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qdkwJYowif;Mum;&jyefw,f/ tJ'DtaMumif;awGaMumifY pdwfraumif;jzpfNyD;/
bk&if / / aMomf ...'gYaMumifYvm;? armifbk&m;u .../
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ukvm; iZifum\ taMumif;um;

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aumif;onft h jyif ½ky&f nfyom'tm;jzifv Y nf; acsmarmvSyoljzpfojzifY tMurf;ESirYf awmf tEkEiS o Yf mavsmo f nf[k
oabmydkufvsuf ocifjzpfaom AdkvfrSL;0efBuD;rif;onf &JvStm; vuf½kH;&nfbufu trSKrxrf;apbJ ESvkH;&nf
bufu trSKxrf;cdkif;xm;jcif;jzpf\/ &JvS\pdwfrSmum; rnfonfhynmbufurqdk atmufusrcHvdkíom uAsm?
vuF m ? &mZ0if ? *Pef ; ? vT w f E S i f Y q d k i f & moif c ef ; pmwd k Y u d k avY v mxm;jcif ; jzpf \ / pif p pf pd w f & if ; rS m rl
rdrdwa,mufxnf; aqmif½GufonfhtwGuf wdkif;jynftzdkY&m wdkuf½dkuftusKd;½SdapEdkifaomtvkyfrsKd;udkom
vkyfvdkaomqE´½Sdav\/
wckaomOykoaf eYwiG f &Jvo S nf rdbESpyf g;ESiEYf rS av;½S&d m ppfuikd ;f bufoo Ykd mG ;av&m awmifajc jrpfezl;½Sd
tdrfodkYa&mufaomtcg tdrfa½SU0&efwmbuf xGufíaeaom vSyonfh a,mufsm;ysKdwa,mufudk jrif&av\/
xdkodkYjrifonfESifYwNyKdifeuf axmif;varmif;xatmif a'goxGufrdav\/ taMumif;rlum; rdrd\ESruav;rSm
15ESpft½G,f tysKdjzef;uav;jzpfí rdrduJYodkYvSyoljzpfonfhtjyif OykofapmifYaeonfhtcgjzpfaomaMumifY
vSyaoma,mufsm;ysKdwOD;twGuf pdwfazmufoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfaomaMumifYwnf;/
rdrdwGifygvmaom pm;p&maomufp&m opfoD;jcif;ESifY rkefYrsKd;pkHxnfhxm;aomjcif;wdkYudk ESrav;vufodkY
tyfí rdbESpfyg;ESifY pum;pjrnfajymqdkNyD;vQif tqdkygvkvifysKdtaMumif;udk ar;jref;Munfh&m yk*HNrKdUrS &if;ESD;aom
rdwaf qG avSoBl u;D wOD;ESiyYf gvmoljzpfaMumif;? tif;0NrKUd awmfoYkd ynmrsm;qnf;yl;&if; vma&mufaMumif;? odjYk zpfí
om;jzpfol armif&JvSxH tyfESHNyD; vTwfawmf ½kH;awmfwdkYwGif trSKxrf;Edkif&ef &nf½G,faMumif;rsm; ajymjyaepOf
tqdkyga,mufsm;ysKdonf &JvSteD;wGif vmíxdkifav\/
zcif/ / a[Y armifa½T0if;? 'g OD;BuD;wdkY cPcPajymaewJY OD;BuD;om; em;cHawmf aersKd;&mZaZ,sol
qdkwmaygYuG,fY/
&JvSonf xdkoludktuJcwfvdkojzifY rodromESifY aocsmpGmMunfhvdkuf&m tHYtm;oifYoGm;rdav\/
taMumif;rlum; ½kyfacsmtaygqkH;aom tif;0NrKdUvTwfawmfwckvkH;wGif NyKdifzufuif;onf[k orkwfcH&aom
rdrdxufyif tcsKd;tpm;useí vSyaeoljzpfaomaMumifYwnf;/ xdka,mufsm;ysKd\wudk,fvkH;udk twdkcsKH;í azmfjy
&vQif tvGew f &meufarSmifí ydwek ;f a&mifuo
YJ Ykd wajymifajymifawmufyaom qHyif\½Snv f sm;jcif;? ay:vGiaf om
ESmwH? usufoa&½Sdaom rsufvkH;rsufzef\aumif;jcif;wdkYESifY a½Ttqif;yrm 0if;0gaomtom;wdkYjzpfMuav\/
txl;ojzifY ,EÅ&m;pufuJYodkY vSnfhvdkufwdkif;vnfvQuf½Sdaom rsufvkH;ESpfvkH;wdkYrSm wzufom;wdkY\pdwfESvkH;udk
odrf;usKH;qGJiifí jrifolwdkif;ai;avmufay\/ vkvifysKdonf wpkHw&mudk ajymrnfBuHNyD;rS rajymbJ acgif;ikHYí
aeav&m ...
&JvS/ / rdwfaqG? b,fvdkbufu trSKxrf;&ef BuHpnfygovJ/
vkvif/ / bk&m; uRefawmfrsKd; ...
&JvSu jzwfí ...tdk tdk ...onf;cHyg? udpör½Sdygbl;/ uRefawmfYudk bk&m;uRefawmfrsKd;awG bmawGESifY
rajymygESifY/ ½dk;½dk;om;om;omajymyg/
zcif/ / aMomf ...wdkYu om;udk bk&m;xl;cHt&m½SdvdkY ajymxm;vdkYyguG,fY om;&JU/
&JvS/ / bk&m;xl;cHqdkaywJY vTwfawmfu vufatmuftrSKxrf;awG tay:rSmomcHwmyg/
vkvif/ / b,fvdkrS rBuHpnfwwfatmif ½Sdaeygao;w,f/
½kyfyifacsmaomfvnf; toHrSm rdrduJYodkYraumif;onfudk &JvSowdxm;rd\/ odkYaomf xdkolajymaom
pum;oHwdkYrSm em;cHít&om½Sdonfudk tuJrcwfEdkifatmif½Sdavonf/
naeqnf;qm 0if;0gazsmYawmYí 0ifawmYrnfjzpfaom aerif;\yljyif;aoma&mifjcnfudk ½kyfodrf;aomcg
tif;0NrKdUawmf *lawmfopfbk&m;teD; om,maom yef;awmfajrZmjrufcif;ü t½G,ftvSESpfyg; pkHnDrQaom
vkvifysKdESpfa,mufonf pum;wajymajymESifY wjznf;jznf;at;jrpGm vrf;avQmufaeonfudk jrifEdkifavonf/
xdkolESpfa,mufrSm &JvSESifY a½T0if;yifjzpf\/
]] udka½T0if; cifAsm; "r®owfbufursm; vdkufpm;zl;ovm; }}
]] enf;enf;yg;yg;awmY Munfhzl;yg&JU }}
]] 'gxuf cifAsm; yk*HuqdkawmY ooFu½dkuf wwfvdrfYr,fxifw,f }}
]] rwwfcJY&ygbl;Asm }}
]] EdkY cifAsm; b,fbufu omNyD;oefwmvJ }}
]] uRefawmfu uAsmESifY *Pef;udkjzifY enf;enf;avYusufzl;ygw,f? 'gaywJY ...}}
]] udka½T0if;u pum;ajym rxdwxdESifYudk;? w,f ynmvQKdU0SufwmyJ }}
]] rvQKdU0Suf&ygbl;? rwwfvdkYrwwfbl;ajymwmyg }}
]] udka½T0if; tdrfaxmifawmY wcgrSr½Sdzl;bl;aemf [kwfp }} &JvSu &,fíajymonf/ a½T0if;uNyKH;í
]] r&Sd&ygbl;Asm }}
]] r½Sdwmu r,lbJaevdkY ...}}
]] 'gaygYAsm? cifAsm;vnf; r,lbJaevdkY r½Sdwmr[kwfvm; }}
]] aMomf ...'DavmufvSwJYolqdkawmY rdef;rawG ...}}
]] cifAsm;uawmYaum rvSbl;vm;? vSwdkif;om ,l&rSmjzifY ...}}
]] uRefawmfwdkYxuf cifAsm;uvSayw,f? 'gYaMumifY .....}}
 ,cktcg &JvSESifYa½T0if;wdkYonf t½G,fwloli,fcsif;jzpfí cspfcifaomrdwfaqGb0odkY a&mufMuav&m
a½T0if;rSm &JvSxHwGif xrif;pm;&dwfay;um &JvS\tapcHuRefrsm;udk csufcdkif;í ae&eftdrftwGufrSm &JvStdrfüyif
tcrJY ukodkvfjzpfae&av\/ taMumif;rlum &JvS\tdrfrSm ESpfaqmifNyKdif us,f0ef;aomtdrfBuD;jzpfav&m
wtdrfvkH;wGif &JvSESifY tapcHuRefwdkYtjyif rnfolrQr½SdaomaMumifYwnf;/
a½T0if;onf tcef;wcef;udk oyfoyf,lum xGufoGm;vQif tcef;wHcg;udk vkHNcKHpGmydwfxm;ypfcJYavY½Sd\/
a½T0if;onf &JvSrSwyg; rnfolESifYrQ ta&mw0if azmfa½GpGmaeavYr½Sd/ odkYaomf rdwfjzpfaqGjzpfrl vlwdkif;ESifYyif
qufqH\/ aeYpOfvnf; NrKdUay:üvnfywfavY½Sd&m rdk;csKyfrS tdrfodkYa&mufavY½Sd\/ taMumif;rlum; a½T0if;rSm
a&mufcgp aus;awmom;jzpfí aejynfawmfudkESHYpyf&efESifY aejynfawmftaMumif;udkod&ef ta&;BuD;aomaMumifY
wnf;/ a½T0if;onf OykofaeYrsm;üom &JvSESifYawGUcsdef½Sd\/ a½T0if;onf t&m&mwGif owd0D&d,½Sdí taetxdkif
rSmvnf; tvGefw&m aocsmapYpyfonfhjyif ½Sufvnf;tvGef½SufwwfojzifY cg;awmif;usKdufonfudkyif rjrifcJY&
bl;ay/

tcef; ( 3 )

waeYoü vTwfawmfrStqif;wGif av;nSif;0wfvkHawmf&a½SUaeBuD; ]]ol&rEk}}onf &JvS\vufudkqGJum

]]b,fYES,fYvJ em;cHawmfrif;? cifAsm;tdrfu [dkvl[m w,fxl;qef;ygvm;}} [kajymavonf/
]] bmvJ trdefYawmf&rif;&JU? b,fYES,f xl;qef;ykHvJ }}
]] waeYnaeu naeav;csuw f ;D tcsed f (nae ajcmufem&Davmuf) *lawmfopfb&k m;teD;rSm jrif;wpD;ESiYf
vlwa,muf jrif;udk&yfNyD; Zufowfaewkef; jzKef;qdk cifAsm;tdrfuvl bk&m;xJuxGufvmwmyJ/ xGufvmNyD;awmY
jrif;ay:uvleJY cPav; rwfwwf&yfpum;ajymaeNyD; olYvufxJuyk&ydkufwckudk jrif;ay:uvl vSrf;ay;
vduk wf ,f/ jrif;ay:uvlu jrif;ay:wuf&atmif vufjyvdu k af wmY cifAsm;vlu acgif;cgNy;D jiif;aew,f/ awmfawmf
MumawmY [kdvlu r&ruac:vdkYxifyg&JU? vTm;ueJqdk jrif;ay:ckefwufNyD; wcgwnf; ESpfa,mufom; jrif;eJY
'kef;pdkif;csoGm;wmyJ }}
]] [m ...cifAsm; vlvGJNyD }}
]] rvGJvdkufwmrS em;cHawmfrif;&,f? uRefawmf aoaocsmcsm rSwfrdygw,f }}
]] tck tdrfrSmol½Sdw,f/ wnrS tjcm;rSm rtdyfzl;bl; }}
]] tJ'gawmY uRefawmfrodbl;? vluawmY cifAsm;vl trSefyJ }}
]] ar;Munfhyg&apOD; trdefYawmfrif;&,f }}
]] olYtvkyfu bmvJ }}
]] tckawmY r&Sdao;ygbl;? ynmqnf;yl;&if;qdkovdk aejynfawmfvJ raezl;ao;vdkY ...}}
]] b,fvkdtBuHESifY vmaewmvJ }}
]] tcefYoifY&if trSKawmfxrf;zdkY BuHpnfaewmygyJ }}
&JvSonf tdrfodkYjyefvm&if; vrf;wavQmufvkH;ü ol&rEk\pum;udk pOf;pm;vsuf a½T0if;tay: ,kHrSm;
oHo,jzpfcaYJ v\/ tdraf ½SUwnfw h nfw h iG ½f adS om pum;0gyef;\ arT;BuKid af om&eHEY iS Yf at;jraomva&mifjcnfonf
aygif;pyfa&maxG;vsuf vomcef;½Sd rdwfaqGESpfa,muftm; MunfEl;jcif;udkjzpfap\/ &JvSonf a½T0if;tay:
wD;acgufírMunfhawmYbJ ol&rEkajymykH tvkH;pkHtwdkif;ajymjyNyD;vQif ...
]] tJ'gudk uRefawmfuawmY r,kHygbl;As? olu cifAsmYtay: twif;pGyfpGJaew,f }}
]] aMomf 'D[mvm;? [kwfygw,f olajymwJYtwdkif;ygyJ }}
&JvSu tHYtm;oifYpGmESifY ...
]] b,fvkdoabmvJ rdwfaqG }}
]] rodcsifygeJY udk&JvS&,f }}
]] odyg&apAsm? uRefawmfYudk r,kHvdkYvm; ...}} &JvSu pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifYajymonf/
]] udk&JvSudk ,kHMunfygw,f? EdkYayr,fY ...}}
 ]] ,kH&if ajymprf;ygAsm? rMum;&&if uRefawmfawmY at;awmYrSmr[kwfbl; }}
]] cufvdkufwm udk&JvS&,f? cifAsm; 'Davmufodcsif&ifvnf; ajym&awmYrSmaygY ...½SufawmY ½Suf½SufyJ/
yk*HrSmaepOfu tifrwefcspfBuKdufwJY &nf;pm;wa,mufxm;cJYzl;ygw,f/ tJ'D&nf;pm;[m tpawmY uRefawmfeJY
cspfBuKdufNyD; tawmfMumawmY olYrdbrsm; jzm;a,mif;csufaMumifY awmifilrSmaewJY olYarmifw0rf;uGJwa,mufeJY
vufxyfvdkufyga&m/ tJ'geJY waeYu yk*Hu uRefawmfYoli,fcsif;wa,mufeJYawGUvdkY olu awmifiloGm;r,fvdkY
ajymwmeJY *lawmfopfb&k m;rSmcsed ;f Ny;D rawmfvu kd &f wJY ZeD;avmif;qD pdwef maMumif;a&;xm;wJY yk&ydu k uf kd ay;vdu
k f
wmygyJ }}
]] jrif;ay:wufNyD; vdkufoGm;ao;w,fqdk ...}}
]] NrKdUawmifu anmifnKdyifpcef;a&muf½kH vdkufoGm;wmyg }}
]] aMomf ...'Dvdkudk;/ cifAsm;oli,fcsif; tdrfac:vmcJYygawmYAsm? jzpfrSjzpf&av }}
]] awmifiloGm;rSmrdkY t&m½SdawGESifY tawGUrcHcsifbl;wJY }}
]] NrKdUawmY bmudpövmwmvJ }}
]] ukefzdk;awmif;zdkY vmw,fajymwmyJ }}
]] olu ukefonfvm; }}
]] [kwfuJY }}
oHo,onfum; ½Si;f íoGm;av\/ odaYk omf a½T0if;\ xl;jcm;aom aeykx H ikd yf t
Hk wGuf tuJrcwfEikd af tmif
½Sad v&m MumavMumav qef;Mu,faomtcsi;f t&mwdu Yk kd awGU&ay\/ taMumif;rlum; vTwaf wmf? ½k;H awmfwEYkd iS Yf
pyfaom rSwfcsuf? rSwfwrf;? oifcef;pmwdkYudk wpkHw&m *½kjyKíMunfh½SKonfudk rjrif&zl;onfhjyif npOfvnf;
tcef;xJü wa,mufwnf; rjywfrvwf pma&;avY½SdaomaMumifYwnf;/ rnfonfhpmudka&;oenf;[k ar;jref;
aomtcg &mZ0ifqdkif&m rSwfpkESifY &wkrsm;udk pDukH;aeonf[kom ajzqdkcJYav\/ odkYjzpfí MumvmonfESifYtrQ
4if;tay:ü ouFmruif;jzpfav&m rouFmojzifY tdrrf ES iS v f w
T vf u kd &f efvnf; rjzpfEikd af tmif cJ,Of;vsu½f adS v\/
taMumif;rlum; rdrrd mS a½T0if;a&mufvmuwnf;u a½S;uxufaysm½f iT v f su½f cdS &YJ m a½T0if;r½Sv d Qif wa,mufwnf;
tb,frQavmuf ysif;&dnnf;aiGUrnfudk pOf;pm;rdonfhjyif a½T0if;\vSyaomrsufESmudkvnf; rjrifraeEdkifatmif
cspfcifvsuf½SdaomaMumifYwnf;/ b0a&puf eD;uyfvsuf½Sdaomolrsm;onf oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGyifjzpfaomfvnf;
orD;&nf;pm;avmufeD;eD; cspfcifwwf\/
&JvSonf a½T0if;tm; tcspfBuD;cspfvsuf½Sd&m a½T0if;uvnf; &JvStay:ü aus;Zl;½Sifjzpfonfhtwdkif;
av;jrwfcspfcifvsuf½SdcJYonfhtjyif vTwfawmft&m½SdBuD;wOD;jzpfvsuf ,ckrSawGU&aom rdrduJYodkYaom vlomref
wa,muftm; ausmif;aezufoli,fcsif;ESifYrjcm; wef;wloabmxm;í bk&m;xl;rcHbJ azmfa½GpGmqufqHae
onfudk pOf;pm;rdav&m ½dkaoudkif;nGwfjcif;onf cspfcifMuifemaompdwfESifY r[mrdwfzGJUpnf;í wrdwnf;rS
zGm;aom nDtpfut kd vm;uJo Y Ykd cHn
Y m;½dak ocJaY v\/ waeYoü vTwaf wmfrq S if;vQiq f if;csi;f rdwaf qGt&m½Srd sm;ESiYf
pum;0dkif;zGJUíraebJ tdrfodkYawmufavQmufjyefcJYav&m cgwdkif;uJYodkYyif a½T0if;r½SdonfudkawGU&av\/
a½T0if;onf tcef;udt k jyifu oHaumufEiS x Yf ;kd íydwo f mG ;avY½&dS m ,aeYvnf; xdu k oYJ yYkd if ydwof mG ;rnfukd
odESifYNyD;jzpfaom &JvSonf e*dkuyif BuKdwifí yef;yJzdküykHpHay;um tvkyfcdkif;xm;aom oHaumufESifY a½T0if;\
tcef;wHcg;udk xdk;zGifYav\/ tcef;wGif;odkYa&mufonfESifYwNyKdifeuf aywdkayprsm;ESifYwuG A&yGusJaeaom
yk&ydkufwdkYudkawGU&ojzifY wckNyD;wck aumufízwfMunfhav&m 4if;ajymxm;onfhtwdkif;yif &mZ0ifrSwfpkESifY
&wkydk'fpkHwdkYudkomawGU&av\/ pdwfrauseyfojzifY wzefxyfí yk&ydkufwdkYudk vSefavSm½SmazG&m t"dyÜg,frodaom
atmufygpmydk'fokH;ckudk zwf½SK&av\/
( 1 ) ae\ta&mifaMumifY aumif;uifwckv;Hk onf xdev f if;íaeav&m aea&mifjcnfonf rnfrQavmuf
ysHESHYrnfukd rodEdkif/
( 2 ) ork'´&mü tHYzG,f½Spfyg;½Sdaomfvnf; avwdkufvQif vSKdif;wHydk;xNrJjzpfojzifY avudkumuG,fzdkY&ef
ta&;BuD;\/ xdkavonf aveDMurf;jzpfavonf/
( 3 ) awmifxdyfrSpD;usaom a&wHcGefonf tvGefw&mtm;oefítpD;jrefaomfvnf; tawGUrSm at;jr
aomaMumifY okH;pGJwwfvQif yuwda&xuf tzdk;wef\/
 &JvSonf pmydk'fokH;ck\ oabmoGm;udk em;rvnfojzifY a&;ykHom;ykHrpí tvkH;pkHudk xyfrHMunfh½SK
jyefav&m a&;om;xm;ykHrSm wydk'fESifYwydk'f uwÅm;jcm;í om;om;em;em;ESifY aocsmpGma&;xm;onfudk awGU&
jyefaomaMumifY pOf;pm;avav tawG;&cufavavjzpfaeav\/ odkYjzpfí pmydk'ftaMumif;udk wdwfwqdwf
tvpfzrf;ípkHprf;&ef ul;,lrSwfom;xm;vkdufav\/
ouú&mZf 970ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vü tif;0a½TNrKdUawmfwGif wNrKdUvkH; tkwftkwfusufusufjzpfí
yGJvrf;obifwdkYjzifY aysmf½TifjrL;xl;Muonfudk awGUjrif&av\/ a½T0if;u ...
]] udk&JvS? bmvkyfwJYyGJawGvJAs ...}}
]] tdk ...cifAsm; rodbl;vm;? rESpfu wefaqmifrkef;v cifAsm;a&mufcgup jynfNrKdUudk rif;w&m;BuD;
udk,fwdkifcsDoGm;wmav ...}}
]] tJ'godw,f ...tckbmjzpfovJ }}
]] jynfNrKdUwNrKdUvkH; rif;ESifYwuG a½Tz0g;awmfatmufa&mufvdkY bk&ifvkyfwJYoludkyg aejynfawmfac:NyD;
,lvmcJYw,f }}
a½T0if;u tm;&0rf;omaom trlt,mjzifY ...
]] tdk ...[kwfuJYvm;? [efusvdkufwm/ bkef;awmfa&mifujzifY w,fajymifaywmyJ ...}}
]] ajymifqdk bmajymaumif;rvJAsm? pufbkef;a&m vuf½kH;a&m wurÇmvkH; xkH;vdkarT a&vdkaESmufNyD;
jcaoFYrif;BuD;a[mufovdk a[mufawmfrlygvdrfYOD;r,f }}
]] rif;w&m;BuD;[m vuf½kH;awmfuvnf; w,fNyD;xufjrufw,fqdkygvm; }}
]] cifAsm; pOf;pm;Munfhygvm;? rif;om;b0 tdrfa½SUrif;rjzpffcifuwnf;u b,favmuf tmZmenf
yDFow,fqdkwm ...}}
]] omrnomodw,f? aoaocsmcsm rMum;zl;ao;bl; }}
]] 'DvdkAs? crnf;awmfrif;w&m;BuD; ( anmif&rf;rif;w&m;BuD;udk qdkvdk\ ) odEéDutjyef oDaygtvGefrSm
a½Tomavsmif;awmifa&mufawmY ewf½GmpHyga&m/ tJ'geJY aejynfawmf,lcJYvdkY a&mufwJYtcg vTwfawmfa½SUrSm
r@yfESifYxm;NyD; crf;em;pGm oN*FKd[fawmfrlw,f/ crnf;awmftavmif;udk a½TuGef,ufcHNyD; a½Tzdkusif½SpfvkH;eJYxdk;vdkY
tavmif;awmfw0ufuRrf;awmY om;awmftdrfa½SUr[mOy&mZmu ( tck rif;w&m;BuD;aygYav ) rif;nDrif;om;
rSL;rwfrsm;ESifYwuG AdkvfykHy&dwfowfbufvSnfhNyD; ]]udkif; igYudk ykefuefcsifwJYol½Sd&if xGufvkdufprf;}} vdkY &J&Jwif;wif;
rdefYawmfrlvdkufykHudk uRefawmfjzifY tckxufxd em;xJrSmMum;rdaeao;w,f }}
]] aMomf ...w,fvJ owÅdawmfaumif;vdkufygvm; }} [k rsufESm£a`E´rJYí ½kwfw&ufae&mrS jyifqifNyD;
ajymvdkufonf/
]] 'gwif b,furvJ? tavmif;awmfjymusawmY nDawmfEpS yf g;udck sev f yS Nf y;D tukev f ;Hk opömawmfay;w,f/
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tcspfvSKdif;xí yifv,fESifYwlaomESvkH;tdrfrSm rNidrfrouf wyGufyGufvSKyf½Sm;íaeav\/
waeYaomtcg vTwaf wmfrq S if;cgeD;wGif Adv k rf LS ;0efBu;D rif; oD&ad Z,saemf&xmu nae tdro f v
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,Gef;vkeD;eD;jzpfaom naeapmif;tcsdefwGif t&yfom;uJYodkY 0wfpm;qif,ifí ocifjzpfaom 0efY&Sifawmfrif;BuD;
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rif;bk&m;BuD;tem;wGifcpm;í pum;udkem;axmifvsuf½Sdav\/ twefMumpGmaeNyD;rS AdkvfrSL;0efBuD;u ...
]] uJ ...armifrif;udk w½kwfe,fjcm;rSm e,fjcm;t&m½SdtjzpfESifY cefYxm;aMumif;udk odEéDNrKdU0efqDudk
pmcRefwckay;vdkufr,f }}
]] aus;Zl;½Sifbk&m; tvdkawmfus uRefawmfrsLd; oGm;a&mufaqmif½Gufygrnfbk&m; ...}}
&JvSonf tdrfodkYa&mufvQifa&mufcsif; xrif;yGJjyifcdkif;í a½T0if;ESifYtwlxdkifum rsufESmcsif;qdkif
pm;aomufae&if; ...
]] udka½T0if;? uRefawmf okH;&ufavmuf½Sd&if w½kwfe,fpyf oGm;&vdrfYr,f ...}}
]] bmudpörsm;vJ ...}} tHYtm;oifYaomtrlt,mjzifYajymonf/
]] rif;bk&m;BuD;uvTwfvdkY e,fjcm;udk t&m½SdjzpfeJYoGm;&r,f ...}}
a½T0if;u 0rf;enf;aom rsufvkH;wdkYjzifYMunfhum ...
]] 'gjzifY uRefawmfaum ...}}
]] cifAsm; 'DrSmomae&pfyg ...uRefawmfYvlawG rSmypfcJYr,f ...}}
]] ac:roGm;bl;vm; ...}}
 ]] uRefawmf 'Du wa,mufxnf;oGm;&r,f? odEéDusrS cdkifcdkifrmrma½G;cs,fwJY aemufvdkuf vl 20udk
xnfhvdkufzdkY rif;bk&m;BuD;qDu pmcRefawmfygw,f }}
xrif;pm;íNyD;aomtcg ESpfa,mufom; vomcef;ü acgif;csif;qdkifxkdifvsuf rSKdifawGai;arm awG;awm
aeNyD;rS ...
]] udk&JvS ...}}
]] ukda½T0if; }}
]] cifAsm; oGm;awmYr,faemf ...}}
]] [kwfuJY }}
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tcspfwdkYonf tjrpfygtkHMuGvsuf xívmcJYav\/ &JvSonf ae&mrSxum a½T0if;\vufESpfzufudk pkaygif;
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]] udka½T0if; uRefawmfYtay: opömwckxm;&vdrfYr,f }}
]] bmopömvJ ...}}
]] uRefawmf oabmrwlbJ cifAsm; tdrfaxmifrjyK&bl; }}
]] ukd&JvSuvJ opömxm;yg ...}}
]] xm;ygr,f ...tckaomufapcsif&if aomufjyvdkufr,f }}

tcef; ( 4 )

