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1 Parametric Functions
In chapter 1, we talked about parametric
equations.
Parametric equations can be used to describe
motion that is not a function.
x f t y g t
If f and g have derivatives at t, then the
parametrized curve also has a derivative at t.
10.1 Parametric Functions
The formula for finding the slope of a
parametrized curve is:
dy
dy dt This makes
dx dx sense if we
dt think about
canceling dt.
10.1 Parametric Functions
The formula for finding the slope of a parametrized
curve is:
dy
dy
dt We assume that the
dx dx
denominator is not
dt zero.
10.1 Parametric Functions
To find the second derivative of a parametrized
curve, we find the derivative of the first derivative:
dy
2
d y d dt
y
dx 2
dx dx
1. Find the first derivative (dy/dx). dt
2. Find the derivative of dy/dx with respect to t.
3. Divide by dx/dt.
10.1 Parametric Functions
d2y
Find 2
as a function of t if x t t 2
and y t t 3
.
dx
10.1 Parametric Functions
d2y
Find 2
as a function of t if x t t 2
and y t t 3
.
dx
1. Find the first derivative
(dy/dx).
dy
dy 1 3t 2
y dt
dx dx 1 2t
dt
10.1 Parametric Functions
2. Find the derivative of dy/dx with respect to t.
dy d 1 3t 2 6t 6t
2 2
1 2t
2
dt dt 1 2t
Quotient Rule
10.1 Parametric Functions
3. Divide by dx/dt.
dy ' 2 6t 6t 2
1 2t
2 2
d y dt
dx 2
dx 1 2t
dt
2 6t 6t 2
1 2t
3
10.1 Parametric Functions
The equation for the length of a parametrized
curve is similar to our previous “length of curve”
equation:
2 2
b dx dy
L dt
a
dt dt
10.1 Parametric Functions
1. Revolution about the x-axis y 0
2 2
b dx dy
S 2 y dt
a
dt dt
2. Revolution about the y-axis x 0
2 2
b dx dy
S 2 x dt
a
dt dt
10.1 Parametric Functions
x t t sin 2t
y t t 2 cos 5t
10.2 Vectors in the Plane
Quantities that we measure that have magnitude but
not direction are called scalars.
B terminal
point
initial AB The length is AB
point
A
10.2 Vectors in the Plane
B terminal
point
AB
A initial
point
(-3,4)
The component form of
P PQ is: v 2, 2
(-5,2)
Q
v
(-2,-2)
2 2
2 2
v
8 2 2
10.2 Vectors in the Plane
u v u1 , u2 v1 , v2 u1 v1 , u2 v2
(Add the components.)
u v u1 , u2 v1 , v2 u1 v1 , u2 v2
(Subtract the components.)
10.2 Vectors in the Plane
Vector Operations:
3u 3 2 , 3 1 = 6, 3
3u v = 6, 3 5,3 6 5, 3 3 11, 0
10.2 Vectors in the Plane
v 2, 3 2 3 13, so
2
2
v 1 2 3
2, 3 ,
v 13 13 13
10.2 Vectors in the Plane
u v
u + v is the resultant vector.
u+v
u1v1 u2 v2
cos 1
u v
u v u v cos u1v1 u2 v2
Read “u dot v”
13 1
33.7
10.2 Vectors in the Plane
Application: Example 7
A Boeing 727 airplane, flying due east at 500 mph in still air,
encounters a 70-mph tail wind acting in the direction of 60o
north of east. The airplane holds its compass heading due
east but, because of the wind, acquires a new ground speed
and direction. What are they?
10.2 Vectors in the Plane
E
u
10.2 Vectors in the Plane
v
60o
E
u
10.2 Vectors in the Plane
538.4
6.5o
E
g t j
r t
f t i r t f t i g t j
AB = <6,3> = 6i + 3j
10.3 Vector-valued Functions
r t f t i g t j h t k
10.3 Vector-valued Functions
Most of the rules for the calculus of vectors are the same as
we have used, except:
dr
v 3sin t i 3cos t j
dt
dv
a 3cos t i 3sin t j
dt
dr dv
v 3sin t i 3cos t j a 3cos t i 3sin t j
dt dt
b) Find the velocity, acceleration, speed and direction
of motion at t / 4 .
