Foundation for analog modulation

(MODULE – 1)

EE704: Analog and Digital Communication

Debasmita Pal
 Topics to be covered

• Amplitude modulation

• Frequency modulation

• Phase modulation
 Topics to be covered in amplitude modulation
• What is amplitude modulation?

• Time and frequency domain equation of amplitude modulation

• Parameters of amplitude modulation

• Types of amplitude modulation

• Single tone amplitude modulation

• Power analysis of single tone amplitude modulation

• Practice questions
 What is amplitude modulation?
Formal definition

Amplitude modulation is the process in which amplitude of the carrier signal

varies according to message signal amplitude variation.

Common abbreviations and assumptions

• Message signal
𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos 𝑤𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
• Carrier signal :
𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

𝑓𝑐 ≫ 𝑓𝑚

Advantage of amplitude modulation

Simple modulation and demodulation process

Disadvantage of amplitude modulation:

Extra power consumption due to carrier signal

 Equation for amplitude modulation
M(f)
General expression of amplitude modulation in TIME DOMAIN: Message
𝐴𝑚 signal
𝑠𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 1 + 𝐾𝑎 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡
= 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝐾𝑎 𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
f
= 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝐾𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) −𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚

carrier signal modulated signal C(𝑓)

𝐴𝑐 Carrier signal
Here, 𝐾𝑎 : amplitude sensitivity of AM modulator 2
For evaluation 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 f
−𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐
General expression of amplitude modulation in FREQUENCY 𝑆 𝑓
DOMAIN:
Modulated
𝐴𝑐 𝐾𝑎 𝐴𝑐 signal
𝑆 𝑓 = 𝛿 −𝑓𝑐 + 𝛿 𝑓𝑐 + (𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 )
2 2
−𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 f
−𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 −𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚
 Bandwidth, amplitude sensitivity and depth of modulation
• Bandwidth:

Bandwidth= (𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 ) − 𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 = 2𝑓𝑚

𝑆 𝑓
• Amplitude sensitivity: Modulated
signal
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝐾𝑎 𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
−𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 f
Amplitude sensitivity
−𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 −𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚
• Depth of modulation:
Bandwidth
Let 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝐾𝑎 𝐴𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

𝜇
𝑉 −𝑉
Therefore, 𝜇 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 (𝐾𝑎 𝐴𝑚 )= 𝐴𝑚ൗ𝐴𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝑉 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛
 Types of amplitude modulation
• Under modulation:

𝜇>1 𝐴𝑐 > 𝐴𝑚
• Critical modulation:

𝜇=1 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑚
• Over modulation:

𝜇<1 𝐴𝑐 < 𝐴𝑚
 Single tone modulation
Message: 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos 𝑤𝑚 𝑡

Carrier signal: 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝑤𝑐 𝑡

𝑠𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 1 + 𝐾𝑎 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡
= 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝐾𝑎 𝐴𝑚 cos 𝑤𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑤𝑐 𝑡
= 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐾𝑎 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝑤𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑤𝑐 𝑡
𝐾𝑎 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐾𝑎 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐
= 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + cos 𝑤𝑚 + 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + cos 𝑤𝑚 − 𝑤𝑐 𝑡
2 2

carrier Upper side band Lower side band

 Power analysis of single tone modulation
𝑠𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝐴𝑐 𝜇 𝐴𝑐 𝜇
= 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2
cos 𝑤𝑚 + 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + 2
cos 𝑤𝑚 − 𝑤𝑐 𝑡

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝑠𝐴𝑀 𝑡 ) = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙)

Let resistance R = 1 unit

𝐴2𝑐 𝐴2𝑐
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 = =
2. 𝑅 2
𝐴2𝑐 . 𝐾𝑎2 𝐴2𝑐 𝐾𝑎2
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 = =
2. 4𝑅 8
2
𝐴 𝜇 2 2
𝐴 𝜇 2 2
𝐴 𝜇 2
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑐8 + 𝑐8 = 𝑐4
𝐴2𝑐 𝜇2 𝜇2
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 1 + 2 = 𝑃𝑐 1 + 2
2

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙) 𝜇2

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂 = =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙) 2+𝜇2

𝜇2 𝜇2 𝜇2
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 1 + 𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼𝑐 1 + 𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 1 + 2
2 2
 Practice questions
Q1: An unmodulated AM power is given by 500 watt. Find AM power with 100% modulation.
Ans: 750 watt