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waumif;u}} [laomtwdkif; waumif;jynfrS r[morÇ0? plVorÇ0nDaemifESpfyg;wdkYudk {&m0wDjrpfaMumjzifY
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trnfonf wawmifvkH;\ trnfjzpf\/
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jrpfbufoYkd vSr;f arQmuf mMunf½h KS aeaom vkvifysKEd pS af ,mufujkd rifEikd af v\/ xdo k El pS af ,mufonf ykn½Sibf &k m;odYk
wuf&if; wjznf;jznf; at;aq;pGmpum;ajymí tarmtyef;ajzum pcef;csaejcif;jzpfavownf;/ xdkol
ESpaf ,mufrmS &JvES iS Yf a½T0if;yifjzpf\/ &Jvo
S nf w½kwef ,fpyfoo Ykd mG ;umeD; rdbrsm;xHoEYkd KS wq
f uf&if; vma&muf
uefawmYMujcif;jzpfavonf/
ppfudkif;awmifBuD;onf ½SKarQmfcif;aumif;í olawmfoljrwftaygif;\ cdkatmif;&mXmejzpfav&m ,ckvdk
naetcgrsKd;ü tvGefw&m MunfEl;zG,faumif;av\/ w½kwfpum;yifwdkY\atmufwGif usa&mufvsuf½Sdaom
w½kwfpum;yGifYwdkYrSm avoifY&m BuKdifvQrf;xkHonfh cdkifyef;pkHeHYomarT;uJYodkY taqG;udkqGvsuf½Sdav&m &JvSonf
usufoa&½Sdaom a½T0if;\rsufESmudk wpdrfYpdrfYMunfhí ...
]] ukda½T0if;? [dkrSmMunfhprf; jyom'fawG[m rSKdaygufovdkyJ }} [k pum;pvdkufav\/
 ]] b,frSmvJ }}
]] aMomf ...aMomf ...jrifNyD }}
&JvSu tm;i,faomtoHjzifY ...
]] 'Dvakd ysmpf &maumif;wJY a½TNrKUd awmfBu;D uajymif;Ny;D e,fjcm;udo k mG ;&r,fqakd wmY udak ½T0if;&,f uReaf wmfY
pdwfxJrSm b,fYES,fjzpfoGm;rSef;rodbl;/ Munfhprf; uRefawmfwdkYae&wm b,favmufaysmfp&maumif;ovJ }}
xdkYaemuf jrpfzufudkwzef vufnSKd;nTefjyefí ...
]] {&m0wDjrpfBu;D ESiYf jrpfav;oG,af ygif;qkw H YJ oHvQucf u
Hk Rex
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vdkYurÁnf;wyfMuwJYtwdkif; jrpfawG&JUt0 A[dkrusbl;vm;/ ysif;wJYtcgrSm 'DudkvmNyD; Munfhp&maumif;wJY
½SKarQmfcif;awGeJY avnif;cHEdkifw,f? b,favmufrsm;[efusovJAsm/ 'gawGudkawG;rdwdkif; uRefawmfjzifY ...}}
]] [kwfw,f uRefawmfvJ udk&JvS r½Sd&if aeawmif raecsifawmYbl; }}
]] uRefawmfeJY udka½T0if;[m b0a&pufruif;bl;vdkYqdk&rSmyJ/ jrifuwnf;u wcifxJcifvmvdkufwm
b,fawmYrS aemufrqkwfbl;? oGm;cgeD;vdkYajym&awmYr,f ...uRefawmfYpdwfxJrSmjzifY udka½T0if;xufcspfwJYol
r½SdwmtrSefygyJ }}
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]] cspyf uHk b,fvckd sprf eS ;f rodb;l ? uReaf wmf tck e,fjcm;udo k mG ;ygr,fvo Ykd m y#dnmOfcv
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]] bmjzpfvdkYvJ ...}}
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]] 'gjzifY uRefawmfYudkyg wygwnf;ac:NyD;oGm;ygvm; }} [k NyKH;íajymonf/
]] ac:&if vdkufrvm; ...}}
]] [dkusawmY ½Srf;racsmuav;awGeJYawGUvdkY ygvmwJYol arYaerSmjziYf rvdkufcsifbl; }}
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]] tdk ...udka½T0if; b,fYES,fajymovJ? 'DwoufrSm udka½T0if;xufcspfwJYol rawGUEdkifawmYygbl;/
uRefawmfYpdwfudk uRefawmfodNyD;om;yg }}
a½T0if;onf acgif;ikkHYíaeav\/
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usef&pfcJYav\/
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Muonfh oabFmom; A&if*sDukvm;wdkYonf AdkvfcsKyfrif;ZGifumulpH&m wdkuftdrfodkY a½S;½SKvmaeonfudk aeYpOfESifY
trQ jrif&av\/ oabFmolBuD;ESifY oabFmom;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYtwGuf rsufESmyGifYvif;&ef Oa&mywdkufrS
tokH;taqmif tpm;taomuf xl;xl;qef;qef;wdkYESifYwuG cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmufaoewf *&eufpaom
vufaqmify@mwdkYudk AdkvfcsKyfrif;ZGifumulxH vmwdkif;vmwdkif; qufoMuojzifY oefvsifbk&if ZGifumulrSm
taetxdkifrSpí t&m&mwGif rsm;pGmcrf;em;vsuf½SdcJYav\/
ZGifumulonf rdrdtrsKd;om; ay:wl*Drsm;ESifY wdkif;&if;om;jrefrmrsm;tjyif vltrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf
&av\/ xdkvlrsKd;wdkYrSm ½Srf;? ,Gef;? tuúywf? uonf;? vif;Zif;? xdkif;? &cdkif? t*Fvdyf? 'wfcsf? jyifopf? yoD?
uyÜvDESifY uv,fwdkYjzpfMuav&m pum;rSm jrefrmpum;udkajymí jrefrmpmESifYyif tkyfcsKyf&av\/
 taMumif;rlum; xkdvlrsKd;tm;vkH;wdkYrSm jrefrmpmESifY jrefrmpum;udk e*dkuyif em;vnfNyD;jzpfMuojzifY
tjcm; 4if;wdkYrodaom ay:wl*Dpum;rsKd;ESifYtkyfcsKyfvQif tcuftcJESifYcsufcsif;awGU&rnf jzpfaomaMumifYwnf;/
xdkrSwyg; rkwÅr? awmifil? Zif;r,fpaom wdkif;jcm;e,fjcm;wdkYESifYvnf; ruif;&mruif;aMumif; ukefa&mif;ukef0,f
qufoG,fvsuf½SdcJY&m xdkXmewdkYrSm jrefrmpum;ESifY jrefrmpmudkom ½kH;okH;bmomjyKxm;MuojzifY oefvsifrSm
ay:wl*Dpmudk ½kH;okH;bmomjyK&ef ½kwfw&uf rjzpfEdkifao;aomaMumifY acwÅcP jrefrmpum;ESifY jrefrmpmudkom
okH;pGJ&av\/ odkYaomf rMumrD ay:wl*Dbmompum;ESifY ay:wl*DpmwdkYudk ½kH;okH;? NrKdUokH;jzpfap&ef ,ckuyif
BuKw d ifí pmoifausmif;ok;H ausmif; zGix Yf m;vsuf oifMum;vdo k rl sm;twGuf tcrJY ukov
kd jf zpf oifMum;ay;av\/
bk&ifaemifac: [Hom0wD qifjzLrsm;½Sif rif;w&m;BuD;vufxufrSpí om;awmf ig;ql'g,umrif;
vufxuftxd twdik ;f wdik ;f tjynfjynfrS vma&mufaexdik Mf uaom vltrsK;d rsK;d wdo Yk nf [Hom0wDü jynfu h syv f suf
½Sd&m ZGifumulrSm jrefrm&mZXmeDESifYwuG jrefrmtifyg,mw0ufudk tkyfpdk;&ouJYodkY½Sdav\/ ZGifumul
vufatmuf½dS vlrsK;d wdrYk mS trsK;d tm;jzifjY cm;em;aomfvnf; bmom0g'tm;jzifY ok;H rsK;d om½Sad v\/ Oa&mywdu k o f m;
wdkYrSm A&if*sDbmom0ifjzpfí yoDwdkYrSm tpövmrfbmomjzpfonfrSwyg; usefwdkif;&if;om;tm;vkH;wdkYrSm
Ak'¨bmom0ifcsnf;jzpfMuay\/ ZGifumulonf 0HomEkw&m;vufudkifxm;í rdrdwdkYtrsKd;om; ay:wl*Drsm;twGuf
BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf&ef &nf½G,fonfhjyif rdrdwdkYbmom A&if*sDomomemudkvnf; jyKpkvsuf½Sdav\/
awmifilESifY&cdkifudk jcm;em;í oD;jcm;bk&iftjzpf tkyfpdk;&aomaeYrSpí jyifopfvlrsKd; A&if*sDbkef;BuD;
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bmomodkYoGwfoGif;&ef omoemjyKvTJtyfav\/ ZGifumulonf rdrdwdkYtrsKd;om; Oa&mywdkufom;uvGJvQif
yoDuv k m;ESiYf wdik ;f &if;om; rGejf refrmwdu Yk kd ta&;ay;vsu½f adS omfvnf; A&if*sbD mom0if r[kwaf omolwu Ykd u kd m;
ESdyfpufcsKyfcs,fvsuf A&if*sDbmomodkYul;ajymif;0ifa&mufaom rGefjrefrmwdkYudkom ta&;ay;wefoavmuf
ay;xm;av\/ wdkif;&if;om; rGefjrefrmxJu A&if*sDbmom0ifolwdkYudk i,f½G,foljzpfu vufyg;ap uRef,kHawmf
tjzpfrsKd;yif tokH;jyKvsuf toufBuD;rS0ifolwdkYudkum; txdkuftavsmufom csD;a`rSmufav\/
taMumif;rlum; vli,fvl½G,fwdkYrSm bmompdwf? trsKd;pdwfESifY rdrdwdkY rsKd;½dk;Zmwdrmef rxufoefvSao;
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aomaMumifYwnf;/ xkdpum;rSef\ ...vli,fvl½G,fwdkYonf rnfrQyif ynmt&nftcsif; jynfhwif;vkHavmufí
wHcGefaqmufNyD; wrdk;atmufwGifwa,muftpm;rsKd; jzpfaeapumrl trSKudpöawGUBuKHaomtcg qkH;jzwfcsufcs&ef
vsifjrefwwfMuojzifY trSefESifYtrSm; xdkESpfyg;wGif trSefuenf;yg;í trSm;uomrsm;av&m &Hzef&Hcg q,fí
r&Edik af tmifyif rSm;wwfMuav\/ vli,fv½l , G w
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aMumifYwnf;/ bmomt,l0g' [lorQü a,bk,stm;jzifY umr*kPfudka½SmifMuOfonfcsnf;jzpfMu\/ odkYaomf
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uREkfyfwdkYbk&m;½Sif\ a'oemawmfüvnf; t½G,fq,fyg;ydkif;jcm;íxm;&m 40-50twGif; ESpfaygif;
q,fESpfonf pOf;pm;csifYcsdefEdkifonfh ynmESifYjynhfpkHaomt½G,f[k owfrSwfxm;\/ ygVdbmomjzifY xdk ,fESpfudk
]ynm'ou[kac:NyD; ynm½SdaomESpfaygif;q,fESpf[kjzpfonf/ rnfrQyif ynm½Sdapumrl touf 40rausmfrD
ynm½Sdrac:&? 40ausmfrS ynm½Sdpm&if;odkY xnfhoGif;&rnf[l\/ odkYjzpfí vli,fvl½G,frsm;twGuf 4if;wdkYESifY
xdkufwefaomtvkyfrsKd;udkomtm;ay;í vlBuD;wdkYtvkyf BuD;rm;aomwm0efwdkYudk aqmif½Guf&eftm;ray;oifYay/
 oefvsifbk&if ZGifumulonf þenf;udkodNyD;jzpfojzifY wdkif;&if;om;jrefrmvli,frsm;udk &mxl;*kPfodef
pnf;pdrfOpömwdkYjzifY a`rSmufpm;vsuf rdrdbufom;jzpfí trsKd;om;pdwfaysmufatmif aoG;aqmifjzm;a,mif;um
aeav\/ xdkodkYjzm;a,mif;jcif;ü ay:wl*Dpmudk ½kH;okH;bmomjyK&eftwGuf ta&;tBuD;qkH;tcsufjzpfav&m
ay:wl*Dpmudkoifrnfh vli,fvl½G,frsm;ay:aygufvm&ef vdkufvH½SmazGvsuf½SdcJYav\/ xdkYjyif rdrdwdkYtrsKd;bmom
½dk;&mqHyifudky,fí ay:wl*DqHyifjzwfum ay:wl*Dt0wfudk 0wfqifap&efvnf; BuHpnfvsuf½Sd&m xdktBuHrSm
rdk;ESifYajrBuD;avmuf a0;uGmaeonfudkawGU&av\/ taMumif;rlum; ay:wl*Dt0wfudkr0wfMuonfhjyif tcsKdU
ay:wl*DESifY Oa&mywdkufom;wdkYuyif jrefrmvdk0wfqifvsuf ½SdaeMuaomaMumifYwnf;/ odkYaomfvnf; waxmif
waumif? waomif;wa,muf[louJYodkY ZGifumul\tBuHtpnftwdkif; tvdkdawmfusjzpfvm&aomolwa,muf
ay:aygufvmcJYav\/ xdkolrSm jynfNrKdUom;Zmwd jrefrmvlrsKd; 19ESpfcefY½Sd aexGef;qdkoljzpfavownf;/
aexGef;onfum; ay:wl*DqHyifudkjzwfum ay:wl*Dt0wfudk0wfqifNyD; A&if*sDbmomxJodkY 0ifa&muf
vmoljzpfav\/ aexGe;f onf jynfNrKUd rSa&mufcgpü A&if*sb D ek ;f Bu;D ESpyf g;xHwiG f ay:wl*pD mESiwYf uG usr;f pmrsm;udk
oifMum;í A&if*sDbmom w&m;awmfrsm;udkvnf; qnf;yl;vsuf½Sd&m olwyg; ESpf&ufusuf&aompmrsKd;udk w&uf
avmufEiS &Yf oljzpfonfjh yif OmPfaumif;oavmufvnf; BuK;d pm;ojzifY tawmfuav;c&D;a&mufcaYJ v\/ bmom
pum;udkum; ay:wl*DwdkYESifYrjcm; oGufvufpGmajymEdkifojzifY bkef;BuD;ESpfyg;vkH;uyif tm;&auseyfum A&if*sD
bmomodu Yk ;l ajymif;&ef w&m;a&at;tNrKu
d af q;udw
k u
kd af uR;Muav&m aexGe;f onf yxrü tawmfyifjiif;y,fcYJ
aomfvnf; Ak'¨bmomESifY A&if*sDbmomESpfckudk ,SOfNyKdifí rdrdudk,fwdkifapm'emwufum bkef;BuD;ESpfyg;ESifY
twdkuftcHajymqdkNyD;aemuf wvavmufMumaomtcgrS A&if*sDbmom\ tqDtESpft&omudk oabmusaom
taejzifY bmomul;ajymif;&efavQmufxm;av\/ odjYk zpfí aexGe;f udk ]]yifw}kd }[laomtrnfjzifY bufywpfZif;ac:
a&zsef;r*FvmjyKvkyfum A&if*sDbmomodkYoGwfoGif;NyD;vQif AdkvfcsKyfrif;ZGifumulxH vufyg;ap uRef,kHawmftjzpf
xm;&ef bkef;BuD;ESpfyg;udk,fwdkif tyfESHxm;Muav\/
yifwakd exGe;f onf ZGiu f mul\vufyg;apuRe, f aHk wmfwOD;jzpf&m 4if;\tvkyrf mS ZGiu f mul\tusK;d aqmif
tdrfwGif;pma&;? twGif;0efwrsKd;uJYodkYjzpfaeav\/ ZGifumuluvnf; bkef;BuD;ESpfyg;udk,fwdkiftyfxm;ol
jzpfonfhjyif ocif\tvdkudkvnf;odwwfí ay:wl*Dpmudkvnf; zwfEdkifoljzpfaomaMumifY tvGefoabmusvsuf
t&m&mwGif rsuEf mS omay;um &if;ES;D pGmcdik ;f apav\/ yifwadk exGe;f onf Oa&mywku d o
f m;uJo Y Ykd 0wfpm;qif,ifí
ay:wl*Dpum;udkajymum A&if*sDbmomudk udk;uG,fvsuf½Sd&m e*dkuyif ausmufpvif;awmifuJYodkY jzLazG;aom
tom;a&mif½SdoljzpfojzifY ay:wl*Dujym;wOD;uJYodkY xifrSwf&av\/ aexGef;onf ½kyf&nfyom'tm;jzifYvnf;
vSyacsmarmí tHYMoavmufatmif tcsKd;usoljzpfav&m ½kyfacsmjcif;onf ocifcspfjcif;\aq;wrsKd;uJYodkY
jzpfav\/ taMumif;rlum; AdkvfcsKyfrif;ZGifumulESifYwuG 4if;\r,m; AdkvfcsKyfuawmf umwm&DemrSpí oefvsif
bk&if ZGifumul\ vl,kHawmftwdkifyifcHt&m½SdwOD;jzpfaom AdkvfrSL;&dab½dkwdkYu yifwdkaexGef;tm; rdrdwdkYvlrsKd;
ay:wl*DtrsKd;om;wa,mufuJYodkY xifrSwf,kHMunfum cspfcifa`rSmufpm;vsuf½SdaomaMumifYyifwnf;/
yifwdkaexGef;tay: cspfcifxdkufaomtcsufav;ckrSm ...
( 1 ) ay:wl*Dpmudkoifjcif; ( xdktcgu wdkif;&if;om;xJrS rnfolrQ roifMu )
( 2 ) ay:wl*DqHyifudkjzwfí ay:wl*DuJYodkY0wfqifjcif; ( xdktcgu wdkif;&if;om;wdkYrS ay:wl*DqHyifudk
jzwf&ef tvGeaf MumufvefMY u\/ toufuo kd mtaocHrnf ay:wl*q D u H u
kd m;rjzwf[k BuK;H 0g;aeolcsn;f jzpfMu\)
( 3 ) A&if*sDbmomodkY tvdkavsmuf0ifjcif; ( 4if;twGufrl aemiftcgumvü twif;0ifcdkif;ojzifY
A&if*sDbmomodkY0ifNyD; nmaeolrsm;pGm½Sd\ )
( 4 ) cdkif;apaomudpöudk *½kpdkufí rNyD;rcsif;aqmif½Gufjcif; wdkYjzpfMuav\/
waeYoü yifwdkaexGef;tm; AdkvfcsKyfrif;u rdrdrSwyg; rnfolrQr0if&aom ½kH;cef;xJodkYac:aomaMumifY
yifwdkonf tcef;xJ0ifí t½dktaoay;NyD;vQif rwfwwf&yfíae&m AdkvfcsKyfrif;u ukvm;xdkifay:üxdkif&ef
vufjyvdkufojzifY ukvm;xdkifudkqGJíxdkifum trdefYoHudk emcHaeav\/ AdkvfcsKyfrif;u ...
]] ,ck w&ufESpf&uftwGif;rSm *dk0gNrKdUukd udpöwckESifY uREkfyfoGm;&r,f armifrif; }}
]] rSefyg }}
]] armifrif;udk rSmcJYcsifwmu AdkvfcsKyfuawmftwGufjzpfw,f }}
 ]] trdefY½Sdawmfrlyg }}
]] AdkvfcsKyfuawmf&JU armifw0rf;uGJ tvDcefqdkwm odw,fr[kwfvm; }}
yifwdkaexGef;u pOf;pm;&if; ai;ae&mrS ...
]] b,folygvdrfY }}
]] 'Dukd oabFmESiYf cPcPvmwwfwt YJ aumifav ...ukcd siNf rKUd rSmaew,f/ t&ifwcgawmif 'Duv kd mNy;D
wvavmuf aeoGm;ao;wmyJ }}
]] aMomf ...odNyD? uRefawmfarYaevdkYyg }}
]] tJ'D armifqdkwJYaumifudk pdwfrcsbl; }}
]] b,fvdkpdwfrcswmygvJ }}
]] umwm&DemESifYaygY ...'DtrsKd;awG[m armifrSef;ESrrSef; odwwfwJY[mawGr[kwfbl; ...}}
]] 'gjzifY AdkvfcsKyfuawmfudk wygwnf;ac:oGm;&if ...}}
]] yifv,fc&D;qdkwm pdwfrcs&bl; armifrif;/ 'DYjyif yifv,fxJrSmvnf; &cdkifuxm;xm;wJY ppfoabFmawG
½Sdw,fvdkY Mum;&w,f }}
]] 'DvdkjzifY uRefawmfrsKd; b,fvdkaqmif½Guf&rSmvJ }}
]] tvDcef[m uREkfyfoGm;NyD;rMumcif 'DudkvmvdrfYr,f }}
]] vmawmY pD&ifvdkuf&rvm; }}
AdkvfcsKyfrif;ZGifumulu vuf0g;umí ...
]] tdk ...tdk ...'Dvdkvnf; vkyfvdkYrjzpfbl;/ *dk0gu ppfbk&ifcsKyfBuD;eJY qufpyfaew,f }}
]] 'gjzifY ...}}
]] olwdkY taetxdkifudk apmifYMuyfMunfh½SK&r,f/ ,kHrSm;jzpfavmufw,fqdk&if &dab½dkudk taMumif;Mum;NyD;
[dkaumifudk armif;xkwf&r,f }}
]] aumif;ygNyDcifAsm; }}
AdkvfcsKyfrif; *dk0godkYxGufoGm;aomaeYrSpí tdrfawmfü yifwdkaexGef;tjyif &if;ESD;aomolr½SdbJ AdkvfcsKyf
uawmf umwm&Demudk yifwdkaexGef;uom apmifYa½Smuf&av\/ &dab½dkum; qdyfurf;ezl;½Sd rdrdwdkuftdrfuom
aeí NrKdUudktkyfcsKyfav\/ udkcsifNrKdUrS tvDcefqdkolvnf; rvma&mufao;acs/ AdkvfcsKyfuawmfonf yoDESifY
ay:wl*u D jym;jzpfí tom;t&nfpakd jy0if;0gNy;D vQif rsuv f ;Hk rsuzf efEmS wHvyS vsuf tcsK;d tpm; tquftaygufrmS
rufavmufpzG,fjzpfav\/ um;&,m; tm;jzifY xGm;usKdif;jynfhwif;í wtdtdaeaom &ifom;ESvkH;ESifY wifyg;
yckH;wdkYrSm a,mufsm;wdkY\pdwfESvkH;udk ,lusKH;ESpfodrfYapvsuf usef;rm0NzKd;tqDwdk;í t½dk;r½Sd tom;yuwduJYodkY
wtdtad eaomwud, k v f ;Hk rS tom;pdik w
f rYkd mS vnf; urÇmrY @Kid f odrYk [kwf tmv,r@Kid q f t
kd yfaom tcspaf oG;udk
ESKd;qGvsuf½SdcJYav\/
umwm&Demu ...
]] yifwdk }}
]] bmvJ ocifr }}
]] rif;ocifvJ vdkufoGm;vdkufwm MumvSNyD }}
]] AdkvfcsKyfrif; rMumrDvmygvdrfYr,f ocifr }}
xdo k Ykd pum;ajymaeaomae&monf qif0if{nfch ef;jzpfí rSew f cH g;rS ta½SUawmifqo D MYkd unfv
h u
kd af omtcg
usKdufacgufbk&m;udk twdkif;om;jrif&av&m umwm&Demonf apwDudkvufnSKd;xdk;vsuf ...
]] yifwdk [dkrSmMunfhprf; ...jrefrmbk&m; tkwfykHBuD;[m ...}}
]] ajrBuD;aygwdkif; aqmufxm;wmyJ }} [k yifwdkaexGef;u NyKH;íajymav\/
]] yifwdkvnf; tpu 'D[mawG udk;uG,f&ao;w,faemf }}
]] arSmifwGif;om;b0 rdpäm'd|dtjzpfwkef;u udk;uG,frdwm ajymraeygeJYawmY ocifr }}
yifwdkaexGef;ESifY umwm&DemwdkYrSm e*dkyuwduyif tuRrf;0ifaom uRefESifYocifjzpfMuí AdkvfcsKyfrif;
r½Sdonfhtckdufjzpfaom tcktcgüum; a½S;uxuftuRrf;0ifvsuf wOD;ESifYwOD; ajym&Jqdk&Jjzpfum w&Hwcg
tysif;ajy tzsif;pum; taemufpum;wdkYudkyif ESpfa,mufom; ajymqdkvsuf½SdMuav\/ vlajcwdwfí
tdyfarmuscsdefjzpfaom oef;acgiftcsdefü &dab½dkqDrS ta&;wBuD;vlvTwfí oefvsifwyfudk &efolwdkY ½kwfw&uf
0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufaMumif; AdkvfcsKyfuawmfxH taMumif;Mum;vmav&m yifwdkaexGef;onf ppf0wfwefqmyvm
0wfqifí csufcsif;vdkufygoGm;av\/ xdktcg &dab½dku ...
]] armifrif;udk ac:wmr[kwfbl;? tdrfawmfrSmom apmifYaeyg }}
]] tdk ...tdrfawmfrSm pdwfcs&ygw,f/ uRefawmf pDpOfypfcJYygNyD }}
&efow l o
Ykd nf rnforl nf0g[lí rod&aomfvnf; pdwt f xifrmS &cdik b f &k ifxrH S vlrsm;[kyif rSe;f q&av\/
&dab½dkESifYwuG ay:wl*Da&aMumif;ppfAdkvfwpkwdkYonf ckcHwdkufcdkufav&m &efolwdkYu twif;zdíwdkufcdkufojzifY
ta&;edrfYawmYrnfuJYodkY ½Sdae&mrS ay:wl*Dppfom;wa,mufonf rdrdwdkYoabFmOD;u &efol\avSay:odkY twif;
ckefcsNyD;vQif avSay:odkYa&mufonfESifYwNyKdifeuf vSHESpfpif;ESifYtwif;xdk;í cg;rS"m;cRwfum 0ifa&mufckwfxpf
onfhjyif EdkifykHray:onfESifY vSHESifY"m;udkcsum ygvmaom *&eufaoewfESifYypfcwfav\/ xdkolckefcsNyD;aemuf
usefoabFmom;wdkYonf toD;oD; wa,mufNyD;wa,muf avSxJodkYckefcsí xdk;ypfckwfxpfMuav&m usefoabFm
ESpfpif;rS oabFmom;wdkYvnf; aemufrSvmaom &efolYavSwyfudk *&eufESifY twif;eif;umypfcwfMuojzifY
aemufqkH;ü &efolYwyfysufí xGufajy;&av\/ &efolrsm;rSm oabFmryg avScsnf;omjzpfí atmifjrifjcif;
jzpfav\/ odkYxGufajy;aomfvnf; rdrdwdkYrSm ½kwfw&ufckcH&ojzifY &efoludkvdkufírwdkuf0HYyJ reufvif;onfhwdkif
xdkae&muyif apmifYMuyfjyifqifae&av\/
]] b,fYES,faewkef; yifwdkaexGef; tawmfemoGm;ovm; }}
yifwdkaexGef;onf jzLpifaomtdyf&may:wGif rsufvkH;udkarS;íae&mrS ...
]] aMomf ...AdkvfrSL;rif;vm;? enf;enf;awmY awmfygNyD }} [kajymvdkufavonf/
yifwdkonf &efolYvufeufudk y"merxm;bJ oabFmOD;rS a½S;OD;pGmckefcsoljzpfav&m OD;acgif;ütenf;i,f
"m;'Pf&mxdoGm;ojzifY &efolwdkYxGufajy;NyD;aemuf tdrfawmfokdY,laqmifum ay:wl*Daq;q&mudktyfESHí &dab½dk
udk,fwdkif apmifYMuyfumukoaejcif;jzpf\/ pifppftm;jzifY nuta&;wGif yifwdkom 'Pf&m&monfr[kwf/
yoDav;a,mufESifY uyÜvDckepfa,muf? ay:wl*Dwa,muf? uv,fppfom; 10ausmfavmuf 'Pf&m&í
oabFmom; 15a,muf aoqkH;&avonf/ wdkif;&if;om;rGefjrefrmwdkYum; ppfom;tjzpfESifY tokH;rjyKcJYojzifY
,ckvdkta&;wGif at;aq;pGmaeMu&\/
umwm&Demonfum; AdkvfcsKyfrif;u ppfbufwGiftrSKxrf;&ef rSmMum;rypfcJYbJ ppfwdkufcdkif;onfhtwGuf
&dab½dktay:wGif tjypfwifvsuf½Sd&m ...&dab½dku ...
]] olYudk uRefawmfrcdkif;&ygbl; AdkvfcsKyfuawmf }}
]] ½Sifrcdkif;&if b,folcdkif;ovJ }}
]] uReaf wmfu tdraf wmfrmS om jyefNy;D apmifaY e&r,fvYkd cdik ;f ygw,f/ olu
Y adk r;Munhyf g ...olu tdraf wmfrmS
pdwfcs&atmifvkyfypfcJYygNyDqdkNyD;awmY twif;0ifwdkufwmygyJ/ uRefawmfYrSmvnf; ta&;wBuD;ESifYrdkY aemufxyf
ajymcsdefr½SdvdkY Munfhaevdkuf&awmYwmyJ ...}}
]] 'DvdkjzifY rodbl;? AdkvfcsKyfrif;jyefvmawmYom olYvl 'Pf&mxdwmjrif&if ½SifwdkYajymMuayawmY?
uRefrESifYawmY rqdkifygbl; }}
xdkpum;udkajymNyD;vQif umwm&Demonf tcef;xJrSxGufoGm;av\/ aq;q&mESifY &dab½dkvnf; yifwdk\
teD;ü tawmfMumatmifaeNyD;vQif olemjyKwdkYtm; vTJtyfypfcJYí tjyif{nfhcHcef;BuD;odkY xGufvmMuav\/
]] 'Doli,fudk AdkvfcsKyfBuD;u csD;a`rSmufwm[m csD;a`rSmufxdkufayw,f }}
]] bmjzpfvdkYvJ Adkvfrif; }}
]] raeYnuta&;rSm olomryg&if tawmfusyfw,f }}
]] qdkprf;ygOD; }}
]] &efolu ta&;omaevdkY uRefawmfwdkY aemufqkwf&vkcgeD; b,fvdkBuH&rSmrodwkef; jAKef;ueJ &efolY
avSxJudk 'Doli,fu ckefcsvdkufwm uRefawmfwdkYawmif rodvdkufbl; }}
]] awmfygayw,f? pGefYpGefYpm;pm; ...}}
 ]] tJ'DawmYrS uRefawmfwdkYvnf; tBuH&NyD; tukefvkH; ckefcs&awmYwmyJ }}
]] 'Doli,fu &efolYavSxJa&mufawmY b,fvkdvkyfowkH; }}
]] tdk ...bmajymaumif;rvJ? wcgwnf; vSaH &m? "m;a&m? *&eufaoewfa&m pkaH eatmifwu kd w
f o
YJ yl gyJ/
uRefawmfwdkY Oa&mywdkufom; ay:wl*DtrsKd;om;xJrSmawmif 'Dvdkvl tifrwef½Sm;w,f }}
]] jrefrmawG[m owÅdawmY tifrwefaumif;w,f? b,fvlrsKd;eYJrS rwlbl;/ [Hom0wD eE´rif;vufxuf
xdkif;udkvmwdkufawmY uRefawmf t,k'¨NrKdUrSm½SdaevdkY jrif&zl;w,f }}
]] [kwfw,f? owÅdawmYaumif;yg&JU? owÅdaumif;oavmuf ynmr½SdvdkY 'Dvdkz½dkz&Jjzpfaewm ...}}
]] ynmr½Sdqdk olwdkY pnf;vkH;nDnGwfjcif;qdkwJYoabmudk em;vnfykHr&bl;? OmPfynmuawmY tdE´d,u
ukvm;awGxuf trsm;BuD;omw,f }}
]] 'grSefw,f? OmPfynmuawmY uRefawmfwdkY Oa&mywdkufom;awGeJYrxl;ygbl;/ nDnGwfjcif;&JUwefcdk;udk
em;rvnfwmawmY xif&Sm;w,f/ tckMunfhav ...tif;0rSm wrif;? awmifilrSm wrif;? jynfNrKdUrSm wrif;?
Zif;r,frSm wrif;? [Hom0wDrSm wrif; tcsif;csif;ppfjzpfaeMuwm/ tJ'DolawG[m tukefvkH;jrefrmcsnf;yJ/
'gwifruao;bl; olwcYkd si;f aqGrsK;d awmfvu kd Mf uao;w,f/ tckajymwJY bk&ifawG[m bk&ifaY emif&UJ nD&if;om;&if;
aqGrsKd;t&if;tcsmawGcsnf;yJ ...}}
]] [kwfw,f b,fYES,fYvlawGrSef;rodbl;/ trsKd;om;BuD;yGm;a&;em;rvnfwm tqdk;qkH;yJ }}
]] aemufqkH;wGufMunfhvdkufawmY olwdkY'DvkdjzpfvdkYvJ uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHudk0ifEdkifwm/ 'gawmif
ckxufxd owdr&Muao;bl;/ raeYwaeYuyJ tif;0bk&ifu jynfNrKdUudk wdkufNyD;odrf;oGm;w,fvdkYMum;&w,f }}
aq;q&mu ukvm;xdkifudk nifompGma½SUwdk;NyD;vQif pm;yGJay:odkY wHawmifqpfESpfckudkcsum jznf;jznf;
toHudkESdrfYí ...
]] 'gxuf 'Doli,fudk AdkvfcsKyfuawmfu tawmf*½kpdkufygvm; ...}}
]] 'grSmawmY AkdvfcsKyfBuD;udk,fwdkifu ,kHMunfaewJY tcspfawmfuRef,kHwa,mufjzpfaewmudk;/ NyD;awmYvJ
'Doli,fu olYrsKd;½dk;bmomESifY ½dk;&mqHyifudky,fNyD; ay:wl*DqHjzwfxm;wmomMunfhav/ pmvnf;wwfw,f
q&m&JU? 'gawGaMumifY ...}}
]] aMomf ...'Dvdkqdk&ifawmY awmfyg&JU? EdkYr[kwf&if ...}}
pum;rqkH;cif umwm&Demonf rdrdwdkY½Sd&m {nfcef;odkYvmaeonfudk jrif&ojzifY tjcm;pum;udk vTJajymif;
ajymqdv k u kd af v\/ aemufEpS &f ufavmufMumaomtcg 'Pf&mrSm tawmfoufomvmojzifY Adv k rf LS ;&dab½dv k nf;
pdk;&drfp&mr½SdawmYNyD[k oabmydkufí rdrdwdkufodkYjyefoGm;av\/
umwm&Demonf opfvGifaomt0wfwdkYudk 0wfqifí rsufESmudkvnf; oeyfcg;rSKefY? eHYomrSKefYwdkYjzifY
xkHBuKdifatmifvdrf;usHvsuf yifwdkaexGef;½Sd&mtcef;odkY 0ifvmNyD;vQif ckwifay:wGif wifyg;vTJxdkifum yifwdk\
ezl;udk vufESifYoyf&if; ...
]] b,fYES,fvJ yifwdk ...oufomNyDvm; }}
]] oufomygNyD ocifr? rpdk;&drfygeJY }}
]] AdkvfcsKyfBuD;jyefvm&if rrudk tjypfwifawmYrSmyJ }}
]] udpör½Sdygbl;? uRefawmf ckcHavQmufygYr,f }}
umwm&Demu yifwdk\vufwzufudkudkifum ...
]] vufawGbmawGa&m xdoGm;ao;ovm; }}
]] rxdygbl; ocifr }}
]] pm;vdkYaomufvdkYa&m aumif;&JUvm; }}
]] aumif;ygw,f }}
]] bmrsm;pm;csifovJ? pm;csifwm½Sd&ifajym/ reufu oabFmuvmydkYwJY pyspfoD;awGeJY urÁvmoD;awG
½Sdw,f? pm;rvm; }}
]] aeygap ocifr? reufjzefusrS pm;ygYr,f }}
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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jzpf&r,f xifyg&JU }}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tcef; ( 5 )

