metals in Copper Converting
Process: Experimental Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Keiran Holland, Dmitry Sukhomlinov, Ville Naakka, Ari Jokilaakso
and Pekka Taskinen
Recycling of EAF Dust Through Source Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Naiyang Ma
Contents xi

A Sustainable Methodology for Recycling Electric Arc

Furnace Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Joseph Hamuyuni, Petteri Halli, Fiseha Tesfaye, Maria Leikola
and Mari Lundström
Thermal Separation and Leaching of Valuable Elements from
Waste-Derived Ashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Daniel Lindberg, Emil Vainio and Patrik Yrjas
Different Methods for the Characterization of Ash Compositions in
Co-Firing Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
J.-E. Eriksson, T. Khazraie and L. Hupa
Utilization CFA-Derived Tobermorite Fiber as Crystallization
Revulsive in Autoclaved Concrete Block Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Pengxu Cao, Jun Luo, Guanghui Li, Yijia Dong, Mingjun Rao
and Zhiwei Peng
An Electrochemical Procedure for Copper Removal from Regenerated
Pickling Solutions of Steel Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Esra Karakaya, Mustafa Serdal Aras, Metehan Erdoğan,
Sedef Çift Karagül, Merve Kolay Ersoy and İshak Karakaya
Upgrading the Copper Value in a Waste Copper Smelter Dust with the
Falcon Gravity Concentrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
D. O. Okanigbe, A. P. I. Popoola, A. A. Adeleke and O. M. Popoola
Towards Commercialization of Indium Recovery from Waste Liquid
Crystal Display Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Thomas Boundy and Patrick Taylor
Engineering, Scientific, and Policy Inputs for Developing a Levelized
Cost of Energy Storage Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Timothy W. Ellis, John A. Howes and Roger D. Feldman
Recovery of Gallium and Arsenic from Gallium Arsenide
Semiconductor Scraps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Dachun Liu, Guozheng Zha, Liang Hu and Wenlong Jiang
Rapid Removal of Pb(II) from Acid Wastewater Using Vanadium
Titanium-Bearing Magnetite Particles Coated by Humic Acid . . . . . . . . 331
Manman Lu, Yuanbo Zhang, Zijian Su, Bingbing Liu, Guanghui Li
and Tao Jiang
Study of the Synthesis of MgAl2O4 Spinel Refractory from Waste
Chromium Slag of a Chrome Plant in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Jinxia Meng, Weiqing Chen, Jizeng Zhao and Li Liu
Effect of Ferrosilicon on Reduction of Cr2O3 in Steelmaking Slags . . . . 357
Yue Yu, Jianli LI, Di Wang and Hangyu Zhu
xii Contents

Bacterial Degradation of Free Cyanide in Alkaline Medium Using

Bacillus Licheniformis Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Amzy Tania Vallenas-Arévalo, Carlos Gonzalo Alvarez Rosario,
Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa and Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório
Determination of Limiting Current Density of a Solution with Copper,
Zinc and EDTA from the Effluent of Brass Electrodeposition . . . . . . . . 375
K. S. Barros, J. A. S. Tenório and D. C. R. Espinosa
Effect of the pH on the Recovery of Al3+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Mg2+,
Mn2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ by Purolite S950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Isadora Dias Perez, Mónica M. Jiménez Correa, Jorge A. Soares Tenório
and Denise C. Romano Espinosa
Evaluation of the Occurrence of Fouling and Scaling on the
Membrane HDX 200 for the Treatment of the Effluent of Brass
Electrodeposition with EDTA as Complexing Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
K. S. Barros, J. A. S. Tenório and D. C. R. Espinosa
High Temperature Crystallization Kinetics of MgSO4
H2O . . . . . . . . . 405
Kristine Bruce Wanderley, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa
and Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório
Preparation of Glass-Ceramic from Titanium-Bearing Blast Furnace
Slag by “Petrurgic” Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Kuiyuan Chen, Yu Li, Long Meng, Yaodong Yi and Zhancheng Guo
Recovery of Copper from Nickel Laterite Leach Waste by Chemical
Reduction Using Sodium Dithionite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
A. B. Botelho Junior, I. A. Anes, M. A. Caralho, D. C. R. Espinosa
and J. A. S. Tenório
Recovery of Nickel and Cobalt from a Waste Zone of Nickel
Laterite Ore Using a Mixture of Extractants in Solvent Extraction
Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Paula Aliprandini, Mónica M. Jiménez Correa, Jorge A. Soares Tenório
and Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa
Mechanical Behavior of White Ordinary Portland Cement Paste with
Iron Oxide Powders Containing Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Manuela Castañeda and Henry A. Colorado

Part III Solar Cell Silicon

Three-Dimensional Crystal-Plasticity Based Model for Intrinsic
Stresses in Multi-junction Photovoltaic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Khaled H. Khafagy, Tarek M. Hatem and Salah M. Bedair
Contents xiii

Review of Solar Silicon Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

York R. Smith and Pamela Bogust
Thermo-Calc of the Phase Diagram of the Fe–Si System . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Shadia Ikhmayies
Crystal Growth Mechanism of Si in Hypereutectic Al–Si Melt During
the Electromagnetic Directional Solidification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Jie Li, Wenzhou Yu and Xuewei Lv
Thermo-Calc of the Phase Diagram of Calcium
Silicon (Ca–Si) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Shadia Ikhmayies
Leaching of Indium from ITO Present in Amorphous Silicon
Photovoltaic Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Pedro F. A. Prado, Jorge A. S. Tenório and Denise C. R. Espinosa

Part IV Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage

Direct Performance Simulation Based on the Microstructure of SOFC
Electrodes: A Phase Field Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Yinkai Lei, Tian-Le Cheng and You-Hai Wen
Effect of Sonication Power on Al2O3 Coated LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2
Cathode Material for LIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Dila Sivlin and Ozgul Keles
Effect of Nano-Graphite Dispersion on the Thermal Solar Selective
Absorbance of Polymeric-Based Coating Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Iman S. El-Mahallawi, Ahmed A. Abdel-Rehim, N. Khattab,
Nadia H. Rafat and Hussein Badr
Synthesis of MoAlB Particulates and Their Porous Derivatives by
Selective Deintercalation of Al from MoAlB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
S. Gupta and M. Fuka
A New Economical Method for Fabricating High-Purity Bi2O3 via
Extraction-Precipitation Stripping and Post Annealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
C. Jun and Z. Jing

Part V Stored Renewable Energy in Coal

Aluminum-Silicon Alloys Prepared from High-Aluminum Fly Ash to
Extract Magnesium from Serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Huimin Lu, Guangzhi Wu and Neale R. Neelameggham
Organic Agriculture Using Natural Material Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Neale R. Neelameggham and Brian R. Davis
xiv Contents

Extraction and Production of Rare Earth Elements from Coal-Seam

Bedrock and Caprock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
John Gordon
Extraction and Thermal Dissolution of Low-Rank Coal by
N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidinone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Jun Zhao, Haibin Zuo, Siyang Long, Jingsong Wang and Qingguo Xue
Enhancement of Coal Nanostructure and Investigation of Its Novel
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
B. Manoj
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
About the Editors

Ziqi Sun is a senior lecturer at the School of

Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering,
Queensland University of Technology, Australia. He
received his Ph.D. degree in 2009 from Institute of
Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and his
B.Eng. degree in 1999 from Central South University
China. He was awarded with some prestigious awards
and fellowships including the TMS Young Leaders
Development Award from The Minerals, Metals &
Materials Society (TMS, 2015), Discovery Early
Career Research Award from Australian Research
Council (DECRA, 2014), Alexander von Humboldt
Fellowship from AvH Foundation Germany (2009),
Australian Postdoctoral Fellowship from Australian
Research Council (APD, 2010), the Vice-Chancellor’s
Research Fellowship from University of Wollongong
(2013), etc. He is also serving as Vice-Chair of the
Energy Committee within TMS, Associate Editor of
Surface Innovations (ICE Science), Editorial Board
Member of Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing
Group), Editorial Board Member of Journal of
Materials Science and Technology (Elsevier), Guest
Professor at Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, and
Honorary Fellow at University of Wollongong. Ziqi is
the program leader for two ongoing Australian
Research Council Projects. He held the roles as sym-
posium organizer and session chair in some prestigious
conferences such as TMS conferences and ACerS
annual conferences. His major research interest is
the rational design of bio-inspired metal oxide

xv
xvi About the Editors

nanomaterials for sustainable energy harvesting,

conversion, and storage.