Q2: For an AM each of the sideband power is given by 50 watt. 𝜇= 0.5. Find carrier power and power of total signal.
Ans: carrier power = 800 watt ; total signal = 900 watt

Q3: A carrier signal of 10 cos(2𝜋105 𝑡) is amplitude modulated by a message signal of 6 cos(2𝜋104 𝑡). Find carrier
signal frequency, bandwidth, depth of modulation, power of side band modulated signal, power of carrier signal, power
efficiency.
Ans: 𝑓𝑐 = 105 𝐻𝑧 , 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 2 × 104 𝐻𝑧, 𝜇 = 0.6, 𝑃𝑆𝐵 = 9 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡, 𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 = 50 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡, 𝜂 = 15%

Q4: A carrier signal of 10 cos(𝜋106 𝑡) is amplitude modulated by a message signal of 4 cos(4𝜋104 𝑡), 𝜇 = 0.5 , 𝑅 = 5Ω.
Find bandwidth, total energy and efficiency
Ans: bandwidth = 40 kHz ; total power = 11.25 watt; power efficiency = 11.11%
 Practice questions
Q5: An unmodulated AM power is given by 10 kWatts. When carrier is modulated with 1st message signal AM power is
increased to 13.5 watt. Find AM power if carrier is simultaneously modulated with second message signal with 60%
modulation.
Ans: 15.2 watt
Q6: An am current is given by 10 A corresponds to carrier is modulated by 1 st message signal with 40% modulation
carrier is simultaneously modulated with 2nd message signal. AM current is increased to 10.5 A. Find % of modulation
due to 2nd message signal
Ans: 47%
Q7: Find depth of modulation for the following signal. 𝑠 𝑡 = 4 cos 3200𝜋𝑡 + 10 cos 4000𝜋𝑡 + 4 cos 4800𝜋𝑡.
Ans: 0.8

Q8: An AM power = 100 watt with 𝜇= 0.707 (i) Find carrier power and power of side band (ii) Find peak amplitude of
carrier signal before and after modulation

Ans: (i) power of carrier signal = 80 watt ; power of side bands = 20 watt
(ii) peak amplitude of carrier = 12.65 volt, peak amplitude after modulation = 21.5 volt
 Multi-tone amplitude modulation
• Modulation of message signals of different frequencies
𝑚1 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚1 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡) Bandwidth = 2 × 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑚2 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚2 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡) 𝐴2𝑐 𝜇12 𝜇22 𝐴2𝑐 𝜇𝑇2
Total power = 1 + 2 + = 1+
𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚1 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡) + 𝐴𝑚2 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡) 2𝑅 2 2𝑅 2

Modulated signal = 𝑠𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 1 + 𝜇1 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝜇2 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡

A 𝐴𝑐ൗ
2
𝐴𝑐 𝜇2ൗ 𝐴𝑐 𝜇2ൗ
4 4 𝜇𝑇 = 𝜇12 + 𝜇22

𝜇2𝑇
𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼𝑐 1+
𝐴𝑐 𝜇1ൗ 𝐴𝑐 𝜇1ൗ 2
4 4
𝜇2𝑇
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 1 +
2
𝜇𝑡2
𝜂=
𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚2 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚1 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚2
2 + 𝜇𝑡2
𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚1 f
Figure: Spectrum of multi-tone AM (positive frequency)
 Generation of amplitude modulation(Square law modulator)
𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 Square law 𝑣0 𝑡
m(t)  BPF 𝑆𝐴𝑀 (𝑡)
device

Local oscillator
~ m(t)
Square law
device
𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
Figure: Block diagram of square law modulator for 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 BPF 𝑆𝐴𝑀 (𝑡)
modulation ~
Equation of square law detector:
Figure: Circuit diagram of square law modulator for modulation
𝑣0 𝑡 = 𝑎. 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑏. 𝑣𝑖2 (𝑡)

= 𝑎. 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑎𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑏. 𝑚(𝑡)2 + 2. 𝑏. 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴2𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

𝑆𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝑎𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2. 𝑏. 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 𝑚 𝑡

2𝑏
= 𝑎𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 1 + 𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)
= 𝐴′𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)
 Generation of amplitude modulation (Switching modulator)
𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡)

