Chapter 10 Lecture

Basic Chemistry
Fourth Edition

Compounds and Their Bonds

Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

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 Electronegativity and Polarity
We can learn more about the
chemistry of compounds by
understanding how electrons are
shared in bonds.
• Bonds formed by identical atoms
share the bonding electrons equally.
• Bonds formed between different
atoms share the bonding electrons
unequally.
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 Electronegativity
Electronegativity
• is the relative ability of atoms to
attract shared electrons
• is higher for nonmetals; fluorine
has the highest with a value of 4.0
• is lower for metals; cesium and
francium have the lowest value of
0.7
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 Electronegativity
We can use the periodic table to predict the
relative electronegativity value for each element.
Electronegativity
• increases from left to right going
across a period on the periodic
table
• decreases going down a group on
the periodic table
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 Electronegativity

Figure 10.1 The electronegativity values of the representative

elements in Group 1A (1) to Group 7A (17), which indicate the
ability of atoms to attract shared electrons, increase going across
a period from left to right and decrease going down a group.
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Learning Check

Using the periodic table,

predict the order of
increasing
electronegativity for the
elements O, K, and C.

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 Solution
Using the periodic table, predict the
order of increasing electronegativity for
the elements O, K, and C.
Answer: K, C, O
• K, period 4, group 1A (1), has an
electronegativity value of 0.8.
• C, period 2, group 4A (14), has an
electronegativity value of 2.5.
• O, period 2, group 6A (16), has an
electronegativity value of 3.5.
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 COVALENT BONDING

• Covalent bond, in
chemistry, the
interatomic linkage that
results from the sharing
of an electron pair
between two atoms.
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 Types of Covalent Bonds
Bonds can be described by the
difference in the electronegativity of
the bonding atoms.
Two types of covalent bonds occur in
molecules:
• nonpolar covalent bonds; bonding
electrons are shared equally
• polar covalent bonds; bonding
electrons are shared unequally
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 Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
A nonpolar covalent bond between nonmetal
atoms
• consists of an equal (or almost equal)
sharing of electrons
• has a zero (or close to zero)
electronegativity difference (0.0 to 0.4) or
less that 0.5

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 Polar Covalent Bonds

A polar covalent bond between nonmetal

atoms
• consists of an unequal sharing of
electrons
• has an electronegativity difference of 0.5
to 1.7

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 Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Figure 10.2 In the nonpolar covalent bond of H2, electrons are

shared equally. In the polar covalent bond of HCl, electrons are
shared unequally.
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 Dipoles and Bond Polarity

• Bonds become more polar as the difference in

electronegativity increases.
• A polar covalent bond that has a separation of
charges is called a dipole.
• The positive and negative ends are represented
by the Greek letter delta, with a + or − charge.
• Arrows can also be used to represent dipoles.

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 Variations in Bonding
Variations in bonding are continuous.
• Bonds with an electronegativity
difference of 0.0 – 0.4 are considered
nonpolar.
• Bonds with an electronegativity
difference of 0.5 – 1.7 are considered
polar covalent.
• Bonds with an electronegativity
difference greater than 1.8 are
considered ionic.
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 Electronegativity and Types of Bonds

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 Predicting Bond Type

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 Learning Check

Complete the following table for each

of the bonds indicated.

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 Solution

Complete the following table for each

of the bonds indicated.

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 Polarity of Molecules—Nonpolar

In a nonpolar molecule, all the bonds are

nonpolar, or the polar bonds (dipoles) cancel each
other out.
Molecules such as H2, Cl2 and CH4 are nonpolar
because they contain only nonpolar bonds.

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 Polarity of Molecules—Nonpolar

A nonpolar molecule also occurs when polar

bonds (dipoles) cancel each other because of a
symmetrical arrangement.
Molecules such as CO2 and CCl4 contain polar
bonds with dipoles that cancel each other out.

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 Polarity of Molecules—Polar

A polar molecule occurs when the

dipoles from individual bonds do
not cancel each other out.
For molecules with two or more
electron groups, the shape (such as
bent or trigonal pyrimidal)
determines whether or not the
dipoles cancel.
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 Polarity of Molecules—Polar
Examples of polar molecules include HCl, H2O,
and NH3.
• HCl is linear and contains a polar bond.

• H2O is bent and contains two polar bonds as

well as two lone pairs on oxygen.

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 Polarity of Molecules—Polar

• NH3 is trigonal pyrimidal, and contains three

polar bonds and a lone pair on nitrogen.

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 Guide to Determination of Polarity of a
Molecule

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 Learning Check

Determine if the
molecule OF2 is
polar or nonpolar.

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 Solution

Determine if the molecule OF2 is

polar or nonpolar.
Step 1 Determine if the bonds are
polar or nonpolar covalent.
Oxygen has an
electronegativity of 3.5, and
fluorine has an
electronegativity of 4.0. O—F
bonds are polar covalent.
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 Solution
Determine if the molecule OF2 is polar or
nonpolar.
Step 2 If the bonds are polar covalent,
draw the electron-dot formula and
determine if the dipoles cancel.
Dipoles in O—F bonds do not
cancel;
the molecule is polar.

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 IONIC BOND

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 HOW DO IONIC
COMPOUNDS
FORMED?

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 WRITING IONIC FORMULAS (BINARY ONLY)

• When ions are combined

together to form compounds
the overall charge of the
compound that results must
be “zero” or “neutral”

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 STEPS FOR METAL + NON-METAL IONIC COMPOUND

• 1. Write the metal first and the non-metal

second.
• 2. Write the charges for each ion.
• 3. Cross the charges to become subscripts
on the opposite ion.
• Examples:
• Mg and Cl
• Na and Cl
• Li and F

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 SEATWORK:

Use the electronegativity difference to identify

the type of bond between the following:
nonpolar covalent (NP), polar covalent (P),
or ionic (I).
A. K-N
B. N-O
C. Cl-Cl
D. H-Cl
E. Cs-O

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