Cong Wang is currently Professor of the School of

Metallurgy, Northeastern University. Prior to joining
the faculty of his alma mater, Dr. Wang had worked
with Alcoa, Saint-Gobain, and Northwestern
University, respectively. His expertise includes
high-temperature metallurgical processing with a focus
on steels. He is the incumbent TMS Energy Committee
Chair. He serves on the editorial boards of several
journals, including Metallurgical and Materials
Transactions A and B, International Journal of
Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Journal
of Materials Science and Technology, and Journal of
Iron and Steel Research International. He is also a
Corresponding Expert of Engineering, the flagship
journal recently launched by Chinese Academy of
Engineering. He receives Invitational Fellowship by
JSPS (2017), Excellent Young Scientist Award by
NSFC (2016), Outstanding Young Manufacturing
Award by SME (2014) and Young Leader Professional
Award by TMS (2011). He is also the finalist of the
prestigious 1000 Talents Program by Chinese
Government (2014). As an active member of the global
metallurgy community, Dr. Wang serves as the inau-
gural founder of the International Metallurgical
Processes Workshop for Young Scholars
(IMPROWYS), and acted as organizers/advisors for
various international symposia/workshop of technical
significance.

Donna Post Guillen holds the position of distin-

guished research engineer in the Materials Science and
Engineering Department at the Idaho National
Laboratory. Dr. Guillen earned a B.S. in mechanical
engineering from Rutgers University, an M.S. in
aeronautics from Caltech, and a Ph.D. in engineering
and applied science from Idaho State University. She
has more than 30 years of research experience and has
served as principal investigator for numerous multi-
disciplinary research projects on the topics of waste
heat recovery, synthetic fuels production, nuclear
reactor fuels and materials experiments, and waste
About the Editors xvii

glass vitrification. The focus of her research is on

multiphase computational fluid dynamics and thermal
hydraulics for sustainable energy technologies. She
applies numerical modeling techniques to provide
understanding of a wide variety of complex systems
such as, greenhouse gas generation/sequestration for
dairies, working with industry (General Electric) to
develop a direct evaporator for an organic Rankine
cycle, and modeling the waste vitrification process for
the Hanford Waste Treatment Plant and the fluidized
bed for the Idaho Waste Treatment Unit. She is
experienced with irradiation testing and thermal
hydraulic analysis for nuclear reactor experiments and
serves as Principal Investigator/Technical Lead for the
Nuclear Science User Facility Program. She is the lead
inventor on two patents related to the development of a
new composite material to produce a fast reactor
environment within a pressurized water reactor. She
actively mentors students, routinely chairs and orga-
nizes technical meetings for professional societies,
serves in leadership capacity for the American Nuclear
Society (Thermal Hydraulics Executive and Program
committees), The Minerals, Metals & Materials
Society (TMS—Energy Committee Past-Chair) and
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(Thermal Hydraulics and Computational Fluid
Dynamic Studies Track Co-Chair), provides subject
matter reviews for proposals and technical manu-
scripts, has published more than 100 conference
papers, reports and journal articles, and written/edited
three books.

Neale R. Neelameggham is “The Guru” at IND LLC,

involved in international consulting in the field of
metals and associated chemicals (boron, magnesium,
titanium, and lithium and rare earth elements),
thiometallurgy, energy technologies, soil biochemical
reactor design, etc. He was a visiting expert at Beihang
University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing,
China. He was a plenary speaker at the Light Metal
Symposium in South Africa—on low carbon dioxide
emission processes for magnesium. Dr. Neelameggham
has more than 38 years of expertise in magnesium
production and was involved in process development of
xviii About the Editors

its start-up company NL Magnesium through to the

present US Magnesium LLC, UT until 2011.
Neelameggham and Brian Davis authored the
ICE-JNME award-winning (2016) paper “21st Century
Global Anthropogenic Warming Convective Model,”
which notes that constrained air mass warming is
independent of the energy conversion source—fossil or
renewable energy. He is presently developing
Agricoal™ and agricoalture to improve arid soils. Dr.
Neelameggham holds 16 patents and patent applica-
tions, and has published several technical papers. He
has served in the Magnesium Committee of the Light
Metals Division (LMD) of TMS since its inception in
2000, chaired it in 2005, and in 2007 he was made a
permanent co-organizer for the Magnesium
Symposium. He has been a member of the Reactive
Metals Committee, Recycling Committee, Titanium
Committee, and Program Committee Representative of
LMD and LMD council. Dr. Neelameggham was the
inaugural chair, when in 2008, LMD and EPD
(Extraction & Processing Division) created the Energy
Committee, and has been a coeditor of the energy
technology symposium proceedings through the pre-
sent. He received the LMD Distinguished Service
Award in 2010. While he was the chair of Hydro- and
Electrometallurgy Committee he initiated the rare metal
technology symposium in 2014. He is coeditor for the
2018 proceedings for the symposia on Magnesium
Technology, Energy Technology, Rare Metal
Technology, and Solar Cell Silicon.

Lei Zhang is an assistant professor in the Department

of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Alaska
Fairbanks (UAF). Prior to joining the UAF, Dr. Zhang
worked as a postdoctoral associate in the Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the
University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Zhang obtained her
Ph.D. degree in materials science and engineering from
Michigan Technological University in 2011, and her
M.S. and B.E. degrees in materials science and engi-
neering from China University of Mining and
Technology, Beijing, China, in 2008 and 2005,
respectively. Her research interest focuses on the
design and investigation of the properties of porous
About the Editors xix

materials and nanostructure-based films for energy and

environmental applications. Her current research
focuses mainly on the synthesis of metal-organic
frameworks (MOFs) and MOF-based nanocompos-
ites, and the manipulation of their properties and
applications in gas storage, separation, and water
treatment. She is also working on the development and
characterization of anticorrosion coatings on metallic
alloys for aerospace and biomedical applications.
Dr. Zhang has been actively involved in the activ-
ities at The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
(TMS) annual meetings. She has served on the TMS
Energy Committee since 2014, and also has served on
the Best Paper Award Subcommittee of the TMS
Energy Committee. She has served as a frequent
organizer and session chair of the symposia at TMS
Annual Meetings (2015, 2016, and 2017). She was the
recipient of 2015 TMS Young Leaders Professional
Development Award.

John A. Howarter is an assistant professor in

Materials Engineering at Purdue University with a
joint appointment in Environmental & Ecological
Engineering. His research interests are centered on
synthesis, processing, and characterization of sustain-
able polymers and nanocomposites. His research
impacts water treatment, thermal management in
electronic devices, and material design for recycling
and value recovery. John has been involved in the
Public and Government Affairs (P&GA) Committee of
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS),
where he currently serves as incoming Chair. In
addition to working with P&GA, Prof. Howarter is a
regular contributor to the technical programming for
both TMS and Materials Science & Technology
(MS&T) conferences in areas of energy, recycling, and
materials sustainability. John earned a B.Sc. from The
Ohio State University in 2003 and Ph.D. from Purdue
University in 2008, both in materials engineering.
From 2009 to 2011, he was a National Research
Council postdoctoral scholar in the Polymers Division
of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
in Gaithersburg, Maryland.
xx About the Editors

Tao Wang is currently Castrip Research Lab

Supervisor at Nucor Steel. He is also the lead engineer
in the process and product research and development
areas. Dr. Wang’s current focus is to develop and
modify a novel thin strip casting technology which
uses up to 90% less energy to process liquid steel into
hot rolled steel sheets than conventional casting
methods. Dr. Wang has rich experience in metallur-
gical thermodynamics, thermal energy storage and
transfer, steelmaking, metal solidification and casting,
and metal corrosion. Dr. Wang obtained his Ph.D. and
M.S. from the University of Alabama; and he received
his B.S. from Xi’an Jiao Tong University in China. In
his areas of research, Dr. Wang has published multiple
papers and patents which led to breakthroughs in
thermodynamic modeling, high-efficiency thermal
energy transfer medium development, and thin strip
metal casting technology.
Dr. Wang received the 2013 Light Metals Division
(LMD) Best Energy Paper Award from TMS and is a
2016 TMS Young Leaders Award winner. Also, he
was selected to become a member of TMS Emerging
Leader Alliance (ELA) in 2015. Dr. Wang serves the
technical committees, including the Energy Committee
and Pyrometallurgy Committee, within TMS; and
Metallurgy-Steelmaking & Casting Technology
Committee, Continuous Casting Technology
Committee, Southeast Chapter within Association for
Iron & Steel Technology (AIST).

