SPRING CONTROL

METHOD
 Spring ControL
THIS IS THE MOST COMMON METHOD OF PROVIDING
CONTROLLING TORQUE. IT MAKES USE OF ONE OR TWO
SPRIAL HAIR SPRINGS ATACHED TO THE SPRINGLE OF THE
METER .
THE TWO SPRING ARE OPPOSITELY WOUND.
SOMETIMES THESE SPRINGS ACT AS CURRENT LEAD FOR
THE COIL ATTACHED TO THE SPINDLE.
WITH THE DEFLECTION OF THE POINTER THE SPRING ARE
WITH STAY IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION THE MOTION OF THE
POINTER AND PRODUCE CONTROLLING TORQUE.
IT INDICATED BY a
WHERE, IS THE ANGULAR DEFLECTION OF THE
POINTER IN DGREE
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Advantages :
THE SPRING CONTROL METERS CAN BE USED IN
HORIZONTAL AS WELL AS IN VERTICAL POSITION.
CONTROLLING TORQUE CAN BE ADJUSTED EASILY.
Disadvantages :
CHANGE OF TEMPRATURE AFFECT THE SPRING LENGTH AND
HENCE THE MAGNITUDE OF THE CONTROLLING TORQUE.
ACCIDENTAL STRESS IN THE SPRINGS MAY DAMAGE THEM
AND SPRINGS MAY GET A PERMANENT SET IF STRESSES
BEYOUND THEIR ELASTICLIMIT.

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GRAVITY CONTROL
METHOD
Gravity Control

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 Gravity Control

IN THIS TYPE A SMALL WEIGHT IS PLACED OMN ARM

ATTACHED TO TH MOVING SYSTEM.
THE POSITION OF WEIGHT IS ADJUSTABLE.
THIS WEIGHT PRODUCE CONTROLLING TORQUE INTO
GRAVITY AND IT IS KOWN AS CONTROL WEIGHT

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 When deflected by an angle , the
weight exerts a force,
W sin
The restraining or controlling torque
is thus developed is given as

c W sin L WL sin
Since d I , and c d
or WL sin kI
WL
I sin
k
or I sin
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Disadvantage :

1. These do not have uniform scale.

2. These must be used in vertical position so that
the control may operate properly.

Advantages :
1.Less expensive.
2.Unaffected by changes in temperature.
3. Free from fatigue or deterioration with time.
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TORQUE

A torque is an action
resulting from a force
that causes objects to
rotate.
Torque is not the same
thing as force.
Torque is created by
force, but torque also A door pushed at its handle will

depends on the point of

easily turn and open, but a door
pushed near its hinges will not move
application and the as easily.
 The point or line about which an object turns is
its center of rotation.
A force applied far from the center of rotation
produces a greater torque than a force applied
close to the center of rotation.
Doorknobs are positioned far from the hinges to
provide the greatest amount of torque for a
given force.
 TYPE OF TORQUE
1) DAMPING TORQUE
Due to inertia of the system, the pointer moves ahead
to position A, before coming to rest.
This way the pointer keeps oscillating about its final
steady-state position with decreasing amplitude.
The damping torque reduced the time of the
osicillation of the pointer around helping in reducing
the time for taking the reading.

.
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Damping Torque

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2) Controlling torque - It is opposing the deflecting
torque and increases with deflection. It is produced by
either spring or gravity.
for spring control Tc
for gravity control Tc sin where - deflection

The controlling torque serves two functions : (i) the

pointer stops moving beyond the final deflection, (ii) the
pointer comes back to its zero position when the
instrument is disconnected.
3) Deflecting torque:-
It is produced by use of magnetic field, heating, chemical,
electromagnetic or electrostatic effect of current and voltage
to be measured.

The deflecting system uses one of the following effects

produce by current or voltage , produce deflecting torque
1 Magnetic effect
2 Thermal effects
3 Electrostatic effect
4 Induction effect
5 Hall effect