Foundation for analog modulation

(MODULE – 1)

EE704: Analog and Digital Communication

Debasmita Pal
 Topics to be covered

• Amplitude modulation

• Frequency modulation

• Phase modulation
 Topics to be covered in amplitude modulation

• What is amplitude modulation?

• Time and frequency domain equation of amplitude modulation

• Parameters of amplitude modulation

• Types of amplitude modulation

• Single tone amplitude modulation

• Power analysis of single tone amplitude modulation

• Practice questions
 What is amplitude modulation?
Formal definition

Amplitude modulation is the process in which amplitude of the carrier signal

varies according to message signal amplitude variation.

Common abbreviations and assumptions

• Message signal

• Carrier signal :

Advantage of amplitude modulation

Simple modulation and demodulation process

Disadvantage of amplitude modulation:

Extra power consumption due to carrier signal

 Equation for amplitude modulation
M(f)
General expression of amplitude modulation in TIME DOMAIN: Message
𝐴𝑚 signal

=
f
= 𝑓𝑚
−𝑓 𝑚
carrier signal modulated signal C
𝐴𝑐 Carrier signal
Here, : amplitude sensitivity of AM modulator
2
For evaluation = f
−𝑓 𝑐 𝑓𝑐
General expression of amplitude modulation in FREQUENCY
DOMAIN: 𝑆( 𝑓 )
Modulated
signal

f
 Bandwidth, amplitude sensitivity and depth of modulation
• Bandwidth:

Bandwidth= (
𝑆( 𝑓 )
• Amplitude sensitivity: Modulated
signal

f
Amplitude sensitivity
• Depth of modulation:
− 𝑓 𝑐− 𝑓 𝑚
Bandwidth
Let

𝜇
Therefore, = =
 Types of amplitude modulation
• Under modulation:

• Critical modulation:

• Over modulation:
 Single tone modulation
Message:

Carrier signal:

=
=

carrier Upper side band Lower side band

 Power analysis of single tone modulation

Let resistance R = 1 unit

=
=

= = =
 Practice questions
Q1: An unmodulated AM power is given by 500 watt. Find AM power with 100% modulation.
Ans: 750 watt

Q2: For an AM each of the sideband power is given by 50 watt. = 0.5. Find carrier power and power of total signal.
Ans: carrier power = 800 watt ; total signal = 900 watt

Q3: A carrier signal of is amplitude modulated by a message signal of . Find carrier signal frequency, bandwidth, depth
of modulation, power of side band modulated signal, power of carrier signal, power efficiency.
Ans:

Q4: A carrier signal of is amplitude modulated by a message signal of , . Find bandwidth, total energy and efficiency
Ans: bandwidth = 40 kHz ; total power = 11.25 watt; power efficiency = 11.11%
 Practice questions
Q5: An unmodulated AM power is given by 10 kWatts. When carrier is modulated with 1 st message signal AM power is
increased to 13.5 watt. Find AM power if carrier is simultaneously modulated with second message signal with 60%
modulation.
Ans: 15.2 watt
Q6: An am current is given by 10 A corresponds to carrier is modulated by 1 st message signal with 40% modulation
carrier is simultaneously modulated with 2nd message signal. AM current is increased to 10.5 A. Find % of modulation
due to 2nd message signal
Ans:
Q7: Find depth of modulation for the following signal. .
Ans: 0.8

Q8: An AM power = 100 watt with = 0.707 (i) Find carrier power and power of side band (ii) Find peak amplitude of
carrier signal before and after modulation

Ans: (i) power of carrier signal = 80 watt ; power of side bands = 20 watt
(ii) peak amplitude of carrier = 12.65 volt, peak amplitude after modulation = 21.5 volt
 Multi-tone amplitude modulation
• Modulation of message signals of different frequencies

Bandwidth =
Total power =

Modulated signal =

𝐴𝑐
A
2
𝐴𝑐 𝜇 2 𝐴𝑐 𝜇 2
4 4

𝐴 𝑐 𝜇1 𝐴 𝑐 𝜇1
4 4

𝑓 𝑐 − 𝑓 𝑚𝑓2 𝑐 − 𝑓 𝑚 1𝑓 𝑓 𝑐 + 𝑓 𝑚𝑓1 𝑐 + 𝑓 𝑚 2
𝑐 f
Figure: Spectrum of multi-tone AM (positive frequency)
 Generation of amplitude modulation(Square law modulator)
𝑚 ( 𝑡 ) + 𝐴𝑐 cos2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 Square law 𝑣 0 ( 𝑡 )
m(t) 
device
BPF 𝑆 𝐴𝑀 (𝑡)

Local oscillator
~ m(t)
Square law
device
𝐴𝑐 cos2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡
Figure: Block diagram of square law modulator for 𝐴𝑐 cos2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 BPF 𝑆 𝐴𝑀 (𝑡)
modulation ~
Equation of square law detector:
Figure: Circuit diagram of square law modulator for modulation