𝑣1 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡 >0
𝑣2 𝑡 = ቊ
0 𝑐 𝑡 <0

= [𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚(𝑡)]𝑔𝑝 (𝑡)

𝑔𝑝 (𝑡): periodic pulse train of duty cycle half of time period 𝑇0

Figure: Circuit diagram of switching modulator for
𝑛 modulation
1 2 (−1)𝑛−1
𝑔𝑝 𝑡 = + ෍ cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡(2𝑛 − 1)
2 𝜋 2𝑛 − 1
𝑛=1

𝑛
1 2 (−1)𝑛−1
𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ෍ cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡(2𝑛 − 1)
2 𝜋 2𝑛 − 1
𝑛=1

1 1 2 2𝐴𝑐
= 2 𝑚 𝑡 + 2 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜋 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝜋
Demodulation of amplitude modulation(Square law detector)

Square law 𝑣0 𝑡
𝑆𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) LPF M(t)
device

Figure: Block diagram of square law modulator for demodulation

𝑠𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐾𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

𝑣𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑎1 (𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐾𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) + 𝑎2 (𝐴2𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐾𝑎2 𝑚2 𝑡 𝐴2𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝐴2𝑐 𝐾𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

𝑎2 𝑎2 𝐴𝑐 𝐾𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)
= + + 𝐴2𝑐 𝐾𝑎2
2 2
 Demodulation of amplitude modulation(Envelope detector)
Envelope detection on the basis of charging and discharging of the
capacitor

Envelop detection dependent on time constant of the circuit

1
𝜏= Figure: Circuit diagram of envelop detector for de- modulation
𝑅𝐿 𝐶

1 1
≪ 𝑅𝐶 ≪
𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑚

1 1 − 𝜇2
𝑅𝐶 ≪ .
𝜔𝑚 𝜇2
Figure: Diagonal clipping in envelope detector
Types of distortion:
1) Diagonal clipping: time constant too low
2) Negative peak clipping: time constant too high

Figure: Negative clipping in envelope detector

Introduction to double side band – suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)
Why suppress the carrier signal ?

To safe power

Challenge in DSB-SC: demodulation

Modulated signal
Time-domain equation 𝑆 𝑓

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑐 𝑡 . 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 𝑚(𝑡)

s(t) : modulated signal −𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 −𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚

c(t) : carrier signal

Figure : Frequency domain representation
m(t) : message signal of DSB-SC

Frequency- domain equation:

1
𝑆 𝑓 = 𝐴 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 Figure : Time domain
2 𝑐 representation of DSB-SC
 Modulation of DSB-SC : Balanced modulation
m(t) ′ Non linear
AM 𝑠𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) m(t)
device
Modulator
R
𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
BPF 𝑆𝐴𝑀 (𝑡)
180 degree
phase shift ~
~ LO +
~ 𝑠𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶
~ (𝑓𝑐 )
R

AM Non linear
-m(t)
-m(t) Modulator ′
−𝑠𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) device

Figure: Block diagram of balanced modulation Figure: Overview of circuit for balanced modulation

Figure: Realization of balanced modulator by diode

 Modulation of DSB-SC : Ring modulator
For positive
half cycle

For negative
half cycle
 DSB-SC by Ring modulator
• Carrier signal expressed as pulse • After bandpass filtering:
Cut-off frequency : 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 , 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚
𝑛 Bandwidth: 2𝑓𝑚
1 2 (−1)𝑛−1
𝑔𝑝 𝑡 = + ෍ cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡(2𝑛 − 1)
2 𝜋 2𝑛 − 1
𝑛=1

0 0
1 2 2
𝑠𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡 = + . cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 . 𝑚(𝑡) − cos 3.2𝜋𝑓𝑐 . 𝑚(𝑡)+. . .
𝑛 2 𝜋 3𝜋
1 2 (−1)𝑛−1
𝑠𝐴 𝑡 = m(t). + ෍ cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡(2𝑛 − 1)
2 𝜋 2𝑛 − 1
𝑛=1 2
= 𝜋 . cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 . 𝑚(𝑡)

1 2 𝑛 −1 𝑛−1
= 𝑚 𝑡 + σ𝑛=1 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 2𝑛 − 1 . 𝑚 𝑡
2 𝜋 2𝑛−1