Elsa Olivetti is the Thomas Lord Assistant Professor in

the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She
received her B.S. in engineering science from the
University of Virginia and her Ph.D. in materials science
from MIT working on development of nanocomposite
electrodes for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries.
Olivetti joined MIT’s faculty in 2014 where her current
research focuses on improving the environmental and
economic sustainability of materials in the context of
rapid-expanding global demand. Olivetti leverages
machine learning as well as data mining coupled with
engineering and macroeconomic models to determine
the scaled impact of novel materials and processes.
About the Editors xxi

Mingming Zhang is currently a lead research engi-

neer at ArcelorMittal Global R&D at East Chicago,
Indiana. His main responsibilities include raw material
characterization and process efficiency improvement in
mineral processing and ironmaking areas. He also
leads a technical relationship and research consortium
with university and independent laboratory members
and manages pilot pot-grate sintering test facility at
ArcelorMittal Global R&D East Chicago.
Dr. Zhang has over 15 years of research experience
in the field of mineral processing, metallurgical and
materials engineering. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in
Metallurgical Engineering from The University of
Alabama and his Master degree in Mineral Processing
from General Research Institute for Non-ferrous
Metals in China. Prior to joining ArcelorMittal, he
worked with Nucor Steel Tuscaloosa, Alabama where
he was metallurgical engineer leading the development
of models for simulating slab solidification and sec-
ondary cooling process.
Dr. Zhang has conducted a number of research
projects involving mineral beneficiation, thermody-
namics and kinetics of metallurgical reactions, elec-
trochemical processing of light metals, energy efficient
and environmental cleaner technologies. He has pub-
lished over 50 peer-reviewed research papers and is the
recipient of several U.S. patents. Dr. Zhang also serves
as editor and reviewer for a number of prestigious
journals including Metallurgical & Materials
Transactions A and B, JOM, Journal of Phase
Equilibria and Diffusion, and Mineral Processing and
Extractive Metallurgy Review.
Dr. Zhang has made more than 20 research pre-
sentations at national and international conferences
including more than 10 keynote presentations. He is
the recipient of 2015 TMS Young Leaders
Professional Development Award. He has been invited
by a number of international professional associations
to serve as conference organizer and technical com-
mittee member. These associations include The
Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) and the
Association for Iron & Steel Technology (AIST).
xxii About the Editors

Dirk Verhulst spent the last 40 years in practical

process metallurgy research on both sides of the
Atlantic, bringing a number of projects from the lab-
oratory to the pilot scale, and a few to industrial
implementation. He is presently an independent con-
sultant in process metallurgy and energy efficiency.
Until the end of 2008, he was Director of Research
at Altairnano in Reno, Nevada. He participated in the
development of the Altair Lithium-ion Battery, and
was involved in the design and procurement of the
manufacturing plant for the ceramic materials.
Over the period 2003–2008, he worked extensively
on the Altair Hydrochloride TiO2 Pigment Process and
the operation of its pilot plant. The complex flow sheet
included both hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgi-
cal steps. Optimization of energy use was a key factor
to make this new approach competitive.
From 1995 to 2000, he was Senior Development
Engineer in BHP’s Center for Minerals Technology at
the same location in Reno. It is at BHP that the
development of the hydrochloride TiO2 pigment pro-
cess was initiated. Other BHP projects included novel
processes for nickel, cobalt, zinc, and copper.
Prior to 1995, he worked for 17 years in the research
department of Umicore in Hoboken, Belgium. He was
active in lead refining and in the hydrometallurgy of
minor metals (indium, tellurium, selenium), but was
mostly involved in the introduction of electric furnaces
in lead smelting and slag cleaning. He tackled math-
ematical models and lab-scale experiments, ran pilot
plants and participated in the start-up of industrial
operations.
Dr. Verhulst has a doctor of engineering science
degree in extractive metallurgy from Columbia
University, and a chemical engineering degree from
the Free University of Brussels. He wrote and pre-
sented publications in the areas of hydrometallurgy,
pyrometallurgy, nanomaterials, and environmental
science. He holds several patents and patent applica-
tions.
About the Editors xxiii

Xiaofei Guan is an Assistant Professor in School of

Physical Science and Technology at ShanghaiTech
University. His primary research interest is in under-
standing chemical and electrochemical processes for
materials synthesis and energy conversion with the goal
of improving efficiency and reducing environmental
impact. He received his B.S. degree in Applied Physics
from Nankai University in 2009, and Ph.D. degree in
Materials Science and Engineering from Boston
University in 2013. His Ph.D. research was on mag-
nesium recycling, and electrolytic production of
energy-intensive metals from oxides. In 2014, he joined
Harvard University as a Postdoctoral Fellow and led
research on energy conversion and storage devices
including solid oxide fuel cells, protonic ceramic fuel
cells, and hydride–air batteries, and later worked on
synthesis of iron sulfides particularly for solar energy
application, which is a joint project between materials,
microbiology, and electrochemistry.
Dr. Guan received the Outstanding Ph.D.
Dissertation Award in Materials Science and
Engineering from Boston University in 2014, and the
Young Leaders Professional Development Award from
the TMS Extraction and Processing Division in 2015.
He also serves as an advisor and guest editor in the
Recycling and Environmental Technologies
Committee for JOM.

Allie Anderson is a research and development engi-

neer at Gopher Resource in Tampa, Florida. She
completed her Ph.D. and Master’s degrees in
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at the
Colorado School of Mines. She received her
Bachelor’s of Science in Mechanical Engineering from
Gonzaga University. Her Ph.D. research focused on
the CFD modeling of reverberatory furnaces used for
the recycling of lead-acid battery scrap. Allie first
became a member of TMS during her undergraduate
studies when she started a Material Advantage chapter
at her university and has been involved with the
organization ever since. In 2015 and 2017, she
received the Henry DeWitt Smith scholarship through
TMS and has given oral and poster presentations at the
annual meetings.
xxiv About the Editors

Shadia Ikhmayies received a B.Sc. from the physics

department in the University of Jordan in 1983, a M.
Sc. in molecular physics from the same university in
1987, and a Ph.D. in producing CdS/CdTe thin film
solar cells from the same university in 2002. Now she
works in Al Isra University in Jordan as an associate
professor. Her research is focused on producing and
characterizing semiconductor thin films and thin film
CdS/CdTe solar cells. Dr. Ikhmayies also works in
characterizing quartz in Jordan for the extraction of
silicon for solar cells and characterizing different
materials by computation. She published 44 research
papers in international scientific journals, three chap-
ters in books, and 73 research papers in conference
proceedings. She is the author of two books for
Springer Silicon for Solar Cell Applications, and
Performance Optimization of CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,
which are in production, the editor-in-chief of the book
Advances in Silicon Solar Cells for Springer, and the
eBook series Material Science: Current and Future
Developments for Bentham Science Publishers, where
these two books are in production.
Shadia is a member of The Minerals, Metals &
Materials Society (TMS) and the World Renewable
Energy Network (WREN). She is a member of the
International Organizing Committee and the
International Scientific Committee in the European
Conference on Renewable Energy Systems
(ECRES2015-ECRES2017). She is a member of the
editorial board of the International Journal of
Materials and Chemistry for Scientific & Academic
Publishing, the editor-in-chief of a book for the
Research Signpost. She was a technical advisor/subject
editor for JOM. She is a guest editor for two topical
collections published in the Journal of Electronic
Materials: European Conference on Renewable
Energy Systems (2015 and 2016). Shadia is a reviewer
in 24 international journals and she is Chair of the TMS
Materials Characterization Committee (2016–2017).
About the Editors xxv

York R. Smith received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in

chemical engineering from the University of Nevada,
Reno. He then moved to the University of Utah where
he obtained his Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering.
After a postdoctoral research award from the U.S.
Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy, York then joined the University of
Utah faculty in July 2016 as an Assistant Professor of
metallurgical engineering. He specializes in chemical
metallurgy with current research interests in nonferrous
metal recycling, electrochemistry, interfacial phenom-
ena, and sustainable/green metallurgical engineering.