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]] vGefr,f ocifr }}
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]] tcktcsdefrSmawmY ...}}
]] bmjzpfovJ a½SUqufvdkufprf; }}
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]] 'DvdkrSaygY ...}}
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]] 'gawGaMumifY 'ku©a&mufaewm ...}}
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]] aer,fav }}
 ]] rru tifrweftwifY&Jw,f? jzpfrSmr[kwfbl; ...yg;pyfuomajymaewm }}
]] 'gjzifY b,fYES,fvkyfcsifovJ }}
]] uRefawmf 'Du wcgwnf;xGufoGm;csifNyD }}
]] wa,mufwnf;vm; }}
]] wa,mufwnf;aygY }}
umwm&Demu 0rf;enf;aomrsufESmjzifY ...
]] rrudk ypfxm;cJYawmYr,faygYav ...}}
]] cufw,f rr&,f? ypfrxm;vdkY ac:oGm;&rSmvm; }}
tenf;i,f &yfwefYawG;awmaeNyD;rS umwm&Demu ...
]] yifwdk ...}}
]] bmvJ }}
]] rrudk t[kwfcspf&JUvm; }}
]] 'Dtajca&mufrS ar;p&mr½Sdygbl; rr&,f }}
]] 'gjziYf rrudkyg wygwnf;ac:oGm;yg/ yifwdkr½Sd&if rrawmY aevdkYjzpfawmYrSmr[kwfbl;? xm;cJY&if
rr ao&vdrfYr,f }} [k toHwkefwkef&D&DESifY idkíajymonf/
]] usyfvdkufwm? b,fajy;&rSef;awmif rodbl; }}
]] ajy;csif&majy;? rrawmY rodbl; }}
]] rr tqif;&JcHEdkifygYrvm; }}
]] bmjzpfvdkYvJ }}
]] tckqkdawmY AdkvfcsKyfuawmfrdkY csrf;csrf;omomae&w,f/ uRefawmfeJYvdkufvmawmY b,ftjzpfrsKd;
a&mufr,frodbl; }}
]] jzpf&mb0rSmaysmfr,f? yifwdkeJYae&&ifNyD;a&m ...}}
yifwdku ½kwfw&uftBuHaygufum ...
]] jrefrmrif;½Sd&m tif;0udk ajy;MupdkY }}
]] jrefrmEdkifiHxJom xGufajy;vdkY vGwfrSmr[kwfbl; }}
]] bmjzpfvdkYvJ }}
]] tck *dk0gudkjyefoGm;wm bmrSwfvdkYvJ? bk&ifcHcsKyfBuD;qD ppfuloGm;awmif;wm? tjyefus&ifMunfhyg?
ppfoabFmawGa&m? ppfom;awGa&m? vufeufawGa&mygvmvdrrYf ,f/ tJ'gawGeYJ jrefrmEdik if w H ckv;Hk tukew f u
kd Nf y;D
odrf;rvdkYwJY ...}}
]] wEdkifiHvkH;odrf;zdkYawmY cJ,Of;ygw,f }}
]] taMumif;vnf;rodbJeJY? tDZy,fvm;udk Anm;EG,feJYay;pm;wm bmjzpfvdkYxifovJ? ta&;½Sd&if
ulnD&atmif ay;pm;xm;wm }}
]] aeprf;ygOD;? tDZy,fvm;qdkwm 'Du AdkvfcsKyfrif;orD;qdk ...}}
]] [kwfw,f olYorD;yJ }}
]] 'gjzifY rrorD;aygY }}
umwm&Demu pdwfqdk;aomtrlt&mjzifY ...
]] 'DrSmaewmvJ MumvSNyD? ckxufxd rodbl;vm;/ tDZy,fvm;u rrxuf 10ESpfxJi,fwmyJ? b,fu
udk,fYorD;[kwf&rSmvJ }}
]] 'gjzifY b,folu arG;wmvJ }}
]] 'Dvdk yifwdk&JU? a½S;OD;pGm rr&JUtpfrBuD; ]]uavmY}} qdkwmudk ZGifumulu ,lw,f? 'DawmY rru
udk;ESpforD;avmuf½SdOD;r,f/ aemuf olwdkYnm;NyD; tDZy,fvm;udkarG;w,f? tDZy,fvm; ajcmufESpforD;½SdawmY
tpfrBu;D uavmY qk;H oGm;yga&m? tJ'geYJ rdbrsm;u ZGiu f mul aemufxyf wjcm;rde;f rwa,mufu,kd &l if tDZy,fvm;
twGuf 'ku©a&mufrSmpdk;vdkY rrESifYqufNyD; vufxyfvdkufwm/ vufxyfwkef;u rr 16ESpf½Sdao;w,f? BuKdufvdkY
,l&wmr[kwfbl;? rr OD;BuD; *dk0gbk&ifcHcsKyfBuD;ESifY rdbrsm;u twif;t"r®ay;pm;vdkY ,lxm;&wm? b,frSm
udk,fYxuftoufBuD;wJY rkqdk;zdkudk ,lcsifrvJ }}
]] aMomf ...'Dvdkudk;? tDZy,fvm;[m rrorD;r[kwfEdkifrSef;awmY odygw,f/ 'gaywJY ajymoHMum;awmY
arG;pm;wJYorD;vdkY atmufarYaewmyJ }}
]] wlrvJ[kwf orD;vJ[kwfwmyJ? ckawmY rmeBuD;csifw,f }}
]] rruvJ jyefBuD;jyvdkufygvm; }} yifwdku NyKH;íajymonf/
umwm&Demu tm;&auseyfpGm NyKH;&,fum ...
]] yifwdkeJYae&awmYrS ...}
]] 'gxuf ckwifu pum;jyefqufygOD; }}
]] tJ'D tDZy,fvm;&JUa,mu©r rkwÅru Anm;'veJYaygif;NyD; jrefrmjynftukefvkH;udk odrf;ydkufzdkY
BuHxm;w,f/ Anm;'vuvnf; xdkif;vufatmufcHrdkY xdkif;uppful&EdkifowJY? 'Duvnf; *dk0gu ppful&Edkifw,f/
NyD;awmY wcsufu jrefrmawGtcsif;csif; rnDnGwfMubl;? Munfhygvm; awmifilrSmwrif;? jynfrSmwrif;? tif;0rSm
wrif;? Zif;r,frSmvJ wrif;? olwdkYtcsif;csif;uGJNyD; z½dkz&J jzpfcsifwdkif;jzpfaewmudk jrifw,fr[kwfvm;? 'Dvdk
jzpfav ...'Du oabmusavyJ }}
]] qdkygOD; }}
]] 'DvdktcsufawGaMumifY 'DuBuHwdkif; txajrmufzdkYu rsm;aew,f/ a½S;OD;pGm awmifiludk,lr,f? NyD;awmY
jynfNrKdUudk,lr,f/ jynfNrKdU&awmYrS cHwyfBuD;wck tBuD;tus,fwnfaqmufNyD; ppfonftiftm; pkaqmif;rwJY/
tJ'Du aeom;usawmYrS rdk;wGif; tif;0csDNyD; wEdkifiHvkH;udk tukefodrf;rvdkYcsdefxm;w,f }}
]] csdefaeyg? jynfNrKdUudk tif;0uodrf;oGm;NyD }}
]] 'g t&ifwek ;f u Bux H m;wmudak jymwm? tckb,fEY ,S f BuOH ;D r,frodao;bl;/ tif;0yg wcgwnf;wdu
k Nf y;D
odrf;vdkufawmY Nidrf;a&maygY }}
]] &vdrfYr,f xifae? tif;0bk&ifu vpfpAkef;(vpöbGef;)NrKdUawmfu ay:wl*Dbk&ifxufawmif bkef;wefcdk;
BuD;ao;w,f }}
]] jrefrmYtaMumif; rr aumif;aumif;odygw,f? Munfhomaeyg jrefrmrSm owÅdom½Sdwm? nDnGwfjcif;
r½SdvdkY 'Dudk rrwdkY a&mufvm&wmaygY }}
]] ckajymwmawG[m rrtxifeJYajymwmvm;? [kwfr,f rxifygbl; }}
]] [kwf&mu ydkaeao;w,f }}
]] 'DvdktaMumif;rsKd; AdkvfcsKyfrif;u uRefawmfYudk wcgrSrajymzl;ygbl;? [kwf&ifajymrSmaygY }}
]] ajymr,f ...[kwfw,f armifYvdkvlpm;udk? 'Dudkawmif r,m;rdkYvdkYajymwm/ &dab½dkawmif rod&bl; }}
]] 'gjzifY b,fYES,fvkyfrvJ }}
]] tdEd´,jynfxGufajy;vJ vGwfrSmr[kwfbl;? ay:wl*DawG ta&muftaygufenf;wJY *syefuRef;qdkwmawmY
½Sdw,f/ b,fuoGm;&rSef;rodbl;? tJ'DudkxGufajy;EkdifrS pdwfcs&rSm }}
]] usyfvdkufwm rr&,f }}
]] 'DrSmom aejrJaeyg? odwJYwaeY udk,fuOD;atmif BuHvdkufwmaygY }}
]] BuHwmuaemuf ao&rSmutvsif }}
aemufwaeYn pmMunfh&if; rdrdae&mü puúLrifa&; vufa&;pmwapmifudk awGU&ojzifY udkifMunhf&m
jrefrmbmomjzifY ...
]] rdwfaqGBuD; yifwdkaexGef;
ynm½Sdaomfvnf; owdjzpfcJygonf/ tmZmenfyDoaom a,mufsm;jrwfwdkYrnfonf opömapmifYod½dk;
½Sdygonf ...}}
yifwdkonf pmudkzwfNyD;vQif rwfwwf&yfum [dk[dkonfonfMunfh½SKaomfvnf; bmudkrQrawGU&ojzifY
xdwfvefYwkefvSKyfum umwm&Demtcef;qDodkYvmcJYav&m vrf;wGif ukvm;rav; ar&,efudk awGU&av\/
]] ar&,ef? igr½Sdwkef; igYtcef;xJ b,folrsm;0ifovJ }}
 ]] rjrifbl; ocif }}
ar&,efrSm rdrdudk txl;*½kpdkufíjyKpkaom tapcHrav;jzpfNyD; t&m&mwGif ,kHMunfpdwfcs&aomaMumifY
rdrt d jcm;odx Yk u
G o f mG ;vQif tcef;udMk unf½h KS &efrmS cJaY vY½\
dS / yifwo
kd nf pmudk umwm&Dem;tm;jy&m umwm&DemrSm
jrefrmpmrwwfojzifY rdrduzwfNyD; ajymjy&av\/
]] b,folrsm;ygvdrfY }} umwm&Demu pOf;pm;&if;ajymonf/
]] 'DtdrfrSm jrefrmpum;wwfwm b,fESa,mufavmuf½SdovJ }}
]] rreJY tapcHrawGuvGJ&if a,mufsm;rSeforQ enf;enf;awmY wwfMuwmcsnf;yJ }}
xdkaeYrSpí yifwdkaexGef;rSm tcsufudkomMunfhí owd0D&d,ESifYae&av\/ aemufwvausmfavmuf
½Sdaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfrif;jyefvm&m umwm&Demajymonfhtwdkif;yif ppfoabFm½Spfpif;ESifY vufeufudkif ppfom;
tjynfhygvmav\/ ukdcsifNrKdUae umwm&Dem\armif tvDcefqdkolvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrif;ESifYtwl *dk0grS ygvmav\/
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ZGifumulESifYawGUojzifY rdrdudpövnf;NyD;pD;NyDjzpfaomaMumifY wygwnf;vdkufygvmcJYjcif;jzpf\/
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wdkifyifum A&if*sDbmomodkY r0if0ifatmif ajcmufvSefYíoGwfoGif;&\/ taMumif;rlum; rdrdwdkif;oljynfom;
wdkYonf Ak'¨bmomt,l0g'udk vdkufempGJjrJaeMuaomaMumifYwnf;/ odkYjzpfí [Hom0wDESifY oefvsifNrKdU
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aomaMumifY atmufygtrdefYESpf&yfudkvnf; xkwfqifYawmfrlav\/
( 1 ) rnfolrqdk A&if*sDbmomodkY r0ifvQifrae&/
( 2 ) Ak'¨bmombkef;BuD;wdkYudk ray;rurf;&/
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tm;vkH;aomolwdkY rvdkufemao;onfudk od&ojzifY 'kwd,trdefYudk xyfíxkwfjcif;jzpfavonf/ xdktrdefYtwdkif;
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bmom txifcH r,l0HYMu/ Ak'¨bmombkef;BuD;wdkYudkvnf; t&m½SdA&if*sDukvm;rsm; rod&atmif wdwfwdwfykef;
vSL'gef;Mu&av\/ tcsKUd aom Ak'b ¨ mombke;f Bu;D wdv Yk nf; awmifiEl iS tYf if;0odYk ajy;Muav\/ use½f adS om bke;f Bu;D
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uRef;rS Ak'¨bmomr[kwfaom oD[dkVfvlrsKd;wdkY xdktcg oefvsifa&mufvmMu\/ AdkvfcsKyfrif;onf omoemudk
jyKpk½kHrQru ppfbuftwGuf vufeufud&d,m ppfonftiftm;jznfhwif;&ef a½S;uxuf tcGeftwkwfwdkYudkvnf;
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r½SdpOf &cdkifuvmí wdwfwqdwfwdkufcdkufaomta&;ü yifwkdaexGef;\pGefYpm;ykHudk AdkvfcsKyfuawmfESifY &dab½dku
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ppfbufütrSKxrf;&ef rdrdudk,fwdkif ay:wl*DppftwwfESifY jrefrmppfqifykHudk oifMum;ay;av\/ taMumif;rlum;
yifwdkudk ppfAdkvfuav; cefYvdkaomaMumifYwnf;/
 ZGiu f mul\tkycf sKyjf cif;onf oufO;D qHyikd jf zpfaom jrefrmbk&ifw\ Ykd tkypf ;kd jcif;xuf qd;k 0g;vsu½f adS v\/
taMumif;rlum; ZGifumulonf jrefrmpepftwdkif; oufOD;qHydkiftkyfpdk;aeonfhtjyif tcGeftwkyfukdvnf;
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pnf;Muyfvsuf½Sdav\/
taMumif;rlum; xdktcgü ay:wl*Dydkif rdkvkumuRef; (,cktcg pydefydkif? rma,mYumtoif;wnf½Sd&m
rma,mYumuRef;) w0dkufudk pydefwdkYu wdkufcdkufodrf;,laeojzifY *dk0grSwqifY ay:wl*Djynf vpfpAkef;NrKdUawmfodkY
oefvsiu f ppfp&dwaf xmufae&aomaMumifw Y nf;/ odjYk zpfí waeYxufwaeY tcGeo f pfw;kd vsu½f &dS m vltrsm;wdrYk mS
iwfrw G vf suf pdwEf v S ;Hk nSK;d EGr;f Muonfjh yif rdrwd rYkd ½d ;kd zvm Ak'o ¨ moemawmfuv kd nf; emMunf;atmif tjyif;txef
ESyd pf ufzEd ydS xf m;ojzifY tm;rwefíom rmefavsm&Y onf[al om tjzpfrsK;d odaYk &mufum oem;p&mjzpfaeMuav\/
xdkuJYodkY oem;p&mjzpfykHudk tjrGufrQodom&ef rMumrDujzpfysufaom O['g½kPfwckudk xkwfjyaytHY/
]] bmvJ armifrif; }}
]] [Hom0wDNrKdUpGefem;u tkwfykHwckzsufaewkef; jrefrmawGu0dkif;vmNyD; uRefawmfYudk½dkufESufr,fvkyfvdkY
ajy;vmcJY&ygw,f }}
AdkvfcsKyfrif;onf ESKwfcrf;udkoyfum a'goxGufaomtrlt&mESifY ...
]] armifrif;rSm aemufvdkufygroGm;bl;vm; }}
vufatmufcH ay:wl*Dt&m½Sduav;onf aMumuf½GHUpGmrwfwwf&yfae&if; ...
]] ig;a,mufwnf; ac:oGm;ygw,f }}
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ojzifY rnfolrQ wtHYwMoem;axmifí ½Sifbk&iftay:ütjypfqdkol rawGU&ay/ taMumif;rlum; ,ckwavmwGif
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ausmif;awmfBuD;av;ausmif;teuf q&mawmf ]]o'¨r®'d0gu&}} aecJYzl;aomausmif;wdkufonf oHCm 600ausmf
700avmuf½í dS tpnfum;qk;H jzpf\/ ,cktcg rEÅav;½Sd rpd;k &drw f u
kd af wmfBu;D uJoY w
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OuúXjzpfaom r[max&f eE´om&xH0ifa&mufí A&if*sDbmomodkYul;ajymif;&efajymjy&mrS tcsif;pum; yGm;rsm;
NyD;vQif wa,mufwcGef;ajymqdkMuav&m oHCmawmf 300avmufvnf; q&mawmfeE´om&teD;wGif½Sdav\/
ZGifumulonf jrefrmomomjzifY ...
]] uREkfyftmPmudk rvdkufembl; vdkufemr,f wcGef;yJajymyg }}
]] rvdkufemEdkifbl; }}
]] tm;vkH; bkef;BuD;awG 'ku©a&mufukefr,f? jyefpOf;pm;ygOD; }}
]] pOf;pm;p&mr½Sdbl; wumawmf }}
]] cifAsm;wdkY 'DvdkaeNyD; tcGefray;bJaevdkY usKyfEdkifiHxJrSm rxm;Edkifbl; }}
]] [kwfw,f? wdkYu rif;udktcGefay;&r,f }}
]] pum;udk aumif;aumif;ajymprf; bkef;BuD; }}
q&mawmfu rcsdoGm;jzJ&,fum ...
]] atmifrm usKyfwdkYudkyJ armifu pum;aumif;aumif;ajymprf; cdkif;&ao;oudk;? w,f[kwfwJYvlyJ }}
 ]] A&if*sDbmomr0if&if armifrif;wdkYudk 'Dvdkrxm;Edkifbl;? tcGefaumuf&vdrfYr,f }}
q&mawmfu a'goxGufaomtrlt&mjzifY ...
]] ajymwkef;qdkwkef; w,f½dkif;wJYukvm;yJ }}
ZGifumulonf xdkpum;udkMum;onfESifYwNyKdifeuf &mZrmefaygufí toifYjyifqifvmaomaoewfjzifY
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bkef;BuD;rsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkYtem;½Sd wHcg;axmufponfwdkYjzifY ckcH½dkufESufMuav\/ q&mawmfrSmum; wcgwnf;
yGJcsif;NyD; ysHvGefawmfrl½Smav\/
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tcsufay;um *&eufaoewfESifYypfcwfav&m tm;vkH;NidrfíoGm;av\/ xdkYaemufrS rdrd\twdkifyifcHt&m½Sd
jzpfaom [Hom0wDNrKdU0efESifYwdkifyifum om,mnif;aysmif;ajymí A&if*sDbmomodkY t0ifcdkif;av\/ odkY&mwGif
q&mawmfeE´om&uJYodkY acgif;rmaombkef;BuD;rsKd;udkum; xdkenf;rjcm;jyK&ef BuHpnfvsufyif½Sd\/ xdkaeYrSpí
acgif;rmaombkef;BuD;[lívnf; rawGU&awmYay/ Ak'¨omomem0efxrf; &[ef;awmft½SifjrwfwdkYonf ZGifumul
ESyd pf ufonft h wGuf tif;0ESiaYf wmifio l Ykd xGuaf jy;oluajy;? tcsKUd ud,
k af wmfrsm;vnf; c&D;udak MumufojzifY jzpfovdk
BuzH efum A&if*sb D momodYk 0ifygawmYrnf[k y#dnmOfay;vsu?f aq;0g;rEÅ&m;0goemygol ud, k af wmftcsKUd uvnf;
AdkvfvkyfNyD;wdkufcdkuf&ef wdwfwdwfykef;BuHpnfaeMuav\/
txufygtjzpftysufrsm; jzpfysufNyD;aemuf wvavmufyif aeYpOf&ufquf [Hom0wDNrKdUolNrKdUom;
vltrsm;wdo Yk nf ausmif;awmfBu;D odaYk &mufvmum ido k u
l id?k trav;woluw y&da'0rD; zdp;D awmufavmifvsuf
tcsKdUuvnf; bk&ifYaemifac: [Hom0wD qifjzL½Sifrif;w&m;BuD;udk u,fvSnfhygOD;qdkí wrf;widkaMuG;Muaom
toHwdkYrSm qlnHvsuf½Sdav\/ [Hom0wDNrKdU0efrSm Ak'¨bmom0ifjzpfaomfvnf; oefvsifrSwGJzufcefYxm;aom
ay:wl*Dt&m½SdudkaMumuf½GHUojzifY ausmif;awmfBuD;odkY oGm;a&mufidkaMuG;aomolwdkYudk vufodyfxdk;awmif;yefum
aemufaemif roGm;Muatmif wm;jrpfxm;aomaMumifY wvavmufom idkaMuG;cGifY&Muav\/ pdwfxifoavmuf
oGm;a&mufidkaMuG;&ygrl tESpfw&myif qufvufíidkaMuG;Murnfxif\/
waeYoü Adv k cf sKyrf if;ZGiu
f mulonf yifwadk exGe;f udak c:í ]]yifw?kd 'DpmudMk unfph rf;}} qdo k jzifY yifwo
kd nf
AdkvfcsKyfrif;xHrSpmudkzwfMunfh&m jrefrmbmomjzifYa&;xm;aom atmufygpmwdkYudkawGU&av\/
( 1 ) ae\ta&mifaMumifY aumif;uifwckv;Hk onf xdev f if;íaeav&m aea&mifjcnfonf rnfrQavmuf
ysHESHYrnfukd rodEdkif/
( 2 ) ork'´&mü tHYzG,f½Spfyg;½Sdaomfvnf; avwdkufvQif vSKdif;wHydk;xNrJjzpfojzifY avudkumuG,fzdkY&ef
ta&;BuD;\/ xdkavonf aveDMurf;jzpfavonf/
( 3 ) awmifxdyfrSpD;usaom a&wHcGefonf tvGefw&mtm;oefítpD;jrefaomfvnf; tawGUrSm at;jr
aomaMumifY okH;pGJwwfvQif yuwda&xuf tzdk;wef\/
yifwdkonf xdkpmudkzwf&if; tvGefw&mpl;pdkufaom trlt,m½SdNyD;vQif pmzwfNyD;onfESifYwNyKdifeuf
tHYMoaomrsufESmxm;jzifY ...
]] b,fYES,fpmvJ AdkvfcsKyfrif;? uRefawmfawmY bmrSem;rvnfbl; }}
]] rif; bmem;vnfrvJ? vQKdU0SufwJYpum;eJY a&;xm;wmudk; }}
xdkodkYajymaepOf tcef;wGif;odkY [Hom0wDNrKdU0ef 0ifvmojzifY yifwdkonf jyL;uvl;jymuvmjzpfum
pmudk tusÐtdwfxJodkY xnfhvdkufav\/
ZGifumulu &,fí ...
]] udpör½Sdygbl; yifwdk? NrKdU0efrif;u 'Dpmudk t"dyÜg,fjyefr,fYolyg }}
NrKdU0efonf rwfwwf&yfum t½dkaoay;í ukvm;xdkifay:üxdkifNyD;vQif ...
]] pmb,frSmvJ AdkvfcsKyfrif; }}
]] yifwdk pmay;vdkufprf;yg }}
NrKdU0efonf pmudkzwfNyD; ...
]] b,fYES,foabm&ovJ AdkvfcsKyfrif; }} [kar;vdkufav\/
 ]] t"dygÜ ,fuawmY vk;H apYywfapY bmomrjyefwwfb;l ? vd&k if;awmYoyd gw,f ...tif;0u r[m"r®&mZm
wefcdk;BuD;aevdkY olYvufatmufudk tnHhcH0if&if oufomr,fvdkY qdkvdkw,fr[kwfvm; }}
]] rSefygw,f }}
]] vkH;apYywfapY jyefprf;ygOD;av }} ZGifumulu ajymvdkufav\/
]] yxrtydk'f ae\ta&mifqdkwm tif;0rif;&JUbkef;a&mifudk qdkwmyJ? b,favmuf bkef;a&mif ysHUESHYr,f
rodEdkifbl;vdkY qdkvdkw,f/ 'kwd,tydk'fu ork'´&mqdkwm AdkvfcsKyfrif;udk qdkwmyJ? tHYzG,f½Spfyg;qdkwm AdkvfcsKyfrif;&JU
bkef;wefcdk;udk csD;usL;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ avwdkufvQifqdkwmu tif;0uwdkufvQif vSKdif;xovdk oefvsifNrKdU
qlomG ;vdrrYf ,fvYkd qdv
k w kd ,f/ 'gaMumifY aveJw Y w l YJ wdu
k cf u
kd jf cif;udk umuG,yf gvdq
Yk w
kd myJ/ av[mvJ aveDMurf;wJ/Y
tif;0rif;[m Murf;wrf;w,fvdkY qdkvdkwmygyJ/ wwd,tydk'fu awmifxdyfrSpD;usaoma&wHcGefonf tm;oefNyD;
tpD;jrefw,fqdkwmu tif;0rif;&JU ppfonftiftm;[m tm;aumif;w,f? rMumrDvnf; tjynfjynfudk wdkufcdkuf
vdrrYf ,fvYkd qdv
k wkd ,f/ tawGUrSmat;jrw,fqw kd muawmY tif;0rif;[m xufw,f? odaYk omfvnf; vufatmufcH
vkyf&if at;at;ae&r,fvdkYqdkvdkw,f/ okH;pGJwwfvQif yuwda&xuftzdk;wefw,fvdkY qdkwmuawmY tif;0rif;
r[m"r®&mZm[m vufatmufcHNyD;aygif;wwfvQif onfhjyifrif;awGxuf oabmaumif;w,fvdkY qdkvdkw,f }}
]] pma&;wJYolujzifY r[m"r®&mZmudk w,ftxifBuD;vdkufygvm; }}
yifwdkaexGef;u ...
]] aMomf ...'Dvdkudk;? uRefawmfjzifY enf;enf;rQr&dyfrdbl; }}
]] AdkvfcsKyfrif;&JU? pma&;wJYtwdkif; [kwfykH&w,f/ raeYwaeYu tif;0uvlwa,muf uRefawmfYqDvmvdkY
ar;MunfhawmY 'DpmrSmygwmxufydkao;w,f }}
]] 'DavmufvJ r[kwfygbl; }}
]] atmifr,f ...rvkyfeJY AdkvfcsKyfrif;? r[m"r®&mZmu tifrwefvJ owÅdaumif;w,f/ olYqDrSm
taocH&JwJY trmcHppfom;awGvnf; trsm;BuD;yJ? BuH&nfOmPf&nfuvJ tvGefaumif;owJY }}
]] csD;rGrf;vScsnf;vm; }}
]] csD;rGrf;wmr[kwfygbl;? ckaecg uRefawmfwdkYqDvm&if 'DrSm½SdwJY ppfonftiftm;avmufeJY ckcHEdkifzdkY&m
cJ,Of;vdrfYr,f/ 'gYaMumifY r[m"r®&mZmrif;qD oHvTwfNyD; azsmif;zsxm;zdkYaumif;w,f }}
ZGifumulu pdfwf"mwfwufMuGaomtrlt&mjzifY ...
]] rpdk;&drfygeJY NrKdU0efrif;&,f? uREkfyf Edkifeif;atmif wdkufcdkufjyygYr,f }}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tcef; ( 6 )