1 2 2
=2+ . cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 . 𝑚(𝑡) − 3𝜋 cos 3.2𝜋𝑓𝑐 . 𝑚(𝑡)+. . .
𝜋
 Power analysis of DSB-SC
𝑠𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) 𝑠𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡 = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝐴𝑐 𝜇 𝐴𝑐 𝜇
𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) = cos 𝑤𝑚 + 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + cos 𝑤𝑚 − 𝑤𝑐 𝑡
2 2

𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚
𝑠𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 + cos 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2 2
𝜇2
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 2
USB LSB

𝜇2
𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼𝑐
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 2 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 2 2
2 2 𝐴2𝑐 𝐴2𝑚
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 + 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 = + =
2𝑅 2𝑅 4𝑅

𝜇2
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 2
 DSB-SC demodulator
COHERENT DETECTION COSTAS LOOP

I- channel
X 𝑣0 𝑡 BPF m(t)
𝑆𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) 𝑚(𝑡)

c(t)
~ 𝑠𝐴𝑀 (𝑡)

Limitation:

Fails when c(t) of detector circuit is incoherent Q- channel

with respect to modulator
 Practice question
Q1: Consider the system with 𝑚 𝑡 + cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) as input to a square law device. The output of the square law device is
given as input to a band pass filter with 𝜔𝑐 as cut off frequency. The square law device is defines as 𝑦 𝑡 = 4. 𝑥 𝑡 +
10𝑥 2 𝑡 . The value of 𝐴𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 0.8.
Ans: 0.16

Q2: The RMS antenna current of AM transmitter increases by 15% over its unmodulated value, when sinusoidal
modulation by 1 kHz is applied. Determine the modulation index.
Ans: 0.8
Q3: Modulated signal 𝑋𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) is given to an AM demodulator. What is the value of y(t).

𝑑(𝑡)
𝑋𝐴𝑀 𝑡 X LPF Capacitor 𝑆𝐴𝑀 (𝑡)

Local oscillator
𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ~
𝑚(𝑡)
Ans: ൗ2
 Practice question
Q4: Calculate percentage of power of saving by DSB-SC with respect to DSB- FC for modulating index –(a) 100% (b)50%
Ans: (a)66.67% (b) 88.88%
 Overview of single-side band (SSB) amplitude modulation
For deduction of the general equation for SSB we shall start from frequency
spectrum
Modulated signal
Equation which can eliminate a side band (in this case USB) considering only positive 𝑆 𝑓
frequencies:
𝐴𝑐
𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + sgn 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 𝑀(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 )
2
𝐴𝑐 𝐴 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 , 𝑓 > 𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 −𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚
⇒ 𝑀(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 ) 1 + sgn 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 = ቊ 𝑐
2 0, 𝑓 < 𝑓𝑐

What’s 1 + sgn 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 ? 1+sgn(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 )

+2
sgn(𝑓) sgn(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 )
+1 +1

𝑓 𝑓𝑐 𝑓 𝑓𝑐 𝑓

-1
-1
Deduction of time-domain equation of single-side band (SSB)
amplitude modulation
𝐼.𝐹.𝑇 Hilbert transform
𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 . 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
• Complex signal with the same magnitude

𝐴𝑐
𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 1 + sgn 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 →
𝐴𝑐
𝑚 𝑡 −
1
𝑚(𝑡)
ෝ . 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 spectrum as the original signal, but with a
2 2 𝑗

90-degree phase shift.

• In the frequency domain, the Hilbert

𝐴𝑐
𝑠𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚
ෝ 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
2 transform corresponds to multiplying the

𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 Fourier transform of the signal by the

𝑠𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 2
cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 )𝑡

signum function:
𝜋
𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑓𝑚 𝑒 𝑗2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓 > 0
𝐻 𝑓 = −𝑗 sgn 𝑓 = 𝜋
−𝑗 2
𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓 < 0
 Power analysis of SSB-SC
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝜇
𝑠𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 ⇒ cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 (when upeer side band is considered)
2 2

𝐴2𝑐 𝜇2
𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 =
8𝑅

𝐴2𝑐 𝜇2
𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 =
4𝑅

𝐴2𝑐 𝜇2
𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝐹𝐶 = 1+
2 2

2
Power saving in DSB-SC with respect to DSB-FC: × 100 %
2+𝜇 2

4+𝜇 2
Power saving in SSB-SC with respect to DSB-FC : × 100 %
4+2𝜇 2
Modulation of SSB- SC (Filtering method)