Amit Pandey is currently working as a Development

Lead (Material Engineering) at LG Fuel Cell Systems
(LGFCS) in North Canton, Ohio. Previously, he was
employed at the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) and
the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). He is
primarily interested in structural and functional mate-
rials for energy conversion and storage.
Dr. Pandey received his B.S. (2003) in Mining
Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT–
BHU) Varanasi, India. Later, he received his M.S.
(2005) in Civil Engineering from University of
Arizona and Ph.D. (2010) in Mechanical Engineering
from University of Maryland. Pandey has a Google
scholar citation *700 and has received young leader
awards from various materials societies (ACeRs, TMS,
ASM). In 2017, he was selected to attend the U.S.
Frontiers of Engineering Symposium, National
Academy of Engineering, USA.

Sarma Pisupati is Professor and Chair of the Energy

Engineering Program, and Director of Online
Education in the John and Willie Leone Family
Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering at
Pennsylvania State University (Penn State). He also
codirects the Coal Science and Technology Program
of the EMS Energy Institute. He earned B.S. and M.S.
degrees in Chemical Engineering and a Ph.D. degree in
Fuel Science. He has been studying and teaching the
issues related to the energy and environment for the
past 36 years. He has worked in industry for 5 years
before joining the faculty at Penn State.
xxvi About the Editors

Huimin Lu is currently a professor in School of

Materials Science & Engineering at Beihang
University. He earned his Ph.D. degree in metallurgi-
cal engineering from Northeastern University in 1997.
His research mainly focuses on liquid metal storage
and light metal fuel cells, light metal metallurgy, and
light metal materials processing and characterization.
His research results were mainly on material purifica-
tion technology and complete sets of equipment
development and industrialization, and short process
low-cost materials preparation science and technology.
Dr. Lu developed the large-capacity solid aluminum
electrode three-layer electrolysis refining-oriented
crystallization-ionic liquid electro-deposition com-
bined technology, 4N, 5N, and 6N or higher than 6N
high-purity aluminum could be produced and applied
in integrated circuits, semiconductor, and aerospace
fields. Extraction of aluminum–silicon alloy and pro-
duction of solar high-purity silicon from high-alumina
minerals had been applied in the industry. His new
process of extracting magnesium by the aluminum–
silicon alloy heat-reducing from serpentine is also
applied in industry. He developed a high-strength and
high-toughness graphene lithium aluminum alloy with
high-pressure torsion deformation technology.
High-specific energy aluminum–air batteries, magne-
sium–air batteries, and lithium–air batteries have made
a breakthrough; especially aluminum–air batteries will
soon be applied. He is studying the new wind energy
utilization technology on using non-grid-connected
wind power for molten aluminum energy storage, and
using aluminum–air batteries for distributed power
generation. In addition to teaching several courses on
characterization and processing of materials, he has
edited three books, published nearly 200 technical
papers, and holds 24 patents.
Dr. Lu is a lifelong TMS member, participating in
several TMS annual meetings. He is an editor of the
TMS2018 symposium on Stored Renewable Energy in
Coal.
 Part I
Energy Technologies and CO2
Management Symposium
Gas Hydrate-Based CO2 Separation
Process: Quantitative Assessment
of the Effectiveness of Various Chemical
Additives Involved in the Process

Hossein Dashti and Xia Lou

Abstract Gas hydrates technology has been considered as an alternative method

for carbon dioxide (CO2) separation. A wide range of studies have been reported in
the past decade on the improvement of the separation efficiency by using chemical
additives. While most of these studies have shown improved kinetics, thermody-
namics and/or separation efficiency at the laboratory scale, there has been no
quantitative analysis of the energy consumption for viable industrial applications.
Comparison of the effectiveness of the chemical additives from separate studies or
groups also is impossible. The present work is focused on the modelling of the
hydrate-based CO2 separation process and provides a quantitative approach that is
new in its analysis of the effectiveness of chemical additives in relation to the
energy required and the kinetic parameters involved in the process.

Keywords CO2 capture
CO2 hydrates
Chemical additives

Introduction

Carbon dioxide (CO2) separation and capture is one of the most challenging issues
to investigate in order to alleviate the problem of CO2 emissions worldwide. Gas
hydrate-based CO2 capture/separation (HBCC) is a relatively new separation
method for CO2 and has attracted increasing attention in the past decade. The
technology employs a unique separation mechanism that is easy to regenerate and is
capable of separating various gas mixtures, which might not be achievable via
conventional methods. The feasibility study of the process was first reported by
Spencer [1], and later supported by Tam et al. [2] According to the authors, the cost
of HBCC technology in an integrated gasification combined cycle plant was US$
8.75 per ton of CO2 captured. It was reportedly comparable to that of US$ 57 per

H. Dashti
X. Lou (&)

Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley,
WA 6102, Australia
e-mail: x.lou@curtin.edu.au

© The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018 3

Z. Sun et al. (eds.), Energy Technology 2018, The Minerals, Metals & Materials
Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72362-4_1
4 H. Dashti and X. Lou

ton of CO2 captured through the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) method, and that
of US$ 49 per ton of CO2 captured using the monoethanolamine (MEA) chemical
absorption method [3].
CO2 form hydrates between 1.1–4.3 MPa and 273–283 K respectively.
Separating CO2 from the other gases such as oxygen and nitrogen can be achieved
by first forming a solid hydrate phase that is enriched with CO2, followed by
separation of the hydrate phase from the gaseous phase and dissociation of the
hydrates, leading to the recovery of CO2 that is much higher in concentration than
in the original gas mixture. Upon dissociation, one volume of CO2 hydrates can
release 175 volumes of CO2 gas at standard conditions [4]. However, the high
operation pressures required in the HBCC process lead to the high compression
costs and energy consumption. This has limited the viable industrial application of
the HBCC [5]. The relatively low separation efficiency also is a challenge [6, 7].
Many chemical additives have been investigated in an attempt to lower the oper-
ation pressure, and to increase the formation rate, of CO2 gas hydrates. Among the
most commonly studied chemical additives, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and cyclopen-
tane (CP) have been found to be useful in reducing the operating pressure and
increasing the CO2 recovery rate. Other additives, like tetra-n-butyl ammonium
bromide (TBAB), dodecyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride (DTAC) and TBANO3,
have been found to be useful in increasing the gas storage capacity and reducing the
operating pressure. Surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), only
enhance the hydration rate of the process. Mixed chemical additives also have been
studied to enhance their effects in HBCC.
Studies on chemical additives have been mostly focused on the effect of the
chemical additives upon the kinetics, the operational conditions and the separation
efficacy. Details of the progress in chemical additives improved HBCC can be
found in a few recent review papers [6–8]. Other work on chemical additives
associated HBCC includes thermodynamic modelling of the CO2 fluid and hydrate
phase behaviour. For instance, Herslund et al. [5, 9, 10] modelled the fluid phase
and hydrate phase in the presence of THF, CP and the mixture of both. Verrett et al.
[11] developed a thermodynamic model to simulate the HBCC process in the
presence of TBAB. Another study by Shi and Liang [12] proposed a thermody-
namic model to investigate the effects of TBAB, tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride
(TBAF) and tetrabutyl ammonium chloride (TBAC) in HBCC process. Kinetic
studies on gas hydrate formation are mostly based on the model established by
Englezos et al. [13] that considers both mass transfer and crystallisation processes at
the gas-liquid interface. The driving force in this model is the difference between
the fugacity of the dissolved gas and the fugacity at equilibrium. However, the
report on kinetic models for chemical additives enhanced HBCC process is limited.
A recent study by ZareNezhad et al. [14] reported a single component gas (CO2)
hydrates kinetics in the absence and presence of SDS. In this model, the crystal-
lization theory was coupled with the mass transfer phenomena but the gas com-
position difference between the liquid phase and the solid-liquid interface was
considered as the driving force. Sun and Kang [15] also proposed a two-parameter
kinetic model to predict the CO2 hydrate formation rate in presence of THF. In this
Gas Hydrate-Based CO2 Separation Process … 5

work, the Gibbs free energy difference was considered as the driving force. In terms
of quantitative analysis of the energy consumption associated with the HBCC,
Tajima et al. [16] reported the energy consumption by a designed HBCC process
for separating CO2 from the emitted flue gases, using the thermodynamic approach.
There was no chemical additive used in the design. A later report by Duc et al. [17]
used the process simulator PRO II, to estimate the energy consumption involved in
a multi-staged HBCC process in the presence of TBAB.
The present work is focused on the development and validation of a quantitative
approach for the energy estimation of the HBCC process using the production scale
reported by Tajima et al. [16]. The proposed approach will then be applied to the
reported HBCC processes in the presence of THF [18, 19], TBAB [20, 21], and a
mixture of TBAB with DATC [22]. The impact of the chemical additive on the
energy consumption in relation to the formation pressure and temperature, and the
kinetics of the CO2 hydrates will be discussed.