xdaYk emuf rMumrD ouú&mZf 972ckEpS w f iG f tif;0rif; r[m"r®&mZmonf oefvsio f u

Ykd m;rvm/ awmifiu l kd
wdkufodrf;oGm;aMumif;ESifY vuf½Sdawmifilbk&if ewf½Sifaemifudkyif bk&ifcHNrKdUpm;tjzpf ceYfxm;cJYaMumif; Mum;od
&av\/ r[m"r®&mZmrif;w&m;onf awmifiludkwdkufodrf;í awmifileef;udk rSefuif;csNyD;vQif awmifilbk&if
ewf ½ S i f a emif u d k y if bk & if c H N rKd U pm;tjzpf E S i f Y pD r H t k y f c sKyf a p&ef v T J t yf u m rd r d x H r S trwf B uD ; Anm;y&H u d k
ewf½SifaemifESifY wGJzuftkyfcsKyfap&efcefYxm;í &wemyl& t0a½TNrKdUawmfodkYcsDawmfrlav\/ odkYcsDwufawmfrl&mü
ewf½Sifaemif\nDawmf awmifiltdrfa½SUrif;a[mif; rif;&JausmfpGmESifY ewf½Sifaemif\ usefnDawmfokH;yg;udkvnf;
tif;0odkYac:vmcJY&m vrf;c&D; a½T&ifa`rSmfpcef;odkYa&mufaomtcg oefvsifiZifumtwGuf pdwfrcs&ojzifY
rif;&JausmfpGmudk ppfonfawmftvkH;t&if;ESifYwuGxm;cJY&ef tBuH&awmfrlí ausmufarmfpcef;üf rif;&JausmfpGmudk
ppfonfAdkvfygESifY cefYxm;cJYav\/
waeYoü [Hom0wDNrKdU0efrif;a&mufvmojzifY AdkvfcsKyfrif;onf &dab½dkESifY yifwkdaexGef;ukdac:í
av;a,mufom; xdkifrdMuaomtcg ZGifumulu ...
]] 'Dpmudk zwfprf; yifwdk }}
 auwk r wD awmif i l j ynf B uD ; ud k tpd k ; &awmf r l a ombk & if oD [ ol & rif ; w&m;BuD ; xH r S
ay;yd k Y v d k u f a om tvT m awmf

oD[ol& rif;w&m; Mum;a&mufvdkufygonf/ oefvsifAdkvfcsKyfrif;BuD; ZGifumul ...