Product Band pass

m(t) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐵 (𝑡)
modulator filtering

𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
 Modulation of SSB- SC (Phase shift method)
M(𝑓)

m(t)
AM 𝑦1 (𝑡)
Modulator −𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚 𝑓
-jsgn(𝑓)
~ LO
-90 degree
~ +
~ 𝑠𝑆𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶
+j

phase shift -90 degree

phase shift

AM -j
Modulator 𝑦2 (𝑡) ෡
𝑀(𝑓)
+j
1
𝑦1 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑌1 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 )
2
−𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚
1
𝑦2 𝑡 = 𝑚
ෝ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑌2 𝑓 = ෡ 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀
𝑀 ෡ (𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 ) -j
2𝑗
 Demodulation of SSB- SC (coherent synchronous detector)
Product 𝑥 ′ (𝑡) Low pass
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑚′ (𝑡)
modulator filtering

If there is a phase error in local oscillator

𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 the output gets modified due to phase
1 error as follows :
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ± 𝑚
ෝ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 ′
1 2
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 [𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜙 ± 𝑚 ෝ 𝑡 sin 𝜙 ]
1 2 1
4
𝑥′ 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ± 2 𝐴2𝑐 𝑚
ෝ 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 This error does not seriously affect voice
2 𝑐
communication- but not fit got music and
1 2 1 video transmission.
𝑥′ 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 [cos 4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + cos 0 ] ± 𝐴2𝑐 𝑚
ෝ 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
4 4
1 2 1
𝑥′ 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴2𝑐 [𝑚 𝑡 cos 4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ± 𝑚
ෝ 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ]
4 4
1 2
𝑚′ (𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑚 𝑡
4 𝑐
 Overview of VSB (Vestigial side band)
Point of difference: Vestigial side band shaping filter

𝐻(𝑓) 𝐻(𝑡)
Product VSB shaping
m(𝑡) 𝑠𝑉𝑆𝐵 (𝑡)
𝑓𝑣 modulator filtering
1
1-x
𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
x

𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑣 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑣 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐵 𝑓
𝑠𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∗ 𝐻(𝑡)
𝐵

𝐻 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓1 + 𝐻 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓1 = 1 𝑆𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 𝐻(𝑓)

𝐻 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐻 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 = 2𝐻(𝑓𝑐 ) 1
𝑆𝑉𝑆𝐵 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 [𝐻 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐻 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 ]
2
 Summary
Parameter DSB-FC DSB-SC SSB VSB
Carrier suppression N.A N.A Fully Partially

Sideband suppression N.A N.A One side band One side band
completely partially
Bandwidth 2𝑓𝑚 2𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚 +𝑓𝑣
Transmission Minimum Moderate Maximum Moderate
efficiency
Application Radio broadcasting Radio broadcasting Point to point mobile T.V, video
communication transmission

Power requirement High Medium Very small Moderate

 Practice question
1
Q1: Find the expression for envelop for SSB signal is message signal 𝑚 𝑡 = 1+𝑡 2

1
Ans: 𝐴𝑐 1+𝑡 2

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝑡 sin 199𝜋𝑡

Q2: In the figure 𝑚 𝑡 = , 𝑠 𝑡 = cos 200𝜋𝑡 and 𝑛 𝑡 = . What will be the output y(t)
𝑡 𝑡

𝑆𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) X + X LPF m(t)

Cut off frequency = 1 Hz

Passband gain=1
c(t) n(t) s(t)

sin 2𝜋𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛0.5𝜋𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠1.5𝜋𝑡

Ans: 𝑦 𝑡 = +
2𝑡 𝑡
 Synchronous detector

𝐴2𝑐 𝑚2 (𝑡)
Perfect synchronization: 𝑠𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 =
4

No phase synchronization: 𝐴2𝑐 𝑚2 (𝑡) 𝐴2𝑐 𝑚2 (𝑡)

𝑠𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ± 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
4 4

𝐴2𝑐 𝑚2 (𝑡)
If 𝜙= 0 then 𝑠𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
4

𝐴2𝑐 𝑚2(𝑡)
If 𝜙= 90° then 𝑠𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑡 = ± 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 (No quadrature null effect)