3 3
velocity: v 3sin i 3cos j i j
4 4 4 2 2
3 3
a
acceleration: 3cos i
3sin j i j
4 4 4 2 2
10.3 Vector-valued Functions
b) Find the velocity, acceleration, speed and direction
of motion at t / 4 .
3 3 3 3
v i j a i j
4 2 2 4 2 2
2 2
3 3 9 9
speed: v 3
4 2 2 2 2
v / 4 3 / 2 3/ 2 1 i 1 j
direction: i j
v / 4 3 3 2 2
10.3 Vector-valued Functions
a) Write the equation of the tangent where t 1.
dr
r t 2t 3t i t 12t j v t
3 2 3
dt
6t 2 6t i 3t 2 12 j
5,11 9 3
position: slope:
12 4
y y1 m x x1
tangent:
3 3 29
y 11 x 5 y x
4 4 4
10.3 Vector-valued Functions
b) Find the coordinates of each point on the path where
the horizontal component of the velocity is 0.
6t 6t 0
2
r 0 0i 0 j 0, 0
t t 0
2
r 1 2 3 i 1 12 j
t t 1 0
r 1 1i 11j 1, 11
t 0, 1
10.3 Vector-valued Functions
a) Write the equation of the tangent where t = 1.
r(t) = (2t2- 3t)i + (3t3- 2t)j v(t) = (4t - 3)i + (9t2 - 2)j
At t = 1 r(1) = -1i + 1j v(1) = 1i + 7j
7
position: (-1,1) slope:
1
y y1 m x x1
tangent:
y 1 7( x 1) y 7x 8
10.3 Vector-valued Functions
b) Find the coordinates of each point on the path where
the horizontal component of the velocity is 0.
Let vo v o
then v o vo cos i vo sin j
vo
1 2
r gt j vo cos t i vo sin t j 0
2
Vector equation for ideal projectile motion:
1 2
r vo cos t i vo sin t gt j
2
10.4 Projectile Motion
Vector equation for ideal projectile motion:
1 2
r vo cos t i vo sin t gt j
2
1 2
x vo cos t y vo sin t gt
2
10.4 Projectile Motion
Example 1:
A projectile is fired at 60o and 500 m/sec.
Where will it be 10 seconds later?
1
x 500 cos 60 10 y 500sin 60 10 9.8 10 2
2
x 2500 y 3840.13
The projectile will be 2.5 kilometers downrange and
at an altitude of 3.84 kilometers.
Note: The speed of sound is 331.29 meters/sec
Or 741.1 miles/hr at sea level.
10.4 Projectile Motion
The maximum height of a projectile occurs when
the vertical velocity equals zero.
dy
vo sin gt 0
dt
vo sin gt
vo sin
t
g
time at maximum height
10.4 Projectile Motion
The maximum height of a projectile occurs when
the vertical velocity equals zero.
dy vo sin gt
vo sin gt 0
dt
We can substitute this expression
vo sin
t into the formula for height to get
g the maximum height.
10.4 Projectile Motion
1 2
y vo sin t gt
2 2
vo sin 1 vo sin
ymax vo sin g
g 2 g
2 vo sin vo sin
2 2
ymax
2g 2g
vo sin
2
maximum
ymax height
2g
10.4 Projectile Motion
1 2
When the height is zero: 0 vo sin t gt
2
1
0 t vo sin gt
2
time at launch: t 0
10.4 Projectile Motion
1 2
When the height is zero: 0 vo sin t gt
2
1 1
0 t vo sin gt vo sin gt 0
2 2
time at launch: t 0 1
vo sin gt
2
2vo sin
time at impact t
(flight time) g
10.4 Projectile Motion
x vo cos t
2vo sin
x vo cos
g
10.4 Projectile Motion
If we take the expression for flight time and substitute
it into the equation for x, we can find the range.
2vo sin
x vo cos t x vo cos
g
2 2
vo vo
x 2 cos sin x sin 2 Range
g g
10.4 Projectile Motion
The range is maximum when sin 2 is maximum.
sin 2 1
2 90 o
Range is maximum
when the launch
45o angle is 45o.
2
vo
x sin 2 Range
g
10.4 Projectile Motion
If we start with the parametric equations for projectile
motion, we can eliminate t to get y as a function of x.
1 2
x vo cos t y vo sin t gt
2
x
t
vo cos
10.4 Projectile Motion
If we start with the parametric equations for projectile
motion, we can eliminate t to get y as a function of x.
1 2
x vo cos t y vo sin t gt
2 2
x x 1 x
t y vo sin g
vo cos vo cos 2 vo cos
g 2
This simplifies to: y x tan x
2vo cos
2 2
which is the equation
of a parabola.
10.4 Projectile Motion
1 2
x xo vo cos t y yo vo sin t gt
2
A baseball is hit from 3 feet above the ground with an
initial velocity of 152 ft/sec at an angle of 20o from the
horizontal. A gust of wind adds a component of -8.8 ft/sec
in the horizontal direction to the initial velocity.
vo yo 1
g
2
These equations can be graphed on the TI-83 to model
the path of the ball:
Time
about
3.3 sec
r ,
Initial ray determines the location of
a point.
10.5 Polar Graphing
1 r 2 0
2
10.5 Polar Graphing
More than one coordinate pair can refer to the same point.
2 2,30
o
210o 30 o
2, 210 o
150o
2, 150 o
Polar Rectangular
r
x r cos y r sin y
θ
Rectangular Polar x
y
x y r
2 2 2
tan
x
10.5 Polar Graphing
Change from rectangular to polar.
x y
2 2
x y 2x
2 2
10.5 Polar Graphing
Write as a Cartesian Equation
r = 4 tan θ sec θ
y r y
x y 4
2 2 1 4 2
x x x
yr x2
x y 4 2
2 2 y
x 4
y x y
2 2
x y 4
2 2
2
x
10.5 Polar Graphing
Write as a Polar Equation
xy = 2
r 2 csc sec
2
10.5 Polar Graphing
Write as a Polar Equation
x-y=6
r cos r sin 6
r (cos sin ) 6
6
r
cos sin
10.5 Polar Graphing
Tests for Symmetry:
r 2 cos
r
10.5 Polar Graphing
y-axis: If (r, q) is on the graph,
so is (r, p-q) or (-r, -q).
r r
r 2sin
10.5 Polar Graphing
origin: If (r, q) is on the graph, so is (-r, q)
or (r, q+p) .
r
tan
r
cos
r
10.5 Polar Graphing
If a graph has two symmetries, then it has all three:
r 2 cos 2
10.6 Calculus of Polar Curves
r 2sin 2.15
Try graphing this 0 16
on the TI-83.
10.6 Calculus of Polar Curves
To find the slope of a polar curve:
dy d
dy r sin
d d
r sin r cos
dx dx d r cos r sin
r cos
d d
dy d
r sin r sin r cos
dy
d d
dx dx d r cos r sin
r cos
d d
dy r sin r cos
dx r cos r sin
10.6 Calculus of Polar Curves
Example: r 1 cos r sin
sin sin 1 cos cos
Slope
sin cos 1 cos sin
sin 2 cos cos 2
sin cos sin sin cos
1 1 2
dA rd r r d
2 2
10.6 Calculus of Polar Curves
1 2
dA r d
2
1 2
dA r d
2
1 2
A r d
2
10.6 Calculus of Polar Curves
Example: Find the area enclosed by: r 2 1 cos
1 2
2
0 2 r d
2 1
4 1 cos d
2
0 2
2 1 2 cos cos d
2
2
0
2 1 cos 2
2 4 cos 2 d
0 2
10.6 Calculus of Polar Curves
2 1 cos 2
2 4 cos 2 d
0 2
2
3 4 cos cos 2 d
0
2
1
3 4sin sin 2
2 0
6 0 6
10.6 Calculus of Polar Curves
Notes:
1 2 2
A R r d
2
Just like finding the areas between Cartesian
curves, establish limits of integration where the
curves cross.
10.6 Calculus of Polar Curves
When finding area, negative values of r cancel out:
r 2sin 2
1 2 1 2
A 4 2sin 2 d
2
A 2sin 2 d
2
2 0 2 0
A 2 A 2
10.6 Calculus of Polar Curves
To find the length of a curve:
Remember: ds dx dy
2 2
d
2
So: dr
Length r
2
d
d
10.6 Calculus of Polar Curves
There is also a surface area equation similar
to the others we are already familiar with:
When rotated about the x-axis:
2
dr
S 2 y r
2
d
d
2
dr
S 2 r sin r
2
d
d