=
 Generation of amplitude modulation (Switching modulator)
𝑣 1 (𝑡 )= 𝐴𝑐 cos ( 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 ) +𝑚( 𝑡 )

𝑣2 ( 𝑡 ) =
{
𝑣 1 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑐 ( 𝑡 ) >0
0 𝑐 ( 𝑡 ) <0

: periodic pulse train of duty cycle half of time period

Figure: Circuit diagram of switching modulator for
𝑛 𝑛−1 modulation
1 2 (−1)
𝑔𝑝 ( 𝑡 ) = + ∑ cos [ 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡(2 𝑛−1) ]
2 𝜋 𝑛=1 2𝑛− 1

+
Demodulation of amplitude modulation(Square law detector)

Square law 𝑣0 ( 𝑡 )
𝑆 𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) device
LPF M(t)

Figure: Block diagram of square law modulator for demodulation

𝑠 𝐴𝑀 (𝑡 )= 𝐴𝑐 cos2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡+ 𝐾 𝑎 𝑚(𝑡) 𝐴𝑐 cos 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡

 Demodulation of amplitude modulation(Envelope detector)
Envelope detection on the basis of charging and discharging of the
capacitor

Envelop detection dependent on time constant of the circuit

Figure: Circuit diagram of envelop detector for de- modulation

Types of distortion:
1) Diagonal clipping: time constant too low
2) Negative peak clipping: time constant too high
Figure: Diagonal clipping in envelope detector

Figure: Negative clipping in envelope detector

Introduction to double side band – suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)
Why suppress the carrier signal ?

To safe power

Challenge in DSB-SC: demodulation

Modulated signal
Time-domain equation 𝑆( 𝑓 )

s(t) : modulated signal − 𝑓 𝑐− 𝑓 𝑚

c(t) : carrier signal Figure : Frequency domain representation

of DSB-SC
m(t) : message signal

Frequency- domain equation:

Figure : Time domain

representation of DSB-SC
 Modulation of DSB-SC : Balanced modulation
m(t) ′ Non linear
AM 𝑠 𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) m(t)
device
Modulator
𝐴𝑐 cos2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 R
BPF 𝑆 𝐴𝑀 (𝑡)
180 degree
phase shift ~ ~ LO +¿
~ 𝑠𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶
~
R

AM Non linear
-m(t)
-m(t) Modulator −𝑠′𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) device

Figure: Block diagram of balanced modulation Figure: Overview of circuit for balanced modulation

Figure: Realization of balanced modulator by diode

 Modulation of DSB-SC : Ring modulator
For positive
half cycle

For negative
half cycle
 DSB-SC by Ring modulator
• Carrier signal expressed as pulse • After bandpass filtering:
Cut-off frequency : ,
𝑛 𝑛−1 Bandwidth:
1 2 (−1)
𝑔𝑝 ( 𝑡 ) = + ∑ cos [ 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡(2 𝑛−1) ]
2 𝜋 𝑛=1 2𝑛− 1

0 0
=
=

=
 Power analysis of DSB-SC
𝑠 𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚 ( 𝑡 ) cos ⁡(2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 )

𝑚 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐴𝑚 cos ⁡( 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 ) =

𝐴𝑐 𝐴 𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚
𝑠 𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 ( 𝑡 ) = cos 2 𝜋 ( 𝑓 𝑐 + 𝑓 𝑚 ) 𝑡 + cos 2 𝜋 ( 𝑓 𝑐 − 𝑓 𝑚 ) 𝑡
2 2
=
USB LSB

=
 DSB-SC demodulator
COHERENT DETECTION COSTAS LOOP

I- channel
𝑣0 ( 𝑡 )
𝑆 𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) X BPF m(t) 𝑚(𝑡)

c(t)
~ 𝑠 𝐴𝑀 (𝑡)

Limitation:

Fails when c(t) of detector circuit is incoherent Q- channel

with respect to modulator

 Practice question
Q1: Consider the system with as input to a square law device. The output of the square law device is given as input to a
band pass filter with as cut off frequency. The square law device is defines as The value of
Ans: 0.16

Q2: The RMS antenna current of AM transmitter increases by 15% over its unmodulated value, when sinusoidal
modulation by 1 kHz is applied. Determine the modulation index.
Ans: 0.8
Q3: Modulated signal is given to an AM demodulator. What is the value of y(t).

𝑑 (𝑡 )
𝑋 𝐴𝑀 ( 𝑡 ) X LPF Capacitor 𝑆 𝐴𝑀 (𝑡)

Local oscillator
𝐴𝑐 cos2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡 ~
Ans:
 Practice question
Q4: Calculate percentage of power of saving by DSB-SC with respect to DSB- FC for modulating index –(a) 100% (b)50%
Ans: (a)66.67% (b) 88.88%