Methodology

A schematic flow diagram (Fig. 1) is first established based on the reported HBCC
process by Tajima et al. [16]. Two compressors and three heat exchangers are used
before the flue gas enters the reactor where the flue gas mixes with water with or
without chemical additives. Gas hydrates form in the reactor. The hydrates slurry is
separated from the gas phase and sent to a hydrates dissociation reactor from which
purified CO2 is collected.
According to the authors: (1) the process was applied to the treatment of total
emission from a 1,000 MW power plant; (2) the total flow rate of the input flue gas
was 1:0  106 N m3 : h1 ; (3) the volume of the reactor was about 7,000 m3; (4) the
pressurisation was performed using adiabatic compressors with 80% efficiency;
(5) the inlet and outlet temperatures of coolant were 253 K and 263 K, respectively;
(6) the coefficient of performance (COP) in heat exchangers is assumed to be 3 and
(7) the composition of CO2 in the hydrates stream is 100%. Based on these

Fig. 1 A schematic flow diagram of the gas hydrate-based CO2 separation process
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gouden vruchtenhofjes, zèlf behageld van rozeroode
wang-appeltjes, nog gesmoord in groeigloed.
Afgevallen peertjes en appeltjes verwurmden
bleekgroen en gelig, overal verwaaid en uitgestrooid
onder de boompjes in ’t heet-geschroeide gras en
onkruid, tusschen koolen en zoete fransjes. [258]

Piet, met triestig gebaar wees naar ’n pruimeboom.

—Kaik Kees, wà vol die stoan hee? aa’s t’ie moar nie
’t weggetje naimt van sàin doar op ’t hoekie! die
gladekker! bai de biete main ik! die hep tug puur sain
aige dood draigt hee! snó’f’rjenne! da hai je d’r puur
nooit sien! die hep ’r sóó veul had dá’ tie nie raip hep
kenne worde hee? t’jong ’n skoon sicht da’ waa’s.. da
hep je d’r vast nooit sien!

Er ruischte weer stilte in den tuin en boomblaren

windsuizelden golf-zacht.—

Kees plukte door, sjouwde de volle bakken naar den

dorsch, waar al ’t marktgoed, buiten zonnebroei
opgestapeld stond. Op elkaar tegen stal áán, op groep
en voorgang, dromden de kisten met versche sla,
dopperszakken, aardbei-vrucht, frambozen, roode en
gouden bessen; één feest van kleur, saamgebroeid
met zweet, ùit zonnelaai naar koelenschouw en
dorsch gedragen.—Door den tuin klonk zangerig
gejoel en jeugd-jubel van kinderstemmen; meisjes die
meeplukten en meesjouwden. Dirk was van ’t
peenbossen naar de snijboonen gesjòkt, hurkte
tusschen d’enge wanden van hoog goud-groen, die
poortten als ’n hal van lommerlicht op ’t pad, waar de
zon goud schroot over uitgescherfd had, rijzen en
latten in gloei verglinsterend.—

—Aa’s wai dá’ weertje nou d’r moar houê, riep ouë
Gerrit in ’t voorbij gaan tegen Dirk.

—Nou op haide smoor je van de hitte en strak-en-an

bibber je van de kou.… hee.. Ouë!.. set rais ’n kerel an
de andaifie hee! Mot nou skoffele! Sel’k d’r sellefers
wel de bolletjes opknappè!
 Gewroet van laat-zomersche drukte woelde rond in
Wiereland en Duinkijk. Het haventje, op marktdagen,
daverde en mokerde vol van woel en klank. In alle
hoeken schreeuwden en sjacherden de koopers weer
met duizenden kilo’s roode bessen, zwarte, gouden en
paarse; frambozen en aardbei, in zoetrookige geuren,
verwasemend door de groenten. De Haven lag
volgestort van nieuwen kleurbrand en vruchten.—De
groentekarren, [259]in d’r frisschen uitbouw van sla en
wortelen, bakken en manden, ratelden áán, hortten
weg, als steeg er weer razernij van mid-zomerschen
uitvoer en pluk. Vóórklank van boonentijd weerschalde
er, boonentijd die in den helleroes van kermis had
moeten vallen. Maar van alle kant werd er geraasd op
de Haven, dat ’t leelijke weer van half Juli den boel
had bedorven, dat ’t gek-laat zou worden, nou met de
boonepluk.

Wiereland koortste weer in fellen zomerbrand en

zonnelaai. Zeegasten stormden áán, iederen dag
meer, en ’n woelige kinderbende, meisjes, prachtig
bekleurd met roode en blanke japonnetjes, cier- en
stroo-hoeden stoeiden rond. Moedertjes jong, met
bloei-bloemige mousselientjes, teêre krepjes en
neteldoek-blank, in dartele cier, kuierden met parasols
statig tusschen de schooierige plukkertjes van
Wiereland; stedeke-kinders, die stil afgunstig ’t
vakantie-jolende stadsvolkje van rijkaards begluurde.
’n Por van moeders en broers in hun ribben en gauw
hurkten ze weer neer, de verbrande tronietjes naar de
heete aarde gebukt, plukkend van knie op knie, in
beestigen zwoeg, àl voort.—
Langs hun akkers strooide de tingelingende bellezang
van tramkoetsiers vroolijke jubel-klanken rond,
vergalmend over de zwoegkoppen, als een trillend
zomersch vreugdgeluid door de zonnige lucht en ’t
landgroen.—Rijtuigen stoften áán en wèg in
zandorkaan; fietsen snorden voorbij, in spakenfonkel.
En heel de brandende ploeterstreek drukte en raasde
van zomergenot, omtooverde met hittekleur en licht,
de gasten en ’t joelend vakantiebezoek. Dwars door
den zwoeg van ’t land joeg de zeetram de menschen
en kinders, met kleurig speelgoed, spaden en
emmertjes, scheepjes en harken. Wierelands
notabelen zwierden mee in zomerpronk; nuffige
dametjes met blank spel van felle kleuren òpzengende
parasols, kleur-zonnen in ’t helle groen, in den
zonneregen van licht en vlam.—Zomerkostuumpjes
lichtten en blankten tusschen de stille lommerlaantjes,
overal drentelden dametjes en heertjes, met
kraakschoen-gestap, rijkelui’s-lekker op de zand-
zachte paadjes.—Zoo, met den dag, [260]stroomden
meer gasten aan, door de groote beukenlaan, die als
’n wondre goud-groene poort lommerig den weg naar
zee opende. En langs heel den weg van Duin- naar
Zeekijk, gloeide en zand-koekte het heete gruis,
brandde en zengde ’t zomerleven, omschroeiend in
stuifselwolken boerenkarren, rijtuigen en trams, dat de
landwerkers, achter de hagen, vlak aan de straat,
onder zuilen van stofwarrel verstikten. Loom
passeerden de tuinders ’t zomergewoel. In hùn
ploeter, voelden ze ’t dwaas, ’n gang naar zee, voor
hùn zelf. De zee, waar ze vaagjes, in teisterenden
winterstorm en schal, alleen ’t gerucht van hoorden
aandruischen achter veréénzaamde duinen. Ze
verroerden geen stap voor ’t pronkende, schreeuwige
stadsvolkje, dat brutaal zich nestelde in hùn streek; de
verhuur-kamertjes van verdiengrage luitjes bejoelden,
de wegen bestoften in stikzand. Ze wisten van geen
zeelucht de zwoegers; van geen zilte zouten
ademhaal, geen frisschen stoei van strandstorm. En
Zondag’s, als ze vrij hadden, rookten ze liever hun
pijp, wandelden ze met de meiden naar den
Lemperweg, of bleven hokvast broeien binnen de
mikken, in zaligen luier.—Dàt veel liever, dan op stap,
op den gloeizandweg naar zee, ’n uur gaans. En de
ouderen, vol van zorg en moeheid en weekzwoeg,
hokten in hun naar lucht-snakkende, behorde duffe
kamertjes, slurpten d’r koffie, koffie en weer koffie,
smakten d’r pijp, d’r pruim; besabbelden d’r sigaar en
loerden rustigjes naar ’t gewas. En ’s avonds de zuip,
stillekens de warme kroeg in, met ’t Zondaggegons
van alderlei spreeksel nog in d’ooren. Door de week,
ging van zelf voort hun zwoeg en zonnebrand, hun
sjouw en pluk, dat ze ’t bloed onder de nagels vuurde.
Niet meer keken ze òp, naar ’t vakantiegewoel op de
paadjes, langs hun akkers, bang voor ’n minuut
verlies, vóórt tot laat-avond, naar havenkant. En daar
nog zweet-doordropen van ’t gloeiende land, met ’n
afzakkertje, zogen ze in, ’t heete vocht, als zalige
lafenis voor dichtgebrande van stof verstikte kelen.—
[261]

[Inhoud]
 IV.