taMumif;rSm tif;0bk&if r[m"r®&mZmonf uREkfyfESifYnDtpfudkawmfaom aqGrsKd;&if;csmjzpfygvsufESifY
uREfkyfEdkifiHudk wdkufcdkufzsufqD;um uREfkyftm; olYvufatmufcHjyKvkyfxm;onfhjyif nDawmfav;yg;ESifY qifaumif;
jrif;aumif; ol&Jaumif;wdkYudkvnf; tmrcHtjzpfodrf;,loGm;ygonf/ odkYjzpfí AdkvfcsKyfrif;u uREfkyfESifY r[mrdwf
zGJUí tif;0rif;udk wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufay;apvdkygonf/ ,ck awmifilrSmvnf; tif;0rif;u wGJzufcefYxm;aom
Anm;y&H½SdaeojzifY AdkvfcsKyfrif;u awmifilodkY ppfonfAdkvfygESifY vma&mufwdkufcdkufonfh[efrsKd; jyKvkyfNyD;vQif
uREfkyfudk oefvsifodkY ac:,lapvdkygaMumif; Mum;a&muftyfygonf tMunfawmf AdkvfcsKyfBuD; ZGifumul
ZGifumulu ...
]] b,fYES,f oabm&MuovJ? r[m"r®&mZmu w,f&rf;aeyguvm; }}
&dab½dku rsufarSmifMuKwfum pOf;pm;aomvu©PmjzifY ...
]] bk&ifewf½SifaemifqDu vmwmrSef&JUvm; }}
]] 'DrSmMunfhygvm;? ouúvwftdyfrSm wHqdyf&mESifYyJ? olYqDuvTwfwJY oHtrwf ]]Muuf½dk;yifpm;}}awmif
tck 'DrSm½Sdao;w,f }}
]] 'DrSmu ppfonftiftm; NrKdUapmifYavmuf½Sdwm? b,fYES,fvkyfrvJ }}
[Hom0wDNrKdU0efu ...
]] *dk0gudkrSmwmaygY Adkvfrif;? bmta&;BuD;ovJ ...rkwÅrESifYaygif;NyD;wdkuf&if rcHEdkifygbl; }}
[Hom0wDNrKdU0efrSm e*dkuyif ewf½SifaemifvljzpfojzifY pdwftm;xufoefaeay\/ ZGifumulu ...
]] [kwfw,f 'Dvdkvkyf&awmYrSmyJ }}
rMumrD &JrufAv kd yf gawmif;,l&ef *d0k godYk oabFmwpif;vTwv f u
kd &f m jyefvmaomtcg bmrQygrvmonfukd
awGU&av\/ taMumif;rSm ay:wl*DjynfwGif jynfwGif;a&;rNidrfrouf qlyGufvsuf½Sdonfhtjyif ay:wl*Dydkif
ta½SUbuf rdv k uk muRe;f wjyifuv kd nf; pydew f u
Ykd wdu
k cf u
kd o
f rd ;f ,laeojzifY ay:wl*yD ikd f Edik if [
H o
l rQwu
Ykd ppfonf
tiftm;ESifY ulnDae&aomaMumifY awmifilrif;udkulnD&ef oefvsifodkY ppfonftiftm;ESifY ray;vdkufEdkif/ odkYaomf
awmifirl if;u txifBu;D í ppfual wmif;avonfukd ray;bJaevQif aemufaemiftpOftquf ay:wl*t D rsK;d om;
wdkYtay: txifao;p&m½Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí &cdkif½Sdaom ay:wl*DwdkYESifYwuG oefvsif½Sd ay:wl*DwdkYudk pk½kH;um
awmifilrif;udk ulnDwdkufcdkufav[lí *dk0gbk&ifcHcsKyfu pmjyefav\/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
&wemyl& t0NrKdUawmfwGif r[m"r®&mZmrif;jrwfBuD;onf aeYvnf Adkvf½SKobif cHawmfrl&mü ...
]] b,fYES,fvJ 0efrif;rsm;? aemifawmf ewf½Sifaemif&JU r,fawmfrdzk&m;BuD; raeYu awmifiluajy;vm
yguvm;/ oefvsifu ukvm;eJY rkwÅru Anm;'vwdkYvmNyD; awmifiludkwdkufodrf;oGm;owJY/ awmifileef;ESifY
bk&m;wefaqmif; ausmif;jyom'fwdkYudkvJ rD;wdkufNyD; tdrfawGvnf;rD;½SKdU? vlawGvnf; oefvsifeJYrkwÅrudk ac:,l
oGm;owJY/ onfrQruao;bJ ausmufarmfpcef;txd vmwdkufvdkY rif;&JausmfpGmeJY trwfr[mwdkYvnf; qifOD;rSmyJ
qkH;&w,fvdkY qdkyguvm; }}
awmifilwdkufyGJü AdkvfrSL;0efBuD; oD&daZ,saemf&xm usqkH;ojzifY 4if;ae&mücefYxm;aom 0efY½Sifawmf
]]b,ausmfxif}}u vuf,Sufum oHawmfOD;wifonfrSm ...
]] bk&m;uRefawmf a½Tz0g;awmfjrwfatmuf ½Sdcdk;oHawmfOD;wif0HYygonfbk&m;/ ,ckaeYyif awmifilu
ajy;vmaomvlwpkwdkY uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYxH 0ifa&mufvmojzifY xdktaMumif;udkod&ygonf/ xdkrSwyg; ukvm;
iZifumonf awmifilESifY[Hom0wDw0dkuf½Sd apwDaygif; 300ausmfwdkYudkzsufqD;í XmyemwdkufwdkYudk azmuf,l
onfhtjyif [Hom0wDNrKdU bdk;awmf qifjzLrsm;½Sifrif;w&m;BuD;\ aumif;rSKjzpfaom q&mawmft½Sif o'¨r®'d0gu&
aecJYzl;onfhausmif;wdkufBuD;odkY iZifumudk,fwdkif ppfwyfESifYwufNyD; ,ckvuf½Sdq&mawmf eE´om&rax&fjrwfudk
A&if*sDbmomodkY t0ifcdkif;ygowJYbk&m;/ cdkif;vdkYr&awmY q&mawmf t½Sif eE´om&rax&fjrwfBuD;udk ...}}
 avQmufwif&if; b,ausmfxifonf idkoHygí toHwkefwkef&D&Djzpfvmav\/
]] wifrSmom wifprf;ygOD; armifrif; }}
]] rSefvSyg? ukvm;u q&mawmfY&if0udk aoewfESifYypfowfvdkY wcgwnf;yGJcsif;NyD; ysHvGefawmfrlygowJY
bk&m;/ onfhjyifvJ ...}}
bk&ifrif;jrwfonf ½kww f &uf &mZrmef½u S m vufo;Hk awmfoefvsuu f kd tdrrf cS Rwaf wmfrí l oefvsu½f ;kd ESiYf
&mZyv’ifudk aqmifYawmfrlNyD;vQif ...
]] igud, k af wmfjrwf wyg;vk;H ½Syd gvsuf jrwfpmG bk&m;omoemawmfukd tESyd pf ufc&H w,f/ 'Duv k m;udrk &&if
igraebl;/ ,ckcsDawmfrlr,f armifrif;rsm; }}
b,ausmx f if\ aemufq;Hk oHawmfO;D wifcsuu f Mkd um;onfEiS wYf NyKid ef uf cpm;íaeMuaom rif;nDrif;om;
rSL;rwftrsm;ESifYwuG tm;vkH;aom AdkvfykHy&dwfowfwdkYonf jzpfrSjzpf&av[k pkwfoyfum wdk;wdk;Budwfí
wdwfwdwfykef; w½kef;½kef;jzpfvsuf qdwfNidrfaomvSKyf½Sm;jcif;jzifY vSKyf½Sm;oGm;av\/
b,ausmfxifu ...
]] rSefvSyg? tjrefcsDawmfrlrS ta&;awmfvSygrnf/ qdkif;iHYawmfrlygvQif wkdif;oljynfom;vltrsm;ESifYwuG
omoemawmfxrf; &[ef;oHCmwdkYrSm onfhxufwdk;í ukvm;\ESdyfpufjcif;udk cH&zdkY½Sdygonfbk&m; }}
]] tBuHawmfudkodvdkY ukvm;xGufajy;rSmudk pdk;&drfrdw,f armifrif; }}
]] xGufajy;vdrfYr,fr[kwfbl;vdkY ,kHMunfygonfbk&m;? taMumif;rSm ukvm;udk,fwdkifu jrefrmEdkifiH
wckv;Hk udk odr;f ,lrnfBupH nfaeaMumif;od&ygonf/ a½S;OD;pGm awmifi, l Nl y;D onfah emuf jynfNrKUd ud, k rl ,f/ jynfNrKUd rSm
cHwyfwnfNyD; rdk;wGif;wGif aejynfawmfodkYyifcsD&ef tBuH½Sdygonfbk&m; }}
bk&ifrif;jrwfu NyKH;awmfrlí ...
]] w,fvmwJY ukvm;ygvm;? 'Dwcg taMumif;od&awmYrSmaygY }}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
awmifilbk&if ewf½Sifaemif oefvsifodkYqdkufa&mufaomtcg ZGifumulu &rufAdkvfygcif;usif;í twD;
trSKwfjzifY rdrdudk,fwdkif ppfwyfjzifYBuKdqdkum tdrfawmfodkYac:vmav\/ ewf½SifaemifESifYZGifumulrSm e*dkuyif
od&if;jzpf\/ taMumif;rlum; awmifib l &k if\ oabmwlncD sut f & ZGiu f mulukd oefvsiüf &cdik u f ud, k pf m;vS,f
tjzpfcefYtyfaomtcg ewf½Sifaemifonf awmifilü tdrfa½SUrif;tjzpf wnf½Sdonfhtjyif ta&;jrifaom ppfbk&if
rif;om;vnf;jzpfí t&m&mwGif zcifjzpfol awmifila½Teef;wnfrif;jrwfu vTJtyfxm;av&m xdktcgu
ZGifumulonf ewf½SifaemifxH jrefrmAk'¨bmomxkH;pHtwdkif; zdeyfcRwfum 'l;axmuf0wfcsvsuf t½dktaoay;í
rjywfrvyf oGm;a&mufcpm;cJYzl;\/ ewf½Sifaemifuvnf; ZGifumula&mufvmwdkif; crf;crf;em;em;{nfhcHí acwÅ
ae&ef tdr&f mponf ay;urf;vsuf qkawmfvmbfawmfrsm;csczYJ ;l \/ odjYk zpfí ewf½iS af emifEiS ZYf iG u f mulrmS [d, k cif
uyif txufatmufwef;tpm;rsK;d jzifY tuRr;f w0if qufqcH zYJ ;l aomaMumifv Y nf; ,ckrmS e*drk rl ysuf ajymqdv k suf
om½SdMuay\/
waMumif ; rS m vnf ; ewf ½ S i f a emif \ aus;Zl ; onf ZG i f u mul ü rsm;pG m ½S d c J Y z l ; ojzif Y ZG i f u mul o nf
ewf½Sifaemiftm; a½S;uuJYodkY e*dkrlrysuf ½dkaocefYnm;pGm½Sdav\/ odkY&mwGif zdeyfcRwfjcif;? 'l;axmuf0wfcsjcif;
wdkYudkum; rjyKawmYay/ owÅ0gwdkYrnfonf wOD;wa,muf\aus;Zl;udk rodwwfaomfvnf; tjcm;wa,muf
tay:üum; aus;Zl;odum qyfcsifaomqE´½Sdwwf\/ ZGifumulonf rlvaus;Zl;½SifBuD;jzpfol &cdkifbk&iftay:
aus;Zl;uef;cJYaomfvnf; rajymyavmufaom aus;Zl;\t½Sif ewf½Sifaemiftay:üum; aus;Zl;qyfcsifaom
qE´jzpfay:aeaomaMumifYwnf;/
ewf½Sifaemif? ZGifumul? umwm&Dem? &dab½dk? yifwdkaexGef;? [Hom0wDNrKdU0ef ajcmufOD;om;wdkY pm;yGJü
qkHum xdkifrdMuaomtcg ...
]] 'DvdkuGJU ZGifumul&JU? tck igYrSm aqG&if;rsKd;&if; jrefrmtrsKd;om;csif; &if;ESD;wJY nDawmftif;0bk&ifudk
ypfNyD; 'DudkvmcJYwm[m omrnr[kwfbl;/ aqGrsKd;xuf rif;wdkYtay:rSm tm;udk;,kHMunfNyD; aqGrsKd;&if;ru
xifrw S v
f o Ykd m vmcJw Y mjzpfw,f/ 'DawmY igu ,kMH unfovdk rif;wdu Yk vJjyefNy;D igYtay:ulnzD ½Ykd w dS ,f/ wOD;ESiw Yf OD;
uwdopöm½SdMuwJYtwdkif; pGJjrJpGmapmifYodNyD; igY&efoludk rif;wdkYu wGef;vSefvkyfBuHay;&r,f }}
 ewf½Sifaemifonf ZGifumulxuf touftm;jzifY 7ESpfcefY i,faomfvnf; a½S;rlysuf ac:iifajymqdkjcif;
jzpf\/ ewf½SifaemifrSm xdktcg 34ESpfom ½Sdao;\/ awmifilbk&if ewf½Sifaemifonf jrefrm&mZ0ifwavQmufü
&wkuAsma&;om;jcif;ü NyKdifbufr½Sdatmif uRrf;usifwwfajrmufaombk&ifwyg;jzpfí pum;t&mü rsm;pGm
yg;eyfvdr®moljzpfavonf/
ZGifumulu ...
]] uReaf wmfwY iG f ,cktcg vlow l yfom;enf;ygonf/ odeYk nf;yg;aomfvnf; rnfonfurkd Q raMumifMY uygESi/Yf
BuKd;pm;tm;xkwfí uRefawmf\udk,fESifYtouf pGJuyfwnfaeorQ umvywfvkH; raoGrznf awmfwnfhrSefuefpGm
½dk;½dk;rwfrwf BuKd;pm;tm;xkwf pGefYpm;xrf;½Guf qD;qdkYwdkufvSefygrnf }}
ZGifumulajymaompum;udk ewf½SifaemifMum;&m tm;&ojzifY &wemausmufaumif;wdkYjzifY pDjc,f
xm;onfh a½TvufpGyftjynfhxnfhxm;aom a½TtpfwvkH; (a½Tcsxm;aom ,Gef;tpf)udk ZGifumulodkY ay;av\/
ZGifumulu vufumí ...
]] uRefawmf r,lomao;/ ta&;awmfNyD;í awmifilNrKdUudk pdk;tkyfpHawmfrlNyD;rS oem;awmfrlonfqkudk
cHygrnf }}
odkYaomf ewf½Sifaemifonf tqdkyga½Ttpfudk AdkvfcsKyfuawmf umwm&DemodkY twif;ay;í ,lapav\/
xdkYaemuf oefvsifNrKdUxJüyif ewf½SifaemiftwGuf BuKdwifaqmufvkyfxm;aom wdkuftdrfeef;odkY,laqmifí
awmifiluygvmaom aus;awmfrsKd; uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYESifYwuG rdrdxHrS Oa&mywdkufom;ig;a,mufESifY rGef? jrefrm?
ukvm; tapcHwdkYudk cdkif;&efay;xm;ojzifY ewf½SifaemifrSm csrf;ompGmae&av\/ ewf½Sifaemif a&mufonfaeYrS
pí AdkvfcsKyfrif;onf ppfonftiftm;jznfhwif;&ef aeYpOfpnf;Muyfvsuf ppfwyfrsm;udkvnf; rjywfrvyfMunfh½SK
ppfaq;um ewf½SifaemifESifYwdkifyifaqG;aEG;í ta&;wBuD; pDrHpdkif;jyif;av\/ewf½Sifaemifonf ZGifumul\
tdraf wmfoYkd aeYpOf&ufjcm;qdo k vdk vma&mufí tdraf wmfot l rd af wmfom; wdEYk iS Yf pum;pjrnfajymqdv
k suf ½Sib f &k if
*du
k rf xkwb f J qif;&Jom;vlomrefwOD;uJo Y Ykd ta&mw0if ac:iifrw d zf UJG í em;axmifcsiaf tmif &,fp&m ykw
H ykd wfp
rsm;udkvnf; ajymqdkavY½SdcJY&m tdrfom;tm;vkH;wdkYrSm ewf½Sifaemifudk tvGefw&m arwÅmouf0ifcspfcifMuvsuf
t½dktaoay;um cefYnm;pGmem;axmifMuav\/
waeYoü ewf½Sifaemifonf tdrfawmfü ZGifumulESifYpum;ajymaepOf &dab½dkESifY yifwdkaexGef;wdkYvnf;
a&mufvmav&m tif;0rif; r[m"r®&mZmonf rdrdEdkifiHudkvmí wdkuf,lykHtaMumif;udk pum;pyfrdojzifY
ewf½Sifaemifu &dab½dkbufvSnfhum ...
]] 'Dvdk Adkvfrif;&JU? tif;0u vmwdkufwkef;u tifrwefuHqdk;vGef;vdkYom ½SKH;cJY&wmuvm;/ yxrOD;pGm
tif;0rif;u awmifilNrKdUteD;rSm wyfrBuD;wnf&atmif wyf&meif;uwnf;u NrKdUxJuxGufNyD;wdkufzdkY uREkfyfu
trdefYay;vdkufawmY xGufwdkufvdkufwm bmajymaumif;rvJ? oif;wdkY upOfhu&JjzpfoGm;wmyJ }}
]] trdefY½SdygOD;bk&m; }}
]] 'DvdkjzpfNyD;awmY tif;0rif; r[m"r®&mZmu aemufxyfjrif;wyfBuD;eJY olYqDrSm yxrwef;xm;wJY
ppfbk&ifcsKyf oD&daZ,saemf&xmqdkwmudk wyf&meif;cdkif;jyefw,f/ 'Dwcg jrif;wyfrSm jrif; 300ausmfygowJY?
olwdkYtajymyJ/ uREkfyfvlawGuajymwmjzifY jrif;taumif 500avmuf½Sdr,fajymw,f/ uREkfyfqDuvJ jrif;wyfeJYyJ
vTwfNyD;twdkufcdkif;vdkufwmyJ/ tJ'DawmY uREkfyfjrif;wyfuvlawGu tif;0ppfbk&ifcsKyf oD&daZ,saemf&xm&JU
cg;udk jrif;ay:uaeNyD; vSHeJYxdk;csvdkufwm wcgwnf;usoGm;wmyJ/ 'DawmYrS olYxufig ESpfbufvkH; twif;eif;
wdkufMua&m/ wdkufawmY tif;0wyfvefNyD; z½dkz&J xGufajy;ukefMu&w,f }}
]] tif;0ppfbk&ifcsKyfawmY ...}}
]] tif;0ppfbk&ifcsKyf oD&daZ,saemf&xm&JU acgif;udkjzwfNyD; uREfkyfxH ,lvmcJYMuw,f }}
xdkpum;ajymaepOf yifwdkaexGef;rSm rsufESmtenf;i,fysufoGm;onfudk awmifilbk&ifu owdxm;rd
av\/ &dab½dku ...
]] tif;0u aemufxyf wyf&m ...}}
xdkuJYodkYajymaewkef; jAKef;ueJ 'wfcsfoabFmrS oabFmolBuD;ESifY oabmFom; 4a,mufwdkYa&mufvmMu
ojzifY pum;jywfoGm;av\/
 yifwdkaexGef;onf rdrdtcef;xJü ta&;BuD;aomtrlt&mjzifY wpkHwckudk pOf;pm;awG;awmae[ef
vu©Pm½SdNyD;vQif vufoD;qkyf tHBudwfí wdwfwdwfykef;wa,mufwnf; &efjzpfvsuf½Sdav\/ xdkYaemuf ckwif
eHab;ü rwfwwf&yfum tdyf&mudkvSefvdkuf acgif;tkH;udkrvdkuf yk&ydkufawGudkjzefYvdkuf pdwftdkufaomtrlt&mjzifY
acgif;udkukwfíaeNyD;rS vufoD;qkyfíxm;aom nmbufvufarmif;udk jAKef;ueJqefYvdkufav\/ xdktcsdefwGif
tcef;wHcg;\ aomYaygufuav;rS acsmif;ajrmif;Munfh½SKaeolwa,mufonf yifwdk\jzpfykHudk tvkH;pkHjrif&av\/
xdkaeYonf ZGifumul 'vNrKdUodkY acwÅoGm;aomaeYjzpfavownf;/
wckaomnaeapmif; oefvsifNrKdUoabFmqdyf jrpfurf;ezl;ay:ü wa,mufwnf;vrf;avQmufaeaom
ukvm;jzL ay:wl*DvkvifysKdwOD;onf vrf;avQmuf&mrS&yfwefYum taemufajrmufaxmiYfqDodkY MunfharQmfvsuf
awG;awmaomtrlt&m½Sdav\/ xdkolMunfhaom taemufajrmufaxmifYt&yfüum; ,cktcg &efukefac:aom
'*kefNrKdU&Sdav&m xif½Sm;aomtrSwfoauFwrSm yJcl;½dk;rtqkH; od*FkwÅ&awmifukef;ü½Sdaom a½Twd*kHapwDawmfBuD;
jzpfav\/ oefvsifqdyfurf;rSMunfhaomtcg apwDawmfBuD;rSm wdrfnGefYodkYxdk;í rdk;om;xJw0ufa&mufaeaom
a½TawmifBuD;uJYodkY rSwfxif&avonf/ tqdkyg ay:wl*DvkvifysKdonf rnfonfhoabmESifY þXmeodkYvma&mufí
'*kefNrKdUbufudk vSrf;a`rSmfvsufaeonfudkum; rod&ay/ xdkolrSm yifwdkaexGef;yifjzpf\/ yifwdkonf xdkuJYodkY
Munfhae&mrS ae0ifvkonfESifY tdrfawmfodkYjyefvm&m tdrfodkYa&mufonfESifYwNyKdifeuf tHYtm;oifYoGm;av\/
taMumif;rlum; tdrfawmfapmifY ppfom;ESpfa,mufwdkYonf avSum;odkYa&mufonfESifYwNyKdifeuf vufudkzrf;í
oHvufxdwfcwfNyD;vQif ZGifumulESifY ewf½SifaemifwdkY½Sd&m tcef;wGif;odkY rdrdudk ac:aqmifvmcJYaomaMumifYwnf/
ZGifumulu ...
]] yifwdk ,ckvdkvkyf&wmudk od&JUvm; }}
]] uRefawmfbmrS rod&ygvm; ocif }}
xdktcg teD;wGif &dab½dkESifY umwm&Demvnf;½Sd\/ ewf½Sifaemifu yk&ydkufwckudkvSefíjyNyD;vQif ...
]] 'D[mu bmvJuG,fY }} [kar;vdkufav\/
xdkyk&ydkufüygonfrSm jrefrmbmomjzifYa&;xm;avonf/
]] awmifilewf½Sifaemif oefvsifa&mufaeNyD/ ewf½Sifaemifudk iZifumu zrf;vmonfqdkonfrSmr[kwf/
trSefrSm olwdkYcsif;Budwfí ewf½Sifaemifu iZifumudk zrf;onfhtaejzifY vmac:vSnfhyg[k ckdif;aomaMumifY
ac:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ þodjYk yKjcif;rSm rif;w&m;Bu;D Mum;aumif;atmif jyKvyk jf cif;rQom/ tif;0udwk u
kd &f efBuaH e\/
odaYk omf ,ck oefvsiüf ppfonftiftm;rvkaH vmuf/ oabFmjynfoYkd ppfual wmif;&mvnf;r&? aemufaemifvnf;
awmfawmfESifY&rnfr[kwf/ odkYjzpfí ,cktcg oefvsifodkYcsD&ef tcsdefawmfNyD }} [líjzpf\/
ZGifumulu ...
]] armifrif; bmajymp&m½Sdao;ovJ }}
yifwdkaexGef;u rwfrwf&yfum £a`E´rysuf e*dkrsufESmtwdkif; ...
]] 'DpmtwGuf bmrQ uRefawmfrod&wm trSefyJ }}
umwm&Demu wif;rmcufxefaomrsufESmjzifY ...
]] 'Dyk&ydkufudk rif;arGU,mxJuawGUw,f/ rif;ra&;&if b,fola&;rvJ }}
yifwdkaexGef;onf umwm&DembufodkYvSnfhum rsufapmif;xdk;í MunfhvdkufNyD;vQif ...
]] uRefawmfYarGU,mxJ b,fol0ifarTvdkY&ovJ }}
umwm&Demu aigufoHESifY ...
]] ig½Smw,f rif;bmajymrvJ }}
]] uRefawmf ...}}
ZGifumulonf pm;yGJay:ücsxm;aomaoewfjzifY ypfowf&efcsdef½G,fav&m yifwdkaexGef;onf &ifudk
aumYí ...
]] owfcsif&ifowfyg? uRefawmfr[kwfaMumif; bk&m;ocifodygw,f }}
&dab½dkonf ZGifumul\vufrS aoewfudktwif;vk,lí ...
]] qdkif;ygOD;? aoaocsmcsm ppfNyD;rS ...}}
 ewf½Sifaemifu ...
]] [kwfw,f ppfw,fqdkwm rvGefEdkifbl; }}
]] olu uRefrwdkYysufpD;zdkY BuHaewmyJ? ppfaep&mr½Sdygbl; }}
]] 'DMum;xJrSm b,frSxGufrajy;Edkifygbl; AdkvfcsKyfuawmf }} [k &dab½dkuajymonf/
yifwdkaexGef;u &J&ifYaomrsufESmxm;jzifY ...
]] uRefawmfYudkowfcsif&if ckowfvdkufyg? qdkif;raeygESifY/ A&if*sDbmomudk;uG,faywJY jrefrmaoG;
½Sdygao;w,f/ jrefrmqdkwm ao&rSmudk b,ftcgrSaMumuf½dk;r½Sdygbl; }}
ZGifumulonf yifwdk\pum;udkMum;&m bmomudkxdcdkufí jrefrmudk*kPfwifojzifY ½kwfw&ufa'gyGum
cg;rS "m;vG,u f ckd Rwíf yifw\kd vnfyif;udk wdueJ tpif;om;jywfatmif tm;ukecf w k cf svu
kd af v\/ ewf½iS af emif?
&dab½dkESifY umwm&DemwdkYvnf; w0kef;0kef; w*sKef;*sKef;ESifY txdwfwvefYjzpfaeMupOf yifwdkaexGef;udk Munfhvdkuf
aomtcg rsufESmrysuf e*dkaetwdkif; £a`E´rysuf rwfwwf&yfaeonfudk jrif&ojzifY tHYtm;oifYí xdwfvefU
oGm;Muav\/ ZGiu f mulonf aemufwcsuq f ufí t½Suaf jyckwrf nf BupH nfjyef&m &dab½dEk iS Yf ewf½iS af emifwuYkd
twif;qGJxm;ojzifY pm;yGJay:ü"m;udkwifum rwfwwf&yfae&mrSm jyefxdkifNyD;vQif ...
]] yifwdkaexGef; }}
]] bk&m; }}
]] armifrif;rSm "m;NyD;aq;rsm;½Sdovm; }}
]] r½Sdyg }}
]] igY"m;[m tifrwefxufw,f? bmYaMumifY armifrif;udk rjywfovJ }}
]] bk&m;ocif wefcdk;awmfaMumifY jzpfygw,f }}
]] 'DpmtwGuf bmrsm;xkacsEdkifao;ovJ }}
]] 'Dpmudk uRefawmf bmrQrod&bl;qdkwmtjyif xkacsp&mr&Sdygbl; }}
xdkYaemuf yifwdkaexGef;udk atmufxyf½Sd vkHNcKHaom tcef;wckodkYoGif;í tjyifu wHcg;udk aomYcwf
xm;apav\/ ZGifumulu tHYMoaomtrlt&mjzifY ewf½SifaemifbufodkYvSnfhum ...
]] 'Dvdk[mudk uRefawmf wcgrSrjrifzl;bl;? xl;qef;vScsnfvm; bk&m; }}
]] 'Doil ,f[m ae&mwdik ;f rSm olrsm;xufx;l jcm;wmcsn;f yJ/ owdu Å vJ tifrwefaumif;w,f/ tBut H pnf
OmPf&nfOmPfoGm;vJ tvGefyg;wJYoli,f }} [k &dab½dku ajymav\/
ewf½Sifaemifu &,fí ...
]] tHYMop&mr½Sdygbl;? jrefrmrSm 'grsKd;awG½dk;aeNyD/ 'DynmrsKd;[m rlvu awmifilESifY[Hom0wDu
xGufoGm;wm? tckrS tif;0a&mufwmyJ/ 'Doli,f tif;0u 'Dtwwf&cJY[efwlw,f }}
umwm&Demu aMumuf½GHUaomtrlt&mjzifY ...
]] olYudk omrncsKyfvdkY rvkHbl;aemf? b,fvdktwwfawGvJ rod&bl;? xl;u xl;ygbdoeJY }}
]] rpdk;&drfygeJY AdkvfcsKyfuawmf? "m;NyD;aq;½SdvkdYrjywfwmyg? olbmrS rwwfEdkifygbl; }} ewf½Sifaemifu
NyKH;íajymavonf/ ZGifumulu ...
]] reufjzef ppfNyD; owfr,f }}
]] pOf;pOf;pm;pm;vJvkyfyg AdkvfcsKyfrif;? 'Doli,f[m tifrwefawmfw,f/ [kwf&ifawmfyg&JU ...}}
umwm&Demu &dab½dkudk rsufapmif;xdk;íf ...
]] bmpOf;pm;p&m½SdovJ? vufqkyfvufudkifrdaewmudk ,kHrSm;aezdkYr½Sdygbl; }}
ouf½o dS ufrYJ owÅ0gwdo Yk nf ntcsed üf tdypf ufMujrjJ zpfaomfvnf; xl;jcm;aomta&;udpt ö wGuf wm0ef
0wÅ&m; oufa&mufaomolwdkYrSm tdyfaysmfavYr½SdMuay/ eH&Hav;bufwGif tkwfx&Humí wzufrsufESmwGif
oHwdkifwdkYjzifY um&Hxm;aomtcef;uav;twGif; vGwfvyfpGm touf½SLcGifYr&aom yifwdkaexGef;onf rdrdtm;
eufjzef tqkH;pD&ifawmYrnfudkod\/ odkYaomf rnfonfhenf;ESifYrQ vGwfajrmuf&efrBuHpnfEdkifaMumif; awG;rdojzifY
tenf;i,ftm;avQmYrdaomfvnf; pdwfudkwif;vsuf woufwcg "r®wmtwdkif; ao&rnfhvlawGcsnf;jzpfonf[k
qifjcifvdkufaomtcg rsm;pGm0rf;enf;jcif;r½SdvSay/
 od&Yk mwGif rdrt
d m;rQm;í twif;t"r® r,m;jyK&efwu kd wf eG ;f cJaY om umwm&Dem\ &ufpufyt Hk jcif;t&mudk
awG;rdaomtcg BudwfrEdkifcJr& a'goxGufrdav\/ rdef;rwdkYonf cdk;olESifYwl\/ a&üusufpm;oGm;vmíaeaom
ig;owÅ0g\ vrf;c&D;udk odEikd cf o YJ uJo
Y Ykd rde;f rwd\Yk oabmudo k Ed ikd cf \
J / rde;f rwdo
Yk nf rD;ESiw Yf \
l / taMumif;rlum;
rD;onf rdrdudkxdaomolwdkYudk ylapwwfouJYodkY rdef;rwdkYonf rdrdudkxdaomolwdkYudk ylapwwf\/ rdef;rwdkYudk
rnfonfhtcgrQ r,kHMunfxdkuf[laom toDwdedygwf ygXZmwf ygVdawmf ukPmviSufrif;\0w¬Kü a*gwr
jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlcJYaom qkH;rcsufwdkYonf umwm&DemuJYodkYaom rdef;rrsm;twGuf rSefuefvsuf
½Sday\/ okdYaomf yifwdkonf A&if*sDjzpfí xdkqkH;rcsufwdkYudk em;vnf[efr½Sday/
oef;acgiftcsdef\wdwfqdwfjcif;onf tdyfaysmfolwdkYtm; aMumufvefYjcif;udkrjzpfapaomfvnf;
tdyrf aysmb f J tazmfuif;í wa,mufwnf;ae&aomolrsK;d udu k m; xdwv f efaY pEdik \
f / odaYk omf yifwakd exGe;f rlum;
]]aMumufonf}} [laompum;udk yef;xdrt f rd af &mufpOfu Mum;zl;onfrw S yg; em;vnforl [kwí f ikww f w
k x
f ikd &f if;
£a`E´rysuf pOf;pm;vsufomavae\/ yifwdk\tcef;0ü vlapmifYr½Sday/ taMumif;rlum; ZGifumulonf
ewf½Sifaemif\ajymjycsuft& wpkHw&m pdk;&drfp&mr½Sd[k ,kHMunfonfhtjyif tdrfawmf\ta½SUü npOftjrJwrf;
apmifY&aom ppfom;ESpfa,mufvnf; ½SdaomaMumifYwnf;/
tdrfawmfonf jrefrmxkH;pHtwdkif; ta½SUbufodkYrsufESmjyKíaqmufxm;&m tdrfawmf\a½SU awmifbuf
axmifYESifY ajrmufbufaxmifYwGif vlwa,mufaeom½kH½Sdaom uif;wJwckpD½Sd\/ tdrfawmfapmifYppfom;
ESpfa,mufrSm xdkuif;wJESpfckü wnvkH;rwfwwf&yfüapmifY&\/ trsm;tm;jzifY tapmifYESpfa,mufonf
nOfheufaomtcgü aoewfudkcsum uif;wJ\ESKwfcrf;wGifacgif;pdkufí rwfwwf&yf&if; idkufaeavY½SdMu\/
wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 13&ufvonf aumif;uifüxdefvif;íaeav&m rdrdae&m oHwdkifwdkYtMum;rS va&mifudk
aumif;pGmjrif&av\/ taMumif;rlum; tdrfawmfü tjyifavSum;ESpfpif;wyfíxm;&m yifwdkaeaomtcef;onf
avSum;wck\atmufü jzpfaomaMumifYwnf;/
yifwdkonf oHwdkifMum;rS va&mifudkMunfhí rdrdtjzpftysufudk pOf;pm;aepOf tdrfawmf\awmifbuf
tkwfeH&HrS ½kwfw&ufay:xGufvmaom o@mefwckudkjrif&av\/ xdko@mefonf csufcsif;qdkovdkyif rdrda½SUodkY
a&mufvm&m vSyaomrdef;rysKdwa,mufjzpfaeonfudk awGU&ojzifY tHYtm;oifYoGm;av\/ taMumif;rlum;
xdrk suEf mS udk b,frmS jrifb;l ygvdrrYf vJ[k xifrad omaMumifw Y nf;/ rde;f rysKo d nf oHwikd Mf um;rSvufumí qdwNf ird pf mG
ae&ef owday;av&m yifwdkvnf;acgif;udkndwfvdkuf\/ rdef;rysKdonf rdrdvufrSaomYESifY oHwHcg;udk nifompGm
xdk;zGifYNyD;vQif tjyifodkYxGuf&efvufjyav&m rMumrD ESpfa,mufpvkH; tdrfawmf\aemufaz;jzpfaom taemuf
bufodkYa&mufvmMuav\/ rdef;rysKdonf yifwdk\a½SUrSoGm;í cyfjrefjrefvm&ef vufjyNyD;vQif NrKdU½dk;eD; wnif;yif
tkyfpkodkYac:oGm;av\/ 0óEÅOwk\ rdk;om;wdrfa&mifuJYodkY ndKarSmifvsuf½Sdaomjrif;BuD;onf wnif;yifwyif
atmufü t½SifudkarQmfíaeav\/ rdef;rysKdonf jrif;BuD;\teD;ü&yfum ...
]] tJ'Djrif;BuD;udkpD;NyD; vGwfatmif ...}}
]] aeygOD; ...ESru b,fuvJ }} [k &JvSu jzwfar;vdkuf&m ...
]] pum;ajymcsdefr½Sdbl; }}
]] aus;Zl;½Sif&JUemrnf odyg&ap }}
]] a½T0if; }}
yifwdkvnf; tHYtm;oifYoGm;NyD; ...
]] udka½T0if;r[kwfvm;? uRefawmftxifom;yJ }}
]] jrefjrefoGm;yg? aemufuvdkufvmvdrfYr,f }}
rdef;rysKdonf yifwdk\ aemufxyfajympum;udk em;raxmifawmYbJ wnif;yifatmufrS cyfokwfokwf
xGufoGm;&m yifwdkaexGef;onfvnf; jrif;nKdBuD;udkpD;vsuf [Hom0wDNrKdUbufodkYvSnfhí twif;armif;um
'kef;pdkif;ícscJYavownf;/
 ]]awmifib l &k ifukd jrefjrefomG ;yifaY csprf;}} [laom ZGiu
f mul\ wcsuv f w
T t f rdeaYf wmft& cdik ;f apvdu
k af om
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tcef; ( 7 )

