Medical Image Computing and

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2018 21st International Conference
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Proceedings Part III Alejandro F. Frangi
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 Alejandro F. Frangi · Julia A. Schnabel
Christos Davatzikos · Carlos Alberola-López
Gabor Fichtinger (Eds.)
LNCS 11072

Medical Image Computing

and Computer Assisted
Intervention – MICCAI 2018
21st International Conference
Granada, Spain, September 16–20, 2018
Proceedings, Part III

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11072
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7412
Alejandro F. Frangi Julia A. Schnabel
•

Christos Davatzikos Carlos Alberola-López

•

Gabor Fichtinger (Eds.)

Medical Image Computing

and Computer Assisted
Intervention – MICCAI 2018
21st International Conference
Granada, Spain, September 16–20, 2018
Proceedings, Part III

123
Editors
Alejandro F. Frangi Carlos Alberola-López
University of Leeds Universidad de Valladolid
Leeds Valladolid
UK Spain
Julia A. Schnabel Gabor Fichtinger
King’s College London Queen’s University
London Kingston, ON
UK Canada
Christos Davatzikos
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA
USA

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-00930-4 ISBN 978-3-030-00931-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00931-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018909526

LNCS Sublibrary: SL6 – Image Processing, Computer Vision, Pattern Recognition, and Graphics

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018

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 Preface

We are very pleased to present the conference proceedings for the 21st International
Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention
(MICCAI), which was successfully held at the Granada Conference Center, September
16–20, 2018 in Granada, Spain.
The conference also featured 40 workshops, 14 tutorials, and ten challenges held on
September 16 or 20. For the first time, we had events co-located or endorsed by other
societies. The two-day Visual Computing in Biology and Medicine (VCBM) Work-
shop partnered with EUROGRAPHICS1, the one-day Biomedical Workshop
Biomedical Information Processing and Analysis: A Latin American perspective
partnered with SIPAIM2, and the one-day MICCAI Workshop on Computational
Diffusion on MRI was endorsed by ISMRM3. This year, at the time of writing this
preface, the MICCAI 2018 conference had over 1,400 firm registrations for the main
conference featuring the most recent work in the fields of:
– Reconstruction and Image Quality
– Machine Learning and Statistical Analysis
– Registration and Image Guidance
– Optical and Histology Applications
– Cardiac, Chest and Abdominal Applications
– fMRI and Diffusion Imaging
– Neuroimaging
– Computer-Assisted Intervention
– Segmentation
This was the largest MICCAI conference to date, with, for the first time, four
volumes of Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) proceedings for the main
conference, selected after a thorough double-blind peer-review process organized in
several phases as further described below. Following the example set by the previous
program chairs of MICCAI 2017, we employed the Conference Managing Toolkit
(CMT)4 for paper submissions and double-blind peer-reviews, the Toronto Paper
Matching System (TPMS)5 for automatic paper assignment to area chairs and
reviewers, and Researcher.CC6 to handle conflicts between authors, area chairs, and
reviewers.

1
https://www.eg.org.
2
http://www.sipaim.org/.
3
https://www.ismrm.org/.
4
https://cmt.research.microsoft.com.
5
http://torontopapermatching.org.
6
http://researcher.cc.
VI Preface

In total, a record 1,068 full submissions (ca. 33% more than the previous year) were
received and sent out to peer-review, from 1,335 original intentions to submit. Of those
submissions, 80% were considered as pure Medical Image Computing (MIC), 14% as
pure Computer-Assisted Intervention (CAI), and 6% as MICCAI papers that fitted into
both MIC and CAI areas. The MICCAI 2018 Program Committee (PC) had a total of
58 area chairs, with 45% from Europe, 43% from the Americas, 9% from Australasia,
and 3% from the Middle East. We maintained an excellent gender balance with 43%
women scientists on the PC.
Using TPMS scoring and CMT, each area chair was assigned between 18 and 20
manuscripts using TPMS, for each of which they suggested 9–15 potential reviewers.
Subsequently, 600 invited reviewers were asked to bid for the manuscripts they had
been suggested for. Final reviewer allocations via CMT took PC suggestions, reviewer
bidding, and TPMS scores into account, allocating 5–6 papers per reviewer. Based on
the double-blind reviews, 173 papers (16%) were directly accepted and 314 papers
(30%) were directly rejected – these decisions were confirmed by the handling area
chair. The remaining 579 papers (54%) were invited for rebuttal. Two further area
chairs were added using CMT and TPMS scores to each of these remaining manu-
scripts, who then independently scored these to accept or reject, based on the reviews,
rebuttal, and manuscript, resulting in clear paper decisions using majority voting: 199
further manuscripts were accepted, and 380 rejected.
The overall manuscript acceptance rate was 34.9%. Two PC teleconferences were
held on May 14, 2018, in two different time zones to confirm the final results and
collect PC feedback on the peer-review process (with over 74% PC attendance rate).
For the MICCAI 2018 proceedings, the 372 accepted papers7 have been organized in
four volumes as follows:
– Volume LNCS 11070 includes: Image Quality and Artefacts (15 manuscripts),
Image Reconstruction Methods (31), Machine Learning in Medical Imaging (22),
Statistical Analysis for Medical Imaging (10), and Image Registration Methods (21)
– Volume LNCS 11071 includes: Optical and Histology Applications (46); and
Cardiac, Chest, and Abdominal Applications (59)
– Volume LNCS 11072 includes: fMRI and Diffusion Imaging (45); Neuroimaging
and Brain Segmentation (37)
– Volume LNCS 11073 includes: Computer-Assisted Intervention (39) grouped into
image-guided interventions and surgery; surgical planning, simulation and work
flow analysis; and visualization and augmented reality; and Image Segmentation
Methods (47) grouped into general segmentation methods; multi-organ segmenta-
tion; abdominal, cardiac, chest, and other segmentation applications.
We would like to thank everyone who contributed greatly to the success of MICCAI
2018 and the quality of its proceedings. These include the MICCAI Society, for support
and insightful comments; and our sponsors for financial support and their presence on
site. We are especially grateful to all members of the Program Committee for their
diligent work in the reviewer assignments and final paper selection, as well as the 600

7
One paper was withdrawn.
 Preface VII

reviewers for their support during the entire process. Finally, and most importantly, we
thank all authors, co-authors, students, and supervisors, for submitting and presenting
their high-quality work which made MICCAI 2018 a greatly enjoyable, informative,
and successful event. We are especially indebted to those reviewers and PC members
who helped us resolve last-minute missing reviews at a very short notice.
We are looking forward to seeing you in Shenzhen, China, at MICCAI 2019!

August 2018 Julia A. Schnabel

Christos Davatzikos
Gabor Fichtinger
Alejandro F. Frangi
Carlos Alberola-López
Alberto Gomez Herrero
Spyridon Bakas
Antonio R. Porras
 Organization

Organizing Committee
General Chair and Program Co-chair
Alejandro F. Frangi University of Leeds, UK

General Co-chair
Carlos Alberola-López Universidad de Valladolid, Spain

Associate to General Chairs

Antonio R. Porras Children’s National Medical Center,
Washington D.C., USA

Program Chair
Julia A. Schnabel King’s College London, UK

Program Co-chairs
Christos Davatzikos University of Pennsylvania, USA
Gabor Fichtinger Queen’s University, Canada

Associates to Program Chairs

Spyridon Bakas University of Pennsylvania, USA
Alberto Gomez Herrero King’s College London, UK

Tutorial and Educational Chair

Anne Martel University of Toronto, Canada

Tutorial and Educational Co-chairs

Miguel González-Ballester
Marius Linguraru
Kensaku Mori
Carl-Fredrik Westin
Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain
Children’s National Medical Center,
Washington D.C., USA
Nagoya University, Japan
Harvard Medical School, USA

Workshop and Challenge Chair

Danail Stoyanov University College London, UK
X Organization

Workshop and Challenge Co-chairs

Hervé Delingette Inria, France
Lena Maier-Hein German Cancer Research Center, Germany
Zeike A. Taylor University of Leeds, UK

Keynote Lecture Chair

Josien Pluim TU Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Keynote Lecture Co-chairs

Matthias Harders ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Septimiu Salcudean The University of British Columbia, Canada

Corporate Affairs Chair

Terry Peters Western University, Canada

Corporate Affairs Co-chairs

Hayit Greenspan Tel Aviv University, Israel
Despina Kontos University of Pennsylvania, USA
Guy Shechter Philips, USA

Student Activities Facilitator

Demian Wasserman Inria, France

Student Activities Co-facilitator

Karim Lekadir Universitat Pompeu-Fabra, Spain

Communications Officer
Pedro Lopes University of Leeds, UK

Conference Management
DEKON Group

Program Committee
Ali Gooya University of Sheffield, UK
Amber Simpson Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA
Andrew King King’s College London, UK
Bennett Landman Vanderbilt University, USA
Bernhard Kainz Imperial College London, UK
Burak Acar Bogazici University, Turkey
 Organization XI

Carola Schoenlieb Cambridge University, UK

Caroline Essert University of Strasbourg/ICUBE, France
Christian Wachinger Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
Christos Bergeles King’s College London, UK
Daphne Yu Siemens Healthineers, USA
Duygu Tosun University of California at San Francisco, USA
Emanuele Trucco University of Dundee, UK
Ender Konukoglu ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Enzo Ferrante CONICET/Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
Erik Meijering Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands
Gozde Unal Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Guido Gerig New York University, USA
Gustavo Carneiro University of Adelaide, Australia
Hassan Rivaz Concordia University, Canada
Herve Lombaert ETS Montreal, Canada
Hongliang Ren National University of Singapore, Singapore
Ingerid Reinertsen SINTEF, Norway
Ipek Oguz University of Pennsylvania/Vanderbilt University,
USA
Ivana Isgum University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
Juan Eugenio Iglesias University College London, UK
Kayhan Batmanghelich University of Pittsburgh/Carnegie Mellon University,
USA
Laura Igual Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
Lauren O’Donnell Harvard University, USA
Le Lu Ping An Technology US Research Labs, USA
Li Cheng A*STAR Singapore, Singapore
Lilla Zöllei Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
Linwei Wang Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
Marc Niethammer University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
Marius Staring Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
Marleen de Bruijne Erasmus MC Rotterdam/University of Copenhagen,
The Netherlands/Denmark
Marta Kersten Concordia University, Canada
Mattias Heinrich University of Luebeck, Germany
Meritxell Bach Cuadra University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Miaomiao Zhang Washington University in St. Louis, USA
Moti Freiman Philips Healthcare, Israel
Nasir Rajpoot University of Warwick, UK
Nassir Navab Technical University of Munich, Germany
Pallavi Tiwari Case Western Reserve University, USA
Pingkun Yan Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA
Purang Abolmaesumi University of British Columbia, Canada
Ragini Verma University of Pennsylvania, USA
Raphael Sznitman University of Bern, Switzerland
Sandrine Voros University of Grenoble, France
XII Organization