Twee weken vóór de kermis was de lucht weer

gedraaid. De roode kolen stonden verkwijnd, met rot-
doorvreten bladeren. Angstige drukte en onrust joeg
er onder de tuinders.

—Daa’s t’met ’t lekkerstje weertje da je hebbe kèn,

zeurde Klaas Koome, voor ’n akker van Ouë Gerrit;—
ik konstesteer van daa’tje nou t’minste loope ken, en
d’r nie je aige f’rsmelt.. enne de boonebeweging goan
tog s’n gangetje.. want moànd blaift moànd … op dá’
terrain merkeere de boontjes de paàs …

—Hoor hemmis, hoor hemmis! hoonde Dirk bij de

andijvie gehurkt,—skoenmoaker hou je bai je leest
hee? bi jài besuikerd?—

Ouë Gerrit bromde wat mee, gejaagd en kramperig als

ie zich voelde in ’t onweer-zwoelige grauwe weer. Die
dreigluchten maakten ’m soms stikken, of ’r wurgangst
op z’n strot drukte, in vaaglijk onbestemde benauwing
’t bloed ’m naar den kop jagend.—Angst die ’m aan ’t
fantazeeren bracht, doorhollend hallucineeren, in al
erger benauwing om dingen die gebeuren kònden.
Angst die ’m zelf folterde, z’n brein martelde, hèm
allerlei dingen liet zien, die nièt bestonden, z’n oogen
in donkeren floèrs legden, waarin lichtende
sterrendans vonkte. En dan maar brommen en klagen
luid, luid, om iets ’r tègen te doen.

—Nou, da sel d’r ’n mooie worde, mit de boone!.…

hoho! d’r is gain son.. wá’ sit dá’ ding! aa’s tie moàr nie
wegblaift hee? ’t is te dol.. en.. en.. tug.. vier en vaif en
nie g’nog!.. daa’s één raige al raige! enn hoho!.. ’s
aofus hep je dâ dolle onwair, sonder daa’t hiet waa’s
hee?

Koome lummelde nog wat voor de haag, lolde met

Dirk over de kermis, waar heel Wiereland al vol van
was; slenterde eindelijk verder.

Drukker werd er geschoffeld tusschen de selderie.

Kees plantte andijvie uit en zette op regels.—Laat-
gezaaide sla werd weer in bakken uitgedragen naar
de markt. Tot schemer doken en verbukten de kerels
en kinders op de duisterende akkers. Wisselend [262]in
gang, trokken de werkers drie maal òp naar de groote
stad. Het groote kargerucht, de hos van ’t landvolk,—
één in hun epischen samengroei van man-paard en
kar-en-koopwààr, verklonk als onweer al over de
bekeide straatjes. De Haven daverde van herrie en
hartstocht-koop der venters.

Op ’t land trapten de kinders, nu vaders en bazen naar

stad waren, de verdorde erwtenranken òp, de goud-
gele slepende haarbossen. In alle tuinderijen nu,
schemerden tusschen jong-groeiend boomgroen en
boerenkool, de goud-verrotte leeggeplukte
erwtenranken, soms èven zonnig overgloeid, als
brandende braam, vlam-roerloos. In enkele dagen
fladderden de bossen op de rijzenpunten, harige
kopgedrochten op pieken, hóóg tegen donkere lucht.
—Aan voet van rijzen, waar ’t stroo opgehokt stond,
bloeiden al weer late sperzie- en snijboonen.
Ouë Gerrit wou niet drogen op rijzen, in dat vuile weer;
smakte de ranken op hoopen bij modder-greppeltje
achter ’t erf, toch zuinig ze bewarend voor
koestrooisel. Kees was druk in de weer, rankte nieuwe
aardbeibedden in, en zuiverde ze van vuil.—Elk half
uurtje, tusschen marktgang, werd gewied. Heele
akkers met leege rijzen bleven nog naakt de lucht
inpieken, om dat er geen tijd was ze op hok te
smakken. Toch waren ze blij, dat de aardbeipluk
gedaan leek, al kopten ze nog wat mandjes. Van de
vroeg-soorten begonnen de blaadjes al rood te
gloeien, bloedrood en meloen-goudheet bezoomd,
sterfzang van ’t loof in den zonnezomer. Andere
bedden kwijnden met roest op ’t blad, door plotsen
guren omdraai van weer, wind en regen, in ’t hart van
groei en bloei geslagen.—

Ouë Gerrit gromde van ’s morgens tot ’s avonds.—

Het was geen làvende zomerregen meer, die als ’n

koele dronk neersuisde op ’t land, en tegen den
avond, over de akkers zangerige regenruisch verzong
door de donkere boomen en ’t loof, en dán zuchtte als
ademhaal van orgelregisters; dan droomerig tikkelde
en zacht knetterde heel fijn en weemoedig,—maar ’t
bleef ’n nattige wind-wilde regenzwalp, ’n modderig
plassende, dorrend-vernielende grauwe nattigheid.—
Ouë Gerrit vloekte, vloekte, onder ’t inranken van de
beplaste aardbeibedden. Wàt ie aanraakte
[263]klefferde, was bemodderd. Z’n klompen zogen in ’t
natte zand, kledderden en smakten zuigend onder z’n
hielen. Rechts en links de bedden, rankte ie tegelijk de
jonge stekjes. Wrevelig groef ie de plantjes in, keilde
 ie verrotte voor zich uit. Toch was ie dolblij dat ie
dezen zomer niet alles op één worp had gegooid met
de aardbeien, zooals die stomme dokter Troost dat
wilde. En lol had ie ’r om, dat ie die beroerde grimmige
Ant had gebonjourd.

Voor Kees nou nog alleen wat bij de boonen, en dan

die ook òpgemarcheerd. Die paar mandjes aardbei en
bessen kon d’r Guurt zelf nog wel halen, die toch ook
’t land had an Ant. Gister had z’n meid nog veertig
mandjes geplukt.… Toch ’n rakker die Guurt. Als ie
maar wist wat of ze vóór had, met d’r vrijers..

En die Piet! hep d’r nog acht sint moakt! Waa’s d’r
puur ’n meroakel! hoho! aa’s die noar stad gong.…
waa’s ’t alletait ’n kwart meer aa’s Dirk, die krek vaif
sint hoalt!

Ouë Gerrit wist zich niet goed meer te roeren. Dirk gaf
’m eerst na den grootsten worstel, de ontvangen
guldens uit den zak. De Ouë kromp van angst, als ie
’m dronken van den marktdag zag den dorsch
inschommelen, angst dat ie den heelen boel zou
verzopen hebben, of verspeeld. En als ie dan maar ’n
kik gaf, blafte Dirk hem nijdig tegen z’n hielen, dat ie
schrok, en afgebluft loenschte. Piet gaf alles dadelijk,
al gapte ie ’r later weer van weg voor de zuip, maar
Dirk hield de duiten in z’n ijzeren knuisten heet
gevangen.—Dan eindelijk, moest ie na z’n verbluffing
opspelen, schreeuwen, stompen en beuken in
bloedspuw van nijd, en traag ging de klepzak dan
eindelijk open, klefferden de morsige dubbeltjes,
kwartjes en centen naar buiten, naar hèm toe, onder
één grom en snauw. Ging hij natellen dan vloekte Dirk.
„Tel aa’s je je koarsies uitbloast”, hoonde die, en
sarrend liet ie ’m zien de notities, wel wetend, dat ouë
Gerrit toch niet lezen kon, ’n letter zoo groot als ’n
paardekop niet.—

Smartelijker, gejaagder voelde ie z’n onmacht, ouë

Gerrit, omdat ie zelf niet meer de stad inventen kon.
Soms, als ie wat beet had weer, kon ’m de heele boel
niet meer schelen; zag ie heel klaar z’n ondergang in,
hij op ’n hokkie, de kerels op ’t [264]land als knechten.
Dan weer bedacht ie, dat zoo iets toch maar niet in
een ging, hij z’n meeste geld toch bij de fabrieken,
vast liet liggen, tot hij November zelf betalen moest.
Soms, drensde ’m door z’n kop dat Dirk vroeger veel
beter voor ’m geweest was, toegevender en niet zoo
snauwend, maar dan zag ie later Dirk weer goeiiger
tegenover hem.—Als de vent maar geen geld zag,
want dàn wier ie dol.—