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avSi,fwpif;wGifwifí iZifum½Sd&mqdyfurf;odkY arQmvdkufav\/ xdkvlpkwGif pmwapmifudkvnf; jrefrmbmom
jzifaY &;íay;vdu k af v\/ rm&upf'artrSL;½Sad om oabFmom;ukvm;jzLwpkvnf; ZGiu f multrd af wmfa&mufvQif
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av\/ pmwGifyg½SdonfrSm ...
]] iZifumi,f ...þ[mudkMunhfav? armifrif;zrf;,loGm;aom awmifilbk&if ewf½Sifaemifudk igwdkYxH
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taMumif;rlum; &JvSonf ,ckcsdeftxd rif;w&m;BuD;xH ra&mufao;aomaMumifYwnf;/ &JvSrSm jrif;nKdBuD;ESifY
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]] r[m"r®&mZmqdkwJYbk&ifpkwfu w,fNyD; pkwfpkwfcsmcsm jrefrmowådawGjyyguvm;? igwdkYtrsKd;om;rsm;
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trsKd;vnf;rawmfcsifawmYygbl;/ ,aeYupNyD; igvnf; A&if*sDbmomxJ0ifawmYr,f }}
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taMumif;rlum; awmifiEl iS [ Yf o
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,cktcg ewf½Sifaemifonf ukvm;ESifYaygif;í ukvm;aumif;aMumif;od[efwl\/ rdrdtrsKd;om; jrefrmrsm;udk
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ewf½Sifaemifu ...
]] uJ ...tckjzifY A&if*sDjzpfNyD/ ay:wl*DvlrsKd;wOD;vdkYom rSwfMuayawmY }}
ZGifumulvnf; tm;&0rf;omaomrsufESmjzifY ...
]] awmfbk&m; w&m;rSefodoGm;wm uRefawmfjzifY odyf0rf;omwmyJ }}
]] udk,fawmfjrwf\tkyfpkxJrSm odk;waumifwdk;yGm;vmNyD/ &mZm"d&mZm urÇmudktkyfpdk;wJYt½SifocifrdkY
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]] uREfkyfEdkifiHjzpfwJY awmifiljynfBuD;udk jyefvnf&½Sdí pnfxD;c½dkif ydkifpHpdk;tkyfNyD; rif;vkyf&aomtcg
a[m'Du Adkvfrif; rm&upf'arESifY ZGifumulwdkYESpfa,mufudk tpGrf;ukefcsD;a`rSmufygYr,f }}
&dab½dku NyKH;í ...
]] uRefawmfrsKd;aum bk&m; }}
]] tdk ...Adkvfrif; &dab½dkudkawmY udk,fawmfYvufpGJ taqmifawmfjrJBuD;aygY }}
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 ]] ,aeYupNyD; AdkvfcsKyfuawmfav; umwm&Demudkvnf; uREkfyfawmifilbk&if oD[ol&&JU r,fawmf
rdzk&m;BuD;vdkY atmufarYygr,f/ om;onf rdcifudkjyKpkouJYodkY a[m'Du AdkvfcsKyfuawmfudk trdt&mwifNyD;
tpOfojzifY vkyfauR;jyKpkygYr,f }}
&dab½dku ...
]] b,fu oD[ol&vJ awmfbk&m;&JU? 'ef*Rrf;vdkY bGJUawmfay;xm;w,f r[kwfvm; }}
]] aMomf ...ESKwfrwufao;vdkYyg? aemufawmY tvdkvdkESKwfwufNyD; ...}}
]] 'Dvdkyg 'Dvdkyg? awmfbk&m;bGJUawmfu oD[ol&qdk&if tck 'ef*Rrf;vdkYay;xm;w,fr[kwfvm;/ 'DawmY
'ef*Rrf;oD[ol&vdkY ac:zdkY½Sdygw,f }} ZGifumulu ajymvdkufav\/
]] oabm½Sdovdk ac:MuayawmY? rlvemrnfqdkwm azsmufvdkY&cJw,f/ tJ'geJY qufyg&apOD;? auwkrwD
awmifiljynfBuD;udk pnfxD;c½dkif EdkifiHpdk;tkyfNyD; rif;vkyf&wJYtcg (umwm&DembufodkYvSnfhNyD;) om;awmfwyg;
xGef;um;aew,fvdkYomrSwfygawmY }}
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pnfolausmfxifESifY ocF,mwdkYu ar;ppf&av\/ xdktcg rif;w&m;BuD;vnf; teD;üyif pHvsuf½Sdawmfrl\/
0efY½Sifawmf pnfolausmfxifu ...
]] armifrif;onf tb,faY MumifY bk&m;Edik if aH wmfjzpfaom awmifijl ynfBu;D udk wdu
k cf u
kd zf suq
f ;D í eef;awmf
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]] uRefawmf bk&m;EdkifiHawmfudk rzsufqD;&yg/ awmifilbk&if ewf½Sifaemifu vmíac:ygqdkaomaMumifY
ac:&ygonf }}
rif;w&m;BuD;u ...
]] 'DvdkqdkvQif awmifilrif;onf igYudkawmfvSefaom ig\&efoljzpfonf/ armifrif;onf ig\&efoludk
vufcHxm;onf/ igudk,fawmfjrwf\&efoljzpfaom awmifilrif;udkay;tyf&rnf[k armifrif;xH tBudrfBudrf
vlvTwfonf/ ra&mufbl;vm; }}
]] a&mufygonfbk&m; }}
]] a&mufvQif tb,fYaMumifY ray;tyf&ovJ/ ,ckarmifrif;onf igudk,fawmfjrwf\ vufwGif;odkY
a&mufNyD/ toem;cHí awmif;yefvQif csrf;omay;awmfrlrnf }} MuifempGmESifY rdefY`rGufawmfrlonf/
]] uREkfyfwGif rnfonfhtjypfrQr½Sdonfudk rnfonfhtaMumif;ESifYawmif;yef&rnfenf;/ t½Sifrif;BuD;\
&efoludk vufcHonfqdk&mrSm t½Sifrif;BuD;\&efoljzpfvQif cyfodrf;aomvltaygif;wdkY\ &efoljzpf&rnfvm;/
uREfkyfudkrdwfzGJUvmvQif uREkfyf\rdwfaqGcifyGef;jzpfonf/ rdwfaqGcifyGef;0wfudk trSefrcRwf,Gif; pGrf;aqmif&rnf
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þpum;udk uREfkyftm;ar;&onf/ tu,fí a&mufacsvQif uREfkyfvnf; þuJYodkY ar;tm;½Sdoolyifjzpfonf/
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aovnf;twl ½Sifvnf;twljzpfvdkonf }}
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]] b,fYES,fvJ aemifawmf? ,ck ukvm;avQmufwifcsuftwdkif; rSefovm; }}
]] igYtaMumif;udkppfar;vQif igYtaMumif;udkodNyD;yifjzpfonf/ þay:wl*DtrsKd;om;wdkYESifY aygif;,Sufí
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wnf;rSmom jzpf&ysuf&onfr[kwf/ vufodkYa&muf½SdNyD;avonfht&mudk þay:wl*DtrsKd;om;wdkY aus;Zl;txl;
jyKayonft h &m xGe;f ay:í½So d nf/ vufoaYkd &mufonf[k owfaomfvnf; ud, k u
f m, ½kyt f aumifomaoEdik rf nf/
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]] awmifiludk tvdkawmfjynfhvQif NrKdUudkrQodrf;,lawmfrl? rdrdudkyif ay;awmfrlí csrf;ompGmaeaponf/
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tzkHzkH ajymqdkaeMuav\/
]] 'Dvdkvlpm; 'grsKd;jzpfrSaumif;w,f }}
]] rajymygeJYuGm oem;p&m }}
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]] atmifr,f cifAsm;wdkYu 'gavmufuav; tjypfaumufajymaevdkufwm? 'Dukvm;udkvm; oem;&rSm/
bk&m;awGzsuf? XmyemwdkufawGazmuf,l? aMu;pnfacgif;avmif;awG tajrmufvkyf? vlawG jrif;wyfeYJeif;owf?
w,f ...oem;p&maumif; ...a&aMumif;omqGJNyD; yifv,fxJypfvdkufcsifwmyJ }}
]] 'gwifb,furvJ [Hom0wDu q&mawmfBuD; eE´om&udk aoewfeJYypfowfwm 'Dukvm;pkwfaygY }}
]] at; [kwfygw,f 'Dtem;vmMunfh&wm roem;wJYtjyif 'gawGawG;rd&if igxvkyfrdvdrfYr,f/ w,f
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 ]] [m;[m; w,fowådaumif;wJY q&mBuD;eJYawGUaeNyD }}
]] 'gawmifrS rif;w&m;BuD;u awmif;yef&ifcsrf;omay;r,fvdkY trdefYawmf½Sdao;w,f ...tHa&mAsm }}
]] usKyfwdkYAk'¨bmomawGrSm 'gawGcufaewmaygY/ vlwzufom;udk oem;&r,fqdk&if wdkif;jynfeJYtrsKd;om;
bmyJjzpfjzpf ukodkvf&NyD;a&m atmufarYaeMuwmyJ }}
]] trSefaygY? ckMunfhygvm;/ 'Dukvm;udk &cdkifbk&ifu oem;vdkYa`rSmufpm;NyD; 'DrSmvmxm;wmaygY/ oem;vdkY
vm;xm;awmY bmjzpfovJ/ usKyfwdkY'DrSm tnSOf;qJcH&wmyJ }}
þuJYodkY wa,mufwayguf a&mufwwfav;q,f ajymqdkaeMuav\/
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tcef; ( 8 )

waeYoü ukef;wyfAkdvfcsKyf b,*grPd\ vufatmufcHAdkvfwOD;jzpfaom ]]&mZa,mf"m}}wyfrSm

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'l;axmuf0wfcsvmav\/
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]] armifnKdrSKdif; bmudpövJvdkY ar;xm;vdkufprf;yg? igoGm;p&m½Sdao;w,f }} [k ajymNyD;xoGm;avonf/
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]] bmvJ vluav; }}
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]] umwm ...bm ...}}
]] umwm&Demyg bk&m; }}
]] tJ'D umwm&Demqdkwm bmvJuGJU }}
]] AdkvfcsKyfuawmfygbk&m; }}
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]] b,fu AdkvfcsKyfvJ }} [kar;vdkufonf/
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]] ZGif ...o,fol ...}}
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]] ZGifumulqdkwm iZifumudk ac:wmygbk&m; }}
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]] bk&m;uRefawmfrsKd; ...}}
]] armifrif;emrnf }}
]] &dab½dkygwJY bk&m; }}
]] bmwJYuGJU? &pfabwl }}
]] &dab½dkygbk&m; }}
]] &dabwdk [kwfvm;? emrnfuvJ tac:&cufvdkufwm }}
ppfMuyfwa,mufu ...
]] [JY ukvm;av;? eif 'DrSm bmtvkyfvkyfovJ }}
]] bk&m;uRefawmf iZifumvufatmufrSm ppfAdkvfvkyfygw,fbk&m; }}
 ]] aMomf ...rif;u ppfAdkvfvm; }} nKdrSKdif;u &,fíar;onf/
]] rSefygaMumif;yg }}
]] qifrsm;pD;wwfovm; }}
]] qifawmY rpD;0HYaMumif;yg? 'gxuf bk&m;uRefawmfrsKd; avQmufxm;qufocGifY&ygrnfvm; bk&m; }}
]] qufap armifrif; }}
&dab½dkonf ae&mrSxoGm;NyD;vQif pyspfoD;? urÁvmoD;? pyspf&nfwdkYudk,lum pm;yGJay:ü vmícsav\/
&dab½dkonf ZGifumul\jzpfykHudkjrif&ojzifY aMumuf½GHUwkefvSKyfum jrefrmjrifvQif ocifac:í bk&m;xl;jcif;?
0wfcsjcif;? 'l;axmufjcif;wdu Yk kd tzd;k tc ray;&wdik ;f azmazmoDoo D ;Hk pGv
J suf rdrt
d oufarG;0rf;ausmif; acsmifcs&d ef
BuHpnfavownf;/
nKdrSKdif;ESifY ppfMuyfuav;wpkwdkYonf pyspf&nfudkaomufí urÁvmoD;udkpm;&if; [m;wdkufum &,farm
ajymqdkaeMupOf ukvm;jzLuav;wa,mufonf teD;odkYvma&mufí rwfwwf&yfav&m? nKdrSKdif;u ...
]] [JY ukvm;? bmvJ xdkifwmr[kwfbl; }}
xdktcsdefwGif &dab½dkonf ajrBuD;ay:wGif xdkifícpm;vsuf½Sd\/ ukvm;jzLuav;onf aqmif;xm;aom
OD;xkyu f ckd Rwí
f nKrd KS id ;f [kac:vdu k af v\/ nKrd KS id ;f ESipYf pfMuyfuav;wpkrmS tHt Y m;oifí
Y ]]tdk em;cHawmfrif;ygvm;?
MuGygMuGyg}}[kqdkum xay;Muav\/ xdktwGif; csufcsif;yif ppfAdkvf &mZa,mf"mvnf; a&mufvmav&m ...
]] [if em;cHawmfrif;ygvm;? vlpifppfu arsmufjzpfvmoudk; }}
]] [kwfw,f? uaeYrS arsmufb0pGefY&awmYrSmyJ }}
]] jzpfykHajymygOD; }}
]] jzpfykHuawmY rajymeJYawmY? 'gxuf cifAsm;vJ trdefYawmf&pifppfu ppfAdkvfjzpfvmyguvm; }}
(&mZa,mf"mrSm tjcm;olr[kwf? ol&rEkyifjzpfavonf) &mZa,mf"mu ...
]] [kwfuJY oHo&mpufqdkwm ...}}
&JvSonf &dab½dkudkMunfhum ...
]] tdk ...Adkvfrif;ygvm;? awGU&wm0rf;omw,f }}
&dab½dkonf &JvSodkY vuftkyfcsDum ...
]] rSefvSyg? ocifuav;udk awGU&zdkY arQmfvifYaewmygbk&m; }}
]] avmuBuD;qdkwm 'DvdkaygYav }}
]] rSefvSyg? ,cktcgrSmawmY ocifuav;rSwyg; uRefawmfrsKd;rSm tm;xm;p&mr½Sdygbk&m;/ &if;ESD;wJY
ocifqdkvdkY ,aeYxufxdr½Sdao;yg? ocifuav;udkom tm;udk;zdkY½SdawmYwmygyJbk&m; }}
]] udpör½Sdygbl;? tm;udk;Edkifygw,f Adkvfrif; }}
]] tdrfukd cPMuGygOD;vm;bk&m; }}
&JvSu vufumí ...
]] onf;cHygOD;? udpöawGu trsm;BuD;½Sdao;w,f/ rif;bk&m;BuD;qDawmif ra&muf&ao;bl; }} (a&aMumif;
AdkvfcsKyf b,ausmfxifudk rif;bk&m;BuD;ac:\)
rif;w&m;BuD;onf ewf½SifaemifESifYZGifumulwdkYudk txdkuftavsmuf jypf'PfpD&ifawmfrlNyD;vQif
ZGifumul\r,m; umwm&DemrSpí tm;vkH;aomay:wl*DvlrsKd;? t*FvdyfvlrsKd;? 'wfcsfvlrsKd;? jyifopfvlrsKd; [k
qdktyfaom ukvm;jzLvlrsLd;wdkYESifY yoDukvm;? uyÜvDukvm;? oD[dkVfukvm;paom ukvm;eufwdkYudk rdrdwdkYrsKd;½dk;
bmomtvdkuf wodkufpD wodkufpD xdkufonftm;avsmfpGm tpkt0ef;zGJUNyD;vQif &wemyl& t0a½TNrKdUawmfodkY
,laqmifawmfrl&ef pDrHpdkif;jyif;awmfrlav&m xdkvlpkudktkyfcsKyfí aejynfawmfodkY jyefvTwfvdkuf&ef rnfolYudk
cefY&ygrnfenf;[k AdkvfykHy&dowftv,fü ar;awmfrlav\/
]] b,ausmfxif bk&m;uRefawmfrsKd; a½Tz0g;awmfjrwfatmuf ½Sdcdk;oHawmfOD;wif0HYygonf/ onfvlpkudk
tkyfcsKyfí aejynfawmfodkYvTwfvdkuf&efrSm bk&m;trdefYawmftwdkif; þoefvQifNrKdUodkY taxmufawmftjzpfESifY
vma&mufpkHaxmuf&aom em;cHawmf aersKd;&mZaZ,solESifYom oifYawmfygonf/ aersKd;&mZaZ,solrSm ay:wl*D
pum;udk ukvm;jzLrsm;ESirYf jcm; wwfuRr;f atmifoif,zl ;l í taMumif;jcif;&mudk em;vnfNy;D jzpfonfjh yif ukvm;euf
pum;rsm;udkvnf; toifYtwifYem;vnfygonf/ odkYjzpfí 4if;udk cefYtyfawmfrlygrnfhtaMumif; oHawmfOD;
wif0HYygonfbk&m; }}
rif;w&m;BuD;onf NyKH;awmfrlí b,ausmfxif\aemufem;u cpm;vsuf½Sdaom&JvSudk tm;&aom
rsufESmjzifY ½SKawmfrlNyD;vQif ...
]] tdrf; ...[kwfayw,f/ b,ausmfxif&JU avQmufwifcsuftwdkif; onfta&;twGufaqmif½Guf&ef
aersKd;&mZaZ,soludk tvkH;pkHykHí vTJtyf&rnf/ aejynfawmfodkYa&mufaomtcg ukvm;awGudk tjrifYig;NrKdUrSm
csrf;ompGmae&ef ae&mcsxm;&rnf/ igYuRefawmf &JvSudk bmrStxl;taxG rcsD;a`rSmuf&ao;bl;/ onfoefvsif
ta&;rSm igYuRefawmf &JvS[m yGJ&wJYAdkvfrSL;wOD;xuf tzdk;xdkufwefayw,f }}
rif;w&m;BuD;onf þuJYodkYtrdefYawmf½SdNyD;vQif ay;EdkifcJvSpGmaom vufawmfu ywåjrm;vuf0wf
(vufpyG )f &wemawmfuckd Rwí f oem;awmfral v&m &Jvo S nf ae&mrSxí rif;w&m;Bu;D a½SUawmfo0Ykd ifa&mufvsuf
oem;awmfrlaomqkudk cH,laomtcg AdkvfykHy&dowfwckvkH;onf wtkH;tkH;w½kef;½kef;jzpfum &JvSudk pdkufMunfh
aeMuav\/ taMumif;rlum; þqkrsK;d onf r[mrsK;d r[mEG,w f o
Ykd m &Edik af omqkjzpfav&m uReaf wmfrsK;d jzpfaom
rif;cpm;rSL;rwfwdkYtwGuf tESpfwaxmifMumrS wcgomyGifYaom tmom0wDEG,feDewfyef;uJYodkY yGifYEdkifcJorQ
cJ,Of;vSaomqkrsKd; jzpfaomaMumifYwnf;/ xdkYaemuf ay;½dk;cs½dk;jzpfaom a½TaiG&wem t0wfwefqmtp½Sdaom
qkawmfvmbfawmfwdkYudkvnf; oem;awmfrlonfhjyif NrKdU0efBuD;wdkY\ tpD;teif; taqmifta,mifESifYwuG
]]b,ausmfpGm}}[laom bGJUtrnfjzifY tjrifYig;NrKdUü pD&iftkyfcsKyf&ef NrKdU0efcefYxm;awmfrlvdkufavownf/
xdaYk MumifY &JvoS nf rdrad qmif½u
G &f ef wm0efupd tö wGuf vufatmufi,fom;t&m½Srd sm;ESiYf ta&;wBu;D
pDrHíae&ojzifY rnfonfhwyfodkYrQoGm;í tysif;ajzpum;ajymzdkY tcGifYr&awmYay/ taMumif;rlum; rif;w&m;BuD;
trdefYawmftwdkif; ,ckcsufcsif; aejynfawmfodkYqefwuf&ef pDrHaqmif½Gufae&aomaMumifYwnf;/ r[m"r®&mZm
rif;w&m;BuD;onf oefvsifNrKdUü wvcefYpHawmfrlí [Hom0wDodkY csDawmfrlav\/ aejynfawmfodkY rjyefawmYacs/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tcef; ( 9 )