Sotirios Tsaftaris University of Edinburgh, UK

Stamatia Giannarou Imperial College London, UK
Stefanie Speidel National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden,
Germany
Stefanie Demirci Technical University of Munich, Germany
Tammy Riklin Raviv Ben-Gurion University, Israel
Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood IBM Research, USA
Ulas Bagci University of Central Florida, USA
Vamsi Ithapu University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Yanwu Xu Baidu Inc., China

Scientific Review Committee

Amir Abdi Martin Benning

Ehsan Adeli Aïcha BenTaieb
Iman Aganj Ruth Bergman
Ola Ahmad Alessandro Bevilacqua
Amr Ahmed Ryoma Bise
Shazia Akbar Isabelle Bloch
Alireza Akhondi-asl Sebastian Bodenstedt
Saad Ullah Akram Hrvoje Bogunovic
Amir Alansary Gerda Bortsova
Shadi Albarqouni Sylvain Bouix
Luis Alvarez Felix Bragman
Deepak Anand Christopher Bridge
Elsa Angelini Tom Brosch
Rahman Attar Aurelien Bustin
Chloé Audigier Irène Buvat
Angelica Aviles-Rivero Cesar Caballero-Gaudes
Ruqayya Awan Ryan Cabeen
Suyash Awate Nathan Cahill
Dogu Baran Aydogan Jinzheng Cai
Shekoofeh Azizi Weidong Cai
Katja Bühler Tian Cao
Junjie Bai Valentina Carapella
Wenjia Bai M. Jorge Cardoso
Daniel Balfour Daniel Castro
Walid Barhoumi Daniel Coelho de Castro
Sarah Barman Philippe C. Cattin
Michael Barrow Juan Cerrolaza
Deepti Bathula Suheyla Cetin Karayumak
Christian F. Baumgartner Matthieu Chabanas
Pierre-Louis Bazin Jayasree Chakraborty
Delaram Behnami Rudrasis Chakraborty
Erik Bekkers Rajib Chakravorty
Rami Ben-Ari Vimal Chandran
 Organization XIII

Catie Chang Lei Du

Pierre Chatelain Lixin Duan
Akshay Chaudhari Florian Dubost
Antong Chen Nicolas Duchateau
Chao Chen James Duncan
Geng Chen Luc Duong
Hao Chen Nicha Dvornek
Jianxu Chen Oleh Dzyubachyk
Jingyun Chen Zach Eaton-Rosen
Min Chen Mehran Ebrahimi
Xin Chen Matthias J. Ehrhardt
Yang Chen Ahmet Ekin
Yuncong Chen Ayman El-Baz
Jiezhi Cheng Randy Ellis
Jun Cheng Mohammed Elmogy
Veronika Cheplygina Marius Erdt
Farida Cheriet Guray Erus
Minqi Chong Marco Esposito
Daan Christiaens Joset Etzel
Serkan Cimen Jingfan Fan
Francesco Ciompi Yong Fan
Cedric Clouchoux Aly Farag
James Clough Mohsen Farzi
Dana Cobzas Anahita Fathi Kazerooni
Noel Codella Hamid Fehri
Toby Collins Xinyang Feng
Olivier Commowick Olena Filatova
Sailesh Conjeti James Fishbaugh
Pierre-Henri Conze Tom Fletcher
Tessa Cook Germain Forestier
Timothy Cootes Denis Fortun
Pierrick Coupé Alfred Franz
Alessandro Crimi Muhammad Moazam Fraz
Adrian Dalca Wolfgang Freysinger
Sune Darkner Jurgen Fripp
Dhritiman Das Huazhu Fu
Johan Debayle Yang Fu
Farah Deeba Bernhard Fuerst
Silvana Dellepiane Gareth Funka-Lea
Adrien Depeursinge Isabel Funke
Maria Deprez Jan Funke
Christian Desrosiers Francesca Galassi
Blake Dewey Linlin Gao
Jwala Dhamala Mingchen Gao
Qi Dou Yue Gao
Karen Drukker Zhifan Gao
XIV Organization

Utpal Garain Xiaolei Huang

Mona Garvin Yawen Huang
Aimilia Gastounioti Henkjan Huisman
Romane Gauriau Yuankai Huo
Bao Ge Sarfaraz Hussein
Sandesh Ghimire Jana Hutter
Ali Gholipour Seong Jae Hwang
Rémi Giraud Atsushi Imiya
Ben Glocker Amir Jamaludin
Ehsan Golkar Faraz Janan
Polina Golland Uditha Jarayathne
Yuanhao Gong Xi Jiang
German Gonzalez Jieqing Jiao
Pietro Gori Dakai Jin
Alejandro Granados Yueming Jin
Sasa Grbic Bano Jordan
Enrico Grisan Anand Joshi
Andrey Gritsenko Shantanu Joshi
Abhijit Guha Roy Leo Joskowicz
Yanrong Guo Christoph Jud
Yong Guo Siva Teja Kakileti
Vikash Gupta Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer
Benjamin Gutierrez Becker Ali Kamen
Séverine Habert Neerav Karani
Ilker Hacihaliloglu Anees Kazi
Stathis Hadjidemetriou Eric Kerfoot
Ghassan Hamarneh Erwan Kerrien
Adam Harrison Farzad Khalvati
Grant Haskins Hassan Khan
Charles Hatt Bishesh Khanal
Tiancheng He Ron Kikinis
Mehdi Hedjazi Moghari Hyo-Eun Kim
Tobias Heimann Hyunwoo Kim
Christoph Hennersperger Jinman Kim
Alfredo Hernandez Minjeong Kim
Monica Hernandez Benjamin Kimia
Moises Hernandez Fernandez Kivanc Kose
Carlos Hernandez-Matas Julia Krüger
Matthew Holden Pavitra Krishnaswamy
Yi Hong Frithjof Kruggel
Nicolas Honnorat Elizabeth Krupinski
Benjamin Hou Sofia Ira Ktena
Yipeng Hu Arjan Kuijper
Heng Huang Ashnil Kumar
Junzhou Huang Neeraj Kumar
Weilin Huang Punithakumar Kumaradevan
 Organization XV

Manuela Kunz Kai Ma

Jin Tae Kwak Khushhall Chandra Mahajan
Alexander Ladikos Dwarikanath Mahapatra
Rodney Lalonde Andreas Maier
Pablo Lamata Klaus H. Maier-Hein
Catherine Laporte Sokratis Makrogiannis
Carole Lartizien Grégoire Malandain
Toni Lassila Anand Malpani
Andras Lasso Jose Manjon
Matthieu Le Tommaso Mansi
Maria J. Ledesma-Carbayo Awais Mansoor
Hansang Lee Anne Martel
Jong-Hwan Lee Diana Mateus
Soochahn Lee Arnaldo Mayer
Etienne Léger Jamie McClelland
Beatrice Lentes Stephen McKenna
Wee Kheng Leow Ronak Mehta
Nikolas Lessmann Raphael Meier
Annan Li Qier Meng
Gang Li Yu Meng
Ruoyu Li Bjoern Menze
Wenqi Li Liang Mi
Xiang Li Shun Miao
Yuanwei Li Abhishek Midya
Chunfeng Lian Zhe Min
Jianming Liang Rashika Mishra
Hongen Liao Marc Modat
Ruizhi Liao Norliza Mohd Noor
Roxane Licandro Mehdi Moradi
Lanfen Lin Rodrigo Moreno
Claudia Lindner Kensaku Mori
Cristian Linte Aliasghar Mortazi
Feng Liu Peter Mountney
Hui Liu Arrate Muñoz-Barrutia
Jianfei Liu Anirban Mukhopadhyay
Jundong Liu Arya Nabavi
Kefei Liu Layan Nahlawi
Mingxia Liu Ana Ineyda Namburete
Sidong Liu Valery Naranjo
Marco Lorenzi Peter Neher
Xiongbiao Luo Hannes Nickisch
Jinglei Lv Dong Nie
Ilwoo Lyu Lipeng Ning
Omar M. Rijal Jack Noble
Pablo Márquez Neila Vincent Noblet
Henning Müller Alexey Novikov
XVI Organization

Ilkay Oksuz Parnesh Raniga

Ozan Oktay Yogesh Rathi
John Onofrey Saima Rathore
Eliza Orasanu Nishant Ravikumar
Felipe Orihuela-Espina Shan E. Ahmed Raza
Jose Orlando Islem Rekik
Yusuf Osmanlioglu Beatriz Remeseiro
David Owen Markus Rempfler
Cristina Oyarzun Laura Mauricio Reyes
Jose-Antonio Pérez-Carrasco Constantino Reyes-Aldasoro
Danielle Pace Nicola Rieke
J. Blas Pagador Laurent Risser
Akshay Pai Leticia Rittner
Xenophon Papademetris Yong Man Ro
Bartlomiej Papiez Emma Robinson
Toufiq Parag Rafael Rodrigues
Magdalini Paschali Marc-Michel Rohé
Angshuman Paul Robert Rohling
Christian Payer Karl Rohr
Jialin Peng Plantefeve Rosalie
Tingying Peng Holger Roth
Xavier Pennec Su Ruan
Sérgio Pereira Danny Ruijters
Mehran Pesteie Juan Ruiz-Alzola
Loic Peter Mert Sabuncu
Igor Peterlik Frank Sachse
Simon Pezold Farhang Sahba
Micha Pfeifer Septimiu Salcudean
Dzung Pham Gerard Sanroma
Renzo Phellan Emine Saritas
Pramod Pisharady Imari Sato
Josien Pluim Alexander Schlaefer
Kilian Pohl Jerome Schmid
Jean-Baptiste Poline Caitlin Schneider
Alison Pouch Jessica Schrouff
Prateek Prasanna Thomas Schultz
Philip Pratt Suman Sedai
Raphael Prevost Biswa Sengupta
Esther Puyol Anton Ortal Senouf
Yuchuan Qiao Maxime Sermesant
Gwénolé Quellec Carmen Serrano
Pradeep Reddy Raamana Amit Sethi
Julia Rackerseder Muhammad Shaban
Hedyeh Rafii-Tari Reuben Shamir
Mehdi Rahim Yeqin Shao
Kashif Rajpoot Li Shen
 Organization XVII