Vandaag had ie nog ’n bak bessen geplukt, ’n

dubbeltje per mandje. En nog ’n prachtig dotje
frambozen! Dat klein goed gaf toch nog heel wat.…
Hoho!.… dá’ beskouwde ie nog wel ’n vaiftien pop
veur.… hai most d’r vast meer van tele, al há’ je d’r
tuinders die d’r niks mee van doen wille hewwe.. Da
klain goed.. want aldegoar benne se tug doodarreme
poerders. Van murrege, van vaif tot ses op ’t ploatsie,
had ie ’t nog uitrekend.… veur de feule framboosies
moakte ie nog twoalef sint ’t mandje.. hoho! wa’ skol
’t? Nou hoalde ie di joàr an sain vruchies.… frank … ’t
hooi uut! Ommendebai honderdvaiftien pop veur twai
koebeeste.…
 Maar angstiger iederen avond, nà z’n stil gemijmer,
keek ie òp naar de lucht, angst-verwurgd voor onweer
en regen. Tegen iedereen klaagde ie.… ’t werd ’m te
benauwd.—

—De boone groeie d’r wel in ’t gewas hoho! moar de

frucht set nie! mi die raige! Wa binne dá’ nou weer
suinige weertjes.. in ’t hart van ’t somer, je sit d’r puur
te rille.… en soàfus omwair!

—Jaò buurman, f’rlaije jair satte wai op haide

hardstikke in ’t drukst van de boonetait hèe?

—Hoho.… vier- en vaif en nie g’nog.… suinige

weertjes …

En iederen dag, dat ’t guur-winderige weer aanhield

werd Ouë Gerrit banger en grimmiger. Er zat angst in
z’n keel. De zware onweerswolken voelde ie pletten
op z’n borst. Dan weer wreef ie zich aan z’n strot als
zat ’r ’n wurgklauw die telkens z’n luchtpijp zachtjes
toekneep, en hem nog maar uit ’n spleetje ademen
liet! Angst voor z’n boonen groeide. Nu en dan zag ie
z’n wijf verdwaald rondzoeken in de tuinderij. Hoe ze’r
heengestapt was wist ze zelf niet meer, en waar ze
terug moest nog minder. [265]Ze drentelde maar wat en
sufte. Plots ’n woesten snauw, greep ie ’r bij den arm,
bracht ’r in huis.—

—Jou stommeling, je loopt d’r t’met hardstikke in main

seldrie mi je klaufe.… hoho! jai geep! dwarrel! moak
jai d’r gain kapsies hee?—
 Woest had ie ’r thuis op ’n stoel geduwd, waar ze
versuft neerblokte, en grommend sprong ouë Gerrit ’t
achterend uit.

—Dâ sal d’r ’n mooie sain.… Net had ie sain seldrielap

f’rkocht, veur vier sint ’t kilo! Waa’s d’r in sint meer
aa’s verlaije joar!.… Hoho!… sel je dá’ lamme dooie
waif d’r mi d’r blinde klaufe instappe … Wá’ gong die
seldrie nou hain?.. noa febriek?… had die dàor nie
meer moake kenne?.. of noar Amsterdam? da lamme
waif!.… Moar s’n spersie en snaiboone … da gong d’r
noar Noord-Skarrefou.. en Aiselmonde.. of ie ’t nie
wist! Da stomme waif.. sel d’r f’rduufeld soo p’rdoes op
sain duute trappe!.… Moar de boone … mostte ’t tug
dâ joar goed moake … most de loodpot vulle.. aers
waa’s die d’r gloeiend bai.… gaf de seldrie en vruchies
tùg nies.. nies.…

In regen en plassende nattigheid werd op de akkers

gewied, gekerfd met spa, geplukt in bakken. Seldrie
verwasemend door regengeur, stond gesneden en de
aardappels werden voor eigen maal wat gerooid hier
en daar.

Op de bollenakkers, wijd-om de tuinderijen en

gaarden gecirkeld, rookten blauwige wolkzwierselen.
In de greppels, volgeschoffeld met rot loof, hadden de
werkers ’n brandje gestoken, dat niet vlamde, maar
smeulde, en zwaar hei-brandig dampte over de
velden. Soms, als achter regengrauwe lucht en
wolkzilverend grijs, nattig en bleek, even de zon kwam
koekeloeren, met bewaterde gelige tronie, strooide ’t
licht wat nattig goud, schijnselig en blas, door de
blauw-dampende in rook stikkende akkers. De rooiers
dáár, in den ijl-blauwen smeulnevel, die glansde in
bleek zongoud, gebaarden in rokigen gloed, in mist-
blauw en zacht zonnevuur aangegloeid, stralend en
omsluierend tegelijk. Zoo, ’n uur lang, de bollenakkers
trilden in ’t waas-blauwe, zacht begloeide rooklicht, als
welfde zich een dampige [266]reuzengrot boven ’t land,
waar kleurige nevel doorheen woei, in stoei en spel,
van grotgeesten, in-en-uit. En rond ’t rookende loof
verschuifelden de glansen van dag-goud en
grasgroen, onder de werkende luchten, vol
regengrauw en paars-duister onweergedreig.

Na ’n uur dook zon weer wèg, vertraande z’n bleek-

gele waterige tronie achter droef-grauwe
wolkburchten, stortte regen weer neer bij hoozen. En
over de avond-akkers bleef ’t donker ruischen, soms
kletteren door bladloover, heel vèr en snaterend-
monotoon.

Ouë Gerrit beefde, snikte van angst als in wolkdonker,

’n vuurflits ’t fosforesceerende zwerk vlammig
doorzeisde, zònder dat donderslag nadreunde.—

’s Morgens, zóó uit angst-doorschokten korten slaap

wakker gejaagd, keek ie ’t eerst naar z’n boonen. Dit
jaar had ie moffenboonen bijgeplant, waarvan ie ook
nog heel wat mocht verwachten. Maar ook dàt gewas
stond hoe langer hoe slechter. Met angst in z’n oogen
keek ie schuw naar den bloesem van de hooge stok-
boonen, of ’r niet te véél verdorden en afvielen. De
paadjes dáár, schemerden wit van bloesem. En in z’n
angst zag ie ’t al erger sneeuwen, vol afgewaaide
dorrende bloesems. ’n Paar dagen had ie achtereen in
huis, wat bollen gesorteerd. Maar nou, met de rooi van
wat narcissen moest ie eruit, sorteeren op den
klefferigen modderig verzogen grond, omdat zulk
goedje altijd buiten liggen bleef. En de kerels, achter ’t
erf, en op de Beek, tusschen de aardappels en
koolen, stonden verzopen en verflodderd van regen
en nattigheid, te wroeten in de vunzige aarde. Soms
zóó doorzogen tot op ’t hemd, dat ze zich iederen
avond d’r regen-stinkende kleeren uit te wringen en te
verdrogen hadden boven vuur. En voort over de
zomerlanden joegen de grauwe wolkensteden, laag,
bang-dreigend, vol duister-paarse ontzetting.