tjrifYNrKdUü

tdrfa½SUrsufESmpm 0g;uGyfyspf ukwifav;ay:ü 'l;wzufudkcs? 'l;wzufudkaxmifNyD;vQif awmifawmif

ajrmufajrmuf rsupf ad &muf&mvSr;f arQmv f suf teD;wGif t½d;k ½Snaf q;wHt;kd Bu;D udck sí wG&J ½Gu
J saeaom rkwq
f w
d af rG;
wdkYudk vufESifYudkifumxdkifaeolrSm oefvsiftcGef0efa[mif; ukvm;tbdk;BuD; rlvmtDb&m[ifjzpfavonf/
rlvmtDb&m[ifrSm touft½G,f 60ausmf 70eD;yg;jzpfojzifY yg;rSm ½SKHUwGaomta&rsm;yif wGJ&½Gusvsuf
Z&maxmif;jcif;udkcH&av&m ,cktcg oefvsifrS tjrifYig;NrKdUodkYydkYaomolrsm;wGif yg0ifí þt&yfwGif raecsif
aomfvnf; rif;w&m;BuD;trdefYawmfESifY vma&mufaexdkif&½Smav\/ tjcm;aom yoDukvm;ESifY A&if*sDukvm;
ay:wl*Drsm;rSm rdrdwdkYuJYodkY tydkYcH&ívma&mufaexdkifMuaomfvnf; 4if;wdkYrSm oefvsifysufpOfu a½TaiGb@m
rsm;pGm&½SdvdkufMuojzifY y&da,oe0rf;pmtwGuf vkHavmufvsuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omaeMu&av\/ rdrdrSmrl
toufBu;D aom tbd;k Bu;D jzpfaeonft h jyif tm;ud;k p&m axmufaxmufrr[lí ajr;rav;wOD;om½S&d m ajr;jzpfol
rdef;uav;rSmvnf; &mZ0wfruif;oljzpfí oefvsifysufpOf xGufajy;wdrf;a½Smifae&ojzifY bmrQr&vdkufbJ
jzpfae&av\/
odkYjzpfí ,cktcg ajr;tbdk;ESpfa,mufwdkYrSm ½Sd&if;pGJypönf;uav;udk acRwmokH;pGJí rsKd;½dk;pOfvmtwdkif;
i½kwfoD;? MuufoGef? qm;? eEGif;wufpaom ukefuav;rsm;udk tdrfqdkifwnfum a&mif;cspm;aomae&av\/
,aeY cyfapmapmuyif ajr;ruav;cifESif;EG,fonf tdrfrSxGufoGm;&m ae0ifvkonfwdkifatmif jyefrvmojzifY
ajr;ruav;twGuf pdwf&wufyGm; aomursm;vsuf tdrfa½SUodkYxGufNyD; tbdk;BuD;rSm þuJYodkY oem;pzG,f rsufpd
oli,fESifY arQmfae&½Smav\/
]] bmarQmfaeovJ bdk;bdk; }} [k ac:oHMum;&ojzifY vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m ...
]] tefaxmfeDvm;? vmav cifcif rvmEdkifvdkY arQmfaew,f }}
 tefaxmfeDqdkolrSm A&if*sDbmom0if ay:wl*DvlrsKd;jzpfí oefvsifaepOfu tuRrf;w0if cifrifcJYaom
oli,fuav;jzpf\/ tefaxmfeDrSm touf 25-26ESpfcefY½Sdí cifESif;EG,fESifY½G,fwljzpfaomfvnf; ½dk;½dk;wef;wef;
armif&if;ESrtaersKd; qufqHoljzpf\/ tefaxmfeDonf uGyfyspfay:üxdkifum ...
]] cifcif aeYv,fuawmif uRefawmfwdkYtdrfvmao;w,f }}
rlvmtDb&m[ifu rkwfqdwfudkvufjzifYoyfum ...
]] apmapmuwnf;u aysmufoGm;wm ...}}
]] vmygvdrfYr,f bdk;bdk;&,f? rpdk;&drfygeJY }}
]] 'gxuf rif;taz½Sd&JUvm; }}
]] NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;u ac:awmfrlvdkY ...}}
]] bmudpöwJYvJ }}
]] rodygbl; bdk;bdk;&,f/ atmifr,f bdk;bdk;? uRefawmfwdkY NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;[m oefvsifrSmvmNyD;
taxmufawmfvkyfwkef;u A&if*sDbmomawmif 0ifzl;w,fqdkyJ }}
]] [kwfw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrif;tdrfaewJY yifwdkaexGef;qdkwmaygY/ ay:wl*Dpum;rsm; rTwfaewmyJ? A&if*sD
usrf;pmawGvJ wwfxm;vdkufwm awmfawmY A&if*sDynm½SdawGawmif olYudkrrDbl; }}
]] jrefrmvdkvJ w,fwwfw,fqdkygvm;? e*dku vTwfawmft&m½SdwJY ...bmoma&;usrf;*efawGrSm
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;uawmif vufzsm;cg&w,fqdkyJ }}
]] 'gavmuf ynmaumif;vdkYvJ toufi,fi,fuav;eJY 'Dvdk&mxl;BuD;rsKd; csD;`rSifYxm;wmaygY }}
]] toufi,faywJY pdwfoabmxm;aumif;ykH&w,f/ uRefawmf wcga&mufoGm;vdkY pum;ajymzl;w,f/
w,f El;El;nhHnhH½SdwmyJ? AdkvfcsKyfrif;ZGifumulwdkYeJY uGmvdkufwm }}
]] rif;vkyfwJYolqdkwm oabmxm;BuD;&w,f/ 'grS vltrsm;cspfcifMunfnKdNyD; tvdkvdk ½dkaowmuvm;/
wdo
Yk efvsiAf vkd cf sKyrf if; Munfah wmYav? tpawmY tawmfom;yJ? aemufusawmY rw&m;ESyd pf ufwmawG rsm;vGe;f vdYk
tvdkvdk tMunfnKdysufNyD; ,ckvdkjzpfae&wmyJ }}
]] jrefrmtpdk;&awGtkyfcsKyfykH[m tcGeftaumuf bmrSodyfr,lbl;/ tJ'gwck awmfawmf[efusw,f }}
]] aumif;ygw,f? tppt&m&myJ tcGefaumufvJ bmrSrjzpfavmufygbl; }}
]] 'gxuf bdk;bdk;? uRefawmfwdkY NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;[m rdef;rr½Sdbl;/ tJ'gwck awmfawmfqef;w,f }}
]] tif;0NrKdUawmfwdkYrSm xm;cJYrSmaygY tefaxmfeD&JU }}
]] uRefawmfwdkYtdrfem;u udkomaAsmajymw,f/ aejynfawmfrSmvJ r½Sdbl;wJY }}
rlvmtDb&m[ifu ESKwfav;av;ESifY jznf;jznf; ...
]] olwdkYvdk t&m½SdBuD;awGqdkawmY awmfawmY[mvJ ,lr,fr[kwfbl;av/ 'gYaMumifY vlysKdvkyfaewm
xifyg&JU ...}}
tefaxmfeDxGufoGm;NyD;aemuf rMumrD cifESif;EG,fa&mufvm&m ...
]] igYajr; b,foGm;aeovJ }}
]] uRefr aps;xJoGm;aewmyg bdk;bdk;&JU }}
]] bmudpövJ }}
]] MuufoGefawG topfa&mufvmw,fqdkvdkY aps;ar;&atmif ...}}
tbdk;BuD;onf 0rf;enf;aomrsufESmjzifY cifESif;EG,fudkMunfhum ...
]] odyftyifyef;rcHygeJY igYajr;&,f? wdkYajr;tbdk;ESpfa,muf pm;avmuf½kH½Sd awmfa&maygY/ bdk;bdk;vnf;
awmif;&ufaeao;wmyJ? uaeY awmif;av;vkH; a&mif;vdkuf&w,f }}
]] ryifyef;ygbl; bdk;bkd;&JU }}
]] aMomf ...igYajr;uHqdk;wmudk;? tcsdefweft½G,fa&mufvdkY vlvm;ajrmufawmYrS rdef;uav;wefrJYeJY
ckvdk yifyef;&w,f/ [dkwkef;uqdk&if bdk;bdk;wdkY[m ...}}
tbdk;BuD;onf ajym&if;rsuf&nfrsm;usvmum idkoHygvmojzifY pum;udkjzwfxm;vdkuf&m ...
 ]] tdk ...bdk;bdk;uvJ 0rf;renf;&rSm enf;ae? owå0gwck uHwckyJ }}
cifESif;EG,fonf rdrdtbdk;tm; oufom&m&ap&ef yg;pyfuw&m;csaomfvnf; pdwfwGif;url rcsdrqefY
0rf;enf;rdav\/
a½TpMum aea'gif; a*g,modaYk jymif;&ef BupH nfaeaom ae0if&w D a&mtcsed f cifEiS ;f EG,o
f nf refusn;f yif
atmufü½Sad om rdrq d ikd u
f av;ay:wGix
f ikd u
f m aps;0,fvmoluakd pmif&Y if; ...]]aMomf ...bd;k bd;k bd;k bd;k ? rsK;d eJ½Y ;kd eJY
*kPfwefcdk;½Sdzl;olrdkY ckvdkae&wm olYpdwfxJ tifrwefqif;&J½SmwmyJ/ pm;csifwmrpm;& 0wfcsifwmr0wf&?
igYudkvnf; pdwfxifovdk t0wftpm;qifNyD; csrf;csrf;omomaewmudk jrifcsifowJY/ [if 'gawGawG;aevdkY
pdwfav;ygw,fav? aMomf ...vlrsm;[m ukodkvfuHenf;vdkY qif;qif;&J&JESifY olwyg;vufxJa&mufaewJYtcg
bmrS rsufESmr½SdbJuvm; ...}} [kpOf;pm;ae&m A&if*sDrav;wa,muf qdkifa½SUa&mufaeonfudkyif owd
rxm;rdacs/
]] rr ...rr }}
]] bmvJ oli,frav; }}
]] MuufoGefenf;enf; vdkcsifvdkYyg }}
cifESif;EG,fonf MuufoGefrsm;udkcsdefum qdkifay:rSvSrf;í oli,frav;tm; ay;aepOf touf 30cefY½Sd
jrefrmwa,muf qdkifa½SUodkYa&mufvmí ...
]] qm;½Sdygovm; }}
]] ½Sdygw,f½Sif? ½Sdygw,f }}
]] qm;ig;q,fom;avmuf csdefprf;ygcifAsm; }}
cifESif;EG,fonf A&if*sDrav;tm; MuufoGefudkay;vdkufNyD;vQif qm;ig;q,fom;udkcsdefí xdkoltm;
ay;vdkuf&m ...
]] tzdk;awmY rar;awmYygbl;cifAsm;? 'DaiGcGufwckvkH;om ,lvdkufygawmY }}
cifESif;EG,fvnf; tHYtm;oifYum 0rf;ajrmufpGmESifY ...
]] b,fYES,fvJ armifBuD;½Sif? vdkcsifwm½Sd&if,lygOD;/ qm;ig;q,fom;eJYjzifY aiGcGufwckrwefao;ygbl; }}
]] ,lom,lygcifAsm? uRefawmfay;wmr[kwfygbl;/ NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;u 'DvdkyJay;NyD; 0,fcJY&r,f
cdkif;vdkufvdkY vm&wmyg }}
cifESif;EG,fonf 0rf;om&mrS ½kwfw&uf a'goxGufum ...
]] [ifY ...tif ...uRefr rvdkcsifbl;? ½SifYaiGcGufjyef,loGm;yg }}
xdkolu wif;rmaomrsufESmxm;jzifY ...
]] cifAsm; NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;trdefYudk rvdkufembl;aygY }}
]] uRefr vdkufemygw,f }}
]] 'gjzifY ...}}
]] vdkufemaywJY udk,fYypönf;udk,fa&mif;wm bmqdkifovJ/ tzdk;tc usoavmuf,lrSmaygY½SifY }}
]] 'DvdkjzifY b,fYES,fvkyfrvJ }}
]] usoavmuf wGufay;oGm;av }}
]] uRefawmfawmY rajym0HYbl;? cifAsm;[mcifAsm; vdkufajymvSnfh }}
xdkodkYajymaepOf vlwa,muf twif;ajy;vmí aps;0,foludk atmfaigufum ...
]] [kdrSm NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;MuGoGm;NyD? jrefjrefvm ...bmvkyfaevJ }}
xdkolu ysm,D;ysm,mjzifY ...]]a&mYAsm? cufvdkufwm}} qdkí aiGcGufudkypfum qm;xkyfudkqGJí xGufoGm;
av\/ tdyf&m0ifcgeD; tbdk;BuD; rlvmtDb&m[ifonf cifESif;EG,fudkac:um ...
]] igYajr; b,fYES,fjzpf&wmvJ }}
]] tvum; bdk;bdk;&,f? vludk txifao;tjrifao; }}
]] 'Dvdk ratmufarYygeJY orD;? wdkYajr;tbdk; qif;&JaewmjrifvdkY NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;u oem;awmfrlwm
xifygw,f }}
 ]] olrsm;oem;rS pm;&r,fYb0rsKd; ra&mufao;ygbl; bdk;bdk;&,f }}
]] tdk ...igYajr;ES,f 'Dvdkxif&½dk;vm;? NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;vdk[mrsKd;u oem;wmcH&vdkY atmufrus
Edkifygbl; }}
]] NrKdU0efvJ bmrdkYvdkYvJ }}
rlvmtDb&m[ifonf xdwfvefYaomtrlt&mjzifY cifESif;EG,f\yg;pyfem;odkYa&mufatmif vufumvsuf
]] atmifrav; igYajr;? rav;rcefY rajymvdkufygeJY/ Mum;oGm;&if ...}}
]] NrKdU0efvnf; uRefrwdkYvdk vlygyJ bdk;bdk;&JU? wdk;NyD;xl;wmr[kwfygbl;/ &mxl;uav;½SdvdkY ...}}
tbdk;BuD;onf cifESif;EG,f\yg;pyfudk rdrd\ wkef&DcsnfheJYaomvufjzifY twif;ydwfí ...
]] igYajr; bd;k bd;k wdYk 'kua© &mufwm jrifcsio f vm;? uaeY bmjzpfvmovJ/ bd;k bd;k wdrYk mS ckE,S cf g usm;oem;rS
EGm;csrf;om&r,fY b0rsKd;a&mufaewm/ armifrif;BuD;om;rsm; raESmifY,SufvdkY ckvdk at;at;aq;aq;ae&wm
igYajr;&JU ...}}
cifESif;EG,fonf tbdk;BuD;vufudkz,fí wpkHw&majymrnfjyKNyD;rS rajymbJacgif;ikHYum usvmonfh
rsuf&nfudk tusÐvufESifYokwf&if; em;axmifaeav\/
]] igYajr; 0rf;enf;ovm;? renf;eJY/ qif;&Jwcg omwvSnfh? ysuf&r,fYtcsdefrSm ysufwmyJ/ tjrJ'Dvdkcsnfh
ae&r,fvdkY b,folrS wm;jrpfxm;wmr[kwfbl;/ (tbdk;BuD;onf pum;ajym&if;armvmojzifY aq;tdk;udkrD;nSdNyD;
wa*ga*gESifY½SLum tenf;i,f&yfwefYaeNyD;rS aq;wH½dk;udk yg;pyfrScGmí) igYajr; bdk;bdk;pum;udk em;axmifaemf?
tvdr®mom;eJY? rif;wdkYrsufapmif; taMumif;ra½G;wJY/ rif;pdk;&mZmqdkwm vdk&ifvdkovdk csD;a`rSmufNyD;? rvdkwJYtcg
rvdkovdkvkyfEdkifw,f/ NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;qdkawmY MoZmtmPm tvGef½Sdwmuvm;? 'Day:rSm rif;ysKdrif;vGif
qdkawmY omNyD;cefYnm;&w,f/ olwdkYudk r½dkraoajymoHMum;&if "m;ydkift&m½SdawGygvm;? xifovdkESdyfpufvdkuf&if
wdkYajr;tbdk; 'ku©a&mufoGm;rSmaygY }}
cifESif;EG,fonf rdrdtbdk;\ qkH;rpum;wdkYudkMum;&m ...
]] aMomf ...wkdYtjzpfES,f w,fvdkYvJ atmufusygvm;/ ypönf;Opöm rcsrf;omvdkY udk,fY0rf;pmudk,f½SmNyD;
pm;ae&wJb Y 0rsK;d rSm olwpYkd w d Bf uKu
d v
f u
kd Nf y;D r½dak oEdik &f if taMumif;rJo
Y ufouf ESyd pf ufr,fo
Y al wGu ½Sad o;w,f/
u,fwifr,fYt½SifudkjzifY awGUawmYr,frxifygbl; }} [kawG;awmí 0rf;enf;yufvufjzpfum rqnfEdkifatmif
rsuf&nfrsm;usrdav\/
aemufwaeY cifESif;EG,fudk tdrfawmfodkYvmcJY&rnf[k NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;trdefYESifY qifYpma&mufvm&m
cifESif;EG,frSm rsm;pGmrwkefvSKyfaomfvnf; tbdk;BuD;rSm tvGefw&mwkefvSKyfí ysmavmifcwfaeav\/
]] bmrSrpdk;&drfygeJY bdk;bdk;&JU? uRefrvnf; em;vnfygw,f/ NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;u oem;vdkY qkcszdkY&m
ac:wmjzpfrSmyg }}
tvGefw&m tcsKd;tpm;useí vSyaomrdef;rysKdwa,mufonf NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;\ tdrfawmf0if;
twGi;f cif;xm;tyfaom 0g;pdr;f uGyyf spaf y:í oem;pzG,f tm;i,fnKS ;d EGr;f aom trlt&mjzifY cyfrKS id rf KS id x f ikd v
f suf
ae&m? twefMumaomtcg tdrfay:rS vlwa,mufqif;vmí ]]NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;u tdrfawmfay: MuGcJYygwJY
cifAsm}} [kajymNyD;vQif xdkolvnf; tdrfawmf0if;wHcg;udkzGifYí xGufoGm;av\/ rdef;rysKdonf NrKdU0efrif;\
trdefYtwdkif; tdrfay:odkYwufoGm;&m rnfoludkrQrawGU&ojzifY ta½SUbufrsufESm qif0ifvomcef; vSyaom
yef;tdk;wdkYjzifY trsKd;rsKd; crf;em;pGmjyifqifxm;aom ae&mwckwGif wa,mufwnf;xdkifí apmifYaeav\/
rMumrD NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;onf tcef;wcef;rSxGufvm&m rdef;rysKdvnf; acgif;udkatmufpdkufí
nSKd;i,faomrsufESmjzifY ½dkaopGmcpm;vsuf NrKdU0efudkarmfrMunfhbJ xdkif&if;0yfcsav\/ NrKdU0efrif;onf rdef;rysKd\
a½SUwnfhwnfhü rwfwwf&yfí twefMum rdef;rysKdudkMunfhaeNyD;rS ]]udka½T0if;}} [kvTwfueJac:vdkufav\/
rdef;rysKdonf wpkHw&m bmrQjyefrajymbJ rsufESmudkatmufcsí ikHYjrJikHYaeav&m NrKdU0efonf rwfwwf&yf&mrS
rdef;rysKd\teD;wGifxdkifvsuf ...
]] 'Dutay:rSm pdwfemvdrfYr,fqdkwm odNyD;ygyJ/ taMumif;rod&if emvJemp&mygyJ }}
rdef;rysKdonf ikHYíomaeav\/ NrKdU0efu ...
]] rsufESmuav;rsm; wcsufavmuf armYprf;ygOD;Asm }}
 rdef;rysKdonfum; pum;ar;r&acs/
]] ukda½T0if; uRefawmfYudk ...at;av a,mifvdkY? tck b,folwJY? cifESif;EG,f ...uRefawmfYtay:rSm
'DavmufyJjzpf&ovm;Asm/ rif;w&m;BuD;udk,fwdkifu a`rSmufpm;vdkY wm0ef0wå&m;oufa&mufaewkef; jAKef;ueJ
odrf;ydkufvdkuf&if £a`E´rJY&ma&mufoGm;rSmpdk;vdkY tckvdk pdrf;um;csifa,mifaqmifNyD; ...}}
NrKdU0efrif;onf ajym&if;rsuf&nfusum idkoHygvmojzifY pum;udkjzwfíxm;vdkuf&m ...
]] ESKwfquf½kHESKwfqufwmeJY £a`E´rysufEdkifygbl; }} cifESif;EG,fu acgif;ikHYxm;&if;ajymonf/
]] aMomf ...udka½T0if;ES,f cifAsm; ...}}
]] uRefr rdef;rom;yg? a,mufsm;r[kwfygbl; }}
]] e*dkrlrysuf ESKwfwufaevdkYyg? tck emrnf b,folwJY ...}}
cifESif;EG,fvnf; acgif;ikHYae&mrS armfum ...
]] cifESif;EG,fwJY? todom;eJYar;ae }} oHjzwfESifY cyfqwfqwfajymonf/
]] aMomf ...cifESif;EG,fwJY? emrnfrSnfhykHuvJ rSL;rwf trsKd;tEG,fawGvdkygyJvm; }}
]] uRefrwdkYtazu [Hom0wDbk&if ig;ql'g,umrif;w&m;BuD;&JU trwfrsKd;xJuyJ }}
]] taruaum ...}}
]] bdk;bdk;[m uRefrtar&JU tazygyJ }}
]] 'gjzifY cif[m ukvm;ujym;rav;aygY }}
]] ukvm;aywJY bmomu Ak'¨bmomyg }}
]] cifYbdk;bdk;[mvJ a*gwrbk&m;udk udk;uG,fwmyJvm; }}
]] [kwfw,f? bdk;bdk;a&m uRefra&mygyJ }}
]] 'Dutay:rSm awmfawmfyJ pdwef maew,fxifw,f}} (NrKUd 0efonf pum;rpyfaomfvnf; rdrad jymcsi&f mudk
ta&;BuD;aeojzifY ajymqdkvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
]] rem0HYygbk&m; }}
]] atmifrav; usKyfudk bk&m;awGbmawGeJY? vkyfraeygeJY udka½T0if;&,f? at;av ...cifcif&,f }}
]] uRefrwdkYrSm ckES,fcg udk&JvSrsufESmudk armfrMunfh0HYwJYtjzpfrsKd;a&mufaewmyg/ bk&m;rxl;&if &mZrmef
yGm;NyD; "m;Budrf;Budrf;rSm pdk;&ygw,f }}
]] aMomf ...ajymawmY cifcif&,f }}
]] rSefwJYtwdkif;ajymwmyg½Sif? NrKdU0efrif;qdkawmY "m;ydkift&m½SdrdkY ae&mwumrSm ½dkao&ygw,f }}