Bibo Shi Nicolas Toussaint

Kuangyu Shi Jocelyne Troccaz
Hoo-Chang Shin Tomasz Trzcinski
Russell Shinohara Ahmet Tuysuzoglu
Viviana Siless Andru Twinanda
Carlos A. Silva Carole Twining
Matthew Sinclair Eranga Ukwatta
Vivek Singh Mathias Unberath
Korsuk Sirinukunwattana Tamas Ungi
Ihor Smal Martin Urschler
Michal Sofka Maria Vakalopoulou
Jure Sokolic Vanya Valindria
Hessam Sokooti Koen Van Leemput
Ahmed Soliman Hien Van Nguyen
Stefan Sommer Gijs van Tulder
Diego Sona S. Swaroop Vedula
Yang Song Harini Veeraraghavan
Aristeidis Sotiras Miguel Vega
Jamshid Sourati Anant Vemuri
Rachel Sparks Gopalkrishna Veni
Ziga Spiclin Archana Venkataraman
Lawrence Staib François-Xavier Vialard
Ralf Stauder Pierre-Frederic Villard
Darko Stern Satish Viswanath
Colin Studholme Wolf-Dieter Vogl
Martin Styner Ingmar Voigt
Heung-Il Suk Tomaz Vrtovec
Jian Sun Bo Wang
Xu Sun Guotai Wang
Kyunghyun Sung Jiazhuo Wang
Nima Tajbakhsh Liansheng Wang
Sylvain Takerkart Manning Wang
Chaowei Tan Sheng Wang
Jeremy Tan Yalin Wang
Mingkui Tan Zhe Wang
Hui Tang Simon Warfield
Min Tang Chong-Yaw Wee
Youbao Tang Juergen Weese
Yuxing Tang Benzheng Wei
Christine Tanner Wolfgang Wein
Qian Tao William Wells
Giacomo Tarroni Rene Werner
Zeike Taylor Daniel Wesierski
Kim Han Thung Matthias Wilms
Yanmei Tie Adam Wittek
Daniel Toth Jelmer Wolterink
XVIII Organization

Ken C. L. Wong Guillaume Zahnd

Jonghye Woo Marco Zenati
Pengxiang Wu Ke Zeng
Tobias Wuerfl Oliver Zettinig
Yong Xia Daoqiang Zhang
Yiming Xiao Fan Zhang
Weidi Xie Han Zhang
Yuanpu Xie Heye Zhang
Fangxu Xing Jiong Zhang
Fuyong Xing Jun Zhang
Tao Xiong Lichi Zhang
Daguang Xu Lin Zhang
Yan Xu Ling Zhang
Zheng Xu Mingli Zhang
Zhoubing Xu Pin Zhang
Ziyue Xu Shu Zhang
Wufeng Xue Tong Zhang
Jingwen Yan Yong Zhang
Ke Yan Yunyan Zhang
Yuguang Yan Zizhao Zhang
Zhennan Yan Qingyu Zhao
Dong Yang Shijie Zhao
Guang Yang Yitian Zhao
Xiao Yang Guoyan Zheng
Xin Yang Yalin Zheng
Jianhua Yao Yinqiang Zheng
Jiawen Yao Zichun Zhong
Xiaohui Yao Luping Zhou
Chuyang Ye Zhiguo Zhou
Menglong Ye Dajiang Zhu
Jingru Yi Wentao Zhu
Jinhua Yu Xiaofeng Zhu
Lequan Yu Xiahai Zhuang
Weimin Yu Aneeq Zia
Yixuan Yuan Veronika Zimmer
Evangelia Zacharaki Majd Zreik
Ernesto Zacur Reyer Zwiggelaar

Mentorship Program (Mentors)

Stephen Aylward Kitware Inc., USA
Christian Barillot IRISA/CNRS/University of Rennes, France
Kayhan Batmanghelich University of Pittsburgh/Carnegie Mellon University,
USA
Christos Bergeles King’s College London, UK
 Organization XIX

Marleen de Bruijne Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam/University

of Copenhagen, The Netherlands/Denmark
Cheng Li University of Alberta, Canada
Stefanie Demirci Technical University of Munich, Germany
Simon Duchesne University of Laval, Canada
Enzo Ferrante CONICET/Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
Alejandro F. Frangi University of Leeds, UK
Miguel A. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain
González-Ballester
Stamatia (Matina) Imperial College London, UK
Giannarou
Juan Eugenio University College London, UK
Iglesias-Gonzalez
Laura Igual Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
Leo Joskowicz The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
Bernhard Kainz Imperial College London, UK
Shuo Li University of Western Ontario, Canada
Marius G. Linguraru Children’s National Health System/George Washington
University, USA
Le Lu Ping An Technology US Research Labs, USA
Tommaso Mansi Siemens Healthineers, USA
Anne Martel Sunnybrook Research Institute, USA
Kensaku Mori Nagoya University, Japan
Parvin Mousavi Queen’s University, Canada
Nassir Navab Technical University of Munich/Johns Hopkins
University, USA
Marc Niethammer University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
Ipek Oguz University of Pennsylvania/Vanderbilt University,
USA
Josien Pluim Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
Jerry L. Prince Johns Hopkins University, USA
Nicola Rieke NVIDIA Corp./Technical University of Munich,
Germany
Daniel Rueckert Imperial College London, UK
Julia A. Schnabel King’s College London, UK
Raphael Sznitman University of Bern, Switzerland
Jocelyne Troccaz CNRS/University of Grenoble, France
Gozde Unal Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Max A. Viergever Utrecht University/University Medical Center Utrecht,
The Netherlands
Linwei Wang Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
Yanwu Xu Baidu Inc., China
Miaomiao Zhang Lehigh University, USA
Guoyan Zheng University of Bern, Switzerland
Lilla Zöllei Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
XX Organization

Sponsors and Funders

Platinum Sponsors

• NVIDIA Inc.
• Siemens Healthineers GmbH

Gold Sponsors

• Guangzhou Shiyuan Electronics Co. Ltd.

• Subtle Medical Inc.

Silver Sponsors

• Arterys Inc.
• Claron Technology Inc.
• ImSight Inc.
• ImFusion GmbH
• Medtronic Plc

Bronze Sponsors

• Depwise Inc.
• Carl Zeiss AG

Travel Bursary Support

• MICCAI Society
• National Institutes of Health, USA
• EPSRC-NIHR Medical Image Analysis Network (EP/N026993/1), UK
 Contents – Part III

Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Functional MRI: Diffusion

Tensor Imaging

Multimodal Fusion of Brain Networks with Longitudinal Couplings . . . . . . . 3

Wen Zhang, Kai Shu, Suhang Wang, Huan Liu, and Yalin Wang

Penalized Geodesic Tractography for Mitigating Gyral Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Ye Wu, Yuanjing Feng, Dinggang Shen, and Pew-Thian Yap

Anchor-Constrained Plausibility (ACP): A Novel Concept for Assessing

Tractography and Reducing False-Positives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Peter F. Neher, Bram Stieltjes, and Klaus H. Maier-Hein

Tract-Specific Group Analysis in Fetal Cohorts Using in utero Diffusion

Tensor Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Shadab Khan, Caitlin K. Rollins, Cynthia M. Ortinau, Onur Afacan,
Simon K. Warfield, and Ali Gholipour

Tract Orientation Mapping for Bundle-Specific Tractography . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Jakob Wasserthal, Peter F. Neher, and Klaus H. Maier-Hein

A Multi-Tissue Global Estimation Framework for Asymmetric Fiber

Orientation Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Ye Wu, Yuanjing Feng, Dinggang Shen, and Pew-Thian Yap

Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Functional MRI: Diffusion

Weighted Imaging

Better Fiber ODFs from Suboptimal Data with Autoencoder Based

Regularization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Kanil Patel, Samuel Groeschel, and Thomas Schultz

Identification of Gadolinium Contrast Enhanced Regions in MS Lesions

Using Brain Tissue Microstructure Information Obtained from Diffusion
and T2 Relaxometry MRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Sudhanya Chatterjee, Olivier Commowick, Onur Afacan,
Simon K. Warfield, and Christian Barillot

A Bayes Hilbert Space for Compartment Model Computing

in Diffusion MRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Aymeric Stamm, Olivier Commowick, Alessandra Menafoglio,
and Simon K. Warfield
XXII Contents – Part III

Detection and Delineation of Acute Cerebral Infarct on DWI Using Weakly

Supervised Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Stefano Pedemonte, Bernardo Bizzo, Stuart Pomerantz, Neil Tenenholtz,
Bradley Wright, Mark Walters, Sean Doyle, Adam McCarthy,
Renata Rocha De Almeida, Katherine Andriole, Mark Michalski,
and R. Gilberto Gonzalez

Identification of Species-Preserved Cortical Landmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Tuo Zhang, Xiao Li, Lin Zhao, Ying Huang, Lei Guo,
and Tianming Liu

Deep Learning with Synthetic Diffusion MRI Data for Free-Water

Elimination in Glioblastoma Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Miguel Molina-Romero, Benedikt Wiestler, Pedro A. Gómez,
Marion I. Menzel, and Bjoern H. Menze

Enhancing Clinical MRI Perfusion Maps with Data-Driven Maps

of Complementary Nature for Lesion Outcome Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Adriano Pinto, Sérgio Pereira, Raphael Meier, Victor Alves,
Roland Wiest, Carlos A. Silva, and Mauricio Reyes

Harmonizing Diffusion MRI Data Across Magnetic Field Strengths. . . . . . . . 116

Suheyla Cetin Karayumak, Marek Kubicki, and Yogesh Rathi

Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Functional MRI: Functional MRI

Normative Modeling of Neuroimaging Data Using Scalable Multi-task

Gaussian Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Seyed Mostafa Kia and Andre Marquand

Multi-layer Large-Scale Functional Connectome Reveals Infant Brain

Developmental Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Han Zhang, Natalie Stanley, Peter J. Mucha, Weiyan Yin, Weili Lin,
and Dinggang Shen

A Riemannian Framework for Longitudinal Analysis of Resting-State

Functional Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Qingyu Zhao, Dongjin Kwon, and Kilian M. Pohl

Elastic Registration of Single Subject Task Based fMRI Signals . . . . . . . . . . 154

David S. Lee, Joana Loureiro, Katherine L. Narr, Roger P. Woods,
and Shantanu H. Joshi

A Generative-Discriminative Basis Learning Framework to Predict Clinical

Severity from Resting State Functional MRI Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Niharika Shimona D’Souza, Mary Beth Nebel, Nicholas Wymbs,
Stewart Mostofsky, and Archana Venkataraman
 Contents – Part III XXIII

3D Deep Convolutional Neural Network Revealed the Value of Brain

Network Overlap in Differentiating Autism Spectrum Disorder from
Healthy Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Yu Zhao, Fangfei Ge, Shu Zhang, and Tianming Liu

