MTS-231

Actuating Systems
Kanwal Naveed
DC Machinery
Fundamentals
Chapter-8
Problems with Commutation in Real Machines

• Armature reaction

• L(di/dt) Voltage
 Problems with Commutation in Real Machines

• Armature reaction
In a DC machine, the main field is produced by field coils. In both the
generating and motoring modes, the armature carries current and a
magnetic field is established, which is called the armature flux. The
effect of armature flux on the main field is called the armature reaction.
 Problems with Commutation in Real Machines

Armature reaction
The current though the armature
conductors set up a magnetic field
surrounding it, which has the following
effects
• Weakens the main flux
• Distorts the main flux

Þ Neutral plan shift

 Problems with Commutation in Real Machines

Armature reaction
• In general, the neutral plane shifts in the
direction of motion for a generator
• and opposite to the direction of motion for a
motor.
• Furthemore, the amount of the shift depends
on the amount of rotor current and hence on
the load of the machine.
Armature Reaction -- Generator

Neutral Plane shifts in the

direction of rotation

8
Armature Reaction -- Motor

Neutral Plane shifts

opposite to the
direction of rotation

9
 Problems with Commutation in Real Machines

L(di/dt) Voltage
Occurs in the commutator
segment being shorted out by the
brushes
=> Also known as
inductive kick
(V=L di/dt)

These effects causes

• Arcing and sparking at the brushes
• Flashover which reduce brush life
• Pitting of the commutator segment
The Internal Generated Voltage Equation of Real DC
Machine
How can the voltage in the rotor windings of a real dc machine be
determined?
• The voltage out of the armature of a real dc machine is equal to the number of
conductors per current path times the voltage on each conductor.
• The voltage in any single conductor under the pole faces was previously shown to be
eind = e = vBl ∵ eind = (v  B) · l
• The voltage out of the armature of a real machine is thus:

ZvBl
EA 
a
Where Z is the total number of conductors
and a is the number of current paths.
The Internal Generated Voltage Equation of Real
DC Machine
• The velocity of each conductor in the rotor is v=rw so,
Zr Bl
EA 
a
• And with  = BAP and surface area A=2rl, and if there are P poles on the
machine, then area under each pole is
A 2 rl
AP  
P P
• The total flux per pole in the machine:
B (2 rl ) 2 rlB
  BAP  
P P
The Internal Generated Voltage Equation of Real
DC Machine
• Therefore, the internal generated voltage in the machine can be expressed
as:
Zr Bl
EA 
a
 ZP   2 rlB 
  
 2 a   P 
ZP
EA  
2 a
E A  K
The Internal Generated Voltage Equation of Real
DC Machine
E A  K 

Thus the voltage in any real machine will depend on 3 factors:

•The flux in the machine.
•The speed of rotation.
•A constant representing the construction of the machine.
The Induced Torque Equation of Real DC
Machine
How much torque is induced in the armature of a real dc machine?
• The torque on the armature of a real machine is equal to the
number of conductors ‘Z’ times the torque on each conductor.
• The torque on any single conductor under the pole face cond
= r Icond lB F  i  l  B 
•  If there are more current paths in the machine, then the total
armature current IA is split among the current paths, so the current
in a single conductor is:
IA
I cond 
a
The Induced Torque Equation of Real DC
Machine
• And the torque in a single conductor on the motor is:
rI AlB
 cond 
a
• Since there are Z conductors, the total induced torque in a dc machine
rotor is:
ZrlBI A
 ind 
a
• The flux per pole in this machine:
B(2 rl ) 2 rlB
  BAP  
P P
The Induced Torque Equation of Real DC
Machine
So the total induced torque is:
ZP
 ind  IA
2 a
Finally,  ind  K I A

The torque in any real machine will depend on:

• The flux in the machine.
• The current in the machine.
• A constant representing the construction of the machine.
Power Flow and Losses in DC Machines
Pin  Ploss
Efficiency  100%
Pin

The Losses in DC Machines:

1. Electrical or Copper Losses (I2R Loss) 3. Core Losses
Armature loss: PA = IA2 RA - Hysteresis and Eddy Current Loss
Field loss: PF = IF2 RF 4. Mechanical Losses
2. Brush Losses - Friction and windage loss

PBD = VBD IA 5. Stray Loss

The Power-Flow Diagram

Generator
The Power-Flow Diagram
Power flow in
Generator

Motor
Home Assignment
OTW
Practice the Examples and Questions given at the end of
Chap 7 (5th ed)
Chap 8 (4th ed)