]] oabm½SdovdkomajymygawmY? tjypfwifwdkif; cH&awmYrSmyJ }}
]] tjypfrwif0HYygbl; bk&m;? [kwfwJYtwdkif; avQmufwmyg }}
NrKdU0efrif;u a'goxGufaomtrlt&mjziYf ...
]] cifcif }}
]] bk&m; }}
NrKdU0efrif;onf cifESif;EG,f\vufESpfzufudk qkyfudkifzspfnSpfí ...
]] xl;OD;bk&m;? 'gavmufaigY&&if auseyfygawmY/ wuwJrSyJ }}
]] vufatmufi,fom; tm;i,fwJY rdef;rom;wOD;udk onfvdkrESdyfpufxdkufygbl;½Sif? igt&m½SdqdkNyD; }}
]] aMomf ...tckvv kd yk w
f mudk ESyd pf ufw,fvYkd oabmydu
k o
f aygYav/ armift
Y ay:rSmcspw
f YJ arwåmpdwrf sm;
r½Sdbl;vm;cif&JU }}
]] rcspf0HYygbl;½Sif }}
]] cifYrSm cspfcifwJY rdwfaqGopfuav;rsm; awGUxm;vdkYvm; }}
cifESif;EG,fu a'goxGufaom rsufESmjzifY ...
]] vludkrkef;&if xifovdkESdyfpufvdkufyg½Sif? 'Dvdk rw&m;rpGyfpGJygeJY }}
]] 'gjzifY ...}}
cifESif;EG,fonf wpkHw&majymrnfBuHNyD;rS rajymbJacgif;ikHYae&m ...
 ]] cif }}
]] ½Sif }}
]] armifYrSm tararG;wJYtoufr½Sdygbl;? cifay;wJYtoufom ½SdygawmYw,f/ 'gYaMumifY toufocif
aus;Zl;½Sifruav;udk ...}}
]] owd&&if 0rf;omygw,f½Sif }}
]] tJ'DawmY cifYrSmvJ vGwfvGwfvyfvyfqdk&if ESpfOD;ESpf0cspfcifNyD; ...}}
]] uRefrrSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyfr[kwfbl; }}
NrKdU0efrif;vnf; tHYtm;oifYum ...
]] [if jzpfrSjzpf&av? 'geJY ckwifuawmY ...}]
]] tdk ...'Dvdkajym ...}}
]] rvGwfvyf vGwfvyf? csrf;omray;Edkifbl;/ udk,fcspfwJYoludkawmY ,l&awmYrSmyJ/ cifYa,mufsm;qdkwJY
taumifawmY aor,fomBuHayawmY? b,folYrS ta&;rxm;bl; }} rsufESmrsm;eDum tavmwBuD; a'gBuD;pGmESifY
ajymavonf/
]] aeygOD;½Sif }}
]] raeEdkifbl;? usKyf "m;ydkift&m½SdwOD;yg/ xifovdkvkyfEdkifw,f/ cifYa,mufsm;qdkwm b,ftaumifvJ}}
]] aeprf;ygOD;? ½SifajymwmawG ...}}
]] tdk ...odcsifvSNyD ajymyg? cifAsm;a,mufsm;xdvdkY emovm;/ rajymvJ waeYusod&rSmyJ }}
cifESif;EG,fu pdwfqdk;oHjzifY ...
]] uRefrajymwm em;axmifygOD;? ½Sifcsnfhajymae ...}}
]] ajymyg jrefjref }}
]] b,fu uRefra,mufsm;vJ? em;rvnfygbl;/ uRefrtysKdqdkwm wNrKdUvkH;odw,f }}
NrKdU0efrif;u tm;wufaomrsufESmjzifY ...
]] EdkY ...'geJY vGwfvGwfvyfvyf r[kwfbl;qdk? udk,fY[mudk,fajymNyD; }}
]] uRefrrSm tbdk;½Sdao;w,f/ tbdk;u tkyfxdef;aevdkY udk,fY[mudk,frydkifbl; ajymwm ...}}
]] aMomf ...'Dvdkvm;? 'grSmawmY um,uH½Sif cifomy"meyg/ 'Dutay:rSm arwåm½SdEdkifw,frvm; }}
cifESif;EG,fonf ,cifu &JvStay:wGif txifvGJcJYaomfvnf; ,cktcg 4if;\pdwfudkaocsmpGmod&í
auseyfvsuf½Sd&m rdrdrSm tpOftjrJyif &JvStm; trSwf&cJYoljzpfaomaMumifY ...
]] arwåm½SdaywJY ...}}
0rf;omaomrsufESmjzifY ...
]] bmjzpfao;ovJ }}
]] opöm½SdrS jzpfEdkifw,f }}
]] bmopömvJ }}
]] rSefwJYtwdkif;zGifYajym&&if ½Sifwu,fcspfEdkifygYrvm; }}
NrKdU0efrif;u pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifY ...
]] bmajymw,f? wu,frubl; ESpfu,f? [dkbuf w0ufavmufausmfao;w,f }}
]] ½SifYrSm ckrdef;rr½Sdwm rSef&JUaemf? 'gayr,fY tif;0rSmxm;ypfcJY&if ...}}
]] b,fu tif;0rSmxm;cJY&rSmvJ? awmufwD;awmufwJY ...}}
]] ajym&if jzpfwmaygY½Sif }}
]] tdk ...r[kwfygbl;? twnfajymaewm &,fp&mrSwfaeovm; }}
]] 'gjzifYaumif;NyD? r½Sdbl;qdkygawmY ...aemufusawmYaum r,m;i,f b,fESa,mufxm;rSmvJ }}
NrKdU0efrif;onf cifESif;EG,f\ykckH;ay:odkYvufwifum vnfyif;udkodrf;½kH;qGJiifí ...
]] r,m;i,fvJ 'gyJ? r,m;BuD;vJ 'gyJ/ tonf;pGJcspfwJY a[m'D r,m;&wemav;eJY om;wzsmarG; }}
cifESif;EG,fu NrKdU0efrif;\yg;pyfudk vufESifYtwif;ydwfí ...
 ]] Munfhprf; b,fYES,f[mvJ rqdkEdkifbl;/ vludk olYr,m;vkyfNyD; r[kwfw½kwfawGavQmufajymaevdkufwm}}
tbdk;BuD; rlvmtDb&m[ifonf ajr;ruav; cifESif;EG,ftwGuf pdwf&wufrat;ojzifY tdrfa½SUodkY
xGufum ajr;ruav;tvmudk apmifYarQmfae&m rMumrD cifESif;EG,fa&mufvmojzifY taMumif;t&mudk ar;jref;
Munfhaomtcg ...
]] igYajr; bdk;bkd;jzifY wxdwfxdwfeJY odyfNyD;pdk;&drfaewmyJ/ bmudpöac:awmfrlwmvJ }}
cifESif;EG,fonf twefi,fawGaeojzifY ...
]] igYajr; ajymomajymyg? olwdkYu rw&m;ESdyfpuf&if cHEdkif½dk;vm;/ rif;w&m;BuD;a½Tem;awmfMum;atmif
bdk;bdk;oGm;NyD; oHawmfOD;wifr,f/ NrKdU0efrif;ocifruvdkY vTwfawmf0efBuD;jzpfayYap? rw&m;vkyf&if rcHEdkifbl;/
bdk;bdk;vnf; "r®owfaMumif;em;vnfygw,f }} pdwftm;xufoefpGmESifYajymonf/
]] tdk ...bdk;bdk;uvJ taMumif;rod&ao;bl;? a'goxGufwmu tvsif ...}}
cifESif;EG,fonf 'DaeY igb,fvdkvlawGeJY awGUae&ygvdrfYrvJ[k &JvS\jzpfykHudk ajy;íowd&um &,fcsif
vSaomfvnf; £a`Eq ´ ,fí rajymrNy;D rwD;rjrnfqo kd nft h wdik ;f rdrEd iS &Yf v
J w
S Ykd ppfuikd ;f rSm pawGUNy;D &mu tif;0rSm
twlaeMupOf cspcf ifMuykt H vk;H pkEH iS w
Yf uG oefvsiw f iG f yifwakd exGe;f b0 tcsKycf &H pOfu rdru d &Jvt S m; u,fq,f
cJY&ykHrsm;udk tus,fw0ifYajymjyav&m tbdk;BuD;rSm aq;wHBuD;udkaomuf½SLí em;axmifae&if; &ifwGif;ü
at;jrvsuf oabmusaeaomfvnf; ajr;ruav;twGuf t½SufudkiJYum rsufESm£a`E´rysufapbJ qufvuf
em;axmifaeav\/ cifESif;EG,fonf rdrdESifY&JvSwdkY\ orD;&nf;pm;&mZ0ifudk jyefajymif;ajymjyNyD;vQif ,ck
&JvS\pdwfudkod&í rdrduauseyfaMumif;? &JvSuvnf; auseyf&ef twefwefawmif;yefaMumif;ESifY &JvS\
pdwfoabmaumif;ykHrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;ajymjyNyD;aemuf ...
]] tJ'geJY bdk;bdk;&JU? tck olu csufcsif;vufxyfcsifw,f ajymaew,f/ uRefru cyfjznf;jznf;rS at;at;
aq;aq; bdk;bdk;udkar;yg&apOD;vdkY tcsdefqGJxm;cJYwmyJ }}
tbdk;BuD; rlvmtDb&m[ifu MunfvifaomtoHjzifY ...
]] aMomf ...igYajr;wdkYjzpfykHu 'Dvdkudk;? e*dkubmjzpfvdkY bdk;bdk;udk 'DtaMumif;awG rajymovJ }}
cifESif;EG,fu acgif;ikHYí ...
]] bdk;bdk;ajym&rSm ½SufwmeJY ...}}
]] 'gjzifYvnf; igYajr;&,f? jzpf&rSmtwlwl olajymovdkyJ olYtvdktwdkif; cyfjrefjrefvkyfvdkufwmyJ
aumif;r,fxifyg&JU }}
]] qdkif;OD;r,f bdk;bdk;&,f }}
tbdk;BuD;onf ta&;wBuD; 0rf;omaeojzifY tcsdefqGJ&ef oabmrwl&um; t½SufudkriJYEdkifbJ pdk;&drfjcif;
BuD;pGmjzifY ...
]] 'Dvdk igYajr;? olwdkYvdk t&m½SdBuD;awGqdkwm pyfr,fY[yfr,fYolawG tifrwefaygw,f/ 'DawmY
cyfjrefjref...}}
]] tdk ...bd;k bd;k uvJ rpd;k &dr&f rSm pd;k &draf e/ olu 'Dvdk opömrJ&Y if bmta&;Bu;D ovJ bd;k bd;k &JU/ b,fou l
bmpyfpyf olom y"meyg }}
]] aMomf ...ckumvrSm igYajr;&JU? wOD;aumif;pm;wmudk wOD;jrifcsifMuwmr[kwfbl;/ 'gYaMumifY tcsdef
qGJae&if Mum;xJu0ifNyD; wdkufr,fYcdkufr,fYvlawG ½SdrSmuvm; }}
]] b,folu bmwdkufwkduf bdk;bdk;&,f? pdk;&drfp&mr½Sdygbl;/ ckvdktcgrSm udk,fuawmif aps;udkifae&r,fY
tcsdefyg/ olvJ uRefrudkrvTJEdkifygbl;/ olYpdwfxJrSmvnf; uRefrudk tonf;pGJ ...}}
pum;rqkH;rD tbdk;BuD;u jzwfí ...]] 'gYjzifYvnf; igYajr;oabmtwdkif;aygY }}
cifESif;EG,fonf xdkaeYrSpí NrKdU0efrif;tdrfodkY rjywfrvyfoGm;vsuf½Sd&m NrKdU0efrif;udk,fwdkifvnf;
cifESif;EG,fwdkYtdrfvmívnfywfum tbdk;BuD; rlvmtDb&m[ifESifY pum;pjrnfajymqdkaeavY½Sd\/ odkYjzpfí
,cktcg tjrifYNrKdUom; wdkif;&if;om;jrefrmwdkYESifYwuG ukvm;A&if*sD yoDZmwf0if rlqvifwdkYonf cifESif;EG,fudk
csD;rGrf;olucsD;rGrf;? a½SUa&;udkarQmfum vufaqmify@mxdk;í t½dktaoay;oluay;ESifY ta&;w,l ay;olr½Sm;
vltrsm;wdkY\ av;pm;cefYnm;jcif;udkcH&av\/
 waeYoü NrKdU0efrif;ocifbk&m;\ tdrfawmfpuf&mcef;ü crf;em;pGmcif;xm;aom urÁvmxufwGif
opfviG af wmufajymifaom t0wfwu Ykd 0kd wfqifvsuf ½SKcsipf zG,f wifw Y ,fvyS aomolEpS af ,mufukd jrifEikd af v\/
xdok El pS af ,mufrmS tjcm;r[kw?f tcsi;f csi;f cspw f í
YHk csppf NrKUH jyefaeMuaom NrKUd 0efrif;ocifb&k m; b,ausmpf mG ESiYf
0efuawmfavmif; cifESif;EG,fwdkYjzpfavownf;/
]] cif }}
]] ½Sif }}
]] ckES,fcg urÇmay:rSm armifYvdkuHaumif;wJYvl ½SdygYrvm; }}
]] bmjzpfvdkYvJ }}
]] tom;ta& a½Tvdk0if;NyD; aumif;jcif;ig;jzm vu©PmjynfhpkHvdkY vlYbkHrSmwpfpGJwJY a[m'DtcspfcJuav;eJY
'GefwGJ&awmYrSmrdkY }}
]] yvDyg MuyfMuyf }}
]] yvDwmr[kwfbl;? twnfajymwmyg }}
]] bmtwnf&rSmvJ? ckwrsKd; ckwrsKd; trsKd;rsKd; ajymcsifwdkif;ajymaewm }}
]] b,fwkef;u b,fYES,fajymzl;vdkYvJ }}
]] tif;0rSm zsm;wkef;ua,mifawmY odMum;rif;Muif,m olZmwdkYxufawmifvSw,fqdk }}
]] b,folYudkvJ }}
cifESif;EG,fu rdrdudk,fudk vufnSKd;xkd;í ...
]] 'DudkaygY }}
NrKdU0efrif;vnf; ajy;íowd&um &,fcsifvSaomfvnf; £a`E´aqmifí ...
]] aMomf ...[dk[muawmY a,mif,rf;ajymwmudkAs }}
]] a,mifwm [kwfcsifrS[kwfrSmyg }}
]] b,fYES,f ...}}
]] nmw,fxifwmyJ }}
]] bm ...}}
]] ra,mifcsifbJeJY a,mifcsif[efaqmif ajymwmjzpfrSmyJ }}
NrKdU0efrif;vnf; cifESif;EG,fonf tvGefyg;eyfvSyguvm;[k pOf;pm;vsuf yg;eyfonfhtwGuf wdk;í
arwåmoufum ...
]] 'gxuf armifeYJcif awGU&ykH[m odyfqef;wmyJaemf }}
cifESif;EG,fu cspfp&maumif;aom toHuav;jzifY ...
]] taMumif;udk armif&JU }}
]] cif[m ZGifumul&JU taxmufawmfBuD;aygYav }}
]] odwJYtwdkif;aygY }}
]] jzpf&ykH ajymprf;ygOD; }}
]] uRefrtaMumif;awG ajym&rSmawmif 0rf;enf;ygw,f½Sif }}
]] ajymprf;yg }}
]] aMomf ...½SifuvJ Muif&r,fYolqdkawmY odcsifayrSmaygY }}
]] [kwfw,f? uRefawmfu Muif&r,fYolqdkawmY tm;BuD;odcsifwmaygY }} [k NrKdU0efrif;u &,fíajymonf/
]] 'Dvdk½SifY? uRefr arareJYazaz i,fi,fav;uwnf;u qkH;oGm;vdkY tck tbdk;eJYae&w,f/ bdk;bdk;uvJ
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xm;w,f/ ZGifumulu tydkif,lNyD; orD;trSwfarG;pm;vdkY tckvdkBuD;yGm;&wmygyJ }}
]] cif A&if*sDxJ r0ifcJY&bl;vm; }}
 ]] bmae&rvJ? 0if&wmaygY/ 'geJY ok;H ESpaf vmuf½adS wmY ZGiu f mulu uRerf udk taxmufawmftvkycf ikd ;f Ny;D
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t&ifqkH;oGm;NyD; ...}}
]] yk*Hudk bmvkyfovJ }}
]] jrefrmpmaumif;aumif;rwwf&if tif;0a&mufawmY pkHaxmufzdkYcJ,Of;vdrfYr,f/ 'gYaMumifY yk*Hudk
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]] atmifr,f ...}}
]] tJ'DtcgupNyD; uRefr A&if*sDbmom r,kHawmYwmyJ }}
]] tqDawGUvmrifYudk }}
]] tJ'geJY yk*HrSmae&if; avSolBuD;wOD;eJYrdwfzGJUNyD; ½SifYrdbawG½Sd&m ppfudkif;vmcJYwmyJ }}
]] aeprf;ygOD;? ar;prf;yg&ap/ armif oefvsifvmawmY cif tif;0rSm usef&pfw,fr[kwfvm; }}
]] armifarmif w½kwfe,fpyfoGm;awmY tif;0rSmusef&pfcJYwmyJ/ odwJYtwdkif;aygY }} [k &,fíajymonf/
]] oefvsifaewkef;u tdyf&may:rSm pmwapmifaumufawGUw,f/ vufa&;u cifYvufa&;twdkif;yJ }}
]] ar&,efudk odw,fr[kwfvm; }}
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]] olYudkvJ taxmufawmfvkyfxm;cdkif;ovm; }}
]] uRefru vkyfxm;wmyg? olwdkYod&wm r[kwfygbl; }}
]] ar&,efu tif;0vmajymovm; }}
cifESif;EG,fu pdwfwdkaomtrlt&mjzifY ...
]] ½Sif taxmufawmfvkyfwkef;u b,fYES,fvkyfNyD; tif;0udkowif;ydkYovJ/ e*dkxJu jrif;apausmfxm;wm
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]] aMomf ...}}
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]] 'gaMumifYxifyg&JU? ar&,efu armifYudk odyfNyD;*½kpdkufwmyJ }}
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]] qkwfyg? ½SifY&ifcGifxJrSm raecsifygbl;/ umwm&DemeJY jzpfcsifwdkif;jzpfNyD;rS ...}}
NrKdU0efrif;vnf; wdk;íayGUum ...
]] onf;cHyg cif? cspfcsifvdkYcspf&wm r[kwfygbl; }}
cifESif;EG,fonf rsufESmüa'goa&mifawmufum ...
]] rcspfcsifbJeJY cspfr,f? [kwfw,f ajymvdkuf&raumif;bJaea&mY/ awmfyg½Sif uRefrcspfovdk ½Sifu
cspfwmr[kwfygbl;/ 'DuawmY olYudk woufvkH;apmifYa½Smufae&w,f }}
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]] pkHaxmufvdkYrS &ygapawmYqdkNyD; ...}}
]] 'DvdkvkyfrS&rSvm; }} cifESif;EG,fu aigufíajymonf/
]] 'Dvdkrvkyf&if tdrfawmfu csufcsif;xGufoGm;&rSm? vludk olu twif;t"r® ...}}
]] awmfyg rMum;csifygbl;/ tvum; ukd,fY[mudk,f cspfcsifvdkYcspfNyD; }}
]] 'gqdk tcsKyfcH&wm b,folYaMumifYvJ }}
]] 'grqdkifygbl;? uRefrodygw,f }}
]] 'gjzifY bmajymp&m ...}}
 ]] ½Sifu cspfwmomajymwm/ [dku bmwu,fcspfrvJ olYvifBuD;eJYudk; }}
]] uJyg cif&,f? NyD;NyD;om;NyD;ygap/ auseyfyg? armifarmifawmif;yefygw,f }}
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]] auseyf&awmYrSmaygY½Sif? bmwwfEdkifrvJ/ uRefruHaygY/ udk,feJYvufOD;awGUwJY &nf;pm;OD;jzpfvsufom;eJY
olrsm;eJY yvl;csifwdkif;yvl;NyD;rS udk,fYvufxJa&muf&wm awG;Munfh&if tonf;emvdkYrqkH;bl; }}
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]] cif }}
]] bmvmcRJovJ }}
]] pmvmypfykH ajymprf;ygOD; }}
]] tif;0uaepma&;NyD; ar&,efqD ay;vdkufwmaygY }}
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]] 'Dvdkvm;? 'gxuf aeygOD;/ armifYudkcsKyfxm;wm b,fuaeodovJ/ ar&,efu pmay;&atmifvJ }}
]] 'DawmY oefvsifa&mufaeNyD }}
]] b,ftem;aeovJ }}
]] urf;em;u uRerf wdb Yk ;kd bd;k tdrrf mS aew,f/ [dw
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]] cif[m armifarmifYtoufocif aus;Zl;½Sifuav;ayyJaemf }}
]] armifarmifYudkvJ ar;&OD;r,f/ tcsKyfuvGwfawmY b,foGm;ovJ }}
]] armifav [Hom0wDa&mufawmY NrKdU0efqD0ifNyD; ZGifumultrdefYeJY aiGig;axmifawmif;w,f/ taMumif;
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]] b,folvJ }}
]] cifrodygbl;? t&ifwkef;u ZGifumulqDvmzl;wJY vD,dk 'DqlZm qdkwm }}
]] b,fuvJ }}
]] olYZmwdu vpfpAkef;NrKdUom;? &cdkifrSmaew,f/ tck olwdkYoabFmu [Hom0wDuaeNyD; vpfpAkef;udk
wdkuf½dkufxGufr,fajymwmeJY armifarmifvnf; wcgwnf; oabFmESifYvdkufoGm;wmyJ }}
]] tif;0udk bmjyKvdkYrjyefovJ }}
]] tvsifawmY jyefrvdkYBuHyg&JU/ aemufawmY tJ'D vD,dk 'DqlZmawGUwmeJY yifv,fc&D;oGm;csifpdwf
aygufvmw,f }}
]] bmjzpfvdkYvdkufovJvdkY rar;bl;vm; }}
]] ar;yg&JU? ar;aywJY aiGay;xm;awmY ta&;rBuD;bl;/ a&mufcsifvdkYvkdufw,f ajymvdkufwmyJ }}
]] vpfpAkef;udk a&mufcJYovm; }}
]] a&mufw,f? ESpfvawmifMumcJYao;wmyJ/ tJ'geJY jyefzdkY&mBuHpnfaewkef; oefvsifrSm rif;w&m;BuD;
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]] aMomf ...armifvJ yifv,fwavQmuf ESHYoGm;wmyJaemf/ raovdkYomawGU&wm }}
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