Modeling 4D fMRI Data via Spatio-Temporal Convolutional Neural

Networks (ST-CNN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Yu Zhao, Xiang Li, Wei Zhang, Shijie Zhao, Milad Makkie, Mo Zhang,
Quanzheng Li, and Tianming Liu

The Dynamic Measurements of Regional Brain Activity for Resting-State

fMRI: d-ALFF, d-fALFF and d-ReHo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Chao Tang, Yuqing Wei, Jiajia Zhao, and Jingxin Nie

rfDemons: Resting fMRI-Based Cortical Surface Registration

Using the BrainSync Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Anand A. Joshi, Jian Li, Minqi Chong, Haleh Akrami,
and Richard M. Leahy

Brain Biomarker Interpretation in ASD Using Deep Learning and fMRI . . . . 206
Xiaoxiao Li, Nicha C. Dvornek, Juntang Zhuang, Pamela Ventola,
and James S. Duncan

Neural Activation Estimation in Brain Networks During Task and Rest

Using BOLD-fMRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Michael Hütel, Andrew Melbourne, and Sebastien Ourselin

Identification of Multi-scale Hierarchical Brain Functional Networks Using

Deep Matrix Factorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Hongming Li, Xiaofeng Zhu, and Yong Fan

Identification of Temporal Transition of Functional States Using Recurrent

Neural Networks from Functional MRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Hongming Li and Yong Fan

Identifying Personalized Autism Related Impairments Using Resting

Functional MRI and ADOS Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Omar Dekhil, Mohamed Ali, Ahmed Shalaby, Ali Mahmoud,
Andy Switala, Mohammed Ghazal, Hassan Hajidiab,
Begonya Garcia-Zapirain, Adel Elmaghraby, Robert Keynton,
Gregory Barnes, and Ayman El-Baz

Deep Chronnectome Learning via Full Bidirectional Long Short-Term

Memory Networks for MCI Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Weizheng Yan, Han Zhang, Jing Sui, and Dinggang Shen
XXIV Contents – Part III

Structured Deep Generative Model of fMRI Signals for Mental Disorder

Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Takashi Matsubara, Tetsuo Tashiro, and Kuniaki Uehara

Cardiac Cycle Estimation for BOLD-fMRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Michael Hütel, Andrew Melbourne, David L. Thomas,
and Sebastien Ourselin

Probabilistic Source Separation on Resting-State fMRI and Its Use for Early
MCI Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Eunsong Kang and Heung-Il Suk

Identifying Brain Networks of Multiple Time Scales via Deep Recurrent

Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Yan Cui, Shijie Zhao, Han Wang, Li Xie, Yaowu Chen, Junwei Han,
Lei Guo, Fan Zhou, and Tianming Liu

A Novel Deep Learning Framework on Brain Functional Networks

for Early MCI Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Tae-Eui Kam, Han Zhang, and Dinggang Shen

A Region-of-Interest-Reweight 3D Convolutional Neural Network

for the Analytics of Brain Information Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Xiuyan Ni, Zhennan Yan, Tingting Wu, Jin Fan, and Chao Chen

Quantitative Deconvolution of fMRI Data with Multi-echo Sparse

Paradigm Free Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
César Caballero-Gaudes, Stefano Moia, Peter A. Bandettini,
and Javier Gonzalez-Castillo

Brain Decoding from Functional MRI Using Long Short-Term Memory

Recurrent Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Hongming Li and Yong Fan

Learning Generalizable Recurrent Neural Networks from Small

Task-fMRI Datasets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Nicha C. Dvornek, Daniel Yang, Pamela Ventola, and James S. Duncan

Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Functional MRI: Human Connectome

Fast Mapping of the Eloquent Cortex by Learning L2 Penalties . . . . . . . . . . 341

Nico Hoffmann, Uwe Petersohn, Gabriele Schackert, Edmund Koch,
Stefan Gumhold, and Matthias Kirsch

Combining Multiple Connectomes via Canonical Correlation Analysis

Improves Predictive Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Siyuan Gao, Abigail S. Greene, R. Todd Constable,
and Dustin Scheinost
 Contents – Part III XXV

Exploring Fiber Skeletons via Joint Representation of Functional Networks

and Structural Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Shu Zhang, Tianming Liu, and Dajiang Zhu

Phase Angle Spatial Embedding (PhASE): A Kernel Method for Studying

the Topology of the Human Functional Connectome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Zachery Morrissey, Liang Zhan, Hyekyoung Lee, Johnson Keiriz,
Angus Forbes, Olusola Ajilore, Alex Leow, and Moo Chung

Edema-Informed Anatomically Constrained Particle Filter Tractography. . . . . 375

Samuel Deslauriers-Gauthier, Drew Parker, François Rheault,
Rachid Deriche, Steven Brem, Maxime Descoteaux, and Ragini Verma

Thalamic Nuclei Segmentation Using Tractography, Population-Specific

Priors and Local Fibre Orientation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Carla Semedo, M. Jorge Cardoso, Sjoerd B. Vos, Carole H. Sudre,
Martina Bocchetta, Annemie Ribbens, Dirk Smeets, Jonathan D. Rohrer,
and Sebastien Ourselin

On Quantifying Local Geometric Structures of Fiber Tracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

Jian Cheng, Tao Liu, Feng Shi, Ruiliang Bai, Jicong Zhang,
Haogang Zhu, Dacheng Tao, and Peter J. Basser

Neuroimaging and Brain Segmentation Methods: Neuroimaging

Modeling Longitudinal Voxelwise Feature Change in Normal Aging

with Spatial-Anatomical Regularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Zhuo Sun, Wei Xu, Shuhao Wang, Junhai Xu, and Yuchuan Qiao

Volume-Based Analysis of 6-Month-Old Infant Brain MRI for Autism

Biomarker Identification and Early Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Li Wang, Gang Li, Feng Shi, Xiaohuan Cao, Chunfeng Lian, Dong Nie,
Mingxia Liu, Han Zhang, Guannan Li, Zhengwang Wu, Weili Lin,
and Dinggang Shen

A Tetrahedron-Based Heat Flux Signature for Cortical Thickness

Morphometry Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Yonghui Fan, Gang Wang, Natasha Lepore, and Yalin Wang

Graph of Brain Structures Grading for Early Detection of

Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Kilian Hett, Vinh-Thong Ta, José V. Manjón, Pierrick Coupé,
and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

Joint Prediction and Classification of Brain Image Evolution Trajectories

from Baseline Brain Image with Application to Early Dementia . . . . . . . . . . 437
Can Gafuroğlu, Islem Rekikfor, and for the Alzheimer’s Disease
Neuroimaging Initiative
XXVI Contents – Part III

Temporal Correlation Structure Learning for MCI Conversion Prediction . . . . 446

Xiaoqian Wang, Weidong Cai, Dinggang Shen, and Heng Huang

Synthesizing Missing PET from MRI with Cycle-consistent Generative

Adversarial Networks for Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Yongsheng Pan, Mingxia Liu, Chunfeng Lian, Tao Zhou, Yong Xia,
and Dinggang Shen

Exploratory Population Analysis with Unbalanced Optimal Transport . . . . . . 464

Samuel Gerber, Marc Niethammer, Martin Styner,
and Stephen Aylward

Multi-modal Synthesis of ASL-MRI Features with KPLS Regression

on Heterogeneous Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Toni Lassila, Helena M. Faria, Ali Sarrami-Foroushani,
Francesca Meneghello, Annalena Venneri, and Alejandro F. Frangi

A Novel Method for Epileptic Seizure Detection Using Coupled Hidden

Markov Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Jeff Craley, Emily Johnson, and Archana Venkataraman

Deep Convolutional Networks for Automated Detection of Epileptogenic

Brain Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Ravnoor S. Gill, Seok-Jun Hong, Fatemeh Fadaie, Benoit Caldairou,
Boris C. Bernhardt, Carmen Barba, Armin Brandt, Vanessa C. Coelho,
Ludovico d’Incerti, Matteo Lenge, Mira Semmelroch,
Fabrice Bartolomei, Fernando Cendes, Francesco Deleo,
Renzo Guerrini, Maxime Guye, Graeme Jackson,
Andreas Schulze-Bonhage, Tommaso Mansi, Neda Bernasconi,
and Andrea Bernasconi

Binary Glioma Grading: Radiomics versus Pre-trained CNN Features . . . . . . 498

Milan Decuyper, Stijn Bonte, and Roel Van Holen

Automatic Irregular Texture Detection in Brain MRI Without Human

Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Muhammad Febrian Rachmadi, Maria del C. Valdés-Hernández,
and Taku Komura

Learning Myelin Content in Multiple Sclerosis from Multimodal MRI

Through Adversarial Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Wen Wei, Emilie Poirion, Benedetta Bodini, Stanley Durrleman,
Nicholas Ayache, Bruno Stankoff, and Olivier Colliot

Deep Multi-structural Shape Analysis: Application to Neuroanatomy . . . . . . . 523

Benjamín Gutiérrez-Becker and Christian Wachinger
 Contents – Part III XXVII

Computational Modelling of Pathogenic Protein Behaviour-Governing

Mechanisms in the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
Konstantinos Georgiadis, Alexandra L. Young, Michael Hütel,
Adeel Razi, Carla Semedo, Jonathan Schott, Sébastien Ourselin,
Jason D. Warren, and Marc Modat

Generative Discriminative Models for Multivariate Inference and Statistical

Mapping in Medical Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Erdem Varol, Aristeidis Sotiras, Ke Zeng, and Christos Davatzikos

Using the Anisotropic Laplace Equation to Compute Cortical Thickness . . . . 549

Anand A. Joshi, Chitresh Bhushan, Ronald Salloum,
Jessica L. Wisnowski, David W. Shattuck, and Richard M. Leahy

Dilatation of Lateral Ventricles with Brain Volumes in Infants with 3D

Transfontanelle US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Marc-Antoine Boucher, Sarah Lippé, Amélie Damphousse,
Ramy El-Jalbout, and Samuel Kadoury

Do Baby Brain Cortices that Look Alike at Birth Grow Alike During the
First Year of Postnatal Development? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
Islem Rekik, Gang Li, Weili Lin, and Dinggang Shen

Multi-label Transduction for Identifying Disease Comorbidity Patterns. . . . . . 575

Ehsan Adeli, Dongjin Kwon, and Kilian M. Pohl

Text to Brain: Predicting the Spatial Distribution of Neuroimaging

Observations from Text Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Jérôme Dockès, Demian Wassermann, Russell Poldrack,
Fabian Suchanek, Bertrand Thirion, and Gaël Varoquaux

Neuroimaging and Brain Segmentation Methods: Brain Segmentation

Methods

Semi-supervised Learning for Segmentation Under Semantic Constraint . . . . . 595