Soms kon Ouë Gerrit de heele boel geen drommel

meer schelen, al bralde en rotsblokkig-roffelde en
stortte ’t onweer in, boven z’n kop, al flitste ’t vuur zig-
zag vizioen-snel door den hemel, al had ie z’n centen
voor pacht en hypotheek nog voor [267]’n kwart deel
niet bij elkaar, al rotten z’n boonenbloesems ’m zóó,
voor de oogen weg. Die uurtjes leefden er zalig voor
’m, als ie pas wat gegapt had, en met heerlijk-woest
voluptueus steelgenot, met nog jeuk-brandende
knuisten van grijp-verlangen, naar z’n kelderhoek
holde. Vloeken kòn ie, als ie daar niet dikwijls genoeg
vrij mocht afzakken. Guurt in haar dralende
onnoozelheid, had in den voorhoek allerlei rommel
neergesmakt; mandjes, roestpannen, zaklorren,
houtblokken, takkebossen, waar ze nou telkens
tusschen snuffelde. Snauwig keek ze ’m aan, als ie
trapgat afstrompelde. Dan bitste ze ’m nijdig toe wat ie
in den kelder van doen had. ’t Was verduiveld, of ze
voèlde dat ’t dan hevig heet in ’m liep; dat zorgen en
 angst in z’n strot dichtschroefden, dat ie àfwilde van
z’n benauwing, hem z’n roeszaligheid van-bij-z’n-
spullen-zitten, dáár kon verzwijmelen en zich
verdooven. Gauw moest ie dan ’n uitpraatje klaar
hebben, en zoo liep ie wel uren rond te scharrelen in ’t
vervuilde kelderhok, allerhande pestige vervelende
dingetjes doend, die hij niet wòu doen, Guurt
vervloekend, dat zij, in d’r smerigheid en
verwaarloozing van huishoudingen, noù, nou hìj heet
liep, zich daar vastzoog tusschen de lorren,
rondsnuffelde met Job’s geduld, en hèm belette z’n
rommel te grijpen, te omtasten, met z’n brandende
begeer-oogen te omgretigen.—Als ze eindelijk
opstapte, holde ie naar z’n hok, in woesten grabbel
met angst-argwaan, heet-gejaagd loerend op ’t
keldertrapgat, in duizelende verrukking en hart-
mokering, dat ze’m toch nooit zouên snappen. Hoorde
ie gedruisch boven ’t luik, voetgeschuifel en kreukig
rokgeschuur, dan beefde ie, bééfde ie, bleef ie toch, in
koorts-spannende angst-verrukking oogen-gretigend
waanzinnen bij z’n spullen, wagend, alles wagend tot
de laatste gevaar-sekonde.—

Aan tafel ’s middags keek ie angstiger Guurt áán, of

ze wat zeggen zou, wat gemerkt had, maar er kwam
geen woord uit z’n meid, daarover.

—Ouë nog ’n spekkie? was ’t eenige wat ze zei, klonk

’m gemoedelijk, na z’n overspannen angst voor
gesnapt-zijn, fantazie-angst die ’m folterde en doorreet
van schok-gevoel, elk [268]oogenblik: noù-zal-je ’t
hewwe.—En vriendelijk-lekker antwoordde ie:
 —Heul groag maid, heul groag!

Daarna zei ie in zich zelf, de vraag van Guurtje wel

tien maal over, dat ’t van binnen in ’m druischte en
klonk:.. Ouë nog ’n spekkie?.. Ouë nog ’n spekkie?..
Maar telkens veranderde ie toon-accent, zich zelf dan
afvragend of ze ’t wel zoo ècht gemoedelijk bedoeld
had, als hij ’t eerst meende.—Voor zijn wijf had ie
heelemaal geen angst meer. Ging ie ’s nachts soms
nog naar z’n kelderhok, voorzichtig in de paar uurtjes
duister maar, dan bleef ze’m soms aanstaren, keek hij
haar terug áán zonder dat ze ’n stom woord kon
uitbrengen. Meestal kon ’r spraak zich niet eens meer
op den naam van ’r man smakken. Dan voelde hij zich
overmoedig, demonisch-sarrend, lolde ie ’r even
zachtjes in de ooren.

—Gerrit goan d’r bai s’n bulle waif, sain bulle waif!
hoho!

—Bulle.. bulle? klankloos haperde en teemde ze

idioterig terug, zonder besef de woorden van ’r lippen
versullend. Dan grinnikte ie zoetjes-gesmoord, bang
voor de anderen die wèl beseften. Kwam ie terug uit
den kelder, dan lag ze weer te lip-puffen of staarde ze
wakker naar ’m òp, zonder begrip, met staar van ’n
stille idiote in d’r doffe oogen.

Maar nou, in die broei-grauwe luchten, met al dat

onweer, dat ’m deed stikken van benauwdheid was z’n
overmoed tegenover haar ook dikwijls wèggezakt.

Z’n boonen! z’n boonen! als die maar bleven!

 Van de stamsperzies hadden de jongens al wat
gehaald. Kees was bedankt, mocht weer eens
aanslenteren in ’t drukst van den pluk. Ouë Gerrit
raasde, schold, giftiger onstuimiger op ’t weer. Hij
berukte z’n baard, z’n haren, zich-zelf omfolterend met
angstvragen, hoe dat afloopen moest. Nou had ie
gedacht er zoo onverschillig mogelijk onder te blijven.
De bloesem en afval sneeuwde áán met z’n angst
mee, en telkens keek ie bangelijker hoe de ranken
zich hielden.

—Hoho … vier-en-vaif en nie genog, kaik d’r rais

waa’n woar d’r lait! doar ken je ’n huurtje van
beskouwe.. snof’rjenne, [269]teemde ie naar Dirk die ’m
met ’n snauw afgromde, en zonder ommezien op z’n
uitgeplante andijvie aanstramde, kopgebukt en spier-
gespannen, als ’n paard dat vrachtkar aansjort in
eersten opzet.—

—Is da nie vast ’n skande, soo veul nat weer, in ’t

harretje van Augustus t’met. Z’n kinderkop wrangde
elk uur knorriger, en z’n bisschopsbaard trok ie met
woeste handvegen, heen en weer. Wat had ie d’r nou
an dat stelletje moffeboonen, en die dubbele
stamsperzies.… aldegoar grof goed.. aa’s de
stokboone nie gonge! kaik! nou had Piet d’r f’murge ’n
tàchtig boontjes fònde.. ’t Waa’s god-gekloagd!
Skande.. skande! En hep d’r Dirk nie veuls te loat
d’andaifie uitplant? en soo waid van malkoar.. Dá’ had
d’r end Juli op regels motte stoan. Nou most tie d’r
nog òpbinde.… aa’s ’t goed gong! Somers-andaifie
òpbinde! wie hep d’r ooit soo sout gaite? Die staifkop!
hoho! D’r had al ’n gaile krop insitte kenne.. aa’s tie se
op malkoar plant had.…

Morrend en vloekbrommend liep ie overal door den

tuin, loerender en banger, iederen dag. Ja, wel was ie
stom geweest om die spruitkool tusschen zijn boonen
te zetten.

—Sel d’r is ’n nat klompie gaife!

Langzaam zetten de boonen áán. ’t Weer bleef guur,

grauw-zilverig, al stroomde de regen niet meer. De
spruitkoolen, omzaaid van kleine bolletjes, dropen van
water, in glans-plassig nat. Gloei-droppels trilden op
de vette roode kolen, op de bieten, sla en ruche-fijne
gekartelde boerenkool. ’t Groen rondom blonk en glom
nattig onder ’t grijze luchtzware grauw. Onrustiger,
banger sjokkerde ouë Gerrit door z’n tuinen, dan op
de Beek, dan achter z’n huis, dan in ’t duin, wel
voelend met scheutjes blijdschap dat er wat hitte
aanbroeien ging onder ’t onweer-zwoele grauw.

De landwerkers zongen opgewondener onder hun

arbeid. Nog drie dagen en de kermis zou er zijn, de
groote uitbarstende pret voor hun zomerzwoeg, het
kleurigbonte wonder van tenten, kramen en spullen.—
En overal rondom, de kristallen fonkel van kronen en
de helle gloeilichtflakker van lampen, verduizelend
[270]voor hun begeer-oogen. Nou kwam de kermisgloei
die ze bekroop als ’n achtdaagsche koorts, ’n krisis
van hevig leven bracht, waarin ze uitbarsten en
verzwijmelen zouden, zich rollen, met hun zware
boerenpassie, in de modder van diergenot. Daarin
zouden ze zich wreken òp bijeengespaarde woede,
 haat en wrok. Nou mochten ze vechten, mokeren,
zuipen, geilen.

En overal koortste ’t lied uit, zongen ze op de akkers,

in de straatjes, zalige onbestemde dwarrel van
ronkende geluiden; krijsch naar genotsroes die
opvuren kwam. Hun wreede kelen raasden, en
verschalden kermiszang van ’t vorige jaar. En
klankengalm bevend en rauw van hartstocht,
verschorde over ’t grauwend-zomersche land.

Ouë Gerrit vloekte tegen de kermis die z’n boel nog

meer ging verpesten; de kerels lambeuken zou van
vermoeiïng, slaperigheid en hangerigen kregel.—

Dàt ging nou opstormen, dwars door ’t zware

boonenwerk. Maar toch wilde ie smoren z’n razernij,
want hóórden ze’m grommen, dan zouden ze’m vast
heelemaal laten stikken met den grooten haal, in de
blakerende kermisjool.— [271]