Introduction to Communication System

EE704: Analog and Digital Communication

Debasmita Pal
 Syllabus

• Module 1: Review of signal and system

• Module 2: Various modulation schemes

• Module 3: Detection theory

• Module 4: Digital Modulation tradeoffs

 Overview of a general communication model
• Communication: Process of transmitting information from one point to another point.
na l
l ig
ig na g n al n a l u ts
ts . si . si
g tp
p u Tx Rx Ou
Input Input In Output Output
Transmitter Channel Receiver
message transducer transducer message

Figure 1: Model of communication system

• Communication channel: • Communication technique:

1. Wired communication 1. Base band communication: Short distance ; no alter in frequency
2. Wireless communication 2. Band pass communication : Long distance ; alter frequency

• Modes of Communication: • Modes of Communication:

1. Broadcasting 1. Broadcasting
2. Point to point communication 2. Point to point communication
 Overview of a wireless communication system
l
l s ig na
s ig na tp u t
u t Ou
Input Input Inp Output Output
Modulator Demodulator
message transducer transducer message

Figure 2: Model of wireless communication system

What is modulation?
Encoding input message for transmission Table 1: Frequency band of some common signal
Signal Frequency band
Why modulation is required? Speech and music 20 Hz- 20 kHz
• Reducing antenna height
• Voice signal 300 Hz – 3.5 KHz
Avoid signal mixing
• For multiplexing Video signal 4.2 MHz
• Reduce interference
• Reduce channel noise
• Increase range of communication
 Types of communication (according to modulation)
Communication

Analog communication Digital communication

Modulation

Amplitude modulation Angle modulation

Double side band Vestigial side band Frequency modulation Phase modulation
(DSB) modulation (VSB) modulation

Single side band (SSB)

modulation

Figure 3: Overview of types of communication

 Some basic concepts required for communication

1.Some important signals required for analysis

2.Basic operations on signal in time domain

3.Time domain to frequency domain transformation: Fourier transform

4.Filter
 Some important signals

• Impulse signal: • Sinc / sampling function

• Unit impulse signal • Rectangular pulse / gate function

{ ( )
𝑡
{
1 1
1 ; 𝑡=0 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − <𝑡 <
𝛿 ( 𝑡 )= 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝜏 2 2
0;𝑡 ≠ 0 0 𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
 Some basic operations on signal
x(t) 2.x(t)

Amplitude scaling by 2 times 2.A

A
Addition of two signal (time domain):

1. Amplitude scaling 𝑡0 t 𝑡0 t

2. Time shifting Figure 4: Amplitude scaling of a rectangular function

3. Addition and subtraction of signals

4. Multiplication of signals
x(t) 𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝑡 1 )
Time shifting (right) by
A A

𝑡0 t 𝑡1 𝑡 0+ 𝑡 1 t

Figure 5: Time scaling by a rectangular function

 Some basic operations on signal (contd.)
z(t) = x(t) + y(t)
A+B
x(t) y(t)
B
A Addition of x(t) and y(t)

𝑡0 t 𝑡1 t 𝑡0
𝑡 0+ 𝑡 t1
Figure 6: Addition of two signals

x(t)
x(t) y(t) 𝐴× 𝐵
B Multiplication of x(t) and y(t)
A

𝑡0 t 𝑡1 t 𝑡 0 𝑡1 t
Figure 7: Multiplication of two signals
 Fourier transform
• Transform signal from time domain to frequency domain Modulation property of Fourier transform:
If then
𝑥 (𝑡 ) 𝐹 𝑇 𝑋 ( 𝑓 )
⇔

where or

• Fourier transform used in communication for frequency domain analysis

Table 2: Fourier transform of some important signals

Signal name Time domain signal Frequency domain signal (Fourier
transformed)
Rectangular pulse
Cosine pulse

Constant function
 Filtering in communication
X(f)
Bandwidth of a signal: Low pass filter
Bandwidth of a signal = Highest positive frequency – Lowest positive frequency

- 𝑓 𝑐1 f
Why filtering in communication?
• Band limiting a signal: Transmission channels have limited band width X(f)
High pass filter
• Lower interference with noise

What to filter in communication? - 𝑓 𝑐2 f

Insignificant frequency of message signal
X(f)
Band pass filter

Significant frequency : 95-97 % of signal energy

Insignificant frequency: 3-5% of signal energy f
- − 𝑓 𝑐1 𝑓 𝑐 1 𝑓 𝑐2

Figure 8: Ideal behavior of LPF, HPF and

BPF in frequency domain
 Important terms and concept in communication
M (f) C (f)
A
• Message signal ×

• Carrier signal - 𝑓 𝑐1 - 𝑓 𝑐2

• Modulated signal

M’(f)
• Single tone and multi tone modulation

• Band limiting a signal

• Envelope detection
- - 𝑓 𝑐2 - 𝑓 𝑐 1− 𝑓 𝑐 2 𝑓 𝑐2
• Power effeciency

Figure 9: Modulation of a message signal by cosine carrier signal

Thank You