Pierre-Antoine Ganaye, Michaël Sdika, and Hugues Benoit-Cattin

Autofocus Layer for Semantic Segmentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Yao Qin, Konstantinos Kamnitsas, Siddharth Ancha, Jay Nanavati,
Garrison Cottrell, Antonio Criminisi, and Aditya Nori

3D Segmentation with Exponential Logarithmic Loss for Highly

Unbalanced Object Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Ken C. L. Wong, Mehdi Moradi, Hui Tang,
and Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood
XXVIII Contents – Part III

Revealing Regional Associations of Cortical Folding Alterations with

In Utero Ventricular Dilation Using Joint Spectral Embedding . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Oualid M. Benkarim, Gerard Sanroma, Gemma Piella, Islem Rekik,
Nadine Hahner, Elisenda Eixarch, Miguel Angel González Ballester,
Dinggang Shen, and Gang Li

CompNet: Complementary Segmentation Network for Brain MRI

Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Raunak Dey and Yi Hong

One-Pass Multi-task Convolutional Neural Networks for Efficient Brain

Tumor Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Chenhong Zhou, Changxing Ding, Zhentai Lu, Xinchao Wang,
and Dacheng Tao

Deep Recurrent Level Set for Segmenting Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646

T. Hoang Ngan Le, Raajitha Gummadi, and Marios Savvides

Pulse Sequence Resilient Fast Brain Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654

Amod Jog and Bruce Fischl

Improving Cytoarchitectonic Segmentation of Human Brain Areas with

Self-supervised Siamese Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Hannah Spitzer, Kai Kiwitz, Katrin Amunts, Stefan Harmeling,
and Timo Dickscheid

Registration-Free Infant Cortical Surface Parcellation Using Deep

Convolutional Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Zhengwang Wu, Gang Li, Li Wang, Feng Shi, Weili Lin,
John H. Gilmore, and Dinggang Shen

Joint Segmentation of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Infarct from

Non-Contrast CT Images of Post-treatment Acute Ischemic
Stroke Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Hulin Kuang, Mohamed Najm, Bijoy K. Menon, and Wu Qiu

Patch-Based Mapping of Transentorhinal Cortex with a Distributed Atlas. . . . 689

Jin Kyu Gahm, Yuchun Tang, and Yonggang Shi

Spatially Localized Atlas Network Tiles Enables 3D Whole Brain

Segmentation from Limited Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
Yuankai Huo, Zhoubing Xu, Katherine Aboud, Prasanna Parvathaneni,
Shunxing Bao, Camilo Bermudez, Susan M. Resnick, Laurie E. Cutting,
and Bennett A. Landman

Adaptive Feature Recombination and Recalibration for Semantic

Segmentation: Application to Brain Tumor Segmentation in MRI . . . . . . . . . 706
Sérgio Pereira, Victor Alves, and Carlos A. Silva
 Contents – Part III XXIX

Cost-Sensitive Active Learning for Intracranial Hemorrhage Detection . . . . . . 715

Weicheng Kuo, Christian Häne, Esther Yuh, Pratik Mukherjee,
and Jitendra Malik

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725

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spouter of pro-English speeches, written by Hamilton, that had been printed
and circulated in England, should be sent.[1315] It required no blundering by
Monroe to pave the way for his recall—the politicians were sparing him that
trouble.
He had officially informed the Minister of Foreign Affairs that Jay was
not to negotiate a commercial treaty, and would sign none that was in
conflict with the Franco-American Treaty—because those were his
instructions. When, with rumors to the contrary flying over Paris, on the
completion of the treaty, he had, on the strength of a solemn and utterly
false assurance from Jay, reiterated that there was no conflict. When the
document reached Paris, the French were bitterly resentful and Monroe was
discredited and crippled. Even so, he probably prevented a declaration of
war by representing that such a course would throw America into the arms
of England—and this was charged against him by those Federalist leaders
who sought war. Then he was recalled; and at the farewell audience an
offensive speech by the French official, which Monroe unpardonably failed
to resent, gave his enemies more ammunition.

III

With the refusal to receive Pinckney, the crisis came. To the war hawks it
was a golden hour—war and no negotiations. Pickering and Wolcott fumed
over the suggestion of an extraordinary mission. Hamilton, the sanest and
most prescient of them all, realizing the importance of a united country in
case of war, proposed sending an embassy of three, including one
Jeffersonian of distinction. For almost five months a spirited debate of the
leaders continued. In January, Hamilton had written Washington urging an
extraordinary mission, including Madison, to conciliate the French, with
Pinckney, who was not distasteful to them, and George Cabot, to moderate
the Gallicism of the other two, to supply commercial information, and to
represent the friends of the Administration.[1316] Two months later, in a
similar recommendation to McHenry, he proposed Jefferson instead of
Madison, and Jay in the place of Cabot. Then he would have a day of
fasting and prayer for the opening of Congress, an embargo, an increase in
the revenue, the use of convoys, and qualified letters of marque for
merchantmen to arm and defend themselves.[1317] The same day he wrote
the same suggestion for Pickering.[1318]
 It was at this juncture that Hamilton began to run foul of the pro-English
war craze of Pickering, who questioned the plan because the Democrats
favored it. All the more reason for it, replied Hamilton. Unhappily, there
was a prevalent feeling that the Administration wanted war and this should
be counteracted.[1319] To Wolcott, he wrote in the same strain the next day.
[1320] Even the usually pliant Wolcott was in rebellious mood and replied
with an attack on Madison as a frequenter of M. Adet’s parties, whom that
Minister wished sent, and who would wreck the negotiations, and ‘throw the
disgrace of failure on the friends of the Government.’[1321] Clearly it was
time for Hamilton to assume his imperial manner, and he did, in a sharp
rebuke to his protégé against ‘passions that prevent the pliancy to
circumstances which is sometimes indispensable.’ Then ‘what risk can
attend sending Madison, if combined, as I propose, with Pinckney and
Cabot,’ he added.[1322] Realizing now the importance of bringing up his
congressional reserves, he wrote to William Smith by the same mail.[1323]
The insurgency against the plans of the Federalist chief was now in full
blast. Tracy was writing Wolcott—‘No man will be sent on this business but
a decided Federalist.’[1324] Jeremiah Smith having informed Cabot of the
dispute, the latter wrote Wolcott that he could see no possibility of finding
new messengers ‘with the expectation that they will not be kicked.’[1325]
The same day—less circumspect outside Administration circles—he wrote
Jeremiah Smith that a new embassy ‘would be disgraceful.’[1326] Ames had
been won over by Hamilton, but the day after the extra session began, Cabot
wrote Wolcott that his mind was ‘still as unsatisfied as at first.’[1327] Four
days before the session opened, Hamilton was bringing pressure to bear on
Pickering, declaring the mission ‘indispensable to silence the Jacobin
criticism and promote union among ourselves.’ But by this time he had
changed the personnel of his mission—Rufus King, rabidly pro-English,
should be sent with Pinckney and Jefferson.[1328] Meanwhile, McHenry was
receiving letters from Maryland Federalists urging war,[1329] but Hamilton’s
masterful methods had won the Cabinet, and when Adams took the opinions
of the Ministers he received replies that had been dictated, and, in the case
of McHenry, written in large part, by the Federalist chief.[1330]
All the while Adams had been receiving volunteered advice, though it
does not appear that Hamilton thought it worth while to communicate with
him direct. He had received a letter from Knox urging Jefferson because of
the compliment that would be implied in his rank. This touched Adams
where he was ticklish. ‘The circumstance of rank is too much,’ he replied.
‘What would have been thought in Europe if the King of France had sent
Monsieur, his eldest brother, as an envoy? What of the King of England if
he had sent the Prince of Wales? Mr. Jefferson is in a sense in the same
situation. He is the first prince of the country, and the heir apparent to the
sovereign authority.’[1331] Ah, ‘Bonny Johnny,’ lucky that this letter did not
fall into the hands of Bache with its references to the ‘prince’ and the ‘heir
apparent’!
However, in a discussion of the mission with Jefferson, the President had
suggested Madison. The wary Democratic chief received the suggestion
with caution, for the experience of Monroe offered little inducement to a
Democrat to subject his reputation to the mercies of the man-eating
Pickering. Certainly the suggestion received no encouragement. The
President and his most dangerous opponent had a friendly chat and parted
friends—not soon to meet in conference again. The sage of Monticello had
never been more courteous or courtly, the man from Braintree never calmer
nor more kindly, but the hour had passed for a coalition. Jefferson was out
for scalps, not olive branches.[1332]
Thus the time came when Adams had to take the bit in his mouth in the
naming of the envoys. One day Fisher Ames had a long talk with him in
urging Cabot, as a compliment to the Northern States, and the next day the
envoys were named—with Cabot out. He was eliminated because Adams
knew that Talleyrand was familiar with Cabot’s bitter hostility to France,
and the President refused thus to ‘gratify the passions of a party.’[1333] That
was ominous enough; but when he disregarded the almost unanimous
protest of the Hamiltonians and named Elbridge Gerry along with Pinckney
and Marshall, the gage of battle was thrown down. From that hour, the high-
flying Federalists knew that John Adams would be no man’s man and no
man’s parrot. Thus early, the small cloud on the horizon widened and
darkened.
The proud old patriot of Braintree had been given a shock on the opening
day of the extra session when Senator Tracy spread a lengthy letter before
him on the table in the ex-cathedra manner of one disclosing the tablets of
Moses. The squat little President read it with rising wrath. It was a letter
from Hamilton, setting forth in detail ‘a whole system of instructions for the
conduct of the President, the Senate and the House of Representatives.’ He
read it through and returned it to Tracy. ‘I really thought the man was in a
delirium,’ Adams wrote afterwards.[1334] And the cloud on the horizon
grew more ominous.

IV

The opening of the session found the New England Federalists in high
glee over the prospects. The correspondence of their leaders discloses their
grim determination to have war with France; and if they had failed in their
efforts to prevent a renewal of negotiations, they could use the extra session
for the spreading of war propaganda. Upon this task they entered with
unprecedented arrogance and intolerance.
The Message of Adams was dignified and calm, reviewing the situation,
announcing the plans for a new attempt at negotiations, and urging the
adoption of defensive measures in the meantime. The first fight came in the
framing of the Reply to the Address in the House—and two young brilliant
new members forged to the front to assume the aggressive leadership of the
war party. The persuasive, polished eloquence of Ames could not be heard,
for he was nursing himself in his fine new house at Dedham; nor, on the
other side, could the lucid, convincing logic of Madison appear, for he was
in retirement in Virginia. Sedgwick had been sent to the Senate, Fitzsimons
had been defeated, Murray of Maryland was on his way to The Hague as
Minister. On the Democratic side, Gallatin, Giles, and Nicholas of Virginia
were to bear the brunt of the battle, and the two new men were to lead the
Federalists with an audacity seldom equaled and never surpassed. These two
young blades, Harrison Gray Otis of Boston and Robert Goodloe Harper of
South Carolina, were in their thirty-second year. The former was strikingly
handsome, tall and well proportioned, with coal-black hair, eyes blue and
sparkling with vivacity, nose thin and patrician, complexion rosy—his
presence in any assembly would have been felt had he remained silent, and
he was seldom silent. In dress fastidious, in manners affable, in repartee
stinging, in the telling of a story a master of the art: a devotee to pleasure,
dinners, dances, and women carried for him an irresistible appeal. His
eloquence was of a high order. A thorough aristocrat, he prided himself on
having no illusions as to liberty and democracy, and he made no secret of
his contempt for the masses. The rising of the French against the ineffable
cruelties of the nobility and monarchy merely meant to him an attack of
beasts upon the homes and rights of gentlemen. Speedily he became an idol
of his party, and he enjoyed the bitter conflicts of the House as keenly as the
dinners where he was the life of the party.
Robert Goodloe Harper had much in common with Otis. Like him,
Harper was a social lion and a dandy in dress. Of medium height, and with
an uncommonly full chest which accentuated his pomposity, he had a
handsome head and features, creating withal an impression of physical force
and intellectual power. In eloquence he made up in force what he lacked in
ornament. He had all of Giles’s bumptiousness without his consistency, and
no member of the House approached him in insolence. Coming upon the
scene when the conditions seemed ripe for bowling over the Democrats with
abuse and intimidation, he fitted into the picture perfectly. Thus he became
the outstanding orator against the French. True, four years before, in
Charleston, he had paid court to the Jacobins with an assiduity that should
have made him blush in later life—but did not. Appealing for membership
in an extreme Jacobin society, he had worn the paraphernalia, spouted his
harangues on the rights of man, paid his tribute to the Revolution, become
the vice-president of the organization—and all he lacked to make him a
Camille Desmoulins was a table on the boulevards and a guillotine.[1335]
Now a convert to ‘law and order,’ he outstripped the most rabid enemies of
the French. From ‘dining almost every day’ in 1793 at the table of the
French Consul in Charleston, he passed without embarrassment four years
later to the table of Liston, the British Minister.[1336] The rabid democrat
had become a rabid aristocrat, and the society of the capital took him to its
heart. In social intercourse, he was entertaining, amiable, and pleasing.[1337]
Fond of the epicurean feast, expansive in the glow of women’s smiles, he
became a social favorite, and his enemies broadly hinted that he was a
master in the gentle art of intrigue.
Brilliant, charming men, these two young orators of the war party, and it
is easy to imagine the homage of the fashionable ladies when, after their
most virulent attacks on the Democrats, they found themselves surrounded
in Mrs. Bingham’s drawing-room.
Even before Congress met, the premonitions of the coming Terror were
in the air. With the impatient Giles, this was intolerable, and he soon retired
to fight elsewhere; but Gallatin determined to ignore insults, disregard
abuse, and to fight for moderate measures to keep the door open for
negotiations. He was of the rare few who can keep their heads in the midst
of riots and remain calm in a tempest. For a while he could count on Giles
for rough blows at the enemy, on Livingston for eloquence and courage; he
would have to rely upon himself for wisdom and the strategy of
statesmanship.

The Message received, the war party in the House set itself with zest to
the framing of a bellicose Reply calculated to compromise the chances for a
peaceful accommodation of differences. Nicholas of Virginia, representing
the Jeffersonians, proposed a substitute, couched in more conciliatory
language, promising a review of the alleged grievances of the French—and
this let loose the dogs of war. In presenting his amendment, Nicholas
deprecated the Reply as framed because extreme, denunciatory, and
provocative and not calculated to assist the embassy the President was
sending. In negotiations it would necessarily follow that there would be an
examination of the charges made against America by the French.[1338] It
irritated Smith of Charleston that the Virginian should be ‘so wonderfully
afraid of using language to irritate France,’ albeit he had protested against
language that would irritate England when Jay was sailing on his mission.
[1339] Otis was weary of references to England’s offenses against American
commerce. ‘The English were stimulated to annoy our commerce through
apprehension that we were united against them, and the French by a belief
that we are divided in their favor.’[1340]
Livingston followed with a brilliant five-hour address, pointing out the
flagrant violation of Article XVII of the treaty with France. We had made
that treaty upon the basis that free bottoms make free goods, and in the Jay
Treaty we had abandoned that ground in the interest of England. Of what
was it that the French complained? What but the adoption of the British
Order in Council which we had not resented? Even so, she was not justified
in her course. That she would recede in negotiations he had no doubt,
provided we used ‘language toward her suitable to that liberality which
befits a wise and prudent nation.’ He had no apology to offer for his
devotion to the cause of France. ‘I could read by the light of the flames that
consumed my paternal mansion, by the joy that sparkled in every eye,’ he
said, ‘how great were the consequences of her union with America.’[1341]
Giles followed, a little more severe on the Federalist discriminations for
England against France; and Gallatin closed in a sober, dignified,
dispassionate analysis of the phrasing of the amendment to show that it was
firm without being offensive.[1342]
Then Harper, with an elaborate speech laboriously wrought in seclusion,
entered the debate. The French were intemperately denounced, the
Democrats lashed, and Monroe treated with contempt. It was a war speech,
prepared as war propaganda, the first of his war speeches to be published
and widely circulated throughout the country, and printed and acclaimed in
England. Like Smith and Ames before him, he was to have his triumph in
Downing Street. The profits of one of his war productions, which had a
‘prodigious sale’ in England, were given to a benevolent society in that
country.[1343] The Democrats were infuriated by Harper’s attack, and the
‘Aurora’ truly said that he had ‘unseasonably unmasked the intentions of his
party.’[1344] When, about this time, Liston, the British Minister, was seen to
tap the orator unceremoniously upon the shoulder while seated at his desk—
for Liston was then a familiar figure upon the floor—and to whisper to him,
Bache saw red. ‘If the French Minister had acted thus familiarly with Mr.
Giles or Mr. Livingston, we should have heard something about French
influence.’[1345] Pooh! sneered Fenno in the ‘Gazette,’ Liston was merely
reminding Harper of a dinner engagement for that night. ‘Having heard it
whispered,’ he added, ‘that Mr. Harper has received an invitation to dinner
from another British Agent, the Consul General, we think ourselves bound
to mention it.’[1346] Nothing could better illustrate the confident arrogance
of the Federalist leaders at this time.
‘I am not for war,’ said Smith of Charleston. ‘I do not believe that the
gentleman wishes for peace,’ retorted Gallatin, who had written four days
before that ‘Wolcott, Pickering, William Smith, Fisher Ames, and perhaps a
few more are disposed to go to war’ and ‘to carry their party any length they
please.’[1347] Thus the debate continued until Jonathan Dayton, the Speaker,
proposed a substitute amendment that received the support of the
Democrats. Seizing upon a passage in Adams’s Message, this commended
the President’s decision to seek further negotiations and cherished ‘the hope
that a mutual spirit of conciliation and a disposition on the part of the United
States to place France on grounds as favorable as other countries in their
relations and connection with us, will produce an accommodation
compatible with the engagements, rights, duties, and honor of the United
States.’[1348] With the Democrats joining the more moderate Federalists
under Dayton, the contest was speedily ended to the disgust of the war party.
The batteries of scurrility were turned upon the Speaker. ‘A double-faced
weather-cock,’ screamed ‘Porcupine’ the Englishman. ‘His duplicity has
been too bare-faced for decency. He is, indeed, but a shallow, superficial
fellow—a bawler to the galleries, and unfit to play the cunning part he has
undertaken.’[1349]
Then, after the heroics, the comedy. Matthew Lyon, a Vermont Democrat
and a new member, shocked the formalists with a characterization of the
practice of marching in stately procession to the President to present the
Reply as ‘a boyish piece of business.’ The time had come to end the
silliness. ‘Blood will tell,’ sneered a colleague, referring to Lyon’s humble
origin. ‘I cannot say,’ replied Lyon, ‘that I am descended from the bastards
of Oliver Cromwell, or his courtiers, or from the Puritans who punish their
horses for breaking the Sabbath, or from those who persecuted the Quakers
and burned the witches.’[1350] Some chortled, others snorted with rage.
Vulgar Irish immigrant! But their wounded culture was soon soothed by a
salvo from ‘Porcupine.’ How society must have screamed its delight in
reading that Lyon as a child ‘had been caught in a bog, and when a whelp
transported to America’; how he had become so ‘domesticated’ that
Governor Crittenden’s daughter (his wife) ‘would stroke him and play with
him as a monkey’; how ‘his gestures bear a remarkable affinity to the bear’
because of ‘his having been in the habit of associating with that species of
wild beast in the mountains.’[1351] The majority of the House, lacking
Lyon’s sense of humor, continued for a while their pompous strut through
Market Street to read solemnly the meaningless Reply that had consumed
weeks of futile debate.
Then Congress proceeded to measures of defense, prohibiting the
exportation of arms and ammunition, providing for the strengthening of the
coast fortifications, creating a naval armament, authorizing a detachment of
militia, and adjourned. But the atmosphere had been one of intense party
bitterness which had ostracized the Democrats, from Jefferson down, from
the ‘society’ of the ‘best people.’
 VI

Mounted, booted, and spurred, and swinging their sabers, the Federalists
started out to ride roughshod over their opponents. It was their strategy to
attach a stigma to Democrats, and treat them as political outlaws and social
outcasts. No one was to be spared—Jefferson least of all. A year before he
had written the confidential letter to his friend Philip Mazzei, stating his oft-
repeated views on the anti-republican trend in Federalist circles, and saying
that men who had been ‘Samsons in the field and Solomons in the council ...
had had their heads shorn by the harlot England.’[1352] Sent to an Italian
paper, it was translated from Italian into French for a Parisian journal, as we
have seen, and thence translated again into English for political purposes in
America. The translators had unintentionally taken liberties with the text
and in the final translation it was quite different from the original. At last, it
seemed, the cautious Jefferson had delivered himself into the hands of his
enemies, for had he not attacked Washington? At Alexandria, en route to
Philadelphia, Jefferson first learned of the renewed attack in Fenno’s paper.
Reaching the capital, he found the vials of wrath let loose upon his head. A
politician of less self-possession or finesse would have offered some
explanation or defense. None of the courtesies of warfare were to be shown
him—he was to be mobbed, his character assailed, his reputation blackened,
his personal honor besmirched, and he was to be rejected socially as unfit to
associate with the Harpers, Sedgwicks, and Wolcotts. An open letter greeted
him in Fenno’s paper on his arrival. ‘For the honor of the American name,’
it read, ‘I would wish the letter to be a forgery, although I must confess that
your silence ... leaves but little probability of its not having proceeded from
you.’[1353] Jefferson ignored it. ‘You are the author of the abominable letter
to Mazzei,’ ran a second open letter. ‘Your silence is complete evidence of
your guilt.’[1354] ‘Slanderer of Washington!’ ‘Assassin!’ ‘Liar!’—and
Jefferson was silent.
Knowing the curative powers of time and patience, it was not until in
August that he consulted Madison and Monroe as to his course. ‘Reply,’
urged the impulsive Monroe, ‘honest men will be encouraged by your
owning and justifying the letter.’ Madison advised against it as more apt to
give a ‘gratification and triumph’ to his foes.[1355] ‘Character assassin!’
‘Libeler of Washington!’ ‘Atheist!’ ‘Anarchist!’ ‘Liar!’—these
characterizations buzzed through the streets and in the drawing-rooms—and
Jefferson was silent.
Then an attack from a new angle. In his ‘Notes on Virginia,’ published
years before, in paying tribute to the red men and the eloquence of Logan,
an Indian chief, he had referred to a Colonel Cresap as ‘a man infamous for
the many murders he had committed on these much injured people.’ When
the mass attack on Jefferson was at its height, a long open letter to him
appeared in ‘Porcupine’s Gazette’ from the brilliant, erratic, and usually
intoxicated Luther Martin, known as ‘the Federalist bull-dog,’ demanding
Jefferson’s authority in the name of ‘two amiable daughters who are directly
descended from that man whose character your pen ... had endeavored to
stigmatize with indelible infamy.’ This had been preceded by no personal
note and was manifestly a part of the political plot to wreck him—and he
was silent.[1356] Time and again Martin returned to the attack in long open
letters, to be ignored utterly as though he were as inconsequential as a
ragpicker instead of being the leader of the Maryland Bar.[1357] ‘The mean
and cowardly conduct of Mr. Jefferson,’ growled ‘Porcupine.’[1358]
An open season now for shooting at the Democratic leader, all the
snipers were busy with their guns. At Harvard College, on Washington’s
Birthday, there was a toast to Jefferson: ‘May he exercise his elegant literary
talents for the benefit of the world in some retreat, secure from the troubles
and danger of political life’—and the Federalist papers gloated over it.[1359]
Bache was seen entering Jefferson’s rooms, and a Gallic conspiracy loomed
before the affrighted vision of Fenno. ‘The brat may gasp,’ he promised,
‘but it will surely die in the infamy of its parents.’[1360] Jefferson a man of
the people? snorted ‘Porcupine.’ ‘So is the swindling bankrupt Charles Fox
who is continually vilifying his own government and stands ready to sell his
country to France.’[1361] Nothing angered ‘Porcupine’ more than Jefferson’s
suggestion in his ‘Notes on Virginia’ that British freedom had crossed the
Atlantic. Freedom would live in England, he growled, when Jefferson’s
‘head will be rotting cheek by jowl with that of some toil-killed negro
slave,’ and when nothing would be remembered of Jefferson ‘save thy cruel,
unprovoked, and viperous slander of the family of Cresap.’[1362] And
Jefferson was silent.
Philadelphia was a city of but seventy-five thousand people. The papers
were generally read, or their contents were at any rate the talk of the town.
They formed the topic for ladies at their teas. Their husbands were
sulphurous in their attacks at the breakfast table. And Jefferson became, in
the fashionable circles, a moral monster unfit to drink whiskey with a roué
of the morally bankrupt French nobility at the table of the Binghams. He
was ostracized. It was at this time that he wrote Edward Rutledge that ‘men
who have been intimate all their lives cross the street to avoid meeting, and
turn their heads another way lest they be obliged to touch their hats.’[1363]
To his daughter Martha, he wrote of his disgust with the ‘jealousies, the
hatreds and the malignant passions,’[1364] and of the ‘politics and party
hatreds [that] seem like salamanders to consider fire as their element.’[1365]
Under these conditions he dropped out of the social life of the capital. In
the evenings he consulted with his political associates; during the day he
presented a calm, unruffled complacency to his enemies in the Senate over
whom he presided with scrupulous impartiality. Driven from society, he
found consolation in the little rooms of the Philosophical Society, among the
relics of his friends Rittenhouse and Franklin.
With such abuse visited on Jefferson, it is easy to imagine the fate of his
less important friends. Sam Adams was the laughing-stock of the silk
stockings. Franklin was considered as base as Jefferson. ‘Some person left
at my house this morning a copy of Old Franklin’s works, or rather
plagiarisms,’ wrote ‘Porcupine.’ ‘I look upon everything which this unclean
old fellow had a hand in to be contaminated and contaminating,’[1366] and
the time was to come when a Federalist mob raging through the streets of
Philadelphia would throw rocks through Bache’s windows and besmear
Franklin’s statue with mud. Tom Paine, always a fair mark, was written
down in print as a libertine. ‘Porcupine’s Gazette,’ which was the favorite
journal in the cultured homes of the pure at heart, had a story that Paine had
been ‘caught on his knees at a lady’s feet by her husband,’ and had
explained that he was ‘only measuring your lady for stays,’ at which the
delighted husband ‘kissed and thanked him for his politeness.’[1367]
Because John Swanwick, a popular young Philadelphia merchant, had cast
his lot with the Democrats, blocked the plans at the meeting of the
merchants on the Jay Treaty, and defeated Fitzsimons for Congress, he was
venomously assailed. When he toasted ‘The Rights of Women’ at a
Democratic banquet, ‘Porcupine’ sneered that he did well ‘to turn out a
volunteer,’ for ‘no lady will ever give a bounty for his services.’[1368] That
he was a conscienceless rascal may be inferred from ‘Porcupine’s’
suggestion that his ‘consummate wisdom and patriotism’ had been shown,
when, in the legislature, he had ‘sought to procure a law preventing
imprisonment for debt.’[1369] Fatally ill at the time, ‘Porcupine’ followed
him with indecent sneers to his grave.[1370]
Nor were even the Democratic women spared, and the Federalists’
favorite journal sneered repeatedly at the wife of Justice M’Kean. ‘Why is
Mrs. M’Kean like a taylor? Because she trims her good man’s jacket.’[1371]
‘I have no objections to their toasting Judge M’Kean’—at a banquet—‘but
the unmannerly brutes might have added his lady.’[1372] Even the Judge’s
famously beautiful daughter was not spared, and during her courtship by the
Spanish Minister, Don Carlos de Yrujo, the fashionable circles were
snickering behind their fans over ‘Porcupine’s’ comment that ‘what were his
motives in commencing the suit we shall leave our readers to divine.’[1373]
Giles was ‘Farmer Giles,’ who descended ‘from the lowest grade of
gentleman’—‘a gambler at heart’—devotee of the race-track, and ‘the
infamous faro table.’[1374] Monroe was infamous, and even gentle, cultured
old Dr. Logan, ’neath whose magnificent trees at ‘Stenton’ Mrs. Washington
had passed delightful afternoons, became a cross between a clown and a
rascal. No Democrat was spared.
The Democrats, overwhelmed, were comparatively tame, but the
publication of Hamilton’s pamphlet on his relations with Mrs. Reynolds,
necessitated as he foolishly thought by the book of the notorious Callender,
made him an easy mark for the Democratic scandal-mongers. In July he had
appeared in Philadelphia to secure affidavits from Monroe and Muhlenberg
—‘an attestation,’ as Bache phrased it, ‘of his having cuckolded James
Reynolds.’ It was understood that ‘his man Oliver [Wolcott] had made out
an affidavit as long as your arm,’ but that others were desired ‘to patch up
the threads and fragments of his character.’ Soon, said Bache, ‘our ex-
Secretary expects to be brought to bed of his pamphlet containing love-sick
epistles.’[1375] When it was printed three months later, Bache published a
letter from New York to the effect that it had appeared in the morning ‘and
at six o’clock in the evening the town rings with it.’ But ‘the women cry out
against it as if its publication was high treason against the rights of
women.’[1376]
 It was impossible for the ostracism of Democrats, however, to blur the
social brilliancy of the season. Pinckney found his evenings crowded ‘with
plays, public and private,’ and his dinner invitations ‘abundant.’[1377]
Subscription dances, brilliant dinners every night, elaborate entertainments,
a giddy whirl. The diplomats were particularly lavish, none so much so as
Liston, the British Minister, at whose table Otis, Harper, Sedgwick, Wolcott
were frequent guests, and he was on terms of such familiarity with the
President that they sometimes strolled together in the streets. But
everywhere in the fashionable houses the Jeffersonians were excluded, if not
by lack of invitation, by the offensive coldness of their reception. The play-
houses were packed, albeit the entertainment was sometimes so vulgar and
obscene that fathers indignantly left with their daughters.[1378] Everywhere
politics was on a rampage, and even at the dinner table of President Adams
the passions seethed. ‘By God, I would rather see this world annihilated,’
shouted Blair McClanachan, ‘than see this country united with Great
Britain.’[1379] ‘I dine next Tuesday at Court,’ wrote Gallatin to his wife,
‘Courtland dining there the other day heard Her Majesty, as she was asking
the names of different members of Congress of Hindman, being told of
some of the aristocratic party, say, “Ah, that is one of OUR people.” So that
she is Mrs. President, not of the United States, but of a faction.’[1380]

VII

This rabid spirit was not a little inspired by the press, which, in turn, was
encouraged by the politicians. A new Knight of Scurrility had entered the
lists, encouraged by Hamilton, armed with a pen that flowed poison. He had
previously distinguished himself by his brilliant and abusive pamphlets
attacking Priestley, the Democratic Societies, and the Irish, and by his
exhibition in his shop window of pictures of George III and Lord North,
with Franklin and Sam Adams coupled with fools or knaves. His unlimited
capacity for abuse, his insane fury against the French Revolution, his
unfathomable contempt for democracy, his devotion to England, fitted in
with the spirit of society, and William Cobbett launched his ‘Porcupine’s
Gazette’ under the most distinguished patronage. In his first issue, in an
open letter to Bache, he had described the ‘Aurora’ as a ‘vehicle of lies and
sedition.’ This was his keynote. Soon the Federalists were reading
‘Porcupine’ as a Bible, and the editors were making journalism a matter of
blackguardism, of black eyes and bloody noses. In blood and breeding,
Cobbett was inferior to Freneau, Bache, or Duane, but he was a more
consummate master of satire than any of them. He could string chaste words
into a scorpion lash that Swift would have envied, or stoop to an obscenity
and vulgarity that would have delighted Kit Marlowe in his cups. None but
a genius could have risen from his original low estate, with so little
education. But a little while before a corporal in the British army, and still a
citizen of England, his English biographer makes the point that the happiest
days of his life were those when he edited the Federalists’ favorite journal
because ‘he was fighting for his country.’[1381] Nothing pleased him more
than to lash and lambaste the old heroes of the American Revolution,
Jefferson, Franklin, Paine, and Sam Adams, and he could not only do it with
impunity, but to the applause of society. Fenno sought to keep pace, in his
weak way, and Bache tried to match him in abuse. The fur flew. There were
physical assaults and rumors of assaults. The time was approaching when
Bache would have to barricade himself with a few armed friends in his
office to protect his life and property from the destruction of a Federalist
mob; when he would be set upon by ruffians and beaten, and when he would
exchange blows with Fenno in the street. ‘The white-livered, black-hearted
thing Bache, that public pest and bane of decency,’ wrote ‘Porcupine,’ and
the ladies of Mrs. Bingham’s circle agreed that Mr. Cobbett was
tremendously clever.[1382]
It was a feverish summer, fall, and winter. Public dinners were the
fashion, bristling with fighting toasts. Through these the Jeffersonians
sought to keep up the courage of their party. Always toasts to the French
Republic, and always toasts to the Irish patriots—‘May the Irish harp be
speedily torn from the British willow and made to vibrate to a revolutionary
tune.’ References to Jay’s Treaty were followed by the playing of ‘The Dead
March.’ Franklin, Jefferson, Monroe—these were invariably honored.[1383]
The Federalists penetrated the Jeffersonian stronghold of Philadelphia with
a banquet at the Cameron Tavern, Southwark, with warlike toasts, and with
Harper as the hero,[1384] and a few days later the ‘young men’ of this
district met to pass ringing resolutions endorsing the ‘wisdom and integrity’
of the Administration. One courageous soul moved to strike out the word
‘wisdom,’ and the crowd struck him out instead; whereupon a few gathered
about and cheered for Jefferson.[1385]
 But the most notable banquet was in honor of Monroe in Philadelphia.
Reaching the city, the former Minister to France left the boat with Mrs.
Monroe, to be summarily ordered back by the health officers until he had
‘undergone the usual formalities of examination.’ Short shrift for Democrats
was the order of the day, and the returning Minister of his Government to
another nation returned with his wife to remain on board until ‘examined.’
Such was the morbid madness of the Federalists of this period that it was
considered a triumph for the Administration to hold the former Minister and
his wife with the immigrants. ‘Porcupine’ roared with glee in his best
barrack-room manner.[1386] When finally released, Monroe went into
conference immediately with Jefferson, Gallatin, and Burr, and for two
hours the leaders listened to a detailed story of his mission. Gallatin, who
had refrained up to this time from expressing an opinion on Monroe’s
conduct, was convinced, from his conversation, ‘manner, and everything,’
that he was ‘possessed of integrity superior to all attacks of malignity,’ and
had conducted himself ‘with irreproachable honor and the most dignified
sense of duty.’ When the conference was over, Gallatin, at least, felt that the
‘Administration have acted with a degree of meanness only exceeded by
their folly.’[1387]
This became the view of the Jeffersonians generally. A dinner was given
at O’Eller’s Hotel, with General Horatio Gates in the chair. There was
Jefferson, and there, too, were Burr, Livingston, Gallatin, Tazewell, Judge
M’Kean, the Governor, and fifty members of Congress. With enthusiasm
they drank to the freedom of Ireland, and on the invitation of Gates they
lifted their glasses with cheers to ‘Charles James Fox and the Patriots of
England’—a frequently recurring Jeffersonian toast of the times. Livingston
proposed—‘Monroe, the virtuous citizen, who, to keep the peace of the
country, refuses to do justice to himself.’ Monroe responded in a brief
speech, unexceptionable in every way, but Gallatin predicted, in a letter to
his wife, that ‘Porcupine & Co. will roundly abuse us.’[1388] And Gallatin
was right, for that was ‘Porcupine’s’ business. ‘At some tavern in the city,’
ran the ‘Porcupine’ account, ‘a most ludicrous farce called “The Welcome
of Citizen Monroe” was performed. The principal characters were the
Virginia Philosopher, Mrs. M’Kean’s husband, and Monsieur Citizen
Tazewell of the ancient dominion commonly called the Land of
Debts.’[1389] Livingston was wrong, however, in his notion that Monroe
would remain silent. Urged on by the Jeffersonians, he prepared a defense
which was given a nation-wide circulation through the exertions of his
fellow partisans.[1390] Jefferson was satisfied, the Federalists enraged. ‘A
wicked misrepresentation of the facts,’ though ‘many applaud it,’ wrote
Wolcott.[1391]
Meanwhile, the envoys were lost in the mists of the sea, and nothing had
reached the public regarding their reception. In November, the atmosphere
charged with the electricity of war, Adams returned to the capital from his
seat at Braintree, to be escorted with military pomp into the city. The war
propagandists were good psychologists sometimes. When Governor Mifflin,
Democrat, ordered out the militia to parade in the President’s honor,
‘Porcupine’ graciously declared it ‘the first decent act he had ever been
guilty of.’[1392] On the night of his arrival there was a dinner at O’Eller’s in
honor of ‘His Serene Highness of Braintree,’ as Bache put it, and so noisy
was the demonstration that ‘some ignorant people imagined a boxing match
was on the carpet.’[1393]
This was the spirit of the hour when Congress met in November—the
bitterness among the members fully as intense as among the loungers in the
streets.

VIII

And yet it was not to be without its touch of comedy. Before the crisis
came, two incidents had set the country roaring. Matthew Lyon, the
Vermont Democrat, was a constant provocation to the Federalists. Hot-
tempered, ardent, uncouth in his manners, but thoroughly honest at heart, he
had outraged the clubby spirit of the Federalists. During the Revolution he
had been shamefully cashiered for an act deserving of a medal, but almost
immediately he had been vindicated. The vindication was thoroughly
understood in Philadelphia, but it suited the purpose of his political foes to
ignore the facts for the benefit of the slander.
The House was sitting, but in a state of confusion—every one including
the Speaker talking—Lyon holding forth in conversation on the ease with
which Connecticut could be converted to Democracy through a Democratic
paper in that State. Roger Griswold, a Federalist leader, made a slurring
reference to Lyon’s ‘wooden sword.’ The latter, hearing it, preferred to
ignore the insult. Whereupon Griswold, following him and plucking at his
coat, repeated the slander. At this Lyon made an unpardonable blunder—
instead of slapping Griswold’s face, he spat in it. Instantly the Federalists
were in ferment. The ‘little beast’ was unfit to associate with gentlemen,
anyway, and should be expelled. There was an investigation, with
denunciatory speeches as indecent as the act denounced. The purpose was
clear—to get rid of Lyon’s vote. The Jeffersonians thereupon rallied to his
support. Neither condoning the act nor asking that it go unpunished,
Gallatin opposed the expulsion resolution on the ground that Congress was
not a fashionable club and had no right to deprive a district of its
representation on the basis of manners. A two-thirds vote was necessary to
expel, and this was lacking. It was a party vote.
A few days later, Lyon was seated at his desk buried in papers, oblivious
to his surroundings, and Griswold, armed with a hickory stick, approached
from the rear and began striking him on the head. Several blows were struck
before the victim of the assault
 THE GRISWOLD-LYON FIGHT IN THE HOUSE

could extricate himself from his desk. Then, grasping some coal tongs, he
advanced on Griswold, who, finding his enemy also armed, gallantly
retreated, striking wildly. They clinched, rolled on the floor, and colleagues
intervened. Here was another insult to the dignity of the House, but the
Federalists were delighted with it. Since nothing could be done to Lyon
without doing as much to Griswold, the matter was dropped. The scribes fell
upon the morsel with a zest, the first political caricature in American history
resulted, the public shrugged its shoulders and laughed, Jefferson thought the
whole affair ‘dirty business,’[1394] but Gallatin, quite as much of a
gentleman as Otis, thought that ‘nobody can blame Lyon for resenting the
insult,’ since there was ‘a notable lack of delicacy in the conversation of
most Connecticut gentlemen.’[1395] Fenno called Lyon a ‘filthy beast.’
‘Porcupine,’ who had rather urged that some one spit in the face of Bache,
gloated over Griswold’s assault,[1396] dubbed those who voted against
expulsion ‘Knights of the Wooden Sword,’[1397] and virtuously resolved ‘to
make the whole business as notorious as the courage of Alexander or the
cruelty of Nero.’[1398] Speaker Dayton, whom he had recently denounced as
a ‘double-faced weather-cock,’ having voted for expulsion, became an
ornament over whom ‘New Jersey has indeed new reason to boast.’[1399]
The real significance of the incident was that the war party had fared forth,
chesty and cocky, to intimidate the Jeffersonians and had met a check—but
they were to have another chance at Lyon.[1400]
 CHAPTER XVI

HYSTERICS

T HE meeting of Congress in the early winter of 1797 found the war party
in fine fettle and the Jeffersonians fighting desperately for peace. Early
in the session, Adams called for the advice of his Cabinet on the policy
to be pursued in the event of the failure of the envoys. The three
Hamiltonian members had conferred and McHenry was instructed to write
Hamilton for instructions. ‘I am sure I cannot do justice to the subject as you
can,’ wrote the Secretary of War to the President’s enemy in New York.
Agreeing, no doubt, with the sentiment, the power behind the Cabinet
speedily complied, and the response to the President of his advisers was the
recommendations of Hamilton copied into the handwriting of McHenry.
[1401] These did not contemplate a declaration of war, but a resort to warlike
measures. Merchant vessels should be armed, twenty sloops of the line built,
an immediate army of sixteen thousand men recruited with provision for
twenty thousand more, the French treaty abrogated, a loan authorized, and
the tax system put upon a war basis. An alliance with England? Not
improper, perhaps, but inexpedient; though Rufus King in London should
make overtures to the British for a loan, the aid of convoys, perhaps the
transfer of ten ships of the line, and, in the event of a definite rupture with
France, he should be authorized to work out a plan of coöperation with
England.[1402]
All this while the debates in Congress were increasing in bitterness.
Monroe was accused and defended, democrats denounced and damned,
aristocrats and monocrats assailed. Orators were mobilized and paraded in
war-paint spluttering their most vituperative phrases, and the most
insignificant pack-horse of the war party attacked Jefferson’s letter to
Mazzei as ‘a disgraceful performance.’[1403] The chest of the flamboyant
Harper was never so protuberant as in those days when he strutted through
the Dictionary hurling the most offensive words in the language at the
Jeffersonians, rattling his sword, waving his pistol